Tasamoh 5

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(00968) 699783/694621:Jg
e-mail: omanya@omantel.net.om
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All rights reserved. No part of this magazine may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval sys-
tem, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior permission in writing of the
ministryof Awqaf & Religious Affairs in Oman.
hCG edG IOSG f a jJ hCG e AL q GC hCG dG g QGUEG IOYEH j . Xe dG L
. oY S a qjdG hDdGh bhCG IQGRh e e qN PEG hO TCG e T q C H f
qjdG hDdGh bhCG IQGRh Y QJ qeSEG qja qa
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jdG FQ
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z... Sh eCG cL{ :
7 ddG MdGY
adGh dGh jdG :
dG aBGh jdGh dG
11 AGdG H j
bdG Lh gdG dTEG :jdGh dG
39 dG a
AfGh adGh dG HPJ
57 GS QOf
LdHhfCG dEG GSG e : SEG Y GdG
71 dG GVQ
OGfCG CG OGVCG :SEGh dG
84 HdG Qf YSEG
S 11 GMCG H SEG M HdG dG
116 HCG dh dG dGY
:
TQ HG Y jEGh dG eJ
127 qdGH QOdGY
eJh L HG H jdG dG
144 OdG dGY
gQJh HdG dG ICf
159 GY dGY e
AHOCGh KdG H dG e
188 eCG e
:
QGdG jj H dGY
212 fdOe jdh
dGh RCdG H dG dCe
218 M Y
AdG aK , SEG aK
234 Oe H dGY
(1920-1880) jdG eSEG dG a dG Y dGh NCdG dTEG
OGe Y
245 jdG e RM : LJ
:
gGdG hdGh dGh SEGh dG
263 jd OQfH e He
:
TdG hQgh dQT
273 d SQc
dH edG SGQdG eh jhCdG
279 jf fCG
?jJ CG : SEGh fa
288 VdG e
adGh edG
299 Y WY
:
?adH fEG Oj GPd :SQjQc je c a IAGb
315 hdG e / LGe
dG dG Ge a hdG dG : jQdG dG
323 dG GVQ
dGh dG H bdG M Ihf :jdGh QGdG
328 SH je
|..Sh eCG cL}
dG MdG Y
jdG FQ
1
dG SdG eCG QYG INCG GdG SQGdG e c jj
AGQBGh GOYG dG YG g - ff CG d OGQCGh ,dG BGdG Y
Ue fGL e fL G d ,G Gg Y QZ h .adGh
GeCG dd SQGdG Ob Qh .aGgCG j hCG bj h ,dGh eCG
jNCG jdG GMCGh ,L e WaCG dG SdG e :KG
Sh g k e Yda .jPQ H SJ WaCG Y da .fK L e
zSdG{ Gg Vh eh .jdGh dG H l Sh dGh .Gh OdG H
G H e SJ PEG ;j G fEa ;gh hC gdG
NCGh j fe Se fEG K .dGh dG H h ,Gh
e dG e Z bGdG fEa e Z fCG eh .bGdG iG Y
.H dG jBG J fCG YCG Gdh .G
SG e dGh fdG MdG cCG a fK L eh
.dGh OYG dGh dG Y dGh ,IODdGh AhdG Y dG
dG jBH OSd GYQSh ,SdGh GYG Y OdG Gg GKh
AL-TASAMOH 7 `è````dG
.SdG eCG Y
d .jdGh fdG Ol l eCG adGh AGQBG GYG CG T h
M ,GdH OYG QeCG k FGO t j dP CG GYj CG bG SH
AGQBGh ,WdG GOYG e b (bCG Y jdG MdG e) g J
.aGWCG H o hJ b dGh ,VGdG Z
QYH jBG a FGhCG hGh jdG dEG gP e EG j Ggh
AGQBGh GOYG G jdG Y IFdG YG SdG eCG
dG GU - SdG Y IOQGdG QKBG cDJ e g jBd G Ggh .dGh
.HdG e OY Yh Y - eSh
eCG N c} :kjCG BGdG eCG jN OQh e G Gg Vjh
BG) { dH eD Jh , G Y Jh hH heC J ,S d LNCG
qY Oq K ,eCG Uh zSdG{ j e J g jGh .(110/GY
d aeh ,d gf e jN AL EG SdG eCG q C H jG
:dJ dH gOH f dG dG jBG cCG ddh . dG Gg
Y SdG jh ,SdG Y AGT Gfd ,Sh eCG cL dch}
g J dGh ,dGh LdG dG Ya .(143/IdG) |GT
dG g - (107/AfCG) |dd MQ EG SQCG eh} :SdG Nh
dSQ Yh d jh ,SdG Yh dG Y IOdG SQ`J CG `J
.JOGQEGh dG PEH ,qc G Gg jj Y SCJ dG - Y eSh dG GU -
2
G d IQOGh ,dGh OYG H eCG M eSG cJ ch
QfEG M hCG AfG Y OdGh YG H Qhj eCG q E a ;dG MdGh
hCG GhQOZ jNBG q C H gd eEGh ,kU j fCH SMEd q eEG ,d dG hCG
SMEa .kGQfEG hCG k JKEG GdG gMh H g jOdG GdGh GfN
j e CT ,H QGVEG hCG AfH dG EG j V fCHh dH
.gGeh fjOCG hj fCG e Gk OYG fZ eh e G
EG d k M j ,IdG YGh OGaCG id jdG JJ CG T h
L e d .idG HGdG V jOJh eCG MH h ,dG AfG
dBG Jh ,RCdG OGOa ,dGh IODdG EG QeCG J a ,iNCG
eh b Lhh OGaCG SM AfG S o Yn rn roJ dG
.dG d JcGQOEGh
AfG H hCG AfGh jdG H dG YG MG g q GC hjh
EG QaGh VdG jQ q e HT e YL o J ,SdG eCGh
J eYh ,dG QeCGh gQeCG IQOeh dSQ MU SdG eCa .jG
RCjh ,NGH GAfG OJ ,eh H K J hCG dGR Gg
,QhdGh Gd k fV SdG eCd fG c GPEG Gdh .jh e Ol GaCG
.gG Mh OGaCG ed V dGh YLG AfG q E a
3
FdG jAYdG adG hJh ,dG hJ AfGh j dG S h
.AGS m M Y AfG Vh jdG V ,YGh OGaCd G SCGd
YL jg hCG T hCG d k jeh k jOe k ef adG fc GPEGh
,fEG w a l aGO g -eJ f ij e H- dG s E a ,e
RedG f EG jh ,OdG j eY EG Y dG hCG adG NJ
.e e hCG e d
HdG FfG jdG eRCG Y NCG dG cdG iL ch
,ehRCe UH YG jg hCG aK Y k jCG cdG iL eSEGh
GAfGh jdG FS e k YGU VJ gh ,dG e Jh
d fEG PEG ,GQGh adG H QGM h GU fCG bGdGh .iNCG
jG JGKCJ EG H .YGh OGaCG YGU Ya eGY
hCG Z fc GP hCG QGh dG G Gg H bdG q GE a ,jdG
G a aGdG M hCG YGd G SCG eCG .IOQH hCG aGO hCG Ia
.hdG id SdGh jObG dGh ,OGaCG id dGh dG
AL TSAMH - 1 22/1/06 11:56 AM Page 13
gOGaCG H q C Y eSEG IQG q GC Y cCd e ddh

,OGaCG H H j Y k hDe d YG Afa .Y GMCG GJQG
e cCG hCG Gk MGh q C ;QM dM h fGe dG ch CG c QU q GE h
e NBGh Y T g d fCG a .GP hCG dG Gg JQG dEG G
dh ,hdG o C oJh ,OGaCG Cj EGh ,e iNCGh Y aK g d da
.GP hCG LdG Gg hCG ,GP hCG dG Gg Y dG hCG adG
FY KEG Y edG e eG OdG Gg o gG t j h
AfGh jdG H pH JbY G Gg SGQO OGG H ;adH dG
.dG -adG-
Y l Lf g EG QG d gdG RCdG e k b q GC j dGh
Y Gk Ob o J AfG HMQ Y G jda .KdG UdG H NG
dG gKCJh gKCJ tj gQhH adGh .dGh QhdGh GdH Yh adG
SdG eCGh dG e UGdG FSQh GhOCGh FSh JMe QJ dG
.Y VfG hCG
q E a - RCdG FY - FdG SGQO OdGh QG Ue e c GPEa ,Ggh
IQhd dG AfGh ,SdG eCG QhO OHCG SG dc Ue e
.dG Gg IAdG cQGh
dG aBGh jdGh dG
jdGh dG g e fGL If
HdG GdG
AGdG H j .O
WCJ SG - 1
dG edG H jQJ e Ie Me gGdG G dG j
.Gh aGdG HdG PdG JH jG adGh G Cd dG
HG dG aJ dG G LQCdG c QhO dG dB c dh
Y h ghj NBGh ,jgh f a iJ Y : Y H dG
.cdG sSGoC dG dG JdG JG FSh k s Gk
dG e e k dM gGdG Vh HdG dG J dG Gg h
jdGh jjdG e LMGh dG AadG Y QdGh
ie Y hCG dG ef ie Y EG gY HS Gf d J
fG Yh ,ddG dM k Nh k H J c YLGh dG gOe
HSG bWh cdG HCG ie Y AGOCG Y GQbh e
.ZHEGh
dGh YLG dG d Gk f g e Y dG J CG HGZ h
e IPT dM dG NBG g j HdG a .a hGoJ dG jObGh
. fjQe , cGf eL fdGh YLG dG PSCG
e c AL dG g OJ .jOG T h IUCG Y jQJ
JeG d FHCG SG ieh ,a j dG dG de EG
dG LdG hCG da .Jh fh Qe e JW j eh jG
CG H HdGh NCG Y JCJ jQM g Lh HdG e aj
HdG dG d J dG jQG bfG he eCG Gk OhDc Y
.gDhHCGh
Uhh SQO M e jdG e je EG BG dG g dP LCG e
e - k MEG TCG gh - H jc cCG H gf Vd NGdG bfCG
Jh ,dG G cM cGd UGdGh jdG JbW J LCG
H k eY jdG d a gCG dG UCG dG jdG IG IGOCG
k He UCG Y bJ CG Jh ,J CG jd jJ dG d
.Oj hCG IMGh k jb
hH f e fEGh .dG bGh H feCj e dP ,dG Qf CG
f CG EG d dh .JdG jdG eCG k jQMh k SS d VG
eE LdKEG k e hCG ,LddG JhGH Sj jG QSd k e
Y JM f CG H a ,dG d jQda Md hCG ,dG b uhe
fh ,YdG HjEG EG k jQJ H G S e f M dG YS
.dGh dGh dGh ATCG N :rn G WGeh PdG cGe k dhO fQM
KDf CG dG h e f dG dG Gg cCG fOLh T dPh
dG f CG e dP bG EGh jL e fCG a .fRh A S
Yf CG KGa .jNBG d jg e f CG hO dh dG
a fh eT k J J f M G ac dG SCG
.dG e ZU dG SEG Y jQOb d faG G bW
iC J CG V K Ge e d HdG d VG e c dh
HG dG aKh d ZCG JT dG dG hCG AG IQhS Y
e J h J ZCG jdG eGa .dc j bGdG CG Z .kdM
,ke j Oj dG eGdG IOe f dG jQJh ,kbe e c
,hGdGh dG QYG H NDJ jdG eG GQGbh Jh
dBGh J h e VH J iNCG dG e VGbG Yh
.SdGh ddG f dG
adG GP CG CG YLG dG Y G H hGG eh
Y Gk RQH Gk QhO d CGh ,Jd Y OYG hO VdG J SG
SG IYb JG a .edG e dG bdG dH Gk KCGh VdG
k rY nh cCGh ,aEGh dG Y QbCG Gfc e U H dhGJh ,e d
H QH YdG Gg jCjh .QHGh GNG EG SCGh ,QaCGh ATCH
Gh dG H CG j Gdh VdG dG Gg S dG IVG CG
.Y e m C Z Gk VJh k Ue k MQ
k Sh HdG dH VdG c df CG dG Gg hS Ggh
EGh ,kee k Yhe Yf CG hO jdG Y d k fVh ,fGh d
dG VGeCG H d gGdG Vh a eCJh GQTEG g
jd G H f Y bGdG CG Ije Y H Jh ,jJ
.dEG..dGh dGh dGh jdGh IUGh dUCG jb MhG
XdGh dG :dG dG - 2
Y YdG CG T h .UGd IGOCG dG CG SdG Y H hGG e
VaG dh .dG G G e H ij Lh s L hj QdG Gg e
VGh QJ EG H dP iOCGh SSCG Y dG e eJh dG Gg U k L
UGd IGOCG fc M eh gQGhOCGh FXh M e MVh Ea - Fd
dG j G CG ddGh ,W Vh EG IQhdH ODj FQ
J VGZCG EG Ud eGSG Y j EGh ,JGP j dG
.ddG H
IgX dG g e ; G Y TEG IY dG dG j Ggh
?WCG id HcG j ch ?edG Hh H bdG eh ?fEG J
H bdG eh ?dG d gj ie eh ?dG Hh H bdG eh
?G Hh
dhCG e L EG IQTEG G j DhdG g Y HLEd k Sh
c g IUG fdG SGQdG gL UCG a ,jG fdG ahG
gdG dG H - jdG Y c j e g G j h ? dG dJ j
e jdG VdG H ZU Y IQb e a YJ dG S dG
.dG d jgG dG M jdG ddG G
.dG Yh VjdGh LddGh fdG H M JQG a Gdh
e UN fc Q dG G ae Hh dG ae H CG UN
k bfCG dH Yj dG RG c GPEGh ,dG RG FN
.bGdG k e aj c fCG La dG Gg
M SQGdG Y dG Gh (founded) SDG VdG e EG
JZUh JGAH M e (episthemology) QG ICH G dG
FdG H k Yf Gk J dG FG gCG iMEG dG CG bfG h
(1)
.iNCG FdGh dG
j e W RH G FdG e Z hO Gk Ohe fEG QYa
b e j c - Oeh eY HGV UGJ fCG cH d
eJ) (2)eJh J fCG dG G W EG H ,adG
.(1975
k LdH KQG YdG UG g - jddG AdG ij c - da
H gj UG J Mh iNCG FdG e Z Y fEG dGh
.fGG dG GP d k NGDe
dM g H a UGdGh d d da SSCG Gg Yh
dG UG LddG IQG e AL fEG .ZeO e gdj fEG id gP
J dG H fc GPEG Ggh .Jh J U gh fEG H j
OLh IQhV EG f CG a dG AcdG d SSCG FG
.fEG eO k b
q ee c f
Ea dG LddG jQdG H J dG cG Y fc GPEGh
dG dH j k c q k fH j gh OLdG EG JCj Ode c
cMG H EG dG SQ j dh (language acquisition device)
FSdG e Y J Y dN e j dG YLG H
.CG d SQh JEG dH dJ dG g (parameters)
fEG Y HdGh dG d hCG dG dG J Gg c e ZdHh
k J FYEH hCG ah Y IQU NCH AGS LQG G e ed H
CG fEd J dG gDG g CG QWEG Gg G eh (3)deh
jJ W EG SSCG LJ dG e k bfG EG ATCG jh j
.(4)dY
hJ dG jW Y G eG J CG ddGh cdG dG EG
j dG dG Ea Gd (5)HdG H gdG j dG jdH Ze
(output) G J j dGh Y j hCG LQG d fEG
eCG Gg e Jh fN IGh bG AGLCG Lh G
f CG c M EG e Y bGdG g dG dH H Gf dG
dG J dG eG J j fEG .dN U e fEG : a
g dh d hH d eEG a Gd ,IMGh bQd Lh dGh dG
ge IOG IdG OLh q GE PEG f G g EGh ,d k Sd INCG
.JGP Hd se jH dG q C H
dGR J Y fdG QO dG gdG gGcEG g CG Z
GvM d fEa .IOh (language ability) dG MG dG
G eQU HGV b .OGQCG e c j CG h ,AT e j CG
k eSe k S jh e G j CG Y k ge jdG W H
j dG (creativity) YGHEG GC e CG f CG f dP LCG e .kS
(natural languages) dG d IG (6)dG dG FG iMEG
.Y j m neGnC EG aJ HGdG e Y k e j
YLG W GP iNCG eGdEG J gdG gGcEG g Y k ah
Y Jh VGdGh dG GC e j jJ S dG e aKh
J d a .(7)QH hQ j c e NEGh LJ g dG e f
.(8)Hcj j c ,db Y ZJ H db J J e cCG
H UGJ J e dG FdG dG FdG IGOCG dG Jh
e Shh YGh QaCGh QG d Ie Ib jCG J c ,LfEG
YLG d Gk Qe J fCG dP Y OR .L H k L fh
jd Hh ,jdG j d Gk Obhh eC G IMd k eh ,dGh
.jQG
(codage) edG gGMEG He Y VGaG Y UGdG Gg jh
(decodage) dG fdGh ,Gh dG EG FbdGh ATCG e jh
g UdG e f a EG .FbdGh ATCG EG Gh dG e j gh
.FbdGh ATCG f e dG CG ,Gh dG AGQh j e a
baEG LhCGh dG MCG :HdG dGh dG - 3

gGj Ic Je - VQCG T e c - dG HdG fEG SCJ
,YhdG dH acGh ,dG dG iAGJ dH jh IQdH
QU M Uh AJ Y ANdGh dG FShh ,dG QOe IadGh
CH dGh ,a e jJ Y QOb fCG AKCG j M aa jdc
.MG FShh jQdG c e jd eG
dG AdGh dG OeBGh dG WGe e cj G Gg aj fEG
iNCG g d dG dG GhdG e AGZEH aj c ,VG aY
Gk NCGh .H j JGSG gCGh jd ObG QGdG dG c
Y JCJ fc EGh JhL J dG JL AHCG ejO Y aj aj
.NB M e OG e Ga
dG OQh ,G Ca IG Fbh eU G Gg e U c fCG Z
dG YLG dG Kh bCG ceh SdG dCa ,kGM
c - eG SdG dGh ddGh eCG QfGh dG ASh IGh
Ge eh ,baEG LhCG J g e .H Aj k Y h J
dG de h G Ibh dG Gch dc jdG OG
dP EG VCG .dGh SG EG J dG eCd dG ddG bGeh
U h QM eh dh K hZ e J e H dG Ob
H GdG IM OGTGh dG FH S kbGSCG jh G
.GYCGh jOCGh GQG
NBG g j HdG dG bGh Ea j eCGJ Gh dG CG h
G Jh ,eCG EG HdG fEG YJ dG L GG g AH
j dG H HdG dG CG T h .JMWh JOGQEG e jCG J dG
gKCG e h ,adGh dGh jdG IG de e J Ic
H FdG dG jJh gjd IYGh aBG K fc EGh .edG IGh G
e gdJ dBGh ,jdG a H J Jba G dG Qe
.OSG e IH dGR
FGdG -1 `3
dG HdG dH VdG Lh J dG dG gCG f CG
:HQCG je
fGh dG Ga Geh eCG T j QM ie - 1
FSh M dBVh dhdG HGh QGdG cGe e dG Y dG Zh
FH 3 f hj HdG GdG IQ a .hdG iG Y KCdG
,dG hG Y EG aVEH Gg a dG IQdG e
Y JH dG dP jMh ,bJ SCH Yhh dG jh
.dG Ufh dG GQe
f dGh dG GHEG cM Z j Kh Y ie - 2
Y dGh dG G H cGe Zh dG S f d
G Gh dG e f a .dG IOLG cGG QGZ
c Y dH jj 1991 Y fSEG e dG hO e IMGh dhO
dG Y fEG IOgR CG T h .(9)HdG OdG Y j e
Mdc edG IG e iNCG YH Qb e GPEG dG dGh
Y CG c .dGh jHdG eGdG jJ Y j b - dGh
edG dG SGQH iNCG CG ZCG Y CdG g c dG gG
FGOCG e j b - k jOYh aCG dhGJ IFGO SJh gjJ dhh
IG jdG HdG dG Y j a .jQG H e jh
J eh .(10)HdG dG L d Uj e c Y jj jeCG
LCG e jfGh fdG dG Y dedGh ffGdG e
dG Y dGh UGdGh d IGOCG Y d dGh gjJ
Y e jdGh IQG U AH dG gCG Vj - dEGh
:b M G Gg Y djO QTR fdG FdG Y bh G
Y fa TL J ee e fd fdG dG M e EGR
. CG jQdG
a J H UN jJ h dhO c OYG Oj SS ie - 3
HdG dG e b UG Hh IOhG FSH IOe dhO c
Jh dG TJ HY a Xh e (11)s Mn h ,Jh
j (management) e e Y J ea .dG Y
FGG h ,dG H Hj fJ a , HQCG hO
H Hj fjQe h .HdG H Hj G h ,dG H Hj
J b dG HQG G H HdG QdG j Ggh .IQGOEG
e eQU SS OYG Y CG ch .dGh Qd HSG e
d c - SG dGh ObGh SdG G aH eOCG Ig
j d bQ Z EG k aVEG Gg ,OG G g KCG NBG g
dG dG QG jh ,dG QfG Qjh dG eH jdG Y
eCG e IhdG Y G da .SG Oj CG j
YGH YdGh C G e x Mp OdG fEG j dGh SdG
.Hch k f dG
b e JCJh HdG gJ jb MGe OLh j YLG ie - 4
dG fSEGh fdGh jfEc jG IQG eM G dG
.dG hH dGh QG fd HdG AHCG Y MG IadG
CG c dG G ie Y dG SJ eCG Y MGG g Jh
dG H H edG IG d jdG HdG dG MGe
(dEG... jaEG dG ,jHdG ,jOdG ,SQdG ,jOQCG) iNCG
.edG dG G ie Y g e j
dG IdG LQGh NGdG jdG Lh HdG S iJ j a
LGhORG ce kIe HdG J gh ?keh kdM LGJ
.b e H j ah ,SdG ZCG j eY EG fGh
aB G -2 ` 3
SGh GQb HdG dG Ea gcP SCG dG FGdG g ZQ
aJ CGh ,a iOJ dG IgdG e dfG J CG dSG M GPEG
.dG f J dG G dG EG k jS
:Y EG aBG g f CG h
G YEGh SdGh TG e e dG NGO e JCJ jH aBG - 1
a jS YGfCG H GQSGh GRGh VGbGh dGh
YdG HdG dG edG IdG g Y qY bh .fe jEG
:HdG dG d Y a gGHEG aM G
ec Q`dG `FMCG `dG `fCG
JaU Y UGdG GdAS a
`j`Zh k `d `dG `c `Sh
Yh `H BG `Y ``V `èh
dBG Uh Y dG VCG a
`````Y` A````SCG ``Jh
,dG fdG MUGh jdG IGOCG YH cdG dG af eh
dG Hh FN SGQO G QdG HdG GP UNh
CT e EG .J IOYEGh gjJ h JSGh fCG Gch dG
feEG - gGdG G - jdG HCG Y G j CG dG Gg
e ahCGh dG SCdG HCG H jdG fCG d a GP
Ea g eh .dG hCG UdG hCG MG ie Y AGS jdG Mf
dG H e hJ fdG UdGh dBH UJ HdG d SGQO CG
S GPh IUb J Gk Oeh k e dG Gg e NCJ HQe CG CG EG
.Y YfG
k dH Gk QhO jG dGh ILCd Ea fEG dG EG aVEHh
.fGh G SSCG Y Fb LY X jd jb a e dG
e dJ jdG fCG Uh dG ILCG g QHh
a Sh J dG dBa .gjNh dG QZ QO e J IjL
Y IQK MCG e Ggh ,f aG OHCG e k e Gk H UCG H
ATCG FM d IjG G g e fG dG jG G
.Y dG FSh ZUh
SdGh jObG eCG IM fGL aJ e JCJ LQN aBG - 2
SG e JCJ c GQdGh gH dG aQ dGh YLGh
,kfb Y N Y jj eY dG g M dG dG GdG Jh
dG gH a ,OhdG FH dG GQMh aK KCG dGh
k SSCG j EGh a jdG bdG j iNCG e d e CG
.dT ieh jdG HUCG H H
jdG FShh HdG dG - 4

HSGh jdG bdG J EG j gh - dG HdG AHCG Rj
LP dG d hCG bG UCG j .bGe KK - HdG d
q GC h IG Yb L FHCG LMH AadG Y IQOb fCG hjh ,QG
Y jGG QdG X Ggh ,Ae fe W j e FG e jd
Jf OGOJ ,G Y QJh SGTh dG IH bG Gg UCG
dG g PEG .dG gH HdG dH dH dJh jCG k aJ g
.HCG Gk X h b k VQCG
q G C jdG Y d MhCG
Y gQhO j CG j d HdG CG ha dG bG UCG eCG
LMH J d W a ,a SGG YLG QeCGh jdG
eh ,e d j dG G CG UN ; LddG dG dG
e EG ODj b dG eGSG CG c .UCG h Qe j K
Gk LM jG IQGh dG Hh H j LCG d JEG e dG
cM AHh ,HG Qdh d jdG QdG cM CG dP Y OR .kjq b
Z Gk eCG e e SQGh ddG Lj e H AadG jdG
jJh G Vh jVa dP EG afG e GPEG Gk AS eCG OGOjh ,Qe
gP jJh H e dP dEG ODj eh ,NB MH eh NBG EG b e
.Gh G
dG M Ua d JCG d HdG CG ha ddG bG UCG eCG
d hj bG Gg CG T h .dG r as nd dGh
ddG GdG Va Gdh ,kGOhQhh aM cCG jdG SGQdG
b dG AMEGh jdG AYCH VG Y IQOb fCG Qf dBG e L
.keeh k e e LMH J M d HdG L J
dGh UdG IOYGE -1 ` 4

J dG dG IeR EG FfG H HdG dG J CG k YH d
OGh OdG J CGh ,ddGh cdGh JdG FG e OY e
IeR EG J fCa Y g e Y fch Y J dG J J dG
e fEa K eh .(12)gZ LJ FH OJ fCG dG e iU
HdG jdG Y Gk OYG HdG Uh dSH dG jOJ OG gdG
edG jdG ga .HhQhCG hdG dG Ud k SSCG H dG IOQG
j h .gZ Y fG c k e dG g Y dG eH J
CG e VhCG HdG dG Uh jc EG PEG ,bGe e k T gOGSG
.L Yhe n On njo
UdG e Y dG IdG d ij c d dG CG h
Y IOG Jje Y hJ ,dG dH H g H IGh IaG
QN j CG dG UdG Ea ;JGh fG e dY LQO
b a HdGh VdG H YdG j VGh eh f QWEG
gOhQh i G b Jh H D dG Y JQb i VdG
.VdG Y SG
jd f ae Y IdG H H G ATCdh JGhd ae fc h
jdG IdG H J dG UhCa IjL ae aBG J Ie c
ka keSEG e J dG jdG FG Mh IQKEG EG LH J
.iNCG L e dG dG TdG AZEGh ,L e ,HdG dG SQdG J
b HdG dG FYh d jdG e AedG Uh dG IOYEG EG
cdGh JU / dG FG W a Ic bGf d J
.gJh Uhh G OL d f HdG dG d ddGh
Y J b fCeh Ma SGQO HdG G SGQO CG a T h
c e Va T GP fCch iAGJ dG dG Fb HJ efG
c .(13)GVGh dH M Y GWa AedG jdG AGJ
bW ddG IQbh SG c IOjd Ik YGh k baBG T H J S fCG
jgG HSCG e if Ve dM gGdG bdG J dG dG g
.Gg ej EG dG dG dG e eRj X MGh UH WJQG
Gk NCG HdG dG aY dG HCGh cGdG e jG CG dP Y OR
HdG dG fhe e GkAL ee jJ jf YdG ej
J dG dG ddG e IG TCG cCG dP ijh .edG
RdG jhCdG jhCJ j e gh b e HdG e Y adCe
dG G d e k Yf bQe hJ fC Gk f dG dG OYH
.jdG ZdG ShQO LP
G J -2 ` 4
dG a Jh .jch UdG d e H IN G J
g LJh .ddGh dGh G UN fG Y J We HdG
.G Jjeh dG d eY jf Z EG G HGVG
.bGdGh d G AGSG Y Fb J CG H adG jda
gL bGdG OLG g PEG bGdGh jdG H a dg Lj Gdh
.QYH IjG Je Y OYH
dG f ic e hH aCG jJ hJ cdG ie a
e c AL LJ G g CG hjh .dG ie Y UN HdG
SedG JKEG Y QOh G f OCG We e OLh EG
.bO ah hO IdGh
gSh ,Y gPR H jJ QdG j e SedG EG IOdG a
.G fCG gdGh e gSh a gSh dEG
GJ e WG Hh GUCG H dCdG W Ea JdG iG Y c
dG hCG ,dGh G FG jdG Rj GPa VdG edG J
- (14)dG Y Gdb c - Oj GPh ?AdGh AG hCG dGh dG hCG ,Gh
j GPh ?IMGdG dG gQh RGL e ZdH GUCG H FG
bCG GPh ? Jg eh Y e HdG KK QL OLh - Gf c -
j dBdG c GPh ? k b EG QhJ a G GUCG g dBJ GUCG
dG fG GUCG Qh GPEG GPh ?dG IYG GUCG
?ibCd dG j
d QG U NG Y dG G NG f c
:e MGdG
(d) GrL oh
(ddG) fGLph
(dG) IpLne Lh
(G) GrL nh
(15)
(dG) GOLh
J dG dG L c J a dG iG Y eCG
GQOEGh edGh cG e M EG G / jQdG J J
G QJ e HdG dG J CG c dEG ..dGh Gh
j dG NGdG :jCGG e bfG dG dG NGO efGh ddG
jg eh .G H bdH j dG LQGh NGdG G H
G g H bY Jh L e NGO dM J dG CG jCGG
.(16)WYG H dh HGd k J fK L e
g M c ddG G e Y e J eH dG da
jh ,IG e e Y j j dG IOG e e e b
Mh - dG Z jW Y IOQGdG eG Yj QJ M :LGh
Je dG a Jh .GOG SGH d a eG J e
dH Je dde a ,G G k jS J hCG O iNCG H
.dG G hCG d f G G JGNCG e H J dG
G NGO iNCG dH JbY dG e Q YHh
:J CG eEG iNCG dH HJ dG bdG GfCG Ea G
()h () J (CG) fc GPEG aOGe () hCG (CG) EG a :OGdG -1
.eh gP :dG e dPh (CG) J
dG YCG () J M () Y e (CG )EG a :TG -2
g YCG a EG j dG Sa e dPh jdGh dG
.GG
bdG g H dGh .H dG bY e gh :dH AG bY -3
AL dh G e k Yf d dG CG g TG hCG dG bYh
.e
:bCG KK EG jh OdG -4
GYG j HdG W MCG f a j dG gh :OG OdG -
.Mh e :d e NBH
j HdG M MCG QfEG a j dG gh :QG OdG -
.OQHh QM :e G Y c Gj jG CG CG NBH GYG
NBG QJ hO jG MCG QJ Y j dG gh :jG OdG -
.hRh LhR e
() h () Y j (CG) c GPEG G G jh :adG -5
.h dhW deh (CG )Y j
da Gd JUNh jY je dG CG Rj fBG dG EG
H QSG JdBG M J e d CG a j jdG dH
G jf e k bfGh ,iNCG d e SCG H GhdG hCG GMCG W
GPEG k Je dG G jh .Je dO k M HdG dG CG hj
Leh SG d HQe ge GP LCG e j c
.f HG LdG
YEG FSh bhh jdG YG OGaCG H JG Ua jGJ CG H
Y Yh dG H QGdG CT e b b Gg c ,AGGh AdG hJh
.Jh bGdG LG d c J dG QG K
:jYh dG U QYG IOYGE - 3 ` 4

XdG GUCG QNG UG jY dG dG e d d
h G AfE dG UQ h G Ad dCJ jWh (phonemes)
k d dG G cCG Ea Gd .Y dG Th dGh G bG c
e eh U f c CG YGHEG fL k fMCG Y j e g d
dG Oa j fEa .eh M S feEG SDj OGh YGdG
.dG Gh ddGh cdGh dGh
dG JXe fh f CG feEH fCG j e d ceG EG
IL Xe f CGh ,b e f kL f CG feEH H ,cdG
fEa iNCG IQHh ,WH dhDj CG dG d e CG j cdG
.jdG IQdH j e
e W OGSG gh ,LfEG UN jdG IQdG FN gCG eh
j dG J g MG dGh .Me W GP J CG GOG
e Y hCG eY UH gUY J EGh ,kGY Gk Y gUY Y
GOG Z iNCG GOe T eGSG dH edG FG
.Me W J k e qdG aCG Iea .YG J IOLG
SdG dBG e k bfG d c HSG JQb OGOJh HdG dG Jh
ddG e dG Gg Jjh zQdG ddG{`H k MUG j dG JGdG
GdG j c jL e IjL JU dGe QH k eY
.dEG...dG hCG VGbG hCG jdG hCG TG Y Y dG
e Y - dG GOG H j gh - dG IdG a
,GRhCGh dG JHOCG Y Gha NGO U dG GAdG
H ,Rh hCG U 1210 gJ Y dG g M GYSG dh
.(17)PhdGh dH S NBG Hh ,OGWGh SdH W
dG /dG ddG ge e e gCG dG hCG GRhCG g h
hCG aG dG IeR e HdG dG j dG G GMh H FdG
.(18)IMGdG IOG e IOe HCG G d J bTG
:KG TG Qe e HdG dG J KdG Z aCa
.KK a e -1
.KK a e e KK Z a e -2
.TG Z TGh TG TH HdG jg J Y fh
:dG dG Y j hCa
Ya
a
aCa
ana
foa
SG
:dG dG Y j dGh
YJ ? Ya
`sJ ? `sa
dG M e GOG TG SGH j dG YGdG J h
:j c UCG GOd dH UG
.NdG /GOd ddGh cdG YVG OY J dG YGdG -1
.NdG /IOd adG dG Gk J dG YGdG -2
.cdG NdG /IOG de J dG YGdG -3
:e dG J dG aCG TG IYa
aCa
a
oa
:e dG J dG aCG TG IYbh
Sa
pa
EG k e aCG f CG SHhcR k J dG UdG dh
G Y dGdG aCG Wh ,cG Y dGdG aCG W :W
CG QG g k jQhVh k SSCG Gk QhO W d YVG dG Jh .G
QhO e iNCG dO Gk QGhOCG hCG dG Jh .G hCG cG Ve
.(19)(G) G QhO fdG dG Jh ,dGh QG
:(2) fdh (1) hCG d
.jG EG jdG e gP -1
.QGdH LdG Lj -2
SG hj k (2) h (1) Gh cd dG dG c GPEGh
Y dGO UH dEG a IOG aCG d dG Gg J fEa
(4) h (3) e dPh SG daCG Y k Sb G hCG cG
.AdG EG IeG e jR fG -3
.U hX jR j -4
L e L Gk QhO dG GWDj jdG adG Gh d CG T h
hCG Jh GMdG H edG Qha .M EG M e dJh G
J e hCG J G ge da .jL e EG e e J
jdGh HSG dG GQb J c .QdGh VGG SSCG Y
dPh .IjL dO cGJh e GHEG g dG dG ddG H
dG e k UCG IOLe d KOM dO b hCG jL e QH
.b e a J iNCG bS QdH d j
.d dH G g e SSCH YGHEG f dG SG Ch
bGh N Y IQdG d jdGh GQSGh ,j CG VY oj a
dG jdG dG Nj eY jdGh GQSG e ja .jL
.gWDj dG cGQOEGh aCHh dG GH Gk J oj JGQJ Y J
IjL Fch jQSG GQJ NJ Y C J EG adG GdG e a
.b iNCG ANGh
H a d k UN G J dG ddG C dG IQSa
k jCG H dG ie Y a d edG JM QGSH e IVM g
iNCG cS Hj e jRG Qa .dGh dG ie Y
j fEd dGh dG G QhO d j e Ggh .dG Z
.(20)GQSG
CG j Ggh ,W Fc QSG JWfh HQ e dG Ea Gdh
FdG GQdG Y Fb cQf dG HGh GQhG e Gk c
AG H Fc GQJ J GQh .(21)GdG Y jQSG GQdGh
gG jQSG GQJ J Heh dEG ..Gh dG H hCG dGh
EG Fh ,kAYh Lh edG jJ e a IOGh edG H LdfG hCG
.(22)jH hCG e b d GMh
LdG JGh G Vh eGdG - 4 ` 4

gG jJ dj dG aG M fCH G f CG
.YdG fc CG IG e UN b fcCG AGS Jh
GQOE ATCG fQe :g KK gP fCG EG J gG jJ GNh
HdG dP Y dhDG FG GQOE eCdG K ,H jdGh HdG LhCG
.dG b G J dG jgG FG jd jdG K ,jdGh
FfEG SEG gCG Ea k Yb k e hCG (pidgin) UN d G QYHh
V Y hj jdG a .e e b UNG gCG e k hCG JCj
e j jdG gh ,G HG eGh ddG MGdG
J e Ie J YdG g CG EG VdG dG e efG
e AGS G dG OdG GH Jh cG edG dG HGH
.ddG hCG cdG hCG adG
J d c CG QYH d QdG dH L e e G EG
ee FY H Hj dG QdG ef Jh ,UG FSH G
dG Gk OQGh UCG dh .UN H e IOLG GOG Hh e
eh bO e RL hH j ae Yc dG CH
jdG GQTEG e e INP UH dG CG c ,ge Y j
.dG Y dG J CG hO QJh CG k jCG
M e jg dh ,dG M e Ic HdG G G Jh
H G Vh dCe d GO e cCG c dG Gd SG
.FGQh e ING GgCG EG Ujh , dG LG j
VGh e LddGh dG gGh jdG QdG jh
aG JeG QdG d dG LdG S n rnb HdG dH G
IY g CG EG .edG Qh VZh HCJ OGOJ (23)dG e Fe
dG dP g ddG dG Ch .HdG LdG jQe LGJ HU
Ea ;dGh adG Y ddG SCj dG e d GdG d dG
T e M EG J dG dG CG W Ie J LdG Y
EG d e QdG f j Gd jEG ZUh bGd YbGh d
.jMCG H GQe GeCG d
Vh Y Y Y SedG CG e dG g SSCG FdG JCjh
T h G JNP dG H keJ kHJ j LG AfEGh G
dG eh FbdG Jh J dG OG Vj QdG Gg CG
QdG ddG dGB HJ Gch a dG G H LQG
dPh ; gH Z Gk eCG hj dG H KdG Ea QdG Gd aNh .dGh
CGe Y FdG QTEG cdH fGL ZCG G iG d
.JGh VGdG
g - dG Y dG ed dG H NG EG
g gCG e hjh .G VGhh LG j CG j ce j dG
:cG
,dG iNCd He gGMEG hJ d dG G NG -1
CG h iNCG d Vh d dG e JG SGH dPh
M e k SSCG Gk QhO dG eY a j dG GdCG H dd
.dG
Y dG Gg jh ,aOGe GhJ d dG jRdG NG -2
dh ,dG ge aOGe GJ dG H HS
.a GOJ dG jdG bdG hCG SG JJ
a Y EG j b dG (polysemie) IMGdG dG e NG -3
GTH dG Gg jh ,fe MCG Y dG Gf G
, YVe OG c gh d :Yf Y gh (homonymie)
gh OGaCG H e Y YVe OG dG c gh eh
,AGdG Y Y eC VG gh (univoque) WGG :EG j
G EGh ,jdH fEG OGaCG L Y j a fEc
AGdG Y OGaCG H e Y eC VG dG gh (equivoque)
g bCGh TCGh hCG LGdG fE a OLc h dG Y H
.(24)G
jRG HdG Lf CG a dG jH jRG eGSG jJ -4
IN j HdG e dG Gg ZCG CG dP M H d
.M H iNCG d EG LJ GPEG e OH j Gdh ,e aKh
Wh FG dG Na .dG H FG dG NG -5
: JgX Y J dG H bGh QNG
T LM dEG YJ dCG OLh J IgX gh .G hCG jdG (CG
dS LdG U dH dCG g a Y j e Y dG
.e d e d HJ
Y J e hCG Ia Y dG f gh :G GdG (
.He e iNCG dG Jh H dG iMEG
e m e Y dCG d c LJ M :dG dG (6
.iNCG dCH Jh a ITe Y dG j
G e dG j Gd .G dG WdG dG T EG dG -7
:g G gh LJ M d IOG
.dG hCG hdG G -CG
.bdG G -
.FjEG G -
.(25)e YLG H Jj e gh dG G -O
hj H (extension) U h (intension) G H jdG Y -8
k e k d J dG ddG eG Y CG G LJ H
jdG OGaCG e ge Z hCG ge Y gh UG LJh k fMCG
gMCG :T de d CG dP .iNCG k fMCG dG Y j
d J fKh (dG dG) Y j jdG OGaCd dT
H H SdGh ,(26)(dG dG) gdG IG dG hCG jgG
G OGORG ch ,G f UG OGORG a w Y l SJ dG
O J EG OD j Gh UG SG H OOdGh .UG f
,Ieh , e dPh ,MGdG LCG d HdG HG
.etuve Heh ,eh
a .dGh QG dG e d YLGh adG adCG NG 9
j b e H YLG adCeh GOY j e G e
NBG hO O egG dG hJ dP jh .iNCG H
.(27)gCH SME hCG G GH WJQ k J dPh
d EG dG LG La .Ld aGhdG dG NG -10
jdG fG Y EG ODj - e fdGh jfEc LCG
.dGh GSGh ddG dBG dG Jg N
:gCG jG e Y G Vh j CG cCj dP LCG e

a IOG dG e edG H eH dG e edG J gh dG -1
.hCd Ije H Je e NBG e Lfh ,H k e Lf
Gg e j e c Lf CG j (SH) computer LJ GPEa
Lf CG j () lexeme LJ GPEGh .QG H QG
H e aU U Lf M Ggh .(JH) morpheme
.KG dG dG H f CG j - d He aU
dG ie Y J c dG iG Y dG g Jh
.NdG
dG JH dPh ddG dG j dG jdG FSdG GSG -2
:ddG
.(Gh G) GdG e NCG -
VGbG K jdG K dG K SdG K TG OYH dPh ddG -
.(28)QG K
J hO LCG d dG dG e HdG G JG IYGe -3
g dG LQG G d a .LCG d dG ddH
e j CG Qda Gdh ,kUN k L d dH MGh
.dG HG g j dG EGh ,iNCG EG d
J H Y dG dhh ITe QG cG e edG -4
QG Odd ASCG GYCG dG jdG CG a ,iNCG d e k bfG
HdG d HSG bdG e ITe LQG LG P
d LCG d hCG d EG AdG Y gCG SGh fGL H
edG IQhdH j ee hCG aK hCG IQM e eda .dGh
.(29)eG hCG IQG g d e
f d e CG a MGdG d HdG HG OdG e -5
rivire h fleuve e c He
:e SCG IY EG OdG dP Ljh
H HJ plan d e M HdG hdG H G MJ Y -
dG hCG HdG : HJ gestion ch T hCG ie hCG e
.dG hCG
.g c G GQOEG Y -
.phage He ,H ,cCG :LCG HG L HdG HG Le jJ -
h d
l he l e n j CH dPh .G ZGdG e QG -6
creusageh fouille :G e dPh ,dG dG d He
.creusementh
e G je LCG e eCG f HdG dG OLh OJ -7
.environnement h milieu h entourage He
a J dG e c e dPh HG C G e QG -8
. minerai
. mineh metalh gisement S IQH HJ CG
SY HG e Hj CG M HdG dCG jRJ AS e QG -9
.dG a HG jJ j H (belette)`H QCah (rat)`H
:e dO QGa H cCa e Hj HY MGh e OLh -10
. varith race H (dS)
:Jh dG J Lf dT jHJ N J -6 ` 4
d IOd k HSGh k a SCGh cCG j ddG CG jHdG SGQdG KCG
Jh ,G e e k f cGJ aa (30).CG H SGQO d JCG
Y eRe GH aGh dG CG dP .Y J hCG e bJ M
S Hh ,L e Th dG SG H Kh bY g EG PEG fEG
G ie k H bdG g e hJh .fK L e (31)JHh G
dG j J e eCG J dG dSCGh da k e
.IO YLG H
dG PEG ,fhH j CG h dG OLh Y bj dG OLh c h
SGH WCG J IQhV Ea ,fEd LQG bGdG Jh J dG g
dG ie e H dG fJ a ic Ik QhV hj CG d
H b dG FMEG a .cCa d H OOdG Gd Gk f HdG OdG
j Qe 1500 He Qe 800 Y j HdH SQGdG q GC J
MdG L LQCG dh .(32)f dG MG eG OdG WCG Y
.jdG Y MU Yh AS EG dG Gg
EG HdG WGG d bW J CG g jdG SSCG gdG EG
dGh jQGh dG gG Vh egh ceh JLM Y dG
HdH dG Y IQdG g jdG EG .iNCG dG J hCG C J dG
adGh GQG SG Y g JQbh IOLG gG Y H dGh
jObG LQN WCH V J jdG ce CG H UG JdBH IOLG
Y ic GJh MUEG j a hdG SSh YLGh
.edG CdG ie
cdG a j Lf jHJ N J iNCG L e jdG Y Jh
GUCG ie Y Ak GS iNCG dG e NG WGe AGHEG Y
UG ie Y hCG jdG MEGh GYEGh G dGh
.LQG G J ch adG
f e af ge Y IjL GhO dEH j e d cG EG
EG H BG H d IXe fCG Vf a Vf Gh dG e jL
.QdGh dGh dG jL Q jW cG Y g
g - H WdG d CG FHC AGS d Jh J Y dG IQb EG
dah Lf IQH HdG Jh ,QG gdG d aCG dG
TJ d QGSH jQJ dSCGh FGW jJ AT c b j
dG Y ,eG QfGh dGh dG Y VG dG eh
Y SDe jf Tha Y j CG H jdG Ggh ,jdG GQdGh
.HcG jf Yh k hCG dG
G -5
dH dG IQhH FdG bG AGQBG e dG Gg VY e Yj
YdG jdG fCH eCG J GS H k N H CG j c EGh HdG
eCG Vf J CG jdGh dGh UdG FXH hCG
Y FdG L e g dG Gg aQ HU dh .gGdG bdG
dG La jS H eCG J CG j e be :be H YRj
Qj e CG eDj fC j e beh ,kec gQhO d gY HS EG
dG IOYE MG FSdH OG dG e H a K eh ,c j L
. G dG dJ AadG Y HdG dG Y SCG
d e - jW Y c - j bG jg UCG CG e ZdG Yh
EG j fC HjEGh YT cCG hj NCG bG Ea ,dG QhO e
LCG e dG g aY dG OG dGh jdG dG Ga QGJ
HGh IAhG YEG FSh Y aG JeG QdG f Ya IOYEG
dG gCG e HdG dG AMEG EG YdG bG Gg e jh ,IQGh
QeCG gh .eGMG Vah gJh gTf Y dGh J J Y
.Gh jdG MdG e k ac k Uh Uh IOYEH EG JCJ
SJ e d edG dG e Sh edG dG CG H h
jg eYO g PEG ,JUNh G H Th bY eh SdG Y
YLGh jObGh SS GQYG K CG cCJ jQG H AYhh eCG
.dG h ShQe Vf he c G NDJ CG H
dhM NGO jd dBG Y J e d Ta jdG ceh
,dG g Ah SH J dG edG jdG o odG Y ec Y gRGHEG
hd Gk S J - M iNCG g d VJ LQN dBG Yh
IhdG Jh WGbdG ASQEGh SSCG jG V e j dG
.dGh
TGG
QGO ,( Ph HCG ,fdG aG ) Gh ZdG dG ddG : dY (1)

25. U 1987, ,hCG dG ,AdG QGdG ,d HJ
Libraire Larousse, Paris, 1975,P.96. ,SLangue et language R Galmiche Michel : semantique generative, collection (2)
(3) Fauconnier, Gilles. La coreference. Syntaxe ou semantique? Editions du Seuil, Paris, 1971, P. 45.
(4) Galmiche, Michel. Semantique generative. Collection 1975, P.9.
(5) Chomsky, Noam. Reflexions sur le language. Flammarion. 1981, P.52.
(6) Barthes, Roland, Le degre zero de lecriture suivi de Nouveaus, essais critiques, Editions du Seuil, Paris1972, P.21.U
,hCG dG ,AdG QGdG ,HJ QGO ,( HOCG aG ) LddG ShQO ,QH hQ (7)
54. U ,dG H dG Y LJ 1986
.U . , . (8)
(9) Defarges, Philippe Moreau. Relations Internationales 2 Questions mondiales, ed. du Seuil, 1993, P.52.
85. U 23, OdG ,HdG ,jdG J e GQe ,HdG dG (10)

80. U ,LG f (11)
QGdG ,d HJ QGO ,IjL P ,HdG G ,dG SdG QOdG Y (12)
36. U 1986, ,hCG dG ,AdG
89. U 1988, 2, dG ,IgdG ,dG Y GQe ,ddG Y ,Y Q MCG (13)
6./2 1984, hH ,dG QGO ,FG ,L HG (14)
330./1 ,(jQJ hH) IgdG ,G HdG e ,dG Y gG: WdG (15)
1980, ,hCG dG ,eO ,GDdG QGO ,jdG dG SGQO gGe ,eEG BG (16)
21.U
,hCG AG ,hb jdG a QcdG .jdG G ,TEG QY HG (17)
94.-92 U .3, ,hH ,IjG aBG QGO GQe
(18) Pressler. On the Productiveness of Natural Morphology. 1985. P.36 .
(19) Mathews. PH. Morphology. Cambridge University Press. 1974, P. 61.
31. U ,Gh ZdG dG ddG ,dY (20)

cG ,HdG dG jb IjL Gf ,SdGh G ,dG SdG QOdG Y (21)
69. U 1997, ,hCG dG ,AdG QGdG ,HdG dG
52. U ,HdG G ,dG SdG QOdG Y (22)
(23) Guilbert, Louis. La creativite lexicale. Librairie Larousse. Paris, 1975, P41.
.dG QGO .jG AdG e fQe SGQO .dG Y ddG Y : QNa OY (24)
51. U 1985. hH .hCG dG
fOR{ S .GjY GQe .jR HCG GfCG LJ .ddG Y Oe : QH hQ (25)
. 61U 1986 hH .hCG dG .z k Y
(26) Lyon,John. Semantique Linguistique, Librairie Larousse. Paris, 1980, P. 315.
(27) Guilbert, Louis. La creativite lexicale. P.49.
. 26 U 1986 HdG G : dG SdG QOdG Y (28)

(29) interpretation. Bernard Grasset. 1992. P.48.UEco, Umberto. Les limites de l
(30) Harberas,J rgen, Logique des sciences socials et autres essays, PUF. Paris, 1983, P. 251.
dG ,AdG QGdG ,HJ QGO ,( aG UJ ) FdG ShQO ,Qe M (31)

. 44 U 1987 dhCG
. 65 U 22 OdG ,HdG ,HdG dG ,jdG J e (32)
:HdG LGG -
. 1984 hH ,dG QGO ,FG : L HG -1
.hCG AG ,Ihb jdG a QcdG ,jdG G ,TEG QY HG -2
. ddG dG .IjG aBG QGO GQe
. 1988 , fdG dG ,IgdG ,dG Y GQe ,ddG Y :Y Q MCG -3
. 1980 hCG dG ,eO ,GDdG QGO ,jdG dG SGQO gGe :HEG -4
dG ,AdG QGdG ,HJ QGO ,(aG UJ) FdG ShQO :Qe M -5
1987 hCG
fOR{ S ,GjY GQe .jR HCG GfCG LJ ,ddG Y Oe :QH fhQ -6
1986 ,hH hCG dG zY
.(jQJ hH) IgdG ,G HdG e ,dG Y gG :jdG L WdG -7
dG ,dG QGO ,jG AdG e fQe SGQO ,dG Y ddG Y :QNa OY -8
1985 hH ,hCG
1981 dhCG dG ,eO ,jfh AGQBG ddGh dG :jQP H fY -9
QGdG ,d HJ QGO ,IjL P HdG G :dG SdG QOdG Y -10
.HdG dG jb IjL Gf .SdGh G 1986 dhCG dG ,AdG
1997 hCG dG .AdG QGdG
.d HJ QGO (e) ffEG dGh OCG G : YLh hdG dG Y -11
1987 dhCG dG ,AdG QGdG
hCG dG ,AdG QGdG ,d HJ QGO ,jG ddG EG Ne :L G Y - 12
2000
:LC G LGG -
criture de Nouveaux, essais critiques. Editions du Seuil, Pari. 1972.UBarthes, Roland. Le degr zro de l -1
Chomsky, Noam. Rflexions sur le langage, Flammarion, 1981. 2
Dfarges, Philippe Moreau. Relations internationales, 2 Questions mondiales, ed, du Seuil, 1993. 3
interprtions, Bernard Grasset, 1992.UEco, Umberto. Les limites de l 4
Librairie la Rousse, Paris, 1975. ,Slangue et langageR Fauconnier, Gilles. Smantique gnrative, collection 5
Guilbert, Louis. La crativit Lexicale, librairie larousse, Paris, 1975. 7
Habermas J rgen. Logique des sciences sociales et autres essais, PUF, Paris, 1983. 8
Lyon, John.Smantique linguistique, Librairie Larousse, Paris, 1980. 9
Mathews. PH. Morphology, Cambridge University Press, 1974. 10
Pressler. On the productiveness of Natural Morphology, 1985. 11
: jdGh dG
gG dTEG
bdG Lh
G a .O
,G - GG H) IU jb EG cc NG dG dG eR
HBG Z - hj dG , dG U EG oj j (dG - fEG
a H j CGh , Lh e IQe k f jNBG Lh e j CG - AH
bCG N k e , dM eh dM e Y JM h b Vjh , jNBG
bdGh dGh OGSG WHh ,UEGh IGhGh dGdGh WGdG ggX
(GdG) Y jH fCG a (Id G H) Jb JZCG bh , OaEGh
EG Uh jQdGR CGh ,d fG cG CG M H (1)(GdG)h
.dGh d jNBG k cQJ ,jj H c qeRCH k e ,(2)INCG
ZGdG cM - Y a IOQ - J G Z edG Gg
gah e Y , e e e dG ,IG
hCG GH G Ea .dM e KDG gQhOh e K eh , Th
LGG e Gj M , e hCG , jDhQ hCG , Gk a J b , ee GYNG
.IG QGSGh
Y Ic IQH j dG dG e - JGP M - g , ee K
. IgdH HdG WG e eGH jeh ,dGh GdG jb MH
..jQJ hCG a hCG Y NH - k fMCG - Jh ,H WG H dG
, f jdG YG e k Hf m ee e j ,k c dP hCG
.iNCG Mf e dGh aGh dGh ,Mf e TdG Y Gk H
,ga IBGeh , YG d a , d g M e ,(dG) eG g e
.OHCG d k e Gh (dGh) .U FdG Gh , FY eh
Y jNBG UN g cj Gh IVG JGJ fEa Gdh
hCG aK jC jce jY a ij PEG , jdGh , dG : jb M
.IQM
UH(HdG) EG (jdGh dG) H e j CG dG Gd k c
gQWEG dCH cCG CG jCGQ K ,eh k HY , jg ee e k ee
H bdG L K , jdG eh , dG e : K f EG aC ,dG
dTEH j , k SCJ d dG jZ dJ Ggh .jdGh dG
HdG) fGY j dN FGLEG H CG dh .bdG Lh gG
.(jg
1
dG e
KCG c , af dG FdG e Z a cj ffEG UN dG

.jdG JSCG V UH J c UH kjCG gh ,SGQdG
.INCG dG g e GC Sh
(d) hCG (d) dG QG e IPNCe SdR c CG jdG G cJ
d GPEG ,GH d : J , dG hCG dG hCG edG M fe QhJ dG
dda .(4)Sa : Sa GYCG e J CG OQCG GPEGh ,Jh H
H J dG dG Y d QJ K ,dG hCG edG g IOd UCG
H (d) c r npNr GoC K ,G FdG e gZ GaCG hCG , dG dCG
.Z e UGdGh ,f Y dG k fEG H j
, SdR c e fNCG dG H SdR IOe j dG BGdGh
, dGh dG bh , dGh , dG k Je IOG e OQhCG e OQhCGh
.IOG Z dGh
Gk Oe zd{ a OQa , Jeh zd{ IOe zd{ Y dd SGh
|e HY d Ggh YCG dEG hoj dG d} a OG eCG .kLh
hQg NCGh} h , (195 AGdG) |e HY H} h , (103 dG)
|kq HY k fd e c Ggh} h , (34 dG) |kfd e aCG g
OhhGO d Y FGSEG H e Ghc jdG d} h ,(12 MCG)
|eb H EG SQ e SQCG eh} h , (78 IFG) |e HG Yh
.(4gGHEG)
dCG NGh VQCGh GhdG N JjBG eh} a G eCGh
.(22 hdG) |fGdCGh
S fEa dCG g a OQh dG fBGdG bdG g ff dh
dG jBG) d hCG ,e d Y dd dN AL b J CG eEG fCG
bdGh .dG jW Y Hd q fCG eEGh (gGHEGh IFGh dGh
AGdGh (kjCG) dG jBG bEG Y JQbh fHh dG g je sJ
dG jBG e g EG SdG d NG CG EG IQTEd OQh fCG hCG , MCGh
.(hdG)
b d) : dG j (d) hCG (d) Y g (d) IOe J h
.(5)(d aCG dG dh .d : rpd
d : bCa e NCG dG IOGh ,dG CG zdG{ H bdG EG OYCGh
c - g dG UCG G e jdG H IOG dG BGdG SG
dGh .j CG j hCG oj dEG ..dGh da . qdG - SCG
t AT dG CG H e dH k jCG JJ dG
fEa K eh ,dEG LG J
MhGG X bh .(6)jdG YG OGaCG H UGdG d j CG j
SqJ M ,e NGoC eh zd{ , dGh , dG : ddG H Fb
AJ (AdG hCG hGdG) dG b a dG (d) c (dG) dO
a dG j dG ddG d NCG d jG dG Cc , WHe
,JSCG NGO dG UN dHh .JGh UGdG V H
e k ee hCG Gk Y UH YLG dO iNCG UN d Sh
.kM S e gh ,jdG ee
jdG Y MUG ddG Y GPa , jdG ddG Y dP c
j ch ? cGJh ch k JGUCG UH zdG{ SGQH G g jdG
? YLG IgX UH LG AY dEG
c H Y G dG : hCG , b c d Y iL e g : Gdb
Y b c H j GUCG fC H (`g390 ) L HG a Yh .(7)b
.(8)VGZCG
UY KK Y dG EG H ODj scG (NCG) jdG Gg h
hCG dGh , GUCG : g , zjdG edG{ f CG a (H e)
g , ahe dCe EG j VGZCGh GUCG H HdGh .VGZCGh , SdG
iS G d GUCG e f a ,d SfG M dG CG
fCG e d ,Wf GM fCH fEG WG jJ Ea Yh .d IBGe
gCG MCG g dG Y da ,e fEG fCG e dh , k JGUCG Qj CG
c GPEG h ,(9)(dG LdSS) dG LG AY ij c dG FXh
hCG dG ANEG g , be Xh k jCG d CG dG Gg hcj ADg
Y LQGh dG CdG edG H d EG je ,QaCG a ANEG
e NBG Lh iS - jCGQ - d dG XdG g Ea -dEG ..fdG
Gg dh .d VGZCG EG eJ , SdG e a a ,dG SfG Lh
J QJ SGQd k FQ k Noe YLG QG e SdGR L dG g
Y a hCG Y dG k e k f e L c , dG G
YCG MCG - Qhh eH Ea dP e cCGh .G NGO iNCG fCG
, e Lh LJh ,dG J dG CH j - ceCG dG dG
EG Ik OYh ;kjCG NGdG dG T H H ,a JGOe H d
J e c AfG j (jdG eG) UY e Y Ga Ea , L HG
AL TSAMH - 1 22/1/06 11:56 AM Page 44
ej hCG k aCG j Hh ,d d dG Z Y IQOU GUCa , (d)

hODj ,kJGUCG d dh ,JLM Jh ,d VGZCG d YCH
H Y GQTEGh cMh GJ Y QJ fEG CG G a ,kjq d k a
EG zd{ dP e k T f CG h ,Z e jW Y JG hCG f Y
dO SdG hCG ,G Y Gk J LdG QGMG a .SdG hCG RG S Y
hCG JdG GQTEG CG c , zd{ GMH Gk QTEG bdG hCG , dG Y
jdG EG H , (d) d SG ILCG GUCGh dG HVh FdG
.d S EGh M d d dGh dG H gj dG
g VGZCG hCG FSQ UJ EG eJ d , H Y QJ GUCGh
.jd Z GUCG
- dP gCG Y - Sh fc d , (b c H uj) Sh dGh
H (UGdG) Xh M Me RhJ eY ,kjZ n rnJ CG j
H Ie dL bY ,Y Gh YG UN jJ EG YG
fCH Y aQJ e M Y , UY HQCG PEG g .dh dG UCG
.(d) hCG zd{
e d ,H kbe d fCG U , L HG jJ eN Y Kh
AY j c - IgX fEG , zfGOa{ hCG jOa d da ,(b) d e
dP hM e GPEa , d j (OdG) fEa , OdG e YCG - LG
,jM j e j d PEG ,dG dG hV e k HV j Gg Y Ea)
.(10)(kS Gg Y f EG j dh
g ,kjOa Ik gX d fCG c da , zb c{ e Oj SOS Yh
hCG b a ,IMGh d d fCG CG ,dG H ffEG Ik gX d k jCG
QWEG ,a KDJh ,Y J ,H JJh ,e J zd{ d jH Y
.dEG IQTEG S dG IG dG bdG
dP b SQCG Ea ,cdG fBG jdG dG sY b L HG c GPEGh
dG j CG LCG e G H e JU f) fCH aY H
CG ij dG L HG H SjJhCG CG c , (11)(e d k JU
,jNBG e k ee f d OdG b e f , fEG f dG gL)
ij NBG jJ Kh .(12)(OdG Y Qhj e Gd jNBG b e fh
.(SCGQ dG IQU) dG
jJ UdG H NGO jh , ITG Y k b j NCG Ggh
Qj dG dH L HG GC j M a ,ce jGH GC j d ,L HG
Gk ceh ,dG Y Gk ab SCGdG e GC j PEG , dG e g j G dG
.dM jDhQh ah fEG d IBGe dG c Y
,G UG eh ,iNCG UdG EG IQTEG Y cdG Gg T bh
g H OdG bY CG Jh k b T GPEG EG , (dG) L HG IQH hCG
hCG , YG SCGQ dG IQU g da Yh ,H YG bY k jCG
.LG Y H G Y
(13)
- ADgh . (GQY e G H Wj e) dG gCG hCG aG Y dGh
EG VGZCGh dGh GUCH JG dO e dG GLNCG - hj c
HG OH Jd - fS - dG Y QJ c Qf (qGhO) GQY
.e
dG YG EG K eh ,fEG EG ATCG bCG g (dG) CG j GH
H dG eh , hdG g hCG , hdH J e TCG -T EG - fEG .a J
SdR Y f eh ,Oa IM H J (hQ) Y f e CG iS Jh g
YL hQ dGh ,MGh L IG J hdGh ,YL IM H J
f da ,Ic dP Y gGdGh .Ic OLCG IG J Ic bW
jNBH f WSHh , NGhO J JBGe ,Y fh , H f ,
, e Hb Id bdG g Y aZ d ,e UGfh ,JL AHCG e
.JH bdG Ibh
G FdG eJ dG dG Y jLCG dG SGQdG KCG d
(dG) CG GMh Wh GM e VQCG g Y J dG iNCG
,feh H ,GQG Jh , QdG HJ Y ) HdG ddH
,YG KJh ,OGaCG j a ,fEd G OLd OG G a
dG G IdG - dG CG - gh , dG M e EG b hP e j
jh , j hCG eDjh , j hCG fEG j Hh ..G LJh ,OGaCG
.(14)(j hCG ,dG h , MCG J dHh , dG hCG GdG
,fEd d Ik GOCG UH dG g g gjf dG dG CG dG UN
cJh Jch JGUCG eCG ,ggLh dG M g a,H KCJh a KDJ
, UN eY - T e ZdG Y - Sd gh ,G g Sd a
.RGYG Qeh
2
jdG e
eOb c - MG AdG jJh hGdG ch AdG H Identity - o js p o dG
(g) EG dG e k b Gh dG gqdh bh , dGh dG Y e
H Hj dG HhQhCG hdG dG fdG a e ODd (dG) hCG
,(OLdG) jdG eh (OLG) g e k H GVhh ,GdY K , Gh VG
AdG c Y H j a c f dG Va a dP eh
EG .e d a (ig) jdG IOH d bY PEG dG .f g
(gG) hCG (GdG) hCG (G)`H Y j NBG Lh iS d dG dO
.NBH dCG g MCG aj e Gk c fEa ddh
sG jdG c , d OT j dG dG) fCH (dG) GaY bh
dde c : fCH (g) GaY c (15)(WGdG HCG gh ,JdH k c Y
,kGHCG Z JGa , Ad j dG AT H FdG dEG Z t dG
(16)
.H a G SG tJ EG dG SG WMEG Y e IG ASCG gXh
(jdG) M , WGdG HCG , dEG Z ,G G g PEG dG hCG g
G gh ,f e JGP OLh c e dG GH MCG) EG Gdb f
UC a ,O Q J M K .(17)(AdGh d G OLdG LGH
e) fCH Y GhY bh .AT CG ,Ad GdG hCG gG hCG G g (jdG)
dh ,Z g e kT j dG eCG dP fCG hjj (18)(g g AdG H
e YCG c GPEG eCGh .GPh M a M eCG .J M
.ge a dGh dG
FGh dG QYG ah Y k jCG Y GK KdG dCG H hdG g
.M g jQYG jg Y Gk Hh .jg FGh , ge dG : Gda
eh , ge : (g e) GL e fEG M e G eCG EG :Gdb c
M eh , jg : QZCG Y ReG M eh , M : QG JK M
.(19)GP : Y RGdG M
H e - g - dG QG e - jdG CG a b e J dh
g hCG , gO hCG , J M JGP hCG ge hCG AdG M - RhdG
.gZ e
TG FG Y G G G) fCH jdG aG jh
GP IMh) a dG AY Y eCG .(20)(G dG IdG Y IGdG
hj LG AYh .(21)(Th k ch k Hq Th k W ,G MGe dG
j dG G efH dG oj dG AdG) dP (jdG)
gL) gY jda (dG) jaG AY eCG .(22)(dEG AfGh ,a
fEG .ffbh JQUh ge a ,MGh AT dGh fCG hCG .(23)(geh dG
e VjdGh G AY jh .ke G He k e QhdG
e T H bY) fCG Y.(jdG) EG hj eY cCG aCG
.(24)(NBG AT e k e k He e k T j e a , jhe
, f Lh e jdG e EG jS GQTEG e VSG e EG
GdGh gGh G j e e jdG CG Y j ,je iDhQ Yh
f a t J O ch .HdGh hdGh AfGh efGh IMdGh
.HUCH bY dG b e OH
.? dG Gg J dG eGdG g eh , jdG J c dh
OdG jgh .YL jg J c ,Oa jg J jdG CG cf HLEG b
e f , Gk QfG cCGh ,gdG EG bCG g dG J , H jg J
UGGh dGh SG GOe J dG (dG bdG)`H dG o n r jo
,ce jgh .H jNBG jh ,OGaCG Z Y dEG ..Gh dG
dG g jdG g eh , JGAfGh JYh a Qeh gG O dG J
h , GAfGh IdGh dGh G e cj jdG e H
.Z a e j dG jQdG hCG hdG H f bdG
dG (dG jdG) YG jg hj cGh jOdG jdG h
.kjCG iNCG Mf e gh ,Mf e gOGaCG
e Te NJ hO k jq Y hCG k q FJ J - gSCG c - dG jdG EG
jh ,GPh Gg Y J Qh ,mGh fEG d f J bh , fEG b
M bh J jOCG EG Yj ,kSQ Sj dG (dG) g a YdG
.H eDd zjg{
J dG eGdG GhMh ,G d jdG dC h qG VY bh
,(G) aGG , jQdG , jdG ,dG hCG UCG hCG G : j a jdG
eY -dH - aVEH , ObG , G hCG IOGQEG ,dG - dG jdG
- cQG H BGQ Ya eY gh , dhdG : jf CG h .dG EG dc
- dS Z
3
jdGh dG L
: jdG bGC : 1-3

e UCG - IM Y x c , jdGh , dG Y AdG H bJ CG H
iNCG UdG dEG h , SSCG IdG g CG QhdG
ee V dG feh ,jdGh dG H bdG Y d dPh ,jd
.jdG jf V k jCG dG be K , jdG UY
e d G dG J dG ffEG UG J g dG fc GPEG
GdGh G g jdG fc GPEGh ,dM e d jDhQ Y Jh , dG
M IQU J dG EG : aG K j CG hO dG fEa ..gGh
.geh JGPh HUCG
e AT dG C ;IOe (ge) h JGSh zM{ fY fCG Mjh
.H Kd
T PEG , jdG YG id jdG bCG g - gGf c - dGh
- f c GPEGh .gd Sh Y H JQG b YG g n t nnJ CG
,(d) RhdG H e fCG cDG Ea- BG SdG g W - bdG Lh Y
j k ce k T CH OGaCG MCG k unJo CG e e dG g fCGh
.iNCG Mf e gZ Y g hCG h ,Mf e e gj e e
AYdH TCG a ,edG Qhe e Jh nr Jn K ,kH k jg GC J dGh
,jdG ISCG NGO HG ffEG bdG CG dP ,jCG jJ dG
j dP c ,BGh eBGh GMCGh - iNCG SCG e bdGh
, SdG H Hj k q YLGh k jq QT k nr en dG dG j M , dG
dGh ,jNBGh , fCG EG Jf Mjh , e Ojh ,JbY Kjh
.dM e dGh
,adG H dG e j , YJ bY HUCGh dG H bdG EG
.dG (jdG) gh ,jdG (dG) g iNCG IQHh , g gh , g a
Y Jh ,YLG IgXh M fCG Y dG EG hj LG AYh
k FGO OGaCG C ;H T c J f g eh .e YLG J
ge e Gk e k jCG dG hj ADg Cc .(25)YLG HCH Jj
.OLdG hCG , jdG
dG CG SSCG Y jdG eh dG e H MdG MCG Hjh
,Hdc d M UHh ,U Gg HQ CG T h ,(26)Jb iMEG
V j Ya ,H WdG Z Y M SGb Jh ,jdH JJ
.Gh dG e M b - fS - dG d .SG MCG
dG CG ,kd zjdG{ dh , jg dG Ea dP e ZdG Yh
k N gTCGh , eG g gCG e fc EGh ,jd MdG G d
YCG jda , dH UG bY g jdGh dG H bdG EG .kcJh k Yh
ge WH (jdG) fEG PEG zdG{ Z IjY d jdG C ;dG e
, SdG e Y H Y G QdG hCG cG SGdG J iS d
Ggh ,G H J dG gMh dG dh , gMjh g dG dP
.jd iNCG eG EG fj
: iNC G jdG UYh ..dG : 2-3

e N c , (dEG IQTEG S) N IY e j f jdG
hCG N e NBj CG N c CG c , jg EG jh ,kf j CG
Y jh , IdG e cCG LQH e N j bh , IMGh jg d cCG
iNCG YG Y h ,f YG id Gk QM aCG jh ,GY e
hCG , jO hCG , jQJ hCG , jd YG g zjg{ EG :f g eh .Y
QhO dP j CG hO , GP hCG Gg g ZdG dG CG j , dEG ..aGL
.IH iNCG UdG hCG ,NBG dG
cQa ,jdG f G H QhO j j qG H CG Y
jdGh , jQdGh ,dG : g a N N M g jdG CG hj k e
iS fM j CGh .aGGh , ObGh , dGh dG
j dG G hCG IOGQEG N hj fdGh , dGh ,G hCG pdG
, jQdGh dG Y hcj ,dG edGh , ObGh aGG Y QhH
.jdG Y eSEGh , (VQCG) aGG Y jQdG edGh
dhCG ah Y UdG g JJ g : Qj CG dG DhdG
.jdG ZU gCG LQOh
UG)`H jdG AY id j e IcGdG e YSG DhdG Gg
, da , da , jdG : dG dG Y WdG JQ dG (G
.jdG ee UY JJ eCG fCG CG hMCG jCGQh ,a ,Vda
UY j dG dG j ,UGh eG H k ba K CG Y
a eG UY eCG .d jZ H ,dG g d UG Ua ,c
.JGOe hCG (jdG)
Jj fCG dP , UdG g W JCj - jCGQ - jdG Ea jGHh
Gk OYG j H eDGh ,FdG Gd NGdG jdGh ,fEd dG dH
- dG CG - a K eh ,fEG dNh dG dN dG Y QOU fCG k q j
JOS N Vhh ,JM jN SQh ,e JJ Y QbCGh YCGh iQOCG
Fg Y HSGh jhdG jOCG QGSG d j e Ggh .eh
.M Y LNCG Ic FGT HT hCG ,Ff Y SG AGS ,dG e
.YJCG ee Oh ,jdG GH JJ dG dG e Y J jdG eh
hdH JQG jOCG CG G a ,MGh ie iS d jdGh
dG H ,jOCG g NBG g zSEGh{ ,a dG dG ieh ,jQdG
edG e aGjh d ALh , dG e ee Me dhf Y dG
.fEG eh dG eh dG e bY , ah GOY , fOh jO a ,JBG
, HQe ,IjY We ,Ic d zjdG{ g SEG X bh
hd f c M EG Gk KCJh Gk OGeG LGJ b c EGh , Gj h , IYeh
.IjY eGYh
Y de e bCG b dG fEa jdG gCG e ZdG Yh
UH zjdG{ S d .SdG RhJ IO jGhR hMh ,dG
Vh , fdG aG H iQGJ c ,gY jdG SCG e k SSCG
RHCG zdG WS{ EG .SdGh SdG iG Y bCG Y ,JU
e Lh ,jdG QhO f zedG{ jdG Id FdG dG dG jG
...kGHCG jdG FdG SSCG Y J hdG Sa) :j , k jq fK Gk eCG
h hM fCG e ZdG Y ,(27)(jdG bdG J SdG FdG
.HdG IMdGh eSEG IMdG H hCG ,dGh jdG H adG dhCG
.ddG IdG gY bJCSh .dG - jCGQ - jdG j
e Ic Y fC ;jg j jQda , jQdG JCj dGh jdG H
J gh ,Qf Y Jh , edG Y J ,jdG Yd cG
YCG J jcP g LEHh , k MGJCGh k MGaCG ,RCJh GfG bGe
.MGh QWEG NGO SdG Jh , FG HJh ,G dG
ZUh KCdG Y QbCG c k HJ cCGh k aMh Gk jQdG c ch
(28)
(JcGPh eCG QT H) fCG G ij ? jQdG e e dh .jdG
. IcGP e bGeh k KGMCGh (kGQT) f Yf a ij fCc
ij H .SgQT a b J jQJ J dG eCGR Ea ddh
d ,Mh j zedG{ jQda ,jg eY zjQdG{ MdG MCG
,jQdH IQG GSG j a ddh ;cG YLG QWEG j
e ch , eCG j edG HdG O C zQdG jQdG{ bCG Y hCG
dh ,edG e dhe Gd bRJ k s n Sh Fb SG
.(29)Yh eb ce IQM J fC ;CG EG J
e G g k b G j a ,d N - BGQ c - Gh
g , eRGd hCG UY gCH AdG Y f b fCG eh .IQM c
? jQJ hCG eR hO IQM Qf CG f
J OJ ,eGY S J bh .FdG eGdG g HdG KdG GdG
.JHS Y Gk H c EGh , gCG e MGh N Y
H Jh ,jdG YG J (IMGdG VQCG) aGG CG T
, GUCG QJh ,dG QX dG iG Y dP jh ,UN
, (dG) Gh (ddGh GOdG) YLG : iNCG jG Yh
.dEG ...(dG) ..G
GPEG UN ,YL EG YG j b GG fG CG G eh
j k jCG ObGh .dG Gg Lh J dG SSCG eGdG LJ
CG dG QhdG d .OdG IM dM g c , YG IM QhH
eG Yd VY fCG c , j h uj a Gd , dG EG j
. Jh
- jJ - c , dGh dG jdGh , dhdGh , G hCG IOGQEG
J hCG , ZJ d , jdG jJ QhO d , HdG eGd
.IOe dH
fCG hj jdG C o Jo r Ns GnC bh ,G hCG dG hCG UCG eY K Gk NCG
IMH OYG)`H Y sY G Ea Gdh ,zIe dS{ dG LJ
.(30)(CGh UCG
: jdG jfh ..dG : 3-3

hCG uJ CG dhM dG jdGh ,f jdG YG b b jdG
fe J dh .kGc INCe AL jdG d eRdG SCG J
.jdG g jN Y be Y dG hO , jdG ee V dG
e jdG hdGh Y SdG fdGh Y edG dG NGhCG T d
, djEGh , fdGh , fCG jdG : jdG d SDJ dG jdG
HGdGh , fdG HGdGh , eSEG HGdG GYOh , ddGh cQGh
bdG YdGh , Se dGh , ShCG dGh ,eSEG fdG
.gZh ,jQdG edGh ,HdG edGh ,jaEG HGdGh , dh jQSh e
Y J dG ,fCG jda , (dG) Y JQG jdG g H
edG SSCG EG :Y SdG dG FGhCG e J (dG) g a
CG) (1803 ) QOg ij QWEG Gg h , dG g dG gQeh (jdG)
gh ,aSCG d J dG hQh , dG d j EG dG b
GYCG FNPh dG Ff e CG e c dG YOSG dG AYdG
H j jdG EG) : a (1814 ) a eCG .(FdGh dGh
Z J EGh e FTH dG HQ k ee Gk MGh k fc j IMGh
IH qH dG (1923 ) hGOQf ce AL Y Fe e cCG Hh .(Fe
dG GHEd Sh dGh ,YGh OdG H UGd Ik GOCG dG H HdG
WGdG X J , YLG - SS Sc dG K ,G dGh
.(31)dG jh
dG hCG UCG dEG J H , dH J fCG jdG CG U
.jdG J SSCG edG J dG d
e j dG Hh ,`vjf M ...dG Y cdG CG cdH jLh
HGdG HdG iCGQ dG hN HG EG Lj ,b YG OGaCG HQ SSCG
.dG dG
HdG edG a fEa , CG Y fG H (dG) M ch
, HdG edG dG Q EG dh , fG J Rh (G WS)
, dG gOYh edG Q H fEG (...JMh eCG hQ) g zdG{ a
g ,edG AHh eCG jJ SSCG SCG{ ,Jeh Jee gCG e gh
Y H j CG EG : f CG f)h (32)zjQdG IMhh dG IMh :
Y - AT c b - J CG IM EGh .H - hCG LQdG - H
.(33)(Jd
Y K c fCG jdG (UCG hCG G) NBG Y K c ch
HJ iS d NCG dG Gg CG Y jQdGR g G a NBG
,gQT a b J jQJ J dG eCG{ E a ddh , ( dG)`d
, zedG jQJ EG IOdH gQTh Yh J CG eCG g Jh
Op GnYp NOh , IG a b FY J d a e GPEG) fCG M
YdG JOSG Y k a , IG EG JOY EG S j a ,GeCG
ah .QdG Y bDe Z jQdG fh , e PEG dG Ga .(QdGh
.dG H c
edG G jf HQCG KK CH dG EG MdG MCG aO e Ggh
.(34)d Gk q fp k HJ j CG jQdG ij h , dG Y J
aVCG hCG d , (dG) e k jCG G nor Jn ddGh cQG jdG
, jObG IMdGh , dG - dG jdGh , jQdG : eGY HQCG dEG
.jQdG SEH a KK aVCG fdGh , cG VQCGh
J dG hCG ,jd FZ zdG{ Ea djEGh fdG jdG eCG
.SdG G IMhh , GOdG IMh SCG J IOGQEGh G jH
.GOdG IMhh jQdG IMh Y cJ fdGh
e h , (rp dG) UCG hCG , aGG hCG , jdG Y J jdG H
H adG dhM b jdG jdG H fc EGh .a (dG) k jJ
jf c CG j h .brp dG hCG dG g AGS , HhdGh jdG Y
hCG , NGO k ahX fc AGS ,YG H fc dG hdG ah Y eb
.H FdG VGZCG J CG dhMh , LQN
-KCJh QhOh e m ue p Yh ,jdG ee Y b e c Ea k eN
bWEG Y - hdG aJ a ,QGh QdG hJ eG g CG j
YG NGO e Y EG eh , k jQGe o b e c bh , GP hCG G Gg -
.jdG ZU Gk KCJ cCG j EGh RHCG j , LQN e hCG , jdG
.lIc Gk VMh k jQJ dP Y gGdGh
eGdG
.g jU MhWCG EG IQTEG (1)

.ejca MhWCG EG IQTEG (2)
59. U 1997. Qjf .(jEH) GQG GU : g jU (3)
.(d) ZdG SSCG : dG (4)
.(d) HdG QG (5)
QGO : eO .jGdG GVQ , jQdG e Y bdG : hG hDhdG Y (6)
622. U - 1990 , dG
h jhQO fY YCGh Hb , dG : dGh , 622 U , HS Qe , bdG : hG (7)
170. U , 4 , 1976 , adG IQGRh : eO .G
1406 , d edG jG dG : IgdG 3. , QdG Y , FG : L HG (8)
33./ 1 . 1986 /
119. U , 1995 , eG aG QGO : jQSEG .dG jbh G : GY dG (9)
126. U , HdG LG (10)
- 1403 , jRdGh d Y e cT : IL 4. .Gh dG : Gh MGdG Y Y (11)
7. U , 1983
31. U , 1986 : IgdG .ddGh dG : dG Y SM (12)
31. U , HdG LG (13)
622. U ,HS Qe , bdG : hG (14)
1222. U : G :IgdG .edG eSEG YSG : eSEG hDd YCG G (15)
AEG e : hH , IOjR e.O j hCG G , HdG dG YSG : h HG HY (16)
821.U 1986, ,HdG
, bdG : hGh , 257 U , 1988 , dG dG QGO : hH .jdG : LG jdG (17)
744. U , HS Qe
744. U , HS Qe , bdG : hG (18)
961. U ,HS Qe , dG : dG (19)
.(jdG) dG YSe : hH MdG Y (20)
.(jdG) HdG QG (21)
257. U , HS Qe , jdG : LG jdG (22)
.HdG QG (23)
.HdG QG (24)
.HdG QG (25)
.HdG QG (26)
10. U , HS Le , GY dG (27)
133. U , dG Y HdG : dG H MCG (28)
. U , 1985 , HdG IMdG SGQO ce : hH .khCG HhdG : G (29)
SGQO ce : hH .jdGh GMCG AV Y SGQOh HCG ? edG g e : G (30)
210. U 1985. , HdG IMdG
: V H) .dGh KEG dL : HdG edG G jf : Y dG Y (31)
dG eh HdG IMdG SGQO ce : hH .(MdG Y k eY KK : G WS
148. , 147 U , IgdH HdG SGQdGh
k eY KK : G WS : IgdH HdG SGQdGh dG eh , HdG IMdG SGQO ce (32)
164. U , HS Le , MdG Y
29. U 1985. , HdG IMdG SGQO ce , hH .HdG edG IQ HCG : G (33)
164. U , HS Le , MdG Y k eY KK : G WS : IMdG SGQO ce (34)
210. U , HS Le .SGQOh HCG : G (35)
48. U , HS Le ..IQ HCG : G (36)
62. U , 2001 / 1822 , dDG : IgdG .edG aO Y eGg : c IOY (37)
AfEGh adGh dG HPJ
GS QOf
:dTEG
fc v jCG ,adG J a .ad SSCG eYO dG CG Y QG e
FHCG eCG dG jh ,gjh j d AYh hO ,JGJh dTCG
FfG e e SSCG l n r en k jCG dGh .J GHEGh d
aCG J T H j fbCG g o oh nnJ nh .YLG d e EG
.edG eh WdG hCG jdG jdG ee fEG h ,IMGdG jdG
H hCG OM aH OGaCGh YG QT id Ik OY onr n roJ jdGh
dG eCG .jOe CG k jU CG fc k T ,iNCG jdG d e gGO hCG
.Y adGh cG HGdG Y cCd edGh QdG IQhH neo p r jo
jQdG eh ,Y dG QJ ce HGK L e Gk PEG jdG J
dG dG EG k Uh GOdGh ddGh jdGh dG hQGh MGdG Gh
HK iS oMp J dG g .e m SSCG Y oMQCG oQJh CG dG f
dYh YCG Y Gk HCG dh ;jNBH Jh JGhH Ha fEG
eh ,Y g c ffEG QdG fh GG UQh FG Yh Lh
. hH , fdG eH fdG PSCG
NBH GYG .kaKh Gk ah k d Y G NBG OLH GYG hd q K
SCGh aCG fCG e kqX QaCGh dh H g dG IQhdH j
.MCGh
YEG aK gh CG ad IOG LdG e k Lh df gG g q X
dG AdG ,JLf e qSJh dG Y Je JJ dG
YdG Gg Ud IjY fGL qK .dG f dG Gh MfG
.IMGdG jdG qJh AfG dCe YGJ Y q j dG dG dG
FSh Y k q ej gf dG eYEG adG dTEG H S dh
,keY Tf Y Ff J dGh ,UG Lh Y e FGh ,eYEG
.d H dG VG a edG be Jh
:UGdGh dG
Y fCH Se fa ,IjGe gCG dG Y JG J
de fc jH j e TCG H dG UG h .JG
UGdG J Ge k Xe Gk QJh ,Ie IQK j- ddG dCG
;aW H j g PEG ,FK k SSCG UGdGh .JGKCJh JJh JJh
k f Gj ,(rcepteur) pe hCG eh (metteur) pSe hCG e
EG j CG pSG jj e a (message) nSG eCG .ce d hCG RedG e
UGdG Gg .d IG jOG IcdG H J e Im b Y pG
dGh ,OGaCG H e TG (dG) OdG jW Y j dG FdG
j dG eYEG UGdG Y j ,bG dG ,G S Y
d e nSe SGH WJ dG ,ac YEG FSh SGH dG Y
YdG -SdG Mh .(1)Y Oq f CG jge hCG c YSH
UGdG dG ec N e UGdG Y uj GhNCG -UG
.eG G
.UGdG g Gk j HdG dGh k eY ffEG dG Y jd Ne
HJ dG FGdG JeGSG (communication) UGdG IOe dh
,kGOhOeh k cSGh k LGhQ JfdGR e Y Jh ,jpQnJo h dG hP
cCG UGdG Sh ,ffEG dG dC fdG e hS Gd
.iNCG UGdG FSh IQb e f q GC eY cCGh Gk QfG
:dG ge
SGH k YS ,fEG jODj dG edG dG GfCG e k Yf dG J
k q e Gk M ffEG dG Jh .AGOCGh UdG EGh aEGh dG EG
.G fY jdG G HJ dG bCG OG UGdG ee
.dG UGd bCG SdG HGh bGh jQTEG dTCH dGh
AdG Ea dP eh .zlGUCG gqM{ dG CG fgPCG EG QOj e hCGh
CG dP .UGdG dG IdG jQ dG hQPj G
dG jJ SSCG dG dG CG f J G
T H j dG UGda .MdG QG Gk HCG d dh ;ffEG
jJ SH ,be hCG S Z h ,Ic k fMCG o ao Op r jo dh edG dG
e c J jJ Ik GOCG UH ;IQTEG g bG d Me
XG UGdG FSh c SGQO CG g dG Y j h .AdG a
f j eh .fdG SGQO Y G C J ,AdG Y
dG MUG edG e m c dG dCe EG dG g G dG
,SGH H a GUGj CG IMGh jd YL EG G OGaCG j
.HdG jdG YG g g IOG YGh
:jdG dG UGd SSCG XdG

HG q jh ,dG jdG eGb egG e SGh QH dG Ve KCSG
h .FN GhRHCGh FbO G r sJh dG QeCH Gop oT jdG ADg RHCG e L
:g eh dG Y dGR H OQj UGJ jJ IGOCc d jJ
da ,QhHh .(2)(VGZCG Y b c H qj (GUCG fEa) gqM eCG)
o dG : n nndR IOe (3)dG d AL a ,jJ e cCH n p Mn
dCG Gh ,qfD jh qcj ,orn G o dGh :S HG Yh ,(...) dG o MQL
k fa q prdGC :jh .qH :Y n ndCGh .dSdG HEG :dEGh (...) , odCGh
:o rsdGh (...) , q c :o n nndh .(...) qEG HCG CG Gch Gc k fa pdCGh
.(kHY k fd qe c Ggh ) -qLh q Y- db h .(...) MdG
,dG Xh V ,gQhH GVY a KG fdG hCG dG AY eCG
e H jh .gdGh UGdGh dG g Xh CG Y ZCG Ja
SDG e SDc (language humain) ffEG dG Y ec N
dG M k e g Ggh ,G IG Y J fEG{ INCG g CG ,ffEG
ah{ :dG EG k e .(4)zUGd IGOCc SSCG H QJ dG ffEG
Xc QYG H NCG j e g OG gdG CG UGda G NBG
H XdG Y g bfh .(5)zffEG dG g dG IGOCG d SSCG
e Gh G dG H hjjh UN e gh (l nue) ,dG
jh ,Y c IPNCG ffEG dGh ...fdG dGh HdG dG
.cG FNh JS Yh dH dG H
ffEG dGh ,keY UGdG V dG G gG QJ bh
j EG Yf dG dG W ,G dG Gg ,fdG JCJh .kGj
Sh ;iNCG Y jCG Y dG qHh zJGdh JGH{ d Yh Ue
ffEG QdG fh OG dG J FXh AS
.dG Y dGh
:dTGh G pG H dG
,eG dCG je e k e ffEG dG SQdH fdG hJ
GdG e Gk PNCe- dG CG H .ene fc dG J hCG
cCG Y IO OHCG GP fS IOe d -ffEG cd iNCG
da ,dP e dG Yh .cGQOEG dH oJh SGQ g h ,Lh
M fEG .edG q e Y qJ J m ejO H G pG e dH j
k cJh ,IM Y k Y d ch .JQhU h dTG SQJ e
.AGLCG HGGh MG FbdG e k qUN
e k fd CG g QdGh dGh GQOEG Y j e EG :dH o Qfh
.jQJ e Ia jCG ,FGO QJ dM g -edG UGJ DhHCG H j-
q GC e jd YL AYC edG jdG Ld bdG o FdG o jG Jh
H H gdH d j k ce k fd ej fCG e ZdHh- ADg
c CG Gk PEG f .Y jdH ,dH , j k L a -H
g QWEG -Of CG feEH CG j ,(6)j fC j d
.ejdG eGdG SGQO MJ e Ggh ,J dG gG -dTG
dG Y IdG jQG n fdG
p GdG JegG V INCG g QJh
-IO eR Ia hj c- dG VJ C J fCG CG ;a
.d VJ CG dG J CG ;H HdG Z UdG
:dG QG ah ffEG dG jJ
Qd Hbh ,(7)RedG Y k Fb k YLG k H H n dG fdG SQJ
U fH L QJ dG iNCG YLG dG CT fCT ,G
1916 dG EG Oj ffEG dG H gG CG bGdGh .fEG G
EG inr jo h .SS O p zedG fdG a{ c QhU T dG
RedG hCG edG e e fR fCG Y dG OqM e hCG fCG SS O
dG g dGh MdG dG Y Ve{ CG Y OTh .SbQG hCG IjG
,(9)dG edG WYG Y qcGC c ;(8)zJGP LCG eh JGd Ik e
, GqdG g JU IQd OG Y IQY fCH bdG e OMh (le sgne)
J dG CG iCGQ c (le signifi). dG g gP Q qJh (le significant)
dG dG eCG ,adG e dCJ dG JedG fCG e ic Y EG
.(FdG) LddG Y a G aK QWEG edG IM SQj
e (Langue & parole) dGh dG H SS bJ q Jh (smiologie)
k ef d a Y Ak H ,dG QdG e Gk QhO OCG dG QaCG gCG
FdG .d OdGh dG dG j dG CG M v e k q YLG
(diachronie). bdGh (synchronie) eGdG H edG bJ g fdG
EG dG Y J (descriptive) Uh f Lh g hCG dG Lh
(historique) jQJ f Lh g fdG dG Lh CG M ,dG M
.(10)gQJh dG Uh Y U
hCG ,bdG H k bO k ba K CG EG f gG d HdG Qd k Jh
Ia fdG FbdG SGQO hCG ,eGdGh ,edG Y fdG IgdG SGQO
jQG gGdG K ,L H ,j FdG dG Ggh .IO eR
.VG fdG GQdG f g dGh ,G dG Jh
:dG ejO
GQdG ee V bGdGh dG fd XdG fdG RJh
N e VY a . G dG N FOe QJ dG jG fdG
bGH - 1960 dG JQe Vh dG - SedG fdG OeR
T qjGC Y Gk H geh FOe Hh ,ffEG dG Fbh ge
dc OqT e QG jdG GMdG Xh Y OqT bh .d qhCG jf hCG
IdG Y EG dEG d dG IjG dG eh .dDJ dG dG Y
CG Xh r GE p ,dc SDe qJ id fCG dP .Fbd ejdG
.ee LMG q J c UGG S n f CG a ,cM
n AJ c Gk L SDG g ndCJ a ;edG Qh LMG g qJ GPEGh
OqJ dG YLG qG LM CG h .gaJ QGSG H
M qj CG OqdG Gg jEG CG e ZdHh ;GhdG Y bGdG
.QYG H eCG Gg NCf GPEG k U n J d Fbd jDhQ Ea ,QdG
:dG e QJ
,dG IOGh dG jDhQh fdG Qe J ZQ d ah
fdG fG d e CG fLd ,dCG QJ HQ dG jdG gOYGh
QL cj c ;HS eRCG dCG UCG dG dG g AH P OH
CH qcj CG Hh .(11)jd dG EG QOG e fdG jQJ Hc fe
Q fd egH Y SdG dG EG k Uh ,G MG
dCG CG Mj ,dCG t GoC g jdG CG gOe ZV Jg de M
da .jQdG fc ,YCG f G L dGh -dH G IMdG
f Lh H JG b , Meillet qe Me dP ;cCH Y SdG
fc ,dCH J dG adG dG dCG c Ie jQJ
.Hh gQHh jQH J iMCH
dh gqJh dCG QH G FGdGh egG S CG Hh
HCG Me jdG dG INCG g e ,fdG Qe Y
M Q dG ,bdG SGQdG a .dCG Uh f Gk j LG
G UdG G GP eGdG SGQdG AL ,SJh dCG fQe
e QJ G QWEG Gg h.jdG dG e hCG dG
QG ah IUG HdG J SQdH dhJ dG dG SGQdG
dTG ch jdG eGSG J dj dG jG dG
.HdG adG dG ejOh dCG
k VY e Nf dG dG g QJ jG dG G Gg eh
SJ gQhOh ,aKh G H JWJQGh dG V edG dTEd
jdGh jdG bdG gY dSh .IuMeh eL jg EG AfG e
.adGh AfGh dG :g KK fbCG H dOG GKCdGh
:YEGh adG GYh dG

GYh ,Jje ,HdG dG H jdGh IWdG bdG dCe
JWJ a .S e cC dG gG J YEGh adG
je fc GPEG e j g PEG ;bGG Y Ic k fMCG oJ JHPh
e m Ye m bc J c ,FXh ,kMe HhV hCG dG
,keY HdG YEG aK CG CG ,YEG VGZCGh aGh adG
Sh eCG ,HdG Fd FdG HSG GQdG H dG G
cSh Y CGh jd UNh IaGh m b Jh jhd Gk eh
Gg Y v e bdG H o j ,dCG g e Hh .Ie YLG
G adGh jhdGh cSG HdG P YEG/eYEG adG
jOQCH ZCH Gh ,gdJh HdG J GYCG Y c M EG
-HdG gd aJh ae Iaf j c EGh a .G LCG dG
gQhHh CG d jdhCH Tf id YdG SJ IQhdH j b fEa
Jh aK Me jJh Uh T IQH YdGh SCdG
.jd MGdG AfG ge
,HGV jCG e Gh eG ,zfGdG{ eYEG adG g aGJ EG
Gk TDe d UCG JH OGaCG de e bJ hCG ,e jdG EG dG
ef d fh l S iMCH fEG .dG cH bdG U Y
UH dEG f dG NBG U Jh G JFfG p ng npdh dG
.aKh H Y G
QS AfGh adG JYGJh jdG dCG e Hh
Y Gk jh ,YLG G pGh dG QdG H FdG bdG dCe j a
LCG e Y GC J dG jdG dH fh .HdG YG
jdG GdH gdGh AfG Y OG dbEG KCH C J dGh HdG
dG dG SSCG Fa .JHJQGh JegG G
jdH gaJh ,Kqh JGOe Jh f FGW qa dG H J
dJG J CG fCT e dGh G HdG LCG VG e
JCJ IOe jd aK Vd nYhf n Jh IaGdG HdG GH
.CG fd M Y ZCG q YCG
JHPh JGKCd q K e jh LCG dCG Y HT KCj
.dCG d LhG tp W uG gh ,YLG jdG JGAa
d VG SSCG n MdG t J a G Gg QhO eYEG FSdh
HQh ,jgG Yh SCGh Y jJh jhJ LCG dCG
.FSdGh JeGh VjdGh adGh dG GY eh jL H
JGh YLG AJQGh qdG FSh iMEG j dCG g JEG
e nb Gj c FHC SGh jdG YLG o FGdG gaJ dG
.zee{ n FXhh n Ueh n cG k e GgCjh ,eGh jG dG
dTEG oJ k eG dG g H NGGh KOG HP dGh
.IjY DhJh
UH dCG g jhd hs noj YEG FShh n TdG CG j e qK
QdG Qj HdG fd CG j e qKh ,KGG n Uh dG n d
VjdGh Gh dGh SGh dG) d G jG G
g Af .dSG Y dG oVpr jo ,Gd .(..JeGh AjRCGh GQdGh
g H ;jM d n HdG CH o qhJ - qe hCG- qe LdjjCG sK g iJ
XJ gh ?ddG dCG IGQ m gDe o Z s K e gh ,T o d m c o n do
dCG ,IuKD eh Yh ZW dCG fCG Y l dO LCG dCG GSG
TdG o bY gh .?(dCG FSh fdG J k hCG jfEG) ddG
.?HjEG UGJ bY fCG CG ,mJ o bY g LCG dCH
HdG GdG
H ,Tf d VJ dG HPdG L EG f CG dG p af e
.Jeg Gh IqG GdG EG OJ dG XG GKCdG
H j dG SdG p dG Gg g fgPCG EG QOJ dG hCG o Ma
Jh ,FGLCG q Jh n dG Tf gJ dG dGh jdG LG
g H OGH Sh .JcS NGOh e n rn fn h Y n rHs n Jn dG
e VSh .eG dGh jdG :g e KG Y bfh ,GdG
Y KCJh fG OMCG SG Gg H KpOG jdG YGd q Kn
: g GdG g .CG fd
,Gh dG FShh dCG ,Gh cCG ,Jeh SG
JdG) Logos and Mlodies , jG JeGh dG ILCGh GhOCG
.cG Yh VjdG ,(G hCG dG hCG G
: jdGh dG
H jgG aH J Xh JH dG IdG Y bfh
dG LCG jhdGh fYEGh ZCGh dGh Gh HdG
dG o dG Gg .FdG J hCG VQCG J r GE ,kq ej H f
o oWrjn -J iMCH hCG -gGa .FHCG dCG Y k eSh Gk OH j G
p MfG jdG M s K e o Njh ,vej fGPBG J e hOuOjh
.HGJCG H gj dG p HdG
:eG dG
Jh dCG H Tf OhJ dG HGh dG IjdG dG g
Gh gCG VG JGP q H g eG CG EG g fh .SQ Ua d
gJh ,M dCc SqQJ a .LCG dCd SSCG dG
d a dP fL EG ...ffEG hCG dGh jdG gOGe ZCG jQd
HdGh QGOEG edG TCG FSh HCGh feGh dGh IQGOEG
HcGh dG g QZ nVN j eG Y dh s GE ....MGh
.kKOh IAGbh Hch SGQO SQh
:aK KOG GdGh dG d Y GdG d ITG GKCdG
e qjh ,JegG Y PJh ,caCG HT Qhj GdG g
Gj c ;dG e UGd bCG H fhjh ,SJSh SJaKR
k eY- aK CH dG e nSCH h .jL H JG Y hCG e hCG
hJ dG GdG g GKCJ Y iC fJ CG -kGj edG dGh
Yf- l NGJ qK PEG .AGS x M Y TdGh ddGh GdGh dG JYGJ
e GdG d IFdG LCG HdGh Gh GOG d -ch
fGL e fL Y G J jdG dG gh .edG WdG d
K ie Yh gX d ie Y Gk PEG j NGdG . HdG adG
.Y
hO KDJ dG aK k dM o q dG YQG GdG CG S j
JGhd Yh h ,edG JcS Jh Y CG jQ fOCG
YEG FSh Y ja .G Gg SSCG YEG QhOh .jNBdh
g H .kjq OMCG k e o j ,TdG d Gk uKD eh k peh k e k eY UH
e a edG mIOnu IQHh) eYEG FSda .k Yh Gk OW o oj
jdH Tf hqj (,...h Lh ,eh jeh aU
e jh ,d n dG j g H ;dG e AGh jGh
,jfK) HdG dG e k q Fe J dG MCG jdG GG
eGH N e qHh J hOhjh fqdjh (..AMCG ,jfCG ,eL
... dEG ,VjdGh HGh dGh dGh YGh dCG
:dG UN
q GC Y- WdGh edG jdG HGK e k fK dG gC Yh e k bfG
,fdG gaCG AV ,YLG jdG dCG d e id bf
h ;jeh KGJh jgL MhG dCa .J G hCG dG QeCG Y
.fdGh dGh dG FGQP e NGdG hCG hdG
hG e HdG efCG dBJh HdG dG doC a .dP e YCG jCGH dCa
QGSH IAGdGh Hch MCG g jDhH HdG A HCG Sqh , H dG
dG qS Ik Oe k jdhCGh k SSCG k fe CG d j -SGH
.IMGh aK EG FfH dG gQT h dGh
WMEGh G dG Yhh cSG jdG FGH Ta
dG jdG j G ddG aKh bdG dG G
f SEG hCG J Yh Gh dG dG AfGh qhJ Y QbCG
.kY qJh Gk KCJh k HSG TCG adG JHh jdG GY f dgEGh
dG cGeh KGG SH j dG dG GNG CG S qj
CG ac Sh S H Hb j gh .jdG bCG Y
VjdGh SVSh cCG e dG OJ dG IOQG
JHh JJh f keY NDJ gh .FSdGh dGh dGh dGh
jdGh EGh jhdG G Gg SSCG Je YEGh .UCG
.YG ZZOh
jG j jdG fDhHCa . S fL e dEG f IgdG g
H CG d fhjh ,HdG j dGj dG Gg Y dGh
hCG (IG AHCG) iMCH d .SGH dGh OdG Y h qjh ;Re
JQG Yh ZH gh .(bdG AdG dh dG IjG LCG)
CG dhj a ...dEG eh dGh dGh dG fdG hCG jfEG
aK EG Gh HG jdG jG/dG jg H e GfRGj
M k dCGh jY aK dG P uJ Y bEd S gh .Jje
Ph .CG fdh HdG aK e k q c UGhCG e j ,Yh
fd k e m GB jh ,Hch IAGbh k K LCG k dCG j dG dG
.MhG dCG d NBG fG Jh ,IaGh ,HdG
CGh ,gOLH f CG j M k dTEG qK CH dG EG fh
Yj Tf ...jdh IJSCGh Heh Ak HBGh k Tf QG Yh NJ
gGh dG H Gjh ,aH dG Gcj CG EG O qe H
H hCG fdH bCG OhHh ,jfEH Gjh fCG Y Ghjh ,SQGh
.HH EG HdG Gj h (...fSEG ,djEG ,fCG) iNCG M
a .JM IQhS UG EG dG e o r Jn jfEG CG g MGh
g H ;a YLG bdGh dG adGh WGh SGQdG d d
gYe Y dGh Jejh FSQ Hd f dG IOG dG
UCGh dEG bCG jdG IGOCG H id eCG fCG CG .UG
.JGM Y dG
gQfG n n rSGnC h Hd VG AYdG n s nT b HdG adG J EG
QaCGh YGh WGdG Y dG Y IQOb OdG d fch .FJQGh
SdG PdG XH gf ,cGJh JGOe Z H ,dG FGh
.FHC QG
dCG dd dG G fH j e TCG g dG f eh
dG H o j dG Y jf dG dG jdGh .LCG
adG gG ah ZdGh ddG dG IQH HdG bd edG
dG G r GE p Gk Oe k S ond onr jn a jCGQ ch .SdGh cSGh
id KCdG fCT e c Ggh .HdG cdGh ASCGh AjRCG PJG hCG
dG GYCGh jGh dG f k jCG KDj H ,G edG IG H
.dM e dh NBdh JGd Yh fe MCG Jh dG YLG
ch JdhCG oJh ,f Y G In QU o q J G jf o da
dG CG n H .dHh jNBHh OGaCH bd a FGWh JGP Y J
QdH kjCG oj H ,a f Y JQHh H dG ge oj
JG EG p bp rnJh JjdhCGh Jeh JGH G Gg Yhh YLG dG
adG UG Y dG hO e YdGh iNCG ffEG GQH
.FHC
dhDe g -JSh JHjEH ,bH dG dG bGdG UJ EG
d nrn nS dG IQdGh .jh jh G Uj dG u pfdG
GC G Yh hJ G ee dh .G jhGOS d JFL
SQGh FdG SDe d IG gCG h adGh jdG dCd
Z Y JYGJh JeG IQK Ye Y iC d ...dGh eGh
AdG e ue h ,jQdG gQhL J aK AHCG dh . U
e jf iMCH H ;WCG Y AdG Ve d fEa Gd ;QdGh
de M EG Ud G Gh YdG idG GTEG hfh fT
Qh EG :dG UNh .edG jg K eh ,HdG fd deh
J c dSCGh gHJ n q h pJGOe qbJ CG -UN eYEGh- HdG
g iNCG nY dh gnQOj CG Vj dG dG gQH JG Y
geh dH Jh ,JfeEG QJh JGP dG LCG dCG Y
.Yh baBGh
TGG
46, OY ,hH ,HdG dG ,(JQe jQfCG fdG Y e Ad) :(QOf) GS (1)

.384 .U 87, GjM
,(2) ,hH ,dGh Yd idG QGO ,QdG Y ,FG :qL HG (2)
.33. U ,g eh dG Y dG H ,(1)
.386-385 .U.U ,(13) ,hH ,QOU QGO ,dG d (3)
MARTINET (Andr), Elments de linguistique gnrale, Armand Colin, Paris, 1970, p.9. (4)
(5) Ibid p.10.
(6) Saussure, (F. de), Cours de linguistique gnrale, Payot, Paris 1978, p.33.
(7) Saussure, Cours , Op. Cit p. 317.
(8) Saussure, Cours, Op. Cit p. 100

-d e ,jG fdG e e H IPNCe SS O Y G eG (9)
122.-121 .U 1997, ,hTf
fCG .(dG QGM) c fh da jg JYCG H OQh g G IdG (10)
SRAGE (Nader), Dialogue des langues, Paris, LHarmattan, 2003, p. 54.
EG fG .adG dCG FNCG ,(1936-1866) fa d ,qe GfCG (11)

.fQe YGb ee dM YCGh HhQhCG hdG dCd YLG fd SGQO
SEG Y GdG
LdHhfCG EG GSG e
dG GVQ
1
ShCG dG LdHhfCG Q qJ q GE Richard Antoun: fCG OQjQ j
jQGOEGh dMdG IS Meh , bG IS Me : (1)MGe HQCH s e
IS Meh ,IGodG LdHhfCG CG , QSG dG SdG
. G LdHhfCG IS Me Gk NCGh , aG LdHhfCG AY
eCdG jGd hCG QG c GSG CG jdH g jh
M) bG c MG J . ShCG dG LdHhfCG
, j ue hCG , jGh dG jd AY (kjJ Y SdG dG e
LCG eh .(2)fehQ IGg hCG edG SGQdH AY G aCG h
H ; ICdG d LdHhfCGh GSG H R S OQGhOEGR Hj dP
QSG Me Bf hCG jQSG Y fCG K , gGYG dG IOG
H ; Y SdG dG e CG , G g o r G t j r d . eh
w Vh l Y Y SdG dG LdHhfCa .YVe hCG eh dG IOe
, HGh ddG ceCG ee Lh m M GC H b c , Qe
.edG jdG Qeh , hH , fdG eH eSEG SGQdG PSCG
bdG dGh dG Y Y K ,Y edGh Y HdG fdG
k S dG Y SG hM EGh QSG M dh k a a ,f
F dG dh I dG jG dG JQG a GSG eCG .(3)VG
Y cCG J CGh ,G We Y cCG J CG dKdG K fJhdG
K ,d ge m eZQE jGdG e dG N bh .(4)G
QSH bY Gk NCGh , YLGh jQdG dG Q H bY
a IQU q C eZQE N a G ge .jQSG dGh
dG n G n na Gdh .jGh dG jdG On QGdG n HoJ CG j c dGh
H o hGJ Il c l SGQO qX jdG dG e hCG HdG Mh ,Y SdG
GYG e dH f joa ;kae k jOj hCG k as k e SEG QYG
GSG a c dG bdG r d .(5)EG QY H G dH
Hch ,QKBGh G SGh ,dG edG dG SGQO H os j
:jdG SGQdG ICWh j jGh dG GdG c jQ dG
Y jdG iNCGh ,JgdG SGQdG a ,dCGh jKCGh jQdG
SEG jQJh Lda k UNG k jQJ o GSG jh ,GSG
j CG GSG hM fG Gg eh .JaKh HTh eSEG dGh
x SSCG m Qa e LdHhfCG e iNGoC Ik e ba , jQdG dG MCG
EG Ip OdH dG H cG o uj UCJ l e t LdHhfCG o a .G
J dG o fjQdG H -Lda hCG k jQJ hCG k M hCG Gk eQ VnG UCG
q GC Y . GSG Oo J dG g , jQdG GQdGh ,dG LddG
dG iMCH hCG dH GSG bH j Gk J cCG eCG
e k sce hCG k LhOe LdHhfCG dTEG fc M a .jQ SG
c LdHhfCG .GSG NBG m f e l GhORG g c LGhORG
H .pp G LGe p n Gh , uG LGe u FGdG LGhORG g
QSG f SQeh SCG Wh S H GSG RHCG c
oSnQoj o GSG c ,SG H a .ne/pe :dG dG
,HhQhCG Z G Y SSCG MhWCG fCG dG eG FGhO
TZh Sch fa fGah eh ,S OQGhOEGh .f jH jG Zh
a SSCGh e FdG g q GC hj (Libre Qu e gZh)
GPEG - e g fc a bGdG h .SSCG GSG MhWGoC
e GkAL QYG hCG GSG fjQJ Y QGUEG q GC dP ; -dG s U
id oj CG ThCG- dG jQJ e GkAL hCG , SdGh dG dG J
e j a ; ahG HQCG MGH SdG hCG FZhdG cQG
joj , k aKh k jQJ SEG UN Y QGUEG q E a ; fK L eh .a
. jQdG Qd N e LdHhfCG Fc G QYG e iNGoC Ik e
gh , GSG Y DhdG iNCG Im QH hCG ; GGh oPdG Gg s SG bh
k Qa , dG jQdG SQeh , dG SQe X CG EG , CG l Y g
N q dh . nY oJGP oJ m bS m jH dG e G g o SGQO
. od HCG fLh jOhH fah LOg TQe SGQO dP Y m dO
fdGh , R Y Im QM jQdGh YdG : SEG IeeR : GH hCG
dG b eR : GH ddGh . R dG a Y SG dGR : GH
QG jQdGh , eSEG IQG SGQH ADg MdG b bh R HhQhCG
Y edGh Y ddG H e hdG CG , eGoG dG jQdG S
.(6)Od
2
q GC (7)(1963) eRCG GSG : IFGdG SGQO G Y QfCG VhCG
dG , QSG dG k hCG g . LhOe bGSG dG G
. QSG Y jQGe e fjQdGh LddG FGH GSG j
UG IQdG e j n GSG CG j dG dG dG k fK gh
k MS (8)1978 Y S OQGhOEG o SGQO ALh . jQdGh YLG dG
fCG CG , l QSG l tJ GSG CG ( dH bCG hCG ) KCG fCG
Im QU dGh SEG M fCG hCG , JMhWGoC fh , QSG M C f
SEG eG QGSGh , QSG eeh dG MW oJh TCG
. eSEG dG jW eh
hNBGh fJ jGHh hrdGh G Y QfCGh S OQGhOEG d r q j dG q GE
hCG djeEG H , GSG d a j Gfc dG bdG fCG -
m GNGh m jd Vj G hCG tdG GP c , k e jeCG hCG Qb
,dG f F GC j odCG hf : QeCG HQCG MCG EG d td aCG , jQJ
nf J e Y c e Y AH hCG - dG TCG e m T EG jh
hCG - dG jQdG SGQO V dNO hCG - ShCG T hCG eSEG SGQO
odCG LdG e eGG , NCG hCG HGdG ntLdG qCh . LdHhfCG EG d
k Uh Fbh H tH bCa ; jNCG jdG Gk QX cCG g , hCG
. 2002 d
Z fQEG c , GSG Y SGQd IsOG o j S OQGhOEG GC H eY
c dP CG aY GPEGh . jFGG dUCG Y SGQO Qo oj Ernest Gellner
Y o Jo SGQO dGJh . QSG k bsS LdG c c cQOCG ,1972 Y
Y .) dG e Mh fdGh dG dP H SEG
c , KCJ JG eh . (9)G G : c sgCG L bh .(1995
cG IgX bJ H m UHh ; JGQJh SEd a te hCG o Jo eJ
e Al T a Ik gL k jf qj UH , SdG SEG OUh , eSEG
pd hCG be i k hD Q Z SGQO QKCGh . GQdG d , dGh tdG
e DheRh Clifford Geertz , JZ OQc tgCG jNBG LdHhfCG id
, SQe SG M Eickelman - jCGh Gilsena , L eCG
,(10) IHR eSh Gdg Oah , d QGLh , SCG W SGh Libre
h qj k L GhSG c , QSG dG QWEG LdHhfCG EG dG
MhWC m QL mf H SCG W O fGh . dG g AV gG dG
.(11)(SEG LdHhfCG)
m hH j , hNGoC w f l jO fCG SEd q UCG gG CG Z ij
od t cCG o dG pahMh pJs M e o q j jQdG g . jT m qQW
eRCG r d .A dGh dGh jG G YCG H mRG J IQ U
, Rhd tdG Oj , adG EG eRCG J eYh ; SdG hCG YLG
hCG jQdG IOSG LCG e qdH sj hOqe hCG te AY o jh
H HdG r d k W VG UCG IAGdG On J dh ; hoC G IAGdG
qdG SGM , AdG id YdG Hh ; jG Ra dGh jG
dG LGe , aodGh jFdG YG IM Y FdGh , dhDeh
KGd m tJ Y Gk J dG eRCG o J bh .IQhdGh IdG dhd IRhG
VGh ! k b sJ CG H dG e J a ; IsG dG H
qdG IAGb hj jdG dhCG -Z H -dG Gg g dUG
. dG NdGh , dG jd
CG o JZ a . SEd edG jDhQ Z e (12)JZ jh
IQhG GQhdG M Z jDhH fNCG e GPEG adG hCG G e l J j
H . Z Yj c , k HK gG AH e MGdG Gh MGdG qdG Y
dGh cG jT Ql G se G FS e eSEG G q GE :dG iMCG
hCG o Jh , fe Jh jhY J , Rl eQ a jOdG HGdGh dG eCG .
a . SsG tJJ H OtdG o a eRCG bGdH oJbY o AJ
IOe eSEG dJh eSEG g H ; eSEG w Y l g
r d ; YdG Im Mh T hCG Ik Mh oJ , Y Sseh Rl eQ q GE o
h .fhfEG o o j eh , G o o j e H bGdG n bY
G e eSEG G adGh YLG GQdG
. SEH o jJ dG iNCG
SEG LdHhfCH oY e JOS dG dG g JZh Z
JZ jDhQ EG cCG bG o T e M h . INCG , KdG OdG
,ITe fC , Z jDhQ H jb l q b e , SCG Wh dh Sc jDhQ hCG
G g Ggh .(13)SEG Y m jS m M SCG m jH odSG h
dG d H ; rMh GSd d LdHhfCG GNG dG
jdG iYO o LdHhfCa . jhCdGh jdG eGh , jQdG
t Gh . adG hCG jdG hCG IgdG Am T s c qJ CG d o dG edG
dG fc PEG ; ASG Y fdG dhdG) kIc mGASG oVj Z CG
, qjh , (jdG SDG hCG adG e ibCG - jf H - a SdG
.SSCG jDhdG JZ Y hCG Y YG bdG t j e r d ;jh ,jh
k Me aG bGSG SGQO X 1977 dG , M q GC Y
:fGY SGQdG J hGoC .SdG GSG R oh Ik jL
SGQdG J fKh John Wansbourough .hQfGh zfBGb SGQO{
Crone , Michael Cook. c jeh hc jJH dCJ zjLdG{ :SG
R qdG fR dBGh O s GB dG sdG a hQfGh eCG Patricia
e lH :dG Hc eCG H a .jGh dG j dG
w eSEG wf h l GB b dhCG jdG fdG g c e fCG EG (1979)
Y eSEG QOG Am T CG bqj a ch hc eCGh . f CG e
- BGdG a - UdG J CG QYH . jdG IdG e dhCG fdG
HdG jQWGeEG q GC CG , k jQWGeEG GhQU CG H dG o gCG Vh IQ she
ddh . nUfh s eSEG jdG U dG g (AdG W e GTH)
HdG fdG Y KhQG Gh jOdG LGGh QOG EG MdG C j
Y d , jQf i k hD Q eh , dc fCG o Yn oj dG hCG , Od edGh
Io Y hd QU bh . SEd hCG jQdGh , eSEG jdG UCG
gh .(14)f G J , gO hCG , jNBG AeR e dP H m SGQO mUf
adGh G Vh dhdG IH db Max Weber a ce Y o No C J
ASG CG , Ufh SEG dUoC H dG Z Y NCJ c - SEG
f g oNG b c GPEG , dG Y o SEG j GP r d : dG Y
UdG sf GPEG fC : hc J ? dG dG dG oUf YNGh
k jOj k qf PGT c H ; k Se k jO j fCG a gsZ hCG g
!(15)UG Y k jOjh ; k eh
jd HdG UdG OSGh . NCG dG FGQBG e hc dsY
c IeJh JeJ q d , k jCG m S dh eGMGh e x M EG S
hCG BGdG dG f UdG e jNCG jdG Gc hQfGhh
H eSEG o SGQdG QU H ; jdG IdG hCG jdG dG
f R acG Sh Jh LGg fjdGh ceCG eG
e jQdG MdG e k JK t bCG dG OLa . b e a sedG
oc BGdG Y m TGM fCG hCG Se Id l J jdG IdGh . G OLh
dG FGhC e OY eh , tc l Hhe dGh . dG dG BGdG QX H
ehQ hCG dUCG eSEG dGh .iQdGh OdG Y Pl NCe dG
. dH hCG BGdH d bY h h Ojh
jdG d .(16)jNBG SQGO e k W Om hOQ hO ihYdG g H eh
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UdG M J dG ,dG bGdG e gG YLG bdG SCG
dG SCGdG hdG M ,G adGh ITG HdG Y cdG ,a
.SG fjCG dBG e j
jdG edG J
EG H ,jOdG CT e AYEG Y dG-dBG IG bj
Y OHG dM e j adG N e GdG dh f fG
e SGh Y Rj jdG EGh S ,RhdG IjT IgX jdG G
a .SdGh FdG g J GdG gCG Y cCdG H ,dG
(9)
G GdG Gg GQfG eGb YdG G FdG G j
Gj g eh .jOG IG e YdG UCG j dG dG Y
HGhdG J M ,MhdGh OG G H gRa dG UGdG RJ
PdG dY aH cQG Y Rj a ,hCG PdG YLG
Nd YdG QG H HGdG g e j dG G EG ,dG
.jOdG hDdG
d hCG jJ M hCG Se hCG MG cQG EG IYdG J e Ga
G g e QJ a ,MhdG G f NGO ,e YLG a AGREG
SQGdG e H c GPEGh . d Yh fGO a ZG OG G
,edG dhdG P MGh dG G OLh EG hj YLG
KCJ j MGh H Jj dG ,SdG EG EG Oj g eCG Ea
.jdG WdG aOh MhdG fG M EG AJQG ,eEG
AGfG Gg Y ,edG dhdG da dG SdG bGdG j
jdG aQ eGb ,Ye J j dGh ,fdG f TG
jdG QT dhdG Y jdG H jJ bCG Y dG hCG ,Te H
edH JQG Y SdG PdG H J a ,d WdGh d
G FdG JGRGaEGh jG dhdG Ud YdG bGh eh ,jdG
dG JG bh jdG e dG J f G j ,I Gh
GH G HGdG cJ f SQG LJ e bfG ,TG YLG
edG NGdG RGdG Y J dG GgCGh jdG e dG j
Z jdG SG H EG H .SdG SdG dG jZh ee
EG dG j Gg h , VGh SH dhdG YJ dG SdG QdG H
eQ H MG jW hCG ,G dG OG OYCG MG
.eSEG dG
JH GaEG
dj dG G dGh ,QG QGG EG IYdG IOS e ZdG Y
J FQW ee e Qj e CGh , eG PdG J f eSEG dG
.Jeh HSCGh Jee d Y eJ UN Jh O QJ Y EG
jdGh SG de Y j NBG dG Y hj dG HdG Ea
OcCG SDG fc GPEGh .G QdGh jdG HW Y j dG
,GQG GUh jQdG jf eCG e jf Y jb J b HdG
e SEG AGSG EG FGO hj , JGP SQG e jNBG SQGO Ea
.FQdG gGdH IOY JGh ,FGdG dG EG G ,TG SEG N
jDhdG g jJ SG dG jCG e Y OG KOM T d
eH SEG eO f a G QU ,IOe KOM N eh .SEG M
fCch Z dGh ,IgG dH ,dUCGh SCGh JHh jQdG NSHh
QU ,OG KCH G dG Gg eh .Md HdG Z G G
AGSG N e ,jOCG Hh eSEG jdG H e fQG Y EG G
HdG MG Y j dGh edG Y j dG G ee
jOCG dG jdGh jdG ee j GhQUh .fdG Gj
gcDj dG eEG Y gGYO H bJ SEG Y j a ,iNCG
.AfCG N dG CGh jOCG N UH SEG
Y VdG j ITG ZGh WG eJG e dG g h
hCG L hCG d Y bJ dGh ,dG TdG dUCG GQdG
U e e YCH G EG J jOdG dUCa .eR M hCG e
fdG e Jd YO EG J G Gh ,dG b gCH
GAH YLGh SdG G Y dUCG GQdG RJ a .QdG Vh
TdG jdG cH GQhe ,HQhCG ALQCG J JH dG IjG jRdH
YRGf Y j H dG ShdG UCG QdG EG H .IG jdG
j Gg c X h .dZEG jH G AGREH ITG fGhdG
a X dG MdG G fCch SEG f JG cJ f dG
.GQdGh gG
YdH KdG
Gg ,HdG dG AGREG Jf G S jdG fG
MdG N j fH SEa ,Gh QG H e edG fQG H
EG H iNCG jOCG EG hj G e L ,VQCG EG dEG
dG fc g eh .dG e LPh HN cCG bY EG a eDG Oj
dG SGdG fG dM e ZdG Y ,G dG e bdG W dG
k q ae k bJ fCG dG G LdGh ,HdG QG QgORG Me JT
.ffdG dG e
fG ,adG H Gh dG ee iJ G jg e
QU eY KJ e YS fG ee d ,NBG fGh fL
dG dG EG Gk OSGh da .adG H e e H YJ aG
g H e SEG OH fch ,SdG f Gb q L Lj QU ,d
dhdGh HQhCG dG H TG GdG M b J a .G
j dGh VhCG g J iS G eCG j M ,fdG
jQG IQOG eH dG eCG M .kaN dGh IdG Qe a
dG e EG O SG N e ,eCG EG adG e VJh
G a c dG dG ,SdG dP fG dG jdGh
dGh cdG CG EG .fdG dhdG j Y IdG ee H j
e jG RGHEG EG iOCG b c ,eTh (10)Y Hh ,dG dH dG
Qe kbGh a j eCG CG bGdGh ,dG G G ee
VhCG bJ gCG KCG d c G OcdG EG H ,Md hdG eBdG
.G Y
S feEG L SGh ,MG G c e HhQhCG YJ
QGh dG e eT q c H .IMGh M Idh J dGh ,H AH
dG EG J CG e dG fc GPEGh ,YLGh jdGh dGh adG
G ie Y j QdG Gg Ea dG dG Y k ee UH
Uh dG dG MGe J HhQhCa .AhG YdG Qj dG QHGh
MGGh d G Yd KdG jT Gk J fc e QH ,jQJ aOe
ObGh SdGh YLG (11)YdG U e gDh SG dG
e jW Qe IG SBGh iPCGh G e dG RHCG dGh .dGh
.Gh fGOdG dG
aG EG QdG
Y k he JY dGh ,dG c OV zdZ dZ{ VJ d
EG M ,VQCG GQhO jf Y YCG e Y ,G SGh dEG GdG
h .z!QhJ dh{ ;g M gOOj jQdG X ,edG cGQSG L
g MLG a ,WG adGh IPNCG HPGh dG dG H HQhCG j
G FdG GdGh ,MdG gCG hGh bGh YGh HhCG IQdG
fSCG CG aZj CG fjH c EG ,HhQhCG GdG QKBG dGR e dG
e YdG e Z IgL jdG EG eb dG HhQhCG KGM J M
SbGh aVEGh dGh XdG Ua ,d JCG dGh iNCG GQG
EG H ,GL e IcGQ cS dG dG J M .dGh
Gh YG OG JRHCG ,SGQ M aG IQdG e L HhQhCG adG
jG eGb aCH G HN Q CG d b dGh ,HhQhCG
.e idG IOaEGh dG QhO SQ EG G ,fGh GHEGh
hO{ TCG jGhQ JaS o n Hq GC dG Sh dG SQ dG H
H YdG MdG EG Gk OSG jQdG MGG M EG HhQhCG N ,zc
bd SDjh j : ah ,LGjh jh jh j :Y .dGh dG
J RHCG YdG IQda .AGQdG EG dG hO e ,IOe YLG
MdG SGh G IGOCG jG VCG M ,G G
dG NGhCG SCG GOeQCG SCG Hh .GMCG Y e GfY jdG
gOL Ld ,dG jGdG TO b HhQhCG jdG J Y SOdG
j Y jG dG cG Y bdG gCG e Gg ,dG dG f
eY EG Gk OSG ,Gg Y Y j dGh ,1492 Y cajc
,dG YGdG QSGh dG M EG OSG c e QH ,adG
GG eGb ,VGh Y fE YLGh dG QRBJ Y j dGh
Y dNOEG dG dGh ,gDG IQdGh dG YGdGh MG
d c dGh ,UdG IGOC bdG GSG EG aVEH ,dG J
dh e g e d dG dG fEG .gG ae TGh gCG KCG
.dGh WMEG Rhh LGGh dG hH
QdG jgL
eSEG dH CG dG dG M IgG dG Lh IOS X
e c VdG j ,1258 Y SdG aG UY OGH S H
SQh Ob dG eSEG Pd adGh dG dM Y MCG
GdG LGe cCGh YdG QG d c dG fdG dhdG e
S EG J Y HdG Mh Y HGdG e hdG fc M .dG e
dG ,eSEG d YdG QG Y Y dG ddG g
dG LQ gOL ch fdG b e JOb ,jOL jY cM
.hY NCGh ShQHH jdG N RqH dGh ,jaEG dG
e Ic Me Y gOhM O dGh SGdG dhdG YJ RHCG
Y da .d N dG dG e ,Ijah Ye bY dBG ,HhQhCG
H b e hdG Y Gh .T hO e FGdG LdG c OQGG
Fb H OL LH fdG M M k Lf J c YG
G ej Nh WCGh e SSCG LG aJ f dG
Y HG dG j CG H c hdG Gg AGREGh ,HhM dG
d c jQdG aGdG Y GTEGh eG FXdG e ,jGG H
.dhdG L EG fdG Z UdG H J TG KCG
NGdG bd JGJ EG H ,LQG eGdG Y eCG j
Gd ch , MG JT dG Gd f ,d iNCG g VJ
b e fj GJH jdG ,SgdGR HQG W Y TG KCG dG
,FGdG Y d b e G QU M ,jdG fh dG OQGG
,VQCG e j j c dG QdG f Y AGYH dGh
e IjL W QX ,GRhdG g Y Rd ,FY QGE p H VQCG Lh
,eG S VEG EG aVEH ,jdG hdG Y dG c IH G
QX Y dGh ,SGdG SG EG WG Ma jJ EG LdGh
HhQhCG dG e fQG d ,MdG GQdGh HGVGh dG e dG
N e ,SEG Y c dG edG dM Y J G J
.MG HhQhCG T GH fdG jYdG e edG
dG SdG
Oj EG ,fdG dhdG jJ hdG Y QO dG dG jdG EG
G LCJ X jHdG SDG d LhQ dG FGdG QdG EG k UCG
AGYCG Qg BH SdG SDG dJ fc dG OGh ,dG
b dG Th dG dG H bdG fc e GPEGh ,fd jdG
eG b e OdG dG Ea edGh dG e aQ LQO H
.MCG e c dG H SGh GRhdG e dG Y j c
X CG H ,Gh gdG EG f dG j dG hdG V J
W Y TG KCG eCG Gd ch .JGP gdG W b e GRhdG
RG Y W dG IQGOEG AS EG aVEH ,QG dG AGOCG
Uh OdG Jh G eJ AGREGh .Jd IGh dG aJ Y hDG
IQGOEG Y JGQb e dG a dG d ITG dG EG QGfG
.Y HdG dG N dhdG
G T PEG ,fdG IG bGh Y gKCG dhdG GQdG Va
.ceCG M jG dG e L GC H dG dG Uh e k SGh k a
,dG G Y j dG dG b VfG TG KCG d c
EG Y QLCG VdG bdG Gg LG e dhh dhdG EG M
NO Qe aJ N e ,dG Gg jJ EG jQfG OG LJ
Y KCG eCG Gd c M .G dG GfG Y j ,NBG
.jdG dG
Y KCG ,jdG SDG edG dG gdJ fc dG SdG dM
,jQCGh idG gEGh G d LdG eGb ,Ide YLG W IOh
NGO ce QH J VhCG QU M ,a H dG a fG dG
dG bh UdG YL b e fdG d Te jJ e J
adQc Ige bJ H d dhdG VJ a .dGh RdG fCG jdG
NGdG ee Rd ,HhQhCG afG AGREG adG Ve hd 1699 Y
dG QUh VdG Y CG H ,dfGh aG FGW T dG GdGh
.Y edG dG N S ,HQhCG FdG OGSG EG
RCG IY
j dG dG M ,dG j dG G HdG Gg JCG
JGh ,AT c j dG j dG adG G dH Gk AH ,AT c
GUCG Jh ,LdjjCG Sh QG GdG KH Gk Qhe gQEH
Y j dG dG fEG .fEG Mh IGhGh dGdGh jH jOG
NGdG e Y .GPh G Gg Y fGf OJ G M ,cdG W
,Y bdG UGa K J h ,bGdG Y YH q M dG Gah
FGdG gOSGh ,jdG Y dG eGb gCG M dG dG Cch
Sh gCG VG g IeGDG jf J a .G VGaGh dG Y
e SdG b Sh dGh dGh G QJ JH dG ,NGdG g
dGh ,jdG dG EG JY MG dG HdH GAH .ASG hO
, Jh UJ h CG JCj CG dG HgQEG
dG ASh dG dM e dG OYG dG ,kG bCG dG WG Ak fGh
M FGO WGG CG{ Qd aGdGh ,dG ddG ILCG J dG
.zdG KEG j
j dG ,IGhGh Gh ffEG M FGdG jG e ZdG Y
Y aW J e YS GdG f CG EG ,dG Y jUh dG Y
jhdGh adG EG H ,jdG EG d JGdG dG VJ eY dG
eY a hQ d dCG O hJh AGdG J e YS YaG
QaCd dG dM ,eH ffEd jGh jYdG YJ dG G J
G IQGM d .jJ Y dGh Y G YCG W dG gGh
c M ,jQdJdG G M TCG WGdG YGdG e L
,IOGhW M gQEG j Ggh .zgQEG HQ fV hCG e{ :QdG
dG GAGLEGh ddG gGh IjG G jJ dN e j dG
e (12)k bfG Jh gj ,H jH Y SCGQ Y IOY J dGh
Qe V Jh dhdG bdG ee HJ QYH Gg ,dG G
dGh jG hdG dG dG S AL dG ,GQG GU
adGh YLGh jObGh SdG idG e bdG ee jRJ Y
SdG edG GO Y bJ b G fc GPEGh .iNCG
G eGd dG dM Y SCj dG Y Ea ,HdG MGG
.a gCG jdG dG Y j ,dG jT cJ L Y UGh
JG WGe
VCG b eSEG G J dG j dG GG X
eEG Q HN gGh ee Y dG M e bGG Y
Y dG dh j Gg dG dh , e edG ee jh H
jCG EG M OJ ,jW Ia e HJ b c UdG EG H ,Qjf GHCG
dG SEG GZ eY d bCG QU AdG d IOQdG G
ej dG dG GH YdG M ,H j dG H k bdG cCG
Gg .YdGh d NBG Qe f G j g eh .jdH JG G
LGdG N Rhj dG jdGh jdG f G CG H
.QKh cCG Dj gGh
dG Gda ,cG a aOe dh j Gg YdG CG bGdG
e GPEGh .kGjeh k jW c eSEG eG NGO jdG GQdG H MG
UH jdG Y dG VCG jc SEG CH dG j dG dG c
e je EG j eCG Ea - LGGh jdG AGREG bG jd Gk Qe
dG qL CG QYH Gg , LGdH jdG Y bj eCGh . dG
ie J SW dM UH SEG EG J eSEG dG SdG
.HQh AG H bdG
d Gk Qeh k f SEG e L dG PdG H Y bdHh
IOY j g fG Ea ,SdG dG e bYh WGG S j
hCG OhG J ,ZCG J dGh YLG dG H
c CG dG fGG Hh ,FdG fG jJ Y UG
dOG hJ SdG gG g c eh .ffdG SDG H hCG IQGOEG
dG SG d ,dG gOhM Y bJ b fC ch
H G gGdG H Uc ,G fG EG G YLG
f dG OOdG f YLG G gG H M hCG ,dGh AjRCGh
UCG Th SEG Y cJ dG Y G H Q Xh ,LG
e H M EG j AGfG UH jdG j Ggh .a eGh
AL ,G cd dh fCG Y k jf GC j dG ,JG ee
JG WGe O VGYCG e GC j d ,YdH G dGh H eEG
.dEG dG j G j hj dG jdG dG QGh G
eG AGSG
c GPEGh gQEGh dG f e GOe J fGh IdG H
IO SS PH JQG dG ,SdG SEG ge H Y bdG
H J EGh M YLG fH bdEG j e YS dG Ea
JGQJh gGDhQ J CG h dG dUCG cG H b e aCG
e e cCG IgdG d dG QfG c GPEGh .bGdG U Y UG
.a IOQ Idh dG j eGh G SEd FMEG UCG Ea beh
f UCdG a ij ,eSEG G dJ dG OG Y e
G dG e je EG Gh ,YG IH Hf M Q A H
GQdG H e HdG Yh ,G gG H RH e GPEGh .HjEGh
.eSEG G Y Gk M j dh eCG Gg Ea -a NGdG
Yh OdGh NG WGe e dG RJ CG H YGh G SQa
eheh dG Y k UCG j dG YLG dG M bGh g Ggh .HG
.MGdG PdG GfGh dG
bJ S CG EG ,bdG G e YGU H dG QTCG d
G e j M h .NBG id dG jRLh jd dG e Y b
SG dG H dG JGSG dG H VCG dG ,Gg
fS OGJ jj Y acG dG e j h .edG Gg dG IY
(G g SEG) : e GQT Me Y QGUEG d ,f QG Y
hj dG ,dG Gg d e fG Qe H j ,(eSEG IdG) hCG
.JG ASGh d VN Lh gGdG J
eSEG G CG EG IQTEH dG j SG ee AGSG
c CG k T c EG ,eSEG dG e dhO c IjT IHh j
Gh SG IjT dG g e GbG eGb g Gh .kcM
e J b k bh Gk QM TCG GDdG c M .eSEG dG CGdH
ie j dGh ? CG k HgQEG O H eSCG c EG M ,CGdG YSG
SdG e gG H FdG bdG M ,dG j dG fG
H Y Qj dG dGh cG fG AGREG ,daCG IOQh ,jOdG
.eSEG G edG G
dG Y dG
c M dG bJ ,eSEG dG Y e dG G J
e QG AdG h jW ed FdG g JGh dGh QGLG
ja e N dGh dG eUh QaCG GU GC H ,G ddG
,Ija jH bYGh jJ dG jdG GQdG e jdGh dG eGb
GMG UG Y dGh , J jdGh QdG YG M
ZdG dG QaCGh GQdG YG QU dG G EG ,NGdG OdGh
.UGh jdG gEG h ,G J
GOGh MUH kdH kegG OQG YdG GQJ RHCG d
dG SGdG gG X h .Je dG jdG RedH H ,LjdGh
G KMCG dG YdGh hG KCG QfEG ,dTG W
dG IYdG Y dGh WdG dG IOb d M .YLG
Y dGh ,dGh jGh SH IGOG S ,jdG
Y e J e YS eCG N CG EG .dGdGh IGhG GC e jJ
S .dZEG jQM ij LGdGh dG GC H eY bGdG
dH eCG U Y Jda YSG dG ,JGP dG YdG
IMdG f eCG OH eCGh ,cQG Qd dH Gg MOdG d
GQdG SZ dG eBGh GgCG OJh .edG QdG H jGh
.iNCG
,HEG hCG dG e dN ee H ,G Wd eSEG QdG JCj
QG jT JGdG G j a . Z eh VGh L

id ,J hO e dG ,iDhdGh d G GdG M
QdG Gg k VGh j g WdG e d .FGdGh dGh dG
G jJ j eY , gG j NBG e j dG gG
,YdG IjT fCG H QYH Gg ,NGdGh NG gOj eX
HdG UCG fCch L Y dGh ,aG cG H H J dG
Qj dG IOQ Y j dGh ,Gg jdGh AfG e .eSEG QdG
hOh Y X ,cTG e je EG ODj dG G e dG
GS N OfG Jh dH QdG YdG Yj ,dG jT
.G QdGh IgG dG
SEG GC j dG
GQdG Qe SG QdG Gg Y dG j dG dG J
J dG ,ITG eGdG EG MG H JGh ,jdG gGh
dG da .IjG SQGh TCG QX SG dG IGOCG H
bGH JQG Gg e ,YJh JGKDe RJ EG ,YLG dG S H j
RJ M ,hCG JGdG JjZ LCG e S dG d j dG dG
O EG OSG hO eh .dG fCG edG ShCG WGTG
dG Rj ,ffEG IgX jCG UqJ Y bdG H j OMCG
YJ ,dEG IjT gGX e jh ,bGdG Vj dG YSG g
.gY bdG gCGh Me EG G
dH GQJh iDhH ,Gh SEG M QfCG Gce dG c GPEGh
NGdG dG bGh E a ,W JQGh j dGh GgC Gh cGG
Me jCG e (13)fQG H Gg ,gGh cCG Y j ,JGP SEG
gCG RJ Gj g eh .FGSGh H AYOG LCG e LQN e JCJ
a .G ffEG YdG dG YLG KCG Y bdG
QN e gSG j WGTGh VG dEG dG eSEG
hKDj VQCG g Y j H a .eH dG dG bdG
dG dBG LJ dG cdG dM EGh .iNCG h CG c ,hKCjh

Y hCG dG M G VGaG H J ,SQdGh AGSGh
.W YdH AYOG H Gg ,eCG Y hCG N g CG hCG ,cG
JdG M TCG G e j ,dG dG dj dG cdG EG
JSh JcM UJ Y jh H iOj dG dG Gg e
VQCG CWh IjL FH J dCG Cch eCG hd M ,H j eh
Gjd G hO eh! .H h b ,jCG-S e Y OG
GZh AT c Y f bh dG ,G GAYOGh dG hdGh dG
d M ,JG e Jh dG Y TJ dG ,ITG e JCG
H a G j dG (14)dG Gg Y ,a jEGh GaEG
GWCG b e TYG j a ,fEG aCGh IQMh .jc eH SEG
.jdH YTEG dhh jQdG e G fG AcPEG Y iNCG
TCG jRdG
QdG dhh ,G d e H bj dG GP g g
QHh .fhDT OCG IRQdG YdGh JSQh JH G dG
Ad V G j ,bGdG Y JMe Oj dG ZdG hdG Gg
Y S J bh IdG d M .AGLG GC dG NEGh dG
,IjdG ICWdG g eh .qdGh SQdGh bd Hb Z H P
efd eSEG dG gRHCG dG dG Y ZEG j
dG efG J qL bh QcSG FSh J dG ,jG dG
.JJGJh JJh KGG P O S NBG Y QH dG
.gGdG eSEG dG IQU jh SQ eGdG e L YJ d
J dG bdG ,ASH HdG QYH NBG b e J j dGh
e H ,eSEG G J dG GjdGh GQ qdG Y IYdG a
Wh q Y J UNh jQMh ffEG ee e
GdGh dG g d M dG ,edGh SGdG SEH LefG
.IOG
X ,GG G f gcJ LJ jb Y EGh UdG fc

ShCG dG EG iJ GQTEG EG M ,SEG EG IQTEG C ec J
dG GASG h .HdG hdG M hCG , SBG T L hO hCG
d .Se hCG OH JQG f zeSEG{ dG RJ ,IOhGh
bh dGh dG Y a j ,ITG gRJ dG VGG
j ,TCGh cCG jRJ IQdG d ,QU YCGh QM TCG iqJ
bT;je EG dG b dG dG GdG ee QSG Y
jf e bfG ,QG jRdG bGh Y dG dG j a .HZh
G Y YGQP j dG OG GH fG d ,GQG GU
cJ eGb jZh GgCG f ddG qdGO LJ Y efG jd ,hdG
dG J a .OLdG eeh ee Od AL dG gGdG G
e Y dG S MhCG IdG gOJ dG qLG MaEG
dG ,ddGh dG e EG JQG e IOY JCJ dGh ,dG
RJ g UCG jdG .UdG D aJh IGhG Y j hGJh aGJ Y S
.V OLh e H h IdG RGHEG EG dG Gg
ReQ dCe
bh YLG SdG QG j ,dhGJh RedG MR M TCG
N HdG SdG dG Qh G S a .TG eJG H JG
J fc dGh ,YdG IGO IGOG b SdG Y e IG IdG
Ga TEG j LdjjG AGfG Gg h .d VQG J
id GMCG J h .jW ie Y HdG G e fY SGh YLG
ee RJ dG jRda M MCH iNCG dSCGdG b e G
eEG f dG dh Y j dG (15)GSG Gg Y j ,dG
.G jce e Hb cCG G dU qJ fc EGh M ,IdH
aCG g dGh ,zgQEG{ eGb NBG f e J dG
O ITG da .a J dG FdG dG H Gg ,jOYh
Yh .G bGdG U Y bNh GdG i Y IQOdG eJG ee
eY QU LCG bh WdG j YLG dG jJ e

eGb Y Kd fCch bGdG hd M ,gGh TCGh GMCG J
J Y j dG LG MGdG Gg e dG Y j dG G
g eh ?j ch ?g a .H JG SCG q c j a .gQEG
Ea g eh gQEG g dG hda .jfdG IjT J ,H G hdG
QdG LQ e S ,Fa Hh jdG HY (16)QWEG QfG OM
!!(HgQEG) U Y QJ
dGh dG e d M ,dG ie Y RedG O j Gg
d eH dG Oj M hGdH GC j dG ,edG jQe EG cdG
bGdG c GPEGh .MdG hCG d Hb Z UCG fCch dhGG G e ge
e Y J FbdG Ea ,RdGh dG dG G gCG EG j
We ,dG e d M dH j dG NGdGh NG
Y dGh RedG fEG EG dG c GPEGh .dG ee Jh dG
H J GMCH G dG Ea ,bGdG U e fCch L
j g eh .edG Gg Y ,SdG YEG Y j dG SbdG
cdG ee a J dG QdG dP ,J e dG QdG gQEG
.MhCG GSGh
GjdG HU
WGT VN e gQEG N a Zj dG WG jdG
jdG H M JH dG ,IMGdG dG dG j dG cG
dG ee Y aCG b dhdG bdG YJ fc GPEGh .IG
IqOQ QSEG bGdG GSG j g dG Ea ,dGh FdG
HU bh b dG j TG KCdG e qSG NdG Gg QHh .dG
e ,HCGh OSCG FK Y j e bdG jRJ e dG GjdG
.e IOaEG Ua K fCH OYG hCG dG e WCH SMEG hO
eCG d ,SdG WGTG hCG ,dG j Y a j jRJ
TCG QM dj dGh ,jdG e edG HdG Gg Rj CG a gCGh
ITG fc GPEa .ITG IQG ee RJ g eh .H bdG G

M Ea IOQdG G GS N LdjjCG SdG JG b eJG
.dCG M Y UJ j j dG JG
jdG e FN J ,SdG jT fH j g VG
jH dG ae JH dGh ,eSEG G Y j dG UCG
dGh G dBG fc GPEGh .OLG hCG dG J VdG IjT
QJ hCG L Y J gQEG V HM IG jdG gJ dG
dCe RdG eCG e j bGdG Y G W Ea-SEG Y e O
dG Gg EG LJ bh JG j Ggh .dGh HdG jZ
e J GUCG JH M .dG j jdG G e SGdG
ie Y H eCG EG H ,ebEGh IdG Fe Jbh GAGLEG IT
G AGREG Jf GhOM jdG HdG H e IQOdG aCG OhOQ
Hb faCG V Lh dG ceCG G J b .dG J eH
e Y AdG dh JG dGh jdG j e bfG ,Sd
SJ QGSG d .Qjf GMCG Y dhDG UH IYdG
dG H Gg ,GJJ J TCG dG e j gQEG N
G j Gg h ,SdG G e EG j H dG YLG
.ASGh RdG a j ae EG bG bh
FGdG FdG
e GPEGh ,QdGh dG f FdG hdG Gg e gjh dG j Y
IdG Y j jdG dG Ea gCGh fEG G M cdG
ie Y ffEG GG Gk Rhe ,j CG fEd a b dG dG
Ea ,a YJ dG IdG Qeh REG Y QHh .jdGh jdG jQJ
dGh ,VdG fEG dG Gg Y e YS jQdG EG
GQ Y HM ,dG H MLG dG FdG jedGh dG Gg
jdG bdG GS hG Y eCG bj h .jG V
WGG AeO S edG gQhO jQdJdG GQd c H ,dG
Y j UJ Y jQdG j M ,SdG aH J GQY

M hCG ,g hCG dS : eCG e P JQCG dG HGG AGREG ,G gQJ
YG YdG g RHCG dGh ,jG Gh YG e YdG jW
jdG Ggh .dH gBG G Y jQdG dG SEH Gh
fdGh YdG M ,ddG LG HcQh QG d fG e
.dG e bdG e idG IOSGh
gOLH OJ JH dG ,jQG gG d fEG j dG dG
J e YS PEG ,G fG Gg k de j ,bdG bGh Y
EG G dG M ,fEG j dG MdG UCG Gg Y FbdG
j Ggh .IdG Y IdG LQe e k bfG QGh dG Va
e hGh YGdGh eGdG e L Y Mh jdG dG jQJ
OhH G cH Gk AH ,GQGh FGQdG h j hCG j
NG M EG kUh ,FdGh bdGh jdG YGdH Gk Qhe
hdG dM EG NQDG dj dG gCG QHh ,LdjjCGh SdG
HJh fG G J U Y jdG e J CGH dG fEG
Gg gOj Ke H dG IT CG q GE .G jJh fEH G G
jW Y dG SQ EG dGh ,NBG AdEGh aQ h e jdG G
SJ dh Y J dGh ,YdG Z dG FSh GSG eEG
d NGdG FGdG j Ggh ,G OhG bCG EG dG
.dG K gDhNEG jG fEG hj dG G G Y
GSG IQhO
Y bj j dGh ,TG edG GdG e dM j dG dG
Y G Qdc GZ eCG EG H ,jQdG AGdG hCG dG KCdG LQe
Y J dG GKDG Ea .eT eY IgdG g J e QHh,dG Lh
iS e k SSCG Gk AL dG GZ PEG ,eCGh TCG bh NCJ dG gc
VJ dG YGdG dM e k bfG ,QM Y Sj QU H ,bGdG h
k Uh ,YdG G dG GH Gh dG Y gQH
OG GSG Y dGh , H dG VQCG ZH JG G EG

dG j CG hO e ,jG cG f jdG LJ N e bdGh
e HG LGG c Ggh .LGG Qe j f Gh HdG
Y e d j M iSG dG dGh QGG dM FGSEG hdG
.AGhO hCG T
e gCG aG fc HdG G SZ dG VEGh QdG IQDH
hdG SG dG GdG e G Gg dG dd iNCG eGY H
M ,fG hO e iJ dG IQhO QU g eh .dG CH G
dG dGh GjdG ah j QNG H dG NGdG hY Y dG
Ggh .AGYCG Y fhO gCH dGh HdG CGd ,LdjjCG G SJ
,fGX H bCG dG NGdG gQEG Gg ij dG dG QGe j
GQdG b e QOdG HG G EG d ,cG dG cQeh LCH
b dG OhOQ J OJ H ,O QJ Y bJ dGh ,FhG gGh
QdG Y jdG CG q GE .HdG OhM Mj dG G Y T
Y IQOdG cG Oj dG ,BG YdG dM VJ eSEG
Gk MGh k S TG GdG jW e L dGh ,IOG gG H
X h .eSG GgCGh jdG EG UdG S fhG hCG OG j
M j ,gCGh e SdG ,FdG SdG idG H dOG HdG
dG hGH fG d M ,SSCG jdG e jdG WdG
.dGh jdG gh jdG dGh
jdG Ia
.NBG hO M f Y hCG ,Z hO Y eCG Lg bj
b a j fCch dG d M ,dG J JH QGh Gh a
j dG YGdG Gg eh .gQfG S e bdG MC ,Jbe
id GJ ,gGdG jT Gk eCG eCG GAGLEG SJh RGMG H ,G
H ,SdG dG jM Y eCG bj h ,e IdGh dG hdG
ij QU e Ggh ,gCG dG T eCG LdG SfG dM
.SDGh dG e dG gJ dG YLGh GDG k VGh

FGdG VG GZ QG Gda ,gGdG IG QJ JH gQEG aK
G ITG e FdG dG GH QaCG J a ,dG Y j dG
dG hCG JUGe j dG JBG Gg e TG G LH
,ASG hO e Wb dG J dG G Y eh .Y j dG
GC H dG ,fEG hGdG ie Y H WCG bh gQEG X j
SdG UdG dh .G EG IdG W SJ idG Oj
e Z dG FGdG hdG IM Y ITG e Hh J JH SdG
.QaCGh LdG e gGY
e Z - IG jdG FaCH J fc dG WG fCdG
fc dGh ITG ee d .jCG - dG OG H VG
.Y dG FdGh YSG e dG Gg Sh ,GQMh ICWh TCG
Uj dG ,G GH JG FdGh eH j gCG GDdG dh
ie H Gg .jdG Ia Y J a UCG fG d gQEH
jOGh jdG FGh ,aGSG dG G Wh , dG dG
dG AGdG e k RHCG dGh Gg H G FdGh ,gQg dG
,dG jGRQh ANCG c IMGh Lh AGREH G hCG AfG j
Y j dG dG H k GZ dG SEG Y cdG M
.cQGh UCG M hCG hO e ,AGYCG
jGdG eS
LG ,IG jdG gf Y dG ITG jH eCG j
Z dG Y j dG dG GHh g dG EG H .dG Gg e
EG M .hdGh jdGh , aCGh ZCGh ,bCGh HCG J dC e
hCG jdG e j dhdG bdG bGd IjL SJ Y jG
jW J JH MGdG dG GP ceCG SdG EG H .dG
G M Y bdHh .Y VdG hCG dZEG ITG IjT
IdG Oa ,ceCG G fL VCG bh F dG ,Q dGh
Z Y e SJ dG ,dG YT Y G SGh

LG ITG dG N e FGdGh WGdG j dN e e
.LCG dG EG
j jWh HgQEG G Gg Y jG j jGdG eS H
UdGh jgG M a AjEG j dGh ,a dG JG
jdG GYG e WG fG g M G GDdG j a .SEd
GQSG eGb LG j eCG Cch .IHG G b e QOdG ,ITG
bdG j gdG ee OGHh .UCG IdG a J dG ,dGh
J fCch J dGh ,G H G G e L Y
.h SEG V dG AGSH
G jdGh ihG M VQCG H fEG Aj g eh
M hCG M Lh hO e AjHCGh dG SdG bh ,fG ceCG GSH
IQU ej dG ,GGh Gh G Gg jdG J GPh ,QNG
.Gh YdG IjT
k b cCG VG H eCG J dG IeGDG aQ Y jG
bdG AGSG Y SCdG gCG e k bfG .HdG dG MS k MJQGh
hGdG W CG EG .bGdG YdG (17)fCGh bdG e VGdGh
c EG dG b e QOdG eBdG Y Y j NBG Y QOdG SdG
hCG ,QSG Me Y j dG ITG IdGh dG Va
a VQCG ZG jQdG dG Y LQG bG jW
.dG fdG f dG Y IQOdG cQGh
dJG LG
YEGh jhdG a G dG S QhdG Y dG Kd
,FdG IjG Ib bh Ggh .kGj ceCGh HdG LG YS
jdG IjT eSEG L EG TG JG SCG LJ Q f eH
h .dJG bdG dG bQCGh IQdGh dH ,dG VGh
dG GH QfGh gdG qMh GOhCG fG (IjH UN) G Y
M .bdG dG FdG jc Y Y dG eYEG

eYEG SDH M dG dG Gg M ,dGh AdG GDdG d
dEG UJ dG gdG QfG Gg AGREH ,feEG e e H HdG
GYG Y G eGb Y GQSH eCG Gg j CG .G dG
AYh N eh ,dG Gg H IYdGh O HG b e VGhh jU
IFG DhdG eCG ,dH dG bh bGG cd ,eSEGh HY
e J dG SCG J a .bh gPh IqM H dG WCG dG
YGh ,bWEG dG dG M M JQG e jGh GVG
Y IdG Cch ,IQdGh dG QY ,O H g b H
.H e Zh FZ dCe dG b e dG
,dJG LG EG OSG H H bdEG j gQEG GP g g
,jHG eGb jL hO f AHh dG Q jh faCG V d
e dG H G oJ a .SdGh aG M dG H j dG
SdG Y J dG ,QG QGG f GYdG e J dG IGOG
UGdG a efG M iSG dG AGGh Gh WGdG QGQSGh
,dGh dG GVG Oj d SdG Gg eh ,Gh dG
EG OSG hO e ,gQEG J e IAGdG Y jdG H YEG jh
dG dGh YGdG IAGdG Y FdG ,VGdG dG SC dG
dM j c dGh CGh Yh CG dh .IFdG bdGh Nd
.idG QGfEG
GMCG J e
,bdGh dG e je EG f dG gGdG Gg SEG j
,Le OM YCG AL e gG .jK H dGh HG M H
,NBG SCG Y c dG jdG GH OSG dG H H d
CG eCG adG dh .Y Jh eEH dEG dG j CG hO e
dG Y c-eJG e SEG AGREH gOj dG LG g Hh dG
GDdG d M .SEH dGh G dGh G ee e
dG GH bdEG dG G AYOG Gg e bG bh QSG

Gg G QTCG e Gc dG hGdG CG H . ad j dG G
SGQH J dG ,dG dG cGe dGh FdG S dG
.YdGh GMCGh GQdH G dH jdGh G G
H S ,eSEG dG AGREH dG Y IQOdG edG W d
U cGe J dG dG ie Y J ,jCG/dG OG
Rd M .OdG HdG WGG ie Y dh ,JGP dG QGdG
SEH j e c IAGd ,dG G bEG Gg M adG IgdG
dG dP dh .ICa X jL jH j eCG Cc ,H G dGh
.iNCG jdG G e SDjh Yjh KDd ,VQCG Sj dG
.dG dGh gG qJ CG H , qdGh SQd IOe SG GZ d
SEG M G dGh dG SQdG CG G IQTEG e g H h
Y J ,dG Y IQOdG Mh dG IOQ d .Ff H FZ j
jdG dG cGe a ,G Y M dG HQEGh NGdG Gg
bJ b cCGh ShCG dG fc GPEGh .SEG hDT Gh
Fa Sd JG eCG Ea ,gGGh dG hDH JG jRdG g Y
j dG dG FdG H Z dGh ,ITG edG HW M
ib d dG TG SEG e ZdG Y Gg .a dG c EG UdG
N e SG NGO eGdGh dG G LCJ dG
dG ,G hdG HQ f eSEG idG e ddG e QSG
cGG Jh idG CG EG .faC hZ adG OH
.dG dG j dG GdG q M H e AGY ddG Gg e L
SdG SEG
FdG eG AGSG f OL q L Sj dG GC H OSG HW
G YdG e Y bdG dN e hj jRJ h .SEG
SdGh YLGh ObH GQheh jdG e GAH ,a FdG YGh
g h dG RJQG f CG Gg c UCG G dh .dGh
IYdG edG FfEG hCG eG UdG Y J Y AJG GAGdG

VGh fL SEG M dG H dG CG hZ a . eSEG
dGh SEG FdG FfEG G Gg Y cdG j a Y VdG
.G d e Tf hCG L j dG G M
g Yj SEG Y bdG Ea ,jdGh IdGQM cCHh
hCG FSh hO e Te H dH Je G e dG ,IG IdG
e aG UdG NdG j a ,idG Y J gCa .JGJ f
e d ,dGh jdG dj jdG AdG gh (dG SGdG) N
.dG e YCG J LQO hCG EG hO
RH e GPEGh ,ITG jT H ,edG J J eSEG IG
dG UCH JQG gCG M OdG IM e j dG UCG QdG
jh bGdG Oj dG VdG fdG Y hG j Gg Ea ,IdGh
Y j G fdG a .G G fG dM Y
MG SG j dGh ,dEG jdG Yhe AGfG gCG
k HV K Ea g eh .jdGh dH KdG JQG N e ,a SSCG
.fG jdG dG U ,GP hCG QdG GH j k jO
eSEG dG jG IG T dG SDG HdG Y cdG EG
eG qj dGh ,dG dG f QN SDG g j
d j AdG EG H .ISCGh FdGh HGdGh YdG bdGh jQGGh
dG JYJ H ,fdG gOj dG bdG V dG QhdG
EG J SdG SDG fc GPEGh .e G dBJh dJ ieh ,adGh
jGh edG jYdG de MJ Y dGh jOdG GC e J
IQTEG Y gCG e j g SdG QGbEG Ea IMGdG dhdG Lh AGd
.SdG dhdG jO g SEG CG EG ITG
YdG Y H
H RdG Qe JG bh ddG dGh jRdG UJ dh
JG YLG edGh JRM SdG SDG h dG SdG bG
e be ZCG J dG LEH JQG M ,eCG

.HdG bGG e dG gY bj dCG g .idG jdG AGREH
SdG JSDeh dhdG cM J EG G NGdH YO EG hjh
Rj ,dG G NGdG Gg eh .GgCGh jdG S
jd jdG XdG dG M edG dG ie G i
.dhdG SDe U eSEG
eGb ,YLG XH J Qb ,Te FGOCG e Y bj eCa
e GPEGh .Sh NGO YLG OdG LM J dG dG J
IVM J fEa - eSEG G jdG Ad gCG RH
j dG fdG S RJ ,fdGh jdG H eh .QYGh jdGh fG
H MGh M d ,YdG UGhCG WJ f TG dGh SbG Y
j H ,G fCG gRJ dG YdGh aNG e aGdG f
e HJ f ,H YdG hO e dG QSdG b f Gce dG
JQG M TCG j dG J QSdG Ea Yh .FQW Ib jCG
H dEG J dG GRhdG Ra Y GQOb e ,YGO Ib OLh gCH
jQYG Jee H jdG H ddG C j g eh .idGh G
.JQG Gg N e gKCJ Ibh YT J dG ,SdG dGh
e j ,SEG FdGh SdG fG Y jdG bdG EG
NdG f H OD J dG ghCG QSEG bGh H dG SQGdG
IOY a .NGdGh dG QSEG bGdG dG GSG e SGh Me
jhGR e d ,gGG U Y IMGh IMh fCG Y SEG EG hj
.fG FYh O UH ,a FdG dG RGaEG EG hj iNCG
Gh ,qG GgCGh jdH Je MCG J jdG jDhdG g eh
bh cG LdG d M .OdGh NCd Hb Z e jDhQ jJ EG
.GSG HK ZQ Y QOdG SEd G MdG Gg bSG
IAGdG jW
.dGh SEG;adG H cG jDhdG e TG WdG j
jQdG dcG U dGh jdG H SEG EG j NCG Ga

jQG gCG j NBG fL e d .jJ bCG Y SdG dh
RGHEGh fEG OG ie Y SEG H dG fGh
.VGh feh IH JGdG dG
Y H Y SEG Y YLGh SdG ITG UCG e
AdG Gg UCG g j SCdGh AfEG EG H .bGdG ie
g eh -Sh Y dG U- SdG gCfCG dG jG dhO c ,dGh
Fd Hb Z MGh S f Y d AL- eCG- dhdG Ia Ea
e Y e NGdG efGh bfG X e GPEGh dG hCG
YTh QhL j H QG QGSG dM Ea eSEG dhdG L
.eSEG jdH KdG HGdG ie e
d qb eSEG IQG Ea dGh G bdG ie Y eCG
LP CG YSG M ,ffEG jdG GQdG e LhGGh AdG
e .IG RJ dG dG WCG c e YdG eGb H ,UCG dG
g iJ jQG SEG b EG H ,NBG Y d IOS hO
QdGh dG Y j dG edG GJ e FdG dG
.jQdG Gh MGG
HdG MGh QdG j e g NGdG jJ EG dG EG
IQTEG d M ,eSEG dG IFdG bdG bGd FGSG jW
SEH j eCG Gg Cch ,Th SQ : b EG SEG jRJ EG
.dG OJ dG dG jW Mh ffEG gGdG H dh ,a
hdG Gb EG eMG ,IMGh j ZH ,Y c GQOEa
,f dG e ddGh jG dG jdG Y J dG ,jOdG
iDhdG QGbEG LCG e ,jdG IAGdG g EG J ,KCG jJ dh d
SQ SEG K fCG Y bdG j jhGdG g eh .NO edG
j ,T - UJ H- NBG SEGh ,dhdG bdG L j
J dGh ,eSEG G H YdGh cG YLG idG IOGQE
G S Y SGh RhdG Y JQbh dG bdG
.cG

eGdG
24 U 1997, hH ,HdG dG QGO ,UG SEG SS ,dG GVQ (1)

, hH ,HdG IMdG SGQO ce ,HdG WdG IUG eSEG cG ,dDe Y (2)
145 U 1987
72 U 1998, eO ,gCG QGO ,eSEG d IjL UG f ,QhT (3)
33 U 2001, hH ,HGQdG QGO ,jQdG M ,eY e (4)
82 U 1995, hH ,dG QGO ,HdG dG hG ,GKc Lh (5)
61 U 2002 , IgdG ,ShG e QGO ,OdG EG jdG e dGh SEG ,e dg (6)
38 U 1996 , IgdG ,ddG dG c ,a d LJ ,IOQG dhdG ,OH GJH (7)
62 U 1996 , d ,bdG QGO ,dU Tg LJ ,jdGh dG ,cQG (8)
68 U 1994 d ,bdG QGO ,Ihe f LJ ,SdG SEG H ,GhQ dhG (9)
27 U 1997 , hH ,HdG dG QGO ,UG SEG SS ,dG GVQ (10)
, hH ,HdG IMdG SGQO ce ,HdG WdG IUG eSEG cG ,dDe Y (11)
128 U 1987
22 U 1998 , eO ,gCG QGO ,eSEG d IjL UG f ,QhT (12)
41 U 2001 , hH ,HGQdG QGO ,jQdG M ,eY e (13)
69 U 1995 , hH ,dG QGO ,HdG dG hG ,GKc Lh (14)
33 U 2002 , IgdG ,ShG e QGO ,OdG EG jdG e dGh SEG ,e dg (15)
158 U 1996 , IgdG ,ddG dG c ,a d LJ ,IOQG dhdG ,OH GJH (16)
23 U 1996 , d ,bdG QGO ,dU Tg LJ ,jdGh dG ,cQG (17)

GMCG H SEG M HdG G
2001 S 11
HCG dh dG dG Y
11 GdR c g :G Y S Qhe H Mhe GDdG Gj

KCJ ic Ig O CG ,jL Y jGHh jQdG bh S
(1)
.?dCGh G QKCGh gG Va dh M ,gGh dG d
bY CG -j dG QG e hG GDdG Gg Y HLEG dh b
H ,jOhH faR fdG QDG j dG dH cf- SEH dG
jQdSh ,dG edG GMCG eR CG ,jdG jEG P KG jQdG
dG dGh dG dG eR CG ,AdG jEG P ,KMdG
.IgdG Z
hG eRR jCG j dG KG e dG CG EG jOh H g jh
,fMCG eh FL ,f fCG ZQ NQDG gH KCSG dG g JGgGh
bS EG Vh a j dG jdG LdG Y j UH
(2)
.YCG dG
H dG eCG ,2001 S 11 GMCG Y PdG Gg W GPEGh
adGh Hd HdG H BG jh , fjQe , cGf eH dG SGQdG PSCG
. fJ , dGh

jeCG FdG SCGQ Yh-G L qY dG jdG YjEG G
adGh dG G QWEGh ,dG jQJ e IjL Me jGH -TH QL
.dEG S dG IdG FdGh ,a j dG
GS Qhe j dG iG d jQdG Ea ,eCG Hh
YLG Y :UNG MdG OL aJ j c ,Y IjY
S 11 Gdd KG dG CG H ..SS ObGh dhO bYh
jdG jEG AGQh a ,dG dG e GM -JGP BG - j
.IOhh f dG Gg Ff fc dh M ,Qfd
dG r en u bo dG dG PdG q L J QG Gg e
bdG cJ Y G KCG Uj JGSG G :gG eG
.jQG GdGR jOGH Y j K Gh ,dhdG
:JGSG PdG :khCG

S 11 H dhdG WQG gG d eb dG dG YRJ
:je de KK EG 2001
M jGH e dGh IG jdG g dG GddG QYG EG gP :dhCG
dG gh Ib otJ oSSCG n on pS ,dhdG bdG e IjL
Id aJ eCG j Xh ,a JdG QDH jGJ Y HdG
Gg e S 11 GMCG Ea K eh ,FGM da FSh dG
U Y jGHh ,HdG Sd dG Id g g Q G
(3)
.b c e G gQEGh YCG dH dh ,G
c H ,HdG SdG Y f j S11 GdR CG EG gP :fK
Ad G hdG d bJ W Ua hCG QdG Y Y
VhCH OGSG Y VGYGh MG f e bdG dG Y
e IHe Ie GMCG QYG EG H dG gjh .dhdG
HdG dG MC FG VQCG OGYE eBGh JGHG FGhdG
(AGG dG ) Y jH gQEG N (GNH) eH dG Y
(4)
.IKG

JGSG dOG gL QfG Y c S 11 GdR CG EG gP :dK
G e HEGh d IG edG dhdG Ia Y G dhdG
hdG{ Y jG K eh .H JG OdG I Yh j dG
EGh ,AYh eY Y Igc d gQEG EG dGh ,zaedG
GhOCGh dSCG a J jL JGSG gQ b Y Yf TDc
(5)
.d fG GWCG J e QH LGG
a :KdG PdG g IH VM eSEG dG CG VGdG eh
M) jeCG jOMCG N J dOe jG JGSG G
gQEG Igd G dG QWEGh dG dG g hCG ,(dG PdG
dG jce gJ CG bGdGh .(ddG PdG M) jOGdG dGh
c bEG ib hCG J T AGS JGSG gdG eSEG
Y eRCG j dM cH Qh jQSh GjEG hCG HS Gd dH CdG
j h ,jdG HGKh JLGe VCG dG JGSG dG ie
EG LH dh (6).gGdG hdG Vd FG jOGdG AH e o r Hn
gdG S dG jGH e r en u bo dG PdG dH cdG
:e g c gRHCGh ,JGSG
(7)
ejca id ,jQdG jf de -
(8)
GMCG H QYG d O dG g id JGQG GUR de -
.2001 S11
AGUCG Lhh (9)e BG Y aGO dG SjG SdG dGR de -
bdGh KEG edG jdhCG Y cQ dG HdG e jdG SGh
.dhdG YGdG
hG dG T AGS ,HdG MhWCG g J g e dh
EG ,(e BG) Th a eY hCG (g) QG G hCG (ejca)
je MCG e d g ,2001 S 11 H M dG gCG dG CG
EG KCG Uh CG H ,WQG g Qh Je EG SSG WQG Jeh
.vjObGh v SS dhdG eG b
Y K dG jRGSG ddG HdG Y dG Z GPEGh

YOGdG IdH LGe j dG fdGh IeG bQG IdG H SEG
FGdG SdG HdG kfL cJh .(10)(..jH fGO ,Ta fjQhCG)
jH gjEG e H eSEG fGH dGh IQKEH dhJ dG dGh
dh G G g fCG GhdG dCdG e H Ie dGh gQEG
,NBG H hO hdG H Y cdG e) djOGdG HgQEG YG
IQTEG J SSCG d UQ eCG (11)(G Y dh dG Y hCG
.dEG
IjG HdG Sd JGSG IdG j ddG jg hCG
aG FGhO ZU h 2002 jj OG N c dG
.bGdG G hCG dG Wh ,EGh OG
M FJ dG VLEGh bSG G e Y IdG g Jh
J fc dh M ,S 11 GdR IGZ Y YEG dG gQEG
gp oWGoC Vhh JQH IH HdG SdG SCG j e Y dG
(12)
.SDG
Y cdG YG eSEG GR g dG Gg j e EG
JGSG Q g EG gQEG ejO e jeCG QGdG FGhO
.IjG jeCG HG
JGSG jDhdG IH dG edG QM EG g dG Q jh
jeCG IG h HdG QG PdG jJ IQhV :IjG jeCG
e Va J dG IG jdG de j jQhV n Mn rhGnC k WT
(13)
.YLGh jdG UEGh jObG dGdGh jOdG WGdG
fhBG jeCG IQGOEG MbG dG GQOG e jdG e g dPh
.HdG G Y INCG
FdG KdG fG H e J N RhH a dG dG eCG
,eSEG G M Qe (ShQh HhQhCGh IG jdG) hdG d
H VGh jJ Y c dG INCG GdG M N VH bh
.eSEG dG eRCG e SSCG hCG eRCG IQGOEG IQcG GWCG
OYG e dhdG YdG e HhQhCG dhdG J M a

Jh CG G dG NdG Mh hdG IOS GMG) dCG
HdG IFGdH bd Gk QWEG SG cGdG J c (dG dG jH
gPf IFGO e Gh dG G bQdG ShQ -eSEG
GC spd eSEG H bY J EG SdG SBGh bdG HhQhCG jdG
.IOQdG G N dEG UdG Y Y bGe
DG fd TJh ,GdG gG be c g eh
HdG GdG e IjL cGT Ad IG jdG LQCJ M ,eSEG
gQEG V SG LGd GdG g V MGh BG eDJ eSEG
Oh gQEG QhL L adGh jObGh SdG YVhCG UEGh
.dhdG eG
c e CG g- dEG fTCG dG gG g AGQh a f CG jf e EG
ejO K H FdG fG g 2001 S 11 GMCG Y
:eOe fMCGh Ije d ,IQhe
(dG JGJ dG IgX QWEG ) SCGdG S dG e jO
c dh ,kq dTEG HW J dG SdG dG ejOh ,ObGh
AdG QN dG fgQ CG EG WGdG QdG J Y ddG dG
fG e H UdG dG G CG ,QGSGh jOdG dOe g HdG
,IeG gCG YGdGh G dG f jfG Nh VhG SdG
SQGdGh MdG gG INCG IdG QKCG dG dG jdG ejOh
Gh ,eRJ Xh ,UG jdG QfG GTDe J CGH e H
.JGP dG
fTCG dG jdG eRCG sdh dG g dG ejdG g fG EG
g SSCG gKCG d ,e f S11 GdR c bh ,dEG
Gh (dhdG idG H bdG) G SSG G e dG
eG b dG GU) VG dG e GH dG ObG
dG Y Ge GZ dG QGh dG edG EG (IMG dSCGdG
.INCG fhBG SdG JGSG

dG PdG :dK
b zGQdG GU{ g dG FGdG jeCG JdG bJ eY
IgX Qn s h Qn fG -kGNDe Ge IY Qc c- j j GS J
GC j CG dG S 11 GdR LhCG H dG dGh gQEG
fc EGh - d dH- gQEG Iga .Lh CG e jQM Y H
.b be Y J h ,jQM jDhQ J fCG EG aKh jO JN
dCG Y Gk c LGQ dG zQdG GdG{ d e E a dP eh
H ,dGh IAGd FT jOGH EG dH d b eYEGh SdG
SS W id dGh SQd LdjjEG QWEG e k dc UCG
dG S Y L W Qj ,QGdGh dG be H UCG ,ec
.QGSGh
Y jCGQ c MW id J J dG g de CG G eh
dG W d NCG dG eb dG SdG dG P e gZ
H e ,LGh G M e Fhe GQJ d b- jG hdG
OdG edG QdGh ,eSEG dG IOG dUCG YG
dGh ,jeCG IG jdG IjG EG fMEGh ,G
.HhQhCG jOGdG
YG fc GPEGh ,dGh fG g GQdG g H j eh
gQEG IgH JQG bh ,jdG a ahe eSEG dG aG
N faCG EG G EG UdG J fEa -(kSSCG NGdG)
.dW M Ia
de U Jh SdG G J WGdG e dBG CG eh
H b aG dUCG dG CG k dM RQdG e fCG EG d
GQGdGh bGG L H fG QGdG cGe GNG IjGe
GU g k gGQ f e CG j ,ShCG d H dG GP INCG
.GQM GU UH dEG dG ,Fhe dUCG
b (Gh G aNG Y) HdG dG ZCG Ea dP eh
H TGhh Qjf HV HQ EG S 11 GMCG H ITe QOH

.eSEG aK
.dP d idG HdG d hCG dG Y WG jh
H d e c c g SCG jeCG LQG jRa
d VJ dG dG EG : j (2001/9/13) (SH TGdG)
jG fh jeCG IG V e M M Qjfh TGh
.Y FdG
c dG CG) EG djEG SHQR U f dG gP M h
CG (fjdG fHfG) YG (keJ cCG jeCG KGG ReQ Y Oe
jdG U fh HdG d jQG dG V g dG g
J h (SdG JQM gL) Y M fCH G dG f SEG
dG VaCGh ,(g) jf OSa ,G Gg Y ShdG (aRG)
.(Gh SEG H dfG dG LGG) Hf GQH
ITe QU dG gOY N a fdG (jd) YSCG eCG
dGh QG GdG) eGb dG (ddG dG G) SCG G H
.(HdG G PdGh eSEG dG H
S11 Gdd HdG adG J e PdG GY qf CG h
Y HgQEG HV AYEG CG ,JGP dG Qj ZCGh (14)hCG TCG
H QcG edG G Jh Y jQM ee dheh V
.aK Nh IM H k eGU
gdG Gg CG f -eYEGh SdG CG :dhCG jG fRh GPEGh
SGQdG G Qc Hh beG jdG dG e J
aH QU dG dDGh dG Od G bGG gjh .eSEG
QG e dGh SEG M SSCG dH jNCG edG N
.S 11 GdR Mh e dG
SGh f Y LGQ dG dG jRGSG HdG H k fL cJ GPEGh
eCG zdg e{ h zTa fjQhCG{ Hc e dM jG ch
:SSCG gG IQcG dDG J
IK d ,IjL TfG Y fCG hj dG :dG bGSG G -

SGQO gJ CG dG eSEG adGh SEG M SGdG dG
hCG YLG YVG Y KHCG hcj jdG HG e jG G
fhHh c L e) IUG ffEG dG ge GSH SSG
.(..JCG
EG h ,AGVCG EG IH OY jd OQfH hG dG a
z?dG M c{ GH k Hc QUCa ,GMCG H QG c eYEG
zjdG IQGh SEG H fG eRCG{ TEG Y HLEG J a Yj
Y EG eRCG g kpLr oe zdUCG gQEG{ N -OYG M- g dG
jdG H FdG bdG e EG eSEG HdG dG hG Pf
.(15)SdG Cd fdG jDhdG Jh SG Y iNCG IQH CG ,dhdGh
IjG bGSG HOCG jG c a SdG dCG EG aVEHh
N e ,fGhdGh FbEH H NBd SEG jDhQh OG Ve M
Y j ,JbS e LGNEGh eSEG Ud FGdGh G jhCdG
.(16)H je EG j ,UdG g e edG Oa Qb
dG MUGh g JGP bGG Qj dG jdGR G -
ej d QdGh KGd gCd iNCG jhdG fjdG Hd Ufh
.IjG fdG IQG e eSEG G
QUCG dG NCG dG g G Gg Y e VhCG dh
eRCG Y CG EG a gP bh ,zOGH EG Jfe e{ GH je jRLh cQCG
LdHfCG e jdG gG J G NCJ EG LGQ SEGh dG
YdG W EG fLj ,jdG UdG Y ffEG Yh fdGh
H HdG dG hdG HQ S QdG cM cGh dG ,ddG
k e vLdK k HN G hdG YG bh ,GdGh jdG Y Gk N
GQdG a IOQ fch ,SdGh G fgdG jdG SCGdG Xj
OYG g G c M ,JGP dBHh ,f bG e YLG
(17)
.GdG fh IAGb Gh OdG dG YHCG dG jhCdG T
QU de fGO L hG fdG G gj f aCG h
dG Y dG hG qdG CG EG zQJaHhCG af{`d G H

eG eOE ,dG LG LGeh N Y IQdG j eSEG
G OdG IOH (SG G) jJ :gh KGd SSCG jdG
dG G dh G jOdG WGdG b eGC G j
pdG QfG e YdG IQd YLG QKBG SGh ,IGhGh WGd
dG p rSGnC Y fGh ,SG aK QfGh ,ICGG Qh ,jHCG FdG
(18)
.OdG jM j dHh ,GOdGh
SEG FNCG H H e hNBG hRQH he CGdG Gdh
Gg Y cj ch ..fOhQ ceh GhQ dhCGh c L e SdG
.jG IQGh SEG H G gCGh jhCdG dG
SGh Tf Ve fCG hj dG dG TEG Gg e g dh
SCG J HQG g CG EG IQTEG M dh ,f eSEG FGhdG
ddG S dG IQcG HdG Gk cP d IjY FGLEGh jf
.FYdG dG G
d dH Keh MGh jdG G g :TEG g eh
GjdG AGQh a FeG Y IQdG ie eh ?Gh adG bdG
.(KGG H e QY jdG) jQdG
jJ EG dG dG Y jH o n roJ dG fdG dG Ea K eh
e hCG ?HdG adG ISh g bGh e Yhe J g :jh
.?jQeh jY IQdG J JGP je
G TEG j SEG M FGdG QGG ,iNCG IQH CG
de Qj dG QG NG M H SG Z IdG Oj
ZU Qj c IQM NGO UGdG feEGh jdGh QGG
.h Ije ad j jdG IQG S ZCG

TGG
:e LGQ (1)
Olivier Roy: les llusions du 11 september le Debat Strategique face au terrorisme seuil, Paris 2002 -
- Pascal Boniface: le onze septembre PUF 2002.
:e LGQ (2)
Fernand Braudel, Ecrits Sur Phistoire Flammarion Paris 1969. -
G Hc OJ feCG G Gg f e gCG e (3)
Empire: Essai sur la decomposition du systeme americain Gallimard. Paris 2002.Uapres l -
G Z e J c QG Gg Gc T (4)
Effroyable imposture, Editions Carnot 2002.UThierry Meyssan: 11 September 2001: I
.cP HdG SfH c e LGQ (5)
:VG e LGQ (6)
Zaki Laidi: Un monde Prive de sens. Hachette. Paris 2001. -
:fG (7)
F. Fukuyama: The end of history and last man the free presse 1992. -
(8) - The clash of civ lization and Remaking of world order Simon and Schuster 1996.
Alain Minc: le nouveau Moyen age Gallimard. - :fG (9)
:fG (10)
orgueil, Plon Paris 2002.UOriana Fallaci: Larage et l -
Alexandre Del Valle: le Totalitarisme Islalmiste face a la democratie, Editions de Syrtes 2002.
:e Y Z Ga GNDe HdG g dY bh
Vincent Geisser: La nouvelle Islamophobie la Decouverte 2003. -
:e LGQ (11)
Arabie Saoudite en questions.UAntoine Basbous l -
- Bernard Hernri Levy: qui atue Daniel Pearl? 2003.
zbSG dG{ e M LGQ (12)
and AmericaULawrance F.Kaplin and William Kristol: The War over Iraq: Saddam -
n mission. encounter Books 2003.Us tyranny
:LGQ G jeCG JGSG M (13)
Michel Scolt Domn: Palestine, Iraq, and American strategy. Foreign Affairs 2003. -

e Y dG G g e dG HdG OjR H QW ce L (14)
.Y QOU
fG (15)
Bernard lewis: The crisis of Islam random house 2003. -
- What went wrong? Western reponse Oxford University Press 2002.
:kGq e k M k jO H SEd IAGdG g P e (16)
Islam Seuil Paris 2002.UAlfred- Louis de Premare: Les Fondations de l -
fG (17)
Joseph Maila: De Manhattan a Bagdad. Au dela du bien et du mal. Desclee de Brouwer. -
Mohamed Arkoun,
La Nouval Observateur 4/10/2001. - :e LGQ (18)

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eCG -eJh k H H hd Y gdG a fh ,jEGh dG eH
GQJ eSEGh HdG fa a aPJ dG Gg feR a k UN e
.QdG AdG IOjQ a SEG Y JQbh Jb J Oc ,JY
W gCG c dG FdG J d V TQ HG a Ibh HU EG
,jdG BGdG dP Y Y c ,jEGh dG dG VQJ Y gh ,dG
dG dEG -g iCGQ c -dP Oe Ea ,dG jg H d dG GH GPEGh
.S Z WN S BGd JjhCJ a gJ dGh ,dG Z dG
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l e l H aYh ,OGeGh JJ Lh ,GdN ffEG KGJ KQEG QYG :hCG
.a e GQdG g c OSG bh , gZh ah ah Y
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Y SCGh LM Y LCGh ,eg jQJ d a eg TYh
H gGQ TQ HG CG if -kjJ - f dG jf PEG fh .ah
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aCG e YdG Y - UdG eSEG dG e CdG g c -
ffdG dG NOEG CT a g a c ,ddG dG j e UCGh
.e U e IOSGh ,eSEG dG MS dEG jZEG
,LCG GQdGh adG c Y fG dEG YJ jjJ Yf EG
dEG jjCH a) :b ,SQCG T dEG JG Mh ,e U e NCJh
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(1)
(CdG Gg dEG f C N AT a c EGh
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dG VJ Oc dGh SdG H QGO dG dG IOda
d k eJ Ak b jEGh dG SCG Y Jh ,dG a dG
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k YjP ah d Lh FdG fdG JCGH jdGh jjdG YdG EG
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j Oa fEG H UN fCG CG ?j Hh dG L a j MGh dG
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TQ HG Y dG
LdG Y OLh LCG e fEG a r n p Lo WdG IdG CG TQ HG ij
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hJh ,ge Y gHh gf K dG AGQBG a hJ ,1179/575
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aJh (1126) jg 520 S dh ,(SQCG) QdG CG , commentator TQ HG ddG HCG d (1)
.(1198) jg 595 S
71 :U .TQ HG .dG c (2)
79 :U .f QdG (3)
86 :U .f QdG (4)
89 :U .TQ HG a (5)
.2352 ,1. 285.:U .gdG YCG a gdG jdG .dG Ma HG (6)
.1886 jQe 1. 269. :U 1. .QHCG H dG (7)
. 1418 dG dG QGO 2 :U 1. .dG jfh dG jGH (8)
1 :U 1 f QdG (9)
1 :U 1 . f QdG (10)
.1979 2 46 :U .dOCG ge Y dG (11)
8 :jBG YdG IQS (12)
5 :jBG MdG IQS (13)
73 :jBG . fCG IQS (14)
115 :jBG .eDdG IQS (15)
16 :jBG .AfCG IQS (16)
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9 :U 1 .dG jfh dG jGH (18)
84 :U 2 .Qce gGHEG .eSEG dG a (19)
9 :U . .dG jfh dG jGH (20)
18 :U 1 .f QdG (21)
24 :U .f QdG (22)
44 :jBG .dG IQS (23)
30 :U .f QdG (24)
17 :U .f QdG (25)
H :IQdG c (272/1) e LNCa Y jM eCG ,Y H GUh Y jM e gh (26)
T HCG HGh ,(15) ddG OhGO HCGh ,(676/85) jdG :dG Y dG a bdG
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c (185/1) Le HGh ,(158) jM ,dG a bdG H :IQdG c (190/1) OhGO HCG
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:JU e T a gCGbh FdG gOYCa ,S dP dEG SG a
,ihL hO dG Gg e OOJ K zW ,W{ :HGYCG a |W ,W}
Y L HG jh ,LQdG eGdG Yhe j ,H e da
:Fb jGhdG g
f c ,W h eO ,Gc aL J fCGh ,HGYCG Gg dEG iJ aCG{
dG SdG Y W K h ,dG a KDj a AdG dEG hGdG K Y W
.(7)zjJ h w gn
CG j JdG FbdGh ,JU b j HGYCG a S e EGh
b RdG Gg C ;JdG gRL QN NBG JU RL e gYGb J
a ,UN JU GOY Oj b hCG ,dhCG ICdG e dG H Hj
OGaC j NBG JU Rd Ije jdG JGUCG FN H aJ Y
.de jd JU Ge d ,jNBG
:MdG jh
dG dGh ,jGR dG j CG EG j Gk c L GPEG s p r udG EG
(8)
.S GdG k ehO j
SCGh (M M) jj gh (M Y) GC pj ddG CG b HG Mjh

:b HG j -AdG H (J) jj gh -AdG H (J) GC j
W OYG Y iL eh ,d Y hj CG n ep GoC ADg e ja c CG dh
VjQ H EG j dh ,a dG Yh Y dP T ch Tfh
(9)
.jW Sd
eGY H ec Y Y k Jf o UdG o JdG o gdG g J bh
AYCG a cdG AS hCG dG hCG dH dG RdG j Cc ,jY
.(31 :dG VGeCG ,a e) edG jdG IQdG a dG hCG RdG
.(10)dDe a VGeCG g e m Ye Y MdG J bh
:adG idG -2
,ccO :a .(fcO) J c :Fb GYCG MCG L HG CS dh
d a ?(Y)h WGb :a ?(12)(fWb)h MGS :a ?(11)(fMS)h
:HGYCG LCa ?eY :b g L HG d a (fY) :HGYCG
.(13)zGHCG dbCG dGh ,d e d H j ffEG jCGQCG !!eY jEG{
L dEG dG L e adG dG J dEG HGYCG aO aM Ca
Y J dG dG fEG ?FGhCG dG a dG e e eh ?ddG cdG
Gg j g d ,dP N j CG dG Y VJ dG g fEGh ,dP
YGb Y a j d R h Gg HJ CG ,FGO d vap nh HGYCG
JM MGe a HGYCG Gg J e Y GdG j ??fMCG d
.jdG
:cdG idG -3
:L HG j
J- dG ,KdG dG dG H e dG Y HCG ej dCSh
JQOCa ,NCG HV :bCG a ?NCG HV :J c :d a -KL
,NCG HV :J c :b .GHCG NCG :bCG :bh ,HCa ,adG Y
NG !!Gg jEG :a ?GHCG NCG :J fCG YR dCG :a .aa
.(15 ,14)dG L

,dG a cdG Xh M HGYEG bY NCJ jdG IMGda
,ddG a J dEG ODjh HGYEG edG J dEG ODj b XdG g Jh
dG d f EG dG Y jS J dG cdG GdG g eh
.dG fEd YLGh ,dG hdG aJ e GPEG GjS LJ LJ
:dG idG -4
a (QX) e Y NO dG e LQ CG UCG Y L HG hj
r bs fa b CG LdG Ka ,zrbG{ ge ,jdH zrKp h{ ,zrKp { :dG d

J CG ,sM QX NO e ,HY fY d :bh ,dG a ,LQ
.(16)M H
j CG ff a j PEG ,ddG e T J jGhdG g CG d hjh
GPEGh .LQ bfG CG dEG ,dH j dGh ,d J hO HGYCG
dEG JOb dG g a HGYCG S CG if fEa fL jGhdG e Vh
NdG Gdh ,iNCG jd IY a dG e HGYCG j PEG ,dG
.(17)e iNCG dO S QdG dG
,JU) d YGb dj H j CG AHEG c HCj dG dG Hda
PEG a ,S Ip sodp EG jdG bGH ot J eh (eh ,vcJh ,aUh
k jb k M d C ;fGbh ,ec bGe SM j HGYCGh ,J W
.(19 ,18)H
YGb e Ye EG g e HdG dG a jdG dG CG d hjh
ge a H ,a dG fL a d fdH GUCG HJ dG HdG
.dc FjdG
H- d YGb c j CG j dG dG g dG MUh
j edG SQdG a YGdG g Y GfG ch ,H j e Y -QU
.d S :f d EG ,dG a V
H HdG j CG jh ,dH eh ,IdH e :Ge a
dG dG fG g HdG dG dG M dG dh ,eJ
h ,dG fdG g K e d fEGh ,dG dG ac a j

gP a fdG YGd HdG c He fdG fdG j d GPEG ,S
dG CG GNCG d hjh ,S j d d YGb Y fd GR eh ,dG
cdGh adGh JdG YGdG e Ye CG fEG a dG dBG g
.dGh
:(20)je KK dEG dG cdG b dh

La competence langagiere jdG dG (1
La competence linguistique fdG dG (2
La competence discursive HdG dG (3
H NBG j e MGdG fEGh ,H fG jdG gh
dG J INCG gh ,fdG dG J HdG da ,JGJ
.jdG
:jdG dG (1
e Yd ja e ae g zdG e{ hCG jdG dG EG
UdG dG J eh ,dO W GP dG gh ,fdG dG
gd (U ,c) ASCG AYEG Y EG jd IY NGO dj dG
hDJ CG j QdG Gg eh ,dG Y e IOLe dO bYh
.dG ICf a dEG MhWCG
d d dG ,ddG bdGh dG e YH GOhe dj fEa
Y He ddG dG fc g eh ,dEG jW Y -Lh Y- dG
.Y dGdG dCG Jh SLCG L
:fdG dG (2
g ,UN d UdG YGdH dG ae g fdG dG EG
gh ,e fd IY NGO SDdG fdG MUG IK g YGdG
.UN d f ae NBG H

:HdG dG (3
dG dG ae CG fdG dG SSCG H J dG gh
,dG Gg YGb dG OdG j CG hO N fEG j fC
,ZdGh (21)MdG g HdGh fdG dG H j dG dGh
ej GhOCG e bfG N fEG Y IQdG eY dG Gg jh
.HdG IQdG g j CG d H H dG j dh ,fdG dG
Gfc ,dG Y Kj Gfc eY AedG dG jdG CG if fh
dG g (dG) Ma ,MGh BG a Me GfCG g hj
dG ZH id Mah ZH BGdG f dh ,dG e d
UCG -jdG f a- h NCdG dG j d Gdh ,Mah
.Md gCG Gdh ,ZHh Ma ZQ ,S
:dG QOe
HdG dG Qe Y GDdG f g dG Qe Y GD dG EG
dG{ SQj Gfc AedG dG jdG C ;HdH dG fbh ,dG
, jdG dSQ Y -dJ- dG dfCG dG jdG BGdG d ,a zHdG
jc jT d a ,eSEG jdG d gh ,MdG d g QSh JjBa
:(22)-dJ- dG e gh ,e d g H dG d fCH OYG j
.dEG hCG VGe dG g :ddG GDdG L HG W dh
.NBG H k uhDeh H GjDe Y a HLCG e Ye OQhCG K
?j jdG dG MU
dG MU CH AedG dG jdG b jUdG H ajh
,jdG d gCG j d UN hX a d YGb Y fG eh ,j
dG ADg hj fCa dG GH j M AedG dG jdGh
Y dG eSEG jdG f He a ,HdG dG AfCG dG UCG
.(23)C dG

MdG gCG CG ij j dG MU CG L HG OYG eh
:LQO
a QU T a gOa ,d YGb c QSG e j e e (1
AfH Je a ,LQdG g j CG j e eh ,gdG
.dG
:L HG j
SG ch ,Ma a fhO d Y HG eh dG Y HCG dG Ie dCS
.AGOa :b ,AGM :a ?(AGM) GJ c :d a ,Z
a SO K ,GdH j gh ,aMCG dP e dGhh AGjS :b
LGJ AdG H g a ,dG Jh (AY) :Z a (AY) dP
.(24)AdG a dG GQh Y BG :b K ,QYdc
Y jL dG a j CG j dG a dhCG LQdG MU (2
.dG a edG adG YGdG
JQGh J W Sh Ma jb GPEG HGYCG EG{ :L HG j
.(25)zj d e
,LQN eGd f fd j H IMGh H dG MU j bh (3
.(26)zfd j dG HdG a H{ S HH L HG Y dh
ia ,dG MU C N a N jUdG dG jdG Hh
j hCG a j CG j d e j eY dG CG fCG gGHEG
MU CG M J ij H ,(19 :dG QGSCG e ,fCG gGHEG) Y
,dP J LQN eGY g fc GPEG d Y jh j dG
OLh CG QdG HCG Y ijh ,(27)dG d a J NBG e dEG Idc
:gdG dG Y Ke jh ,CN OLh e e e NGO LCG
j dh ,d dhjh ,a j fLCG gdG dG a c dh{
dG e gZh dG H MG We Y GQe ADg OLh
b dP H fEGh ,SQGdG H j c IjdG T GWCG a IQhdG
.(28)zf IjdG
hCG cJ hCG aU hCG JU C d Ve e c CG -ff a - hjh

jOY d CG SQ d fcCG AGS dG je fc ch ,e
:CdG e Yf g r p dn ,edG ed
CG dG j dG eGdG d f j aX C N :hCG
Y MdG a dGMCG J fEGh{ :WdG b Yh ,cGQj
.(29)zVfG Y Y QJh Mah dG fG
OdH UN IYb j dG g ah ,UCe QGSG C N :fK
C dG Gg dEG dG YLG SdG f GPEGh ,cQj CG j dG
dEG j C dGh ,CN j CG GdGh SQdH -edG Qhe e - j
e H On uhRo jd IQb hCG jd Id c OdG j dG dG dG
,d YGb J hj dG OdG dG f dEG Oj fEGh ,N
d YLG Sh a dG e C dG Gg CG fOYG ah ,qp r Yn H
e dG aj dG VdG a Gc KDj dG OdG dEG j
dG jdG d aJ dG FGdGh eGdG e Ye dg C ;dG
jShO Y WCG ,e fh ,HK f jdG Iga ,dG dEG ej
.(RfEG -IQdG) eJ Y WCGh (30)(dG -dG)
jdG IgdGh eJ
dG e hCG dG a fdG Lh dG j dG dG EG
g HdGh ,AH U gPh ,e e Sh dj dG CG ij jdG
(eY H adG hCG) QaCGh gdG e Ye gP Y J dG
bfG dG a Oj CG j AGQBG g CG eJ ijh ,SGdG SGH
e d ,Y HdG dG Ifh Sa SQO Gd ;iNCG e e
.iNCG Lh Lj CGh fdG H Qj CG j dG OdGh SCG
gdG dG EG :QjO de eJ Y SSCG OdG e :hCG

.(31)jdG dG g GdG Y fEG j dG
dG gdG ch ,j CG j dG MdG dG FdG g fEa
LdH eGY ,a ,d gf CG j fGdG H Y J

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 28
j c IGOCG g dG dGh ,dG Gg a GOe fEG J

VhCG dEG J dBGh fGdG AYCG CG M a ,SdG c a
.(32)UN cM d UN
GfEG a JQjdG e MCG CG -eJ f a - eCG a jdGh
dG jdG dG H Y j Antoine gh Y edG dG a
(33
)
rentendement Ide e gh dM J dG IOdG CG J
n s n Jo h s n n roJ CG ae ,dP a jJ dh ,dG Y IQObh
IQb IOd J CG ge LdH Ie eJ jh ,dH
.(34)j h GdG Y IQdG d dG Fdc a J h jd
jj fCG a .dG SGQd aJ dG aGhdG Y eJ Aj :fK
GdGh ,Y dG GQdG CG j h Sd IBGeR fC SGQO
dG e dEG jJ ,d OdG SG NGO SD dG
eJ jj dh ,dG Gg H dG cdG dSh ffEG
,Yh H J dG jjdG OdG cG ,dG SGQO N e
.(35)LdH IQhV ah c OdG gh
Jh ,dCG L H ce jdG d edG dG EGh
dEG SdG IdG Ob VdG gh ,d SSCG FdG
CGh , (36)UdG dG Y cdG e cCG dG dG Y cdG
dGh SGh jDhdG e J dG dG H cdG gdG
.(37)dGh
f a ,jdG ij c AH U gPh dj fEG c GPEGh :dK
CG j H ,dhCG JGS N a j dG SdG d dG J
Gg CG T ,IjL L jh ,H J CG j d L j
j OY W CG CGh ,dG Gg e J UN IQb j dG
e Ge f -L fOCG H hO- j CG j jd ae
.(38)JSMEGh QaCG NBG d edG OdGh ,UdG YGdG
dG e Ye j fEGh ,He L j fEG EG :HGQ
j e Ggh ,gdG YGdG e Yd VN gdG Z IjdG

fEH UdG dG g PEG l'aspect createur dG dG Y
fh ,SDe d QWEG a IjdG HdG ah IjdG QaCG Y d
.(39)d edG FdG Jh ,fEH UN Oeh fGd VN
dG ddG dG dG g ,fdG jd hCG VdG :eN
.(40)GL d j dGh ,eJ fe jd IY dEG j
Y HdG dG Ifh Sa e eJ SG dG OdG g
:jdG IgdG a je H j L
Gdh la performance, RfEG ieh La competence IQdG ie
.(dGh dG) SShO FH bY jdG H dG
NBG H Vjh ,SdG dH dG aj eJ CG EG
.(41)jdJ FN d
:IQdG
(42)
dG jCG gh , d Y dG - dG j dG adG g
a dGh JdG fdG H d ddG dG dG j dG
d CG -eJ j c - gdG eh .(43)d YGb e J HJ
j fEa e d j T ch ,jdG YGdH GOe V e
,dG ddG gGeh d JdG IQdG OJ dG YGdG e f
.(44)UN jd (IQb) J j e f fEG :dG Gg Y f
:RfEG
a J CG j H jJ e a J CG j jdG IQdG gh
e fdG dG RfEG jh ,UGdG j M J CG jh ,bGdG
j dG YGdG e jdG dG Gg j dG jdG IgdG
.(45)Ie ee a d dG SG a ,dG /dG
?dG a dG dG f x nC r dh
?RfEd hCG ?IQd f g

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 30
:YGHEG e Yf g
.IQdG dEG Jh YGdG J YGHEG @
(46)
. RfEG dEG Jh YGdG g Y J YGHEG @
a KDJ eGY IY g C ;IQdG eJ j CG j RfEGh
j e ,dGh ,fG Yh ,dc dG Y AKCG a dG
.d YGb Y fMCG jj dG
H Gdh ,ce c FN jdG d CH dG eJ jZh
.dG dGh Sd jJ VjQ H jdG jddG jf

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 33
:LGdGh QOdG
3. ,1965 ,IgdG ,jdG fCG e ,HdG dG a :gGHEG ,fCG -

3. ,1966 ,IgdG ,jdG fCG e ,dG QGSCG e :gGHEG ,fCG -
,dG QGO ,idG jQdG dG ,HhdG M J ,dGh dG :Y HCG MdG -
.jQJ hH ,d ,hH
adG QGO VQ TQ e J ,fdG Y a RYEG FO ,gdG Y ,fLdG -
1. ,1983 ,1403 ,d ,hH ,dGh Yd
,d ,dGh Yd dG QGO ,QdG Y e J ,FdG ,dG HCG ,L HG -
2. ,1952 JhH
.1958 ,IgdG ,jdG fCG e ,UdGh jQdG H dG ,1958 J ,M -
.jQJ hH ,H idG jQdG dG ,edG ,MdG Y ,hN HG -
3. ,1979 ,FdG QGO ,QdG Re J ,dG Y a jEG ,SdG HCG LLdG -
6. ,1966 ,hH dG dY ,hQg dG Y J ,dG ,H HCG ,jS -
e ,hdG e Y J ,BGdG RYEG a GbCG e ,jdG L ,WdG -
.HdG dG QGO fBGdG SGQdG
dGh GOBG c e ,HdG jdG a dG SCG ,1978 MCG , dG -
.1978 S 1 OY Sa dGY H e eL ,ffEG
QGdG ,cdG gGdG 1, ,dG GdG a jdG gGdG ,1968 ,Y QdG HCG -
1. ,1968 1987, ,IgdG ,Yd jdG
- Chomsky. N, 1965, Aspects de la theorie syntaxiue, seuil, Paris, 1971.
- Chomsky. N, 1966, La linguistique cartesienne, seuil, Paris, 1969.
- Chomsky. N, 1968, le langage et la pensee, Payot, Paris, 1980.
- Chomsky. N, 1975, Reflexions sur la theorie de la signication dans la pensee
liguistique arabe, Publications de la faculte des lettres, Rabat.
- Ruwet. N, 1967, Introduction a la grammaire generative, Plon, Paris, 1967.

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 32
eGdG
66. :jEG ,LLdG (1)
554. :edG ,hN HG (2)
76./1 FdG L HG (3)
.(339/3 ,dG ,jS) .IPT fEG :dG g Y jS b (4)
.d Y J e ah BGdG GC j CG HGYCd J SdG Y jhe jOMCG g (5)
.gH eh (53 :HdG dG a ,fCG gGHEG) fCG
.(329/1 FdG ,L HG) IdH AGdG bd dG dG QY HCG fG (6)
7./1 FdG (7)
93./1 /dGh dG ,MdG (8)
40.-39 :BGdG T jhCJ (9)
97.-7/1 dGh dG (10)
.FdG :Mr udG (11)
.aGdG Ghd YOdc WdG (12)
242./1 FdG -L HG (13)
250. -1 FdG ,L HG) a iNCG H jGhQ (14)
76./1 FdG (15)
82./2 FdG -L HG (16)
ie Y dG NGdG H a J e fdGh HdG da ,jZ Gg d (17)
,HdG dG a (dG) g fdG dG a (dG) ,ddG ie Y Jh GdG
.H dG dEG j NBG T n p Yr oC (dG) bh dG NGO dG a fdG ZQ dh
c SQe T c Y j fEGh hdH Hj fCG EG f IdG dEG hN HG j (18)
dG dG g Y GL dG g MU GQ dh :j e jd QU M a Sa dG
SGdG e dEG jJ h ,Oj fC fd Y aGh h Y Qb d UdG cGdGh
Yh ,eh Y VYCG ec f a ZHh dG SCG Y GFM dG Y VY GPEGh ,Y
fGdG gCG j c dd MG Y j HQh ec SQe jdG dG c e d fCG
.(562 :edG ,hN HG).jdG
275./3 :FdG -L HG (19)
dUCGh ZdG a TCG dG HCG KMCG dG KCG e ,J a cdG fG d (20)
:Yf dG TCG j
.GdH FdG fdG Y IQY gh M h H d f c ( GC
40.-30 :1936 ,eCG MCG) fG ,dCH dG fdG g Y e d c (
.(26/1 dG dG ,RGdG) dch
:fLdG j TCG dG HCG c AV h
gJ H ,dCG JJ a Ga fCJ CG dEG J d f a fdG JJ Za GPEG fEGh
Y SdG a fdG bGH dG CGh H Mh ,d HJh fdG J fCG H d JJ
.(44 :RYEG FO ,fLdG) .dG a Y dGdG dCG bGH

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 35
dCdG QN d e dG Ma EG PEG Md fLLG gdG Y e e cdG j (21)

,dG e fe j gh EG ,a dG g :j GMCG J ghR :fLdG j ,dGh
.(36 :RYEG FO ,fLdG) .SJGNC fGDe ah ,JGQL fd ge eAe Mh
47./1 FdG ,L HG (22)
44.:1978 /dG (23)
25./2 FdG (24)
25./2 FdG (25)
18./2 FdG ,L HG (26)
76. :1958 ,M J (27)
47./1 :1968 QdG HCG (28)
10./1 GbCG e (29)
:g jShO Y dG (30)
.OGaCG Y fdG edG QdG e UdG -
.IMGh IY dEG dG dG OGaCG a Oe c -
.OGaCG e Ye eOCG a Lj H Oa c eO a IdH OLdG dG -
.S H j dG OdG f -
.T a uj OGQEG Oa M :g jShO Y dGh
.dG QaCG Y d dG fb SGH dG j dG dCdG -
31./30 :1916 jShO) .dCdG g GNEH d J dG FjdG - dG dBG
1966. :16 ,eJ (31)
21. :1966 ,eJ (32)
db d J (22 :1968 ,eJ) a AL e a YG IddG dH l'entendement jJ (33)
.Y SOdG dG a fSEG dG QGg GN
45. :1975 ,eJ (34)
12. :1975 ,eJ (35)
95. :1966 eJ (36)
98. :1966 ,eJ (37)
12. :1975 eJ (38)
19. :1968 ,eJ (39)
16. :1965 ,eJ (40)
14. :1965 ,eJ (41)
14. :1965 ,eJ (42)
13. :1966 ,eJ (43)
125. :1966 ,eJ (44)
13. :1965 ,eJ (45)
51. :1967 ,ahQ (46)

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 34
gQJh HdG dG ICf
GY e
FS Y j c ,dGh dG jH e Y OdG j f dG
,Jh gJ a H jh ,dGb a JGUCG jh ,iNCG YLG dG
.zG ,dCG ,GUCG{ KK UY Y J gh
J fEGh ,e OGaCG hCG e Oa j dG QeCG e d dGh
J e IdG g J eh ,dG IdG Y Jh ,LG W
g fEGh ,JGd IOe jZ d fEa Ggh ,QaCd OJh WGdG Y
a dG a j dG ddG gh ,dGh adGh gd jQhV Sh
IgX gh ,LfEG NGh dG f V YVhCG HVGh ddG Gg V
e dCJ ,Od eRe LdH U ,e aK YLG LdH
,gdG a IQe fe QNG jW Y cG jd JU ReQ Ye
a dHh ,YJh gJ CG e YL J JdG edG dG GHh
dG Hh GdG Jh IQdG QJ a dHh ,kffEG fEG QU
.(1)JhQP ffEG
a Hh fEH dG Kh dG EG{ (2)FGedG gGHEG QcdG j
MGh e AYCG H HGQ dG dh ,M Y ffEG dG J
. H eG dG HdG dG PSCG

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 37
QdG Y adG fGh ,Lh L H HGd e eY g fEGh ,H

. zdG SdG H EG JCj
k VN k UGe v co H WdG eCG e J dGR : dH dEG (3)a jh
H .fgPCG dYh LCG dY H dG IMdG HGdG fEG .fGd
jh .VQCG Y Wh M e ODj MhQ Wh edG dG CG (4)Sa ij
eCG U jQdGh ,jQdG ge e e dG CG (5)aGdG OU e
JLh H eCG JGh eCG jQH dJG M e dG eCG b c
.jQJ e eCG fGh dG GhH EG hJ dG HdG dG
gQhO r n sSJ g eh ,Y Y g dG dG Y j dG EG
a gKCG X ddH g eh ,keh Gk Oa ,fEG T AH a dG
edG fEG H ,edG eGY gCG e a edG YdG hCG edG QdG jEG
.edG AfG Sd hCG
c SSCG g fEGh ,a adGh gdG FSh e Sh d dGh
TCG gh dG AJQH dG JJh ,AjEGh ddG g Xhh ,aK f
Gd eCGh ,cCG OdG fEG dG jGe L a J M FH
H ce IQH GdG Gg d MhCG edG gh ,IdGh YLG
a Jf QGdG dG e ddG dG j H ,dG U e
.H H LCG Uh Ig a ddGh ,IOdGh ,fEG
k jCG Qj dG U Y Qj dG ddG CG HdG QYG ah
.(6)MGh gL dGh da dG U Y
hj Gfj d SEG QUh gdG QdG a AedG dG CG jh
AL H CGdG Gd fCj bh zHdG dG{ H EG zdH{ f f Y
fK f dG e a gMh zdG{ c SG e jdG BGdG a
.(7)Ge
jY eCG IQM IBGe o n Jo dG dG dG iMEc HdG dG RJh
,dG HdG dH e f Y fCG dGh SdG dH d
RYEG a Gk ja k e H ,jdG ZdG a kFGQ k eh ,dG dG d

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 36
GH HdG dG QLCG eh eCG H j dG g ddG WGdGh ,dG

!RGYG
: dG
a dG HdG de g : dH dG GdGY eQ QcdG j
dO a hCG ,GYEG cMh dG cJ a hCG ,dG a hCG ,GUCG
eGdG e edG d a dCG e c j c e g Ggh , dCG
.(8)c a gdY dG eCG e VH dP jh ,KdGh
a jH HGR L e IY Y HdG dG a dGR c Jh
,jdGh ,dGh ,AdGh ,dGh ,GYEG a C dG :e S d{ : db
.zGh
H j c fCG gda ,GYEG a C dG gh hCG dH zdG{ eCG
gH GYEG cM X EGh ,HdG LdG e LH dG de
dGR c fe bCG dG Gg dh ,jdGh jdG e HdG
.eCG dG b k Uf d f PEG HdG dY
edG AGhOCG hCG gh ,dG Y edG OHG ge hCG e dG ch
d k LQ CG hQ a -Sh Y dG U- dG Y a X fEG :b
dG T Y Ic QNCG jhQ c zs nV a cNCG GhTQCG{: a JH
.d FHOCGh Jhh FN SGh jeCG dhdG Y a hCG dG e
fH Jh fHCG aJR :eCG dG UCG : Gda OjR dEG b AL fCG hQ bh
Sd V : a dDhdG OSCG HCG Wh ,VdG ANCG d OjR ,np ona
b dGdG e VGdG EG ,kSQ d SQ a ,BGdG a j g ,HdG
.dG e VQCG jdG n n prdGC GhaCG
: JH H d da de dEG k ej NO dDhdG OSCG HCG CG k jCG jh
,MCG e AT CG OQCG d fEG : da ef H CG : a !pAdG o nrMGnC e
H Vh Mh An n sdG n nrMGnC e : da Gk PEG a .M e J fEGh
.(9)dG Vh Y dG GM e H Gg ch ,dG Y a dG
CG ij c fC dG e AHCG Qj c Ghe H dGY CG hQ bh

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 39
a dG e bCGh ,LdG a QdG QKBG e bCG jdG e a dG

fCGh GdG a M fe k U j j d fCG k jCG hQh ,f K
.gQb M jdG FbdG Qj c
dh ,H WdG H d Y dG e J d HdG dG CG Mfh
CG H Y bJ dG QdG L a GYEG Ob e J CG dhM
.INCG fhBG a EG dG Y dG j d dG jT r s oS
Y Vh CG dEG QTCG c ,CdG Y QGUEGh dG Ife g jdG fEGh
.(10)C dG Th dG QfG H fc dG YGbh dG
dG
:Hc e a bh ,SEH zdG{ (11)fCG gGHEG QcdG H d
J jdG dG e Ye g jdG dG UG a dG
g dG Hh ,dG g OGaCG L dG g a jh ,UN H dEG
J dh FN e d ,d IY J TCGh ShCG H e AL
H dG g OGaCG JG J dG jdG gGdG e Ye a k L
HJ dG HGdG Qb Y bj k a jM e H Qhj b e ah ,H
dG g d IY e dCJ dG edG dG Jh dG g H
dG H bdG g dGh dG H bda ,dH J Y UG
g Lh ,gj e e d d IY Y J da ,UdGh
dDJ dG edG GOdGh jdG dG e Ye a J dG
.dG e gZ Y e d
zdG{ H dH BG f Y hj HdG AY e AedG c bh
ah jdG HdG LdG a kq L k VGh Gg if ,NBG k M zdHh{ k M
GdHh ,MQdG QdG e OdH dG : k e da ,HOCG jGhdG H
.(gch OdG H) d
Gg d{ : jf dCe Y jdG Ve a j c k q HGYCG CG ihj
W dh J d dEG LdG UCG j e Gk ch zeb d h d
.zdG{ H BG f f e iS dG Gg H hjj h ,jg dh

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 38
dG J a FdG dG CG (12)aGh MGdGY Y QcdG jh

eGSGh SGh e We a dG QfG dEG Lj d dEG IMGdG
dG H Gfa ,SdG e e FGWh OdG Ic YL id
bh ,dG p tnn dp ac S Gg hCG hZ f dG GdGh MGdG
hCG edG jg f IMGdG d e d IY Af jQdG T
.ke c
ch Wh GUCG a J Oa dG H J dG dG eCG
dZ a JdG NG H g iNCGh d H j da gQhU
j Gfc c zOa{ ,za{ a dj Gfc J b CG k e iha MCG
,S H Y zLCG{ H j UCG gh zLCG{ CG ihj c ,kY IdH
U ,H hCG ddG c dJ UN JU H dG H Jh
U e H k jCG J b dG CG Z IMGdG dG a iNCG dG
e k H zje{ dj Gfc J e k H CGh ,fGS ziS{ a LJ
Jh ,jRdG Y OdG J zSdG{ c CG LdG cJ c zje{
H Le dG UdG dG g J CG j dh J Y dG
J a ,JGNCG Y jZ dG J H dG e dOh dG
WGe a - idG d CG cdH Qjh JGH Fb d Jh J CG
a e bCGh dG d e aCG - dG hb eh HdG FdG
dEG dP a dG Ljh dG HdG dEG e fOCGh ,NdG dG
FdG d fch ,fLCH cMG bh adG dEG idG S e
a QGdG CG eCG ,d Yj e T ch SdG dCG Y J FdGh
.GYEG IgX
ebCGh HdG dG ICf

jdGh dGh eGQBG dG d Y edG dG SG j
iNCG dG H Yh ,e QfG eh jQTCGh HdGh dGh HdGh
dda dG g dEG J dG f dG dEG gDhfG d X dG
dG) fdGh eGQBGh (HdG - jQTCG) jOcCG dG j

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 41
.dGh jdG dGh HdGh (jdGh

dG e IMGh dEG dG C dG e fCG aGh MGdGY Y QcdG ijh
dG CG e ZdG Yh ,(13)edG dG H J d hCG fCG Y edG
e Ea (dEG eh fh RdG OH) edG WGe bCG a Cf b HdG
dEG Uh e bCG Lj a edG QKBG MCG e j gQKBG e dEG Uh
dG dEG eGQBG QKBG eh ,. jdG dG b e dEG jOcCG QKBG e
hCG dG Rhj IFdG HdG QKBG e dEG Uh e bCG CG f . SdG
H edG dG Rhj Oj bdG HdG QKBG dEG Uh e bCGh ,.
a MGe e JRLG eh HdG dG dW Y k T f ddh ,OdG
gAGQh j CG Hh gVh d Idh J d dG dh ,(14)dhCG gQY
j a Gdh ,jhdG d HdG FKdGh QOdG IQd eZ je jQJ
.OdG HdG dG e dEG QfG c dG j CG EG QDdG id
,IFdG HdG :b J j gQKBG e dEG Uh eAV Yh
: bdG HdGh
H J fc d Y a zTdG HY{ hCG : IFdG HdG eCG - 1
NGO ah eGQBG OhM e He Y RdG T J HY FY
dH cMG ITh ,dG a dG g dh OhdG g
e Gk c a RdGh H UCG HdG cGdG Y gHh eGQBG
dh SEG b dG g OH bh ,eGQBG dH Uh Jee
,gcP HdG WdG a Gk NCG Y Y Tf H EG e dEG j
.zTdG HY{ k fMCG S dP LCG eh
dGh bWEG Y HdG c dEG J dG a zbdG HdG{ eCGh - 2
,dCJh Hch OCG d iNCG HdG eCG Yh fY J GJ
WdG e c a fG K ,RdGh f OH dG g Cf bh
dG e TCGh ,edGh edG JGNCG b e J fc dG
Nj eh dGh fh RdG OH a VdG dG a H J dG
dh OQCGh a ah e GQeEGh e e H jh
.deh HdG dG OHh GOdGh eh jdGh GdGh

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 40
BGdGh gdG d QKBG jW Y bdG HdG dG dEG Uh bh

.(15)dG eSEG QdG QKBGh jdGh
CGQ Vf CG - HdG dG ICf f fh - H gCG eh
gj ja :dOe ja Y jdG{ : j M edG Qe SfCG
a cCG hCG M a jR K ,aM Y Ff hCG a Vh dG fCG dEG
OdG NH j kaJ dG H a ,dG hCG dG hCG QdG
hCG ,U hCG GHEG hCG b hCG M hCG IOjR d a jgCGh dGh FdGh
dEG UhCG e Y gSQCa edG e SG AL K NCG hO ,Ia hCG ,jZ
.bdG dGh AGSG dEG bS hCG dG
MGh AH MCG KK Y Ff hCG a Vh dG EG : j jah
b dEG IQTEG eJ e M Y H dG Y iL K ,jAH hCG
NGh dG ch hdG Xh YdG aBG d Ja Gg
.(16)dG Gg e c e NBG dEG dG
CG aY : f Vh hCG a GOdG Af JJ dEG IQTEG Odh
AL K ,MGh Ag Y k YVe c GOdG e C f e CG ij hCG jdG
,AdG a cdG f d GPEG k KK a YHQh KK e YdG
M H M e j d H j dG dG e NCG dG
RGHEGh NCG dG Y dH EG dP j h k JU fGjh HQj NBG
Hh bdGh LCG MGh bh a C f K dh fOCG j d k ce
.FdGh hGdG dG X NBG ah RdG C f dP
bS aCG e dhCG FdGh ,AT H k T dG J Cf
ce c Ga o bh Of h k eR f CG Z e gH e dEG aa WdG
.YSEGh ,bh ,j H dGh dGh FGdG dEG
: dG QJ (1
: FGW S dEG gCG Lj Ic eGH gQJ a dG KCJ
JGOYh fh eCG IQH a J dN YLG eGY : gGMEG
JgJGh edG aKh dGh dG Wf geh gFYh gdJh

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 43
.dEG ... Yhfh fGLh Meh jdG

.iNCG H dG KCJ : fKh
ge dJ eh ,dH WdG FGb J a J HOCG eGY : dKh
.H AJQGh jM S a dEG eh jdG edGh dG
.dG dEG dG e dG fG : HGQh
.dEG eh LdjdGh aGdG gGdG a J W eGY : eNh
gYGbh JGUCG Wh f dG W dEG LJ jd eGY : SOSh
a KDJ Gf H Y J b f dG UY CG dPh ,dG ..eh
.gQJ
: gQJh dG FN a YLG eGdG KGC - 1
dG JgJGh gFYh gdJh fh ,eCG IQH KCJ jCG dG KCJ
a dP dEG eh ,edG YLG fhDTh ,IdG dEG Jfh aK LQOh
J ddh dG IGOCG a GU OOj MGdG g e Mf a j QJ
ch eCG IQM JG a dG jQ d S UCG dG
d f dG JgJG HJh gJ bQh JM aGeh ,JLM
NOh jdG JGOe fe bOh dG a a OJh dSCG Sh
dG Y d SbGh dGh VdG jW Y iNCG GOe a
f c a f e Y gT UCG HdG dGh ,dG ..IjdG QaCGh
dG dG HdG dG eh ,SEG IQM dEG gdG IM e dG
dEG GdJ dG SGdG ddG aCG dEG eCG H Y a je H ReG
ah d f a KCG LCG dfG jd c ,SdG H Y a
.dG Fe Th OCG a d YJGh dSCG
Sjh dSCH jh ,d j IQdG dEG IhGdG e eCG fGh
dGh ddG a fhe jh fN e H j CG Y e jjh bf
feh JGOe a UN HH dc dG J ObG dG geh
a QGa e j eh eCG H a dG NGh,cGJh dSCGh
a OCG hCG M e OGaCG Y j eh jObGh YLG IdG ge

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 42
J SEG H HdG da - H H bYh Jeeh fhDT

RdG dEG C a hDdG g Y dG a OCGh dG dEG dG MCG
OQh bh ,dEG..AdG Qb ,HdG dG dG jH jdG Jh dG a
|Ff dEG adG dG d d MCG} k e ,jdG BGdG a dP f
.cGJh XdCH HdG a GU fG b dP c (187/IdG)
aK ieh hdGh GLdGh GQOEG a JGeh dG eCG FNh
c- dG AGQh d ah dG gGdh gJh eh gJ ieh
hDdG Qd k J e d a dG de Qjh d a GU j dP
dG dH j dG Gg e Qj w a ,ddG GH dG YLG
J dP Y eCGh dhCG YVhCG Y Gk c hCG k b H jh UN Lh
J fc k e zQdG{ a dG e gZ ah HdG dG a dG Y
,dG ah dG a J MGh f Y HEG e OY Y UCG a
J UCa UGdG FSh Qd k J UCG dde BG J dh
HGdG Y J fc zjdG{ ch ,jQH IWb gJ HY Ye Y
a edG dG Qd k J dde BG J K ,FSdG Y o n r Jo dG
a jdG d IdG FSdGh dG Y J UCa ,FSdG jEG
dNO Y jc J fc zJCGeG Y LdG H{ IQYh ,VdG dG
a dh ,kGjL AN gCh d j hJ GPEG c hdG dG C ;H
Y jc J GJ fc EGh ,dG Gg VGf UCG ge BG
.(17)adG
j dG dG J zdG c EG{ : Qe Re QcdG jh
po qdG d Gg EG{ : jdG ah ,o oUh r oUh FU Y Jh a
.Y ddG dG j (18)zSeh gGHEG U dhCG
gh dG U eh ,dG dGh ,L IH LdG Uh
d aOGe dG J fCG CG ,QNCG U iMEG J WCG GPEG dG
UCG dG dG Y hN jdG SG Gg a dh (IjdG)
.d J dh ,d
,HK OL eh ,Y e f GPEG zoOn s Ln h An dG On n Ln { r p a (IjdG) c eCGh

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 45
e IjdGh ,FR Y S OL Kh ,T f dG OLCG LdG eh

jW S IjdGh ,e eC dG FS e OL dG e YL dG
dEG H gPhR dG d ah ,Id dc dG g :bh
e dG j c UN e o nrJo dG dG g a IjdG TG
.zFGL a BGdG c{ jdG ah SFGLh jL dGh ,bQh
Y Hd fhj Gfch dG bQd fj Gfc Gk PGE p zIjG{ a
Y J QdG e e H dG N bh dG QdG f c
.(19)dG d aOGe Jh QNCG
hDT a dP dEG Yj e hd e de a dG GSG Ich
,UCG dde e edG Qhe e gOj- H j eh YLG IdG
UCG a ge k e Ida ,eGSG a c dG MdG Y gjh
ge Y dT ahdG IOdG a SEG a dSG T K ,AYdG
.dG Gg Z dEG bWEG Y J UCG M ,AYdG
Y j IYe eR Ga a fdG J UQh dCG fe SGQO EG
.....K V hCG UN dO J e a JO J dCG e Gk c CG
dO Y K ,dG a IdG UCG a J fc (SCdG) c
,(JCe) c dO UCG e dP Yh ,ke IdG J UCGh JGh
dO bV K ,T hCG N a AdG LG Y j dG Gg c a
.(20)a dG a AdG LG j UCa OJh
ODj k e e YLG d e R a e e a dG GSG Ich
dP eh e RdG dG Gg Mh dG ge VGfG dEG k dZ
eGSG c K ,dG e HGdG H AeG UCG a ga dG c
Gg a M UCGh UCG e VfG M dH AeG a Gk Re
.RdG dG
eSEG dCG fL dEG cP SQa HG CG dEG Qe Re QcdG QTCGh
ASCG eh{ : a H dGR K SEG b e fc HY k XdCG
eh ,JGdGh dGh ,dGh ,HdG zdb fe GhH dGa fc dG
(21)
??keX r p fCGh MU r p fCG :db dch GdGh dGh IhJCG k jCG J

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 44
b MCG j d kXdCG dG Y hhjh{ : db Re QcdG HJ K

cjEG{h ,zWdG M BGh{ ,zGY a j h{ ,zfCG M e{ :dc
. gZh zedG AGNh
jJh dG a IH QKBG YLGh a QJ e H JCG eh SEd c
jb k XdCG dCGh ,b e e J d dG XdCG e dG fe
eSEG QKBG g SG CG Hh ,Y J hCG J J d IjL fe
dG J HdG dG a dCG dO QJ Vd j d HdG dG a
c HdG dG a SEG KCG C dPh dG FS a H j GR e dG
.(22)dG g aY KCG cCG
H fEa dc ,kqf b dCG g dO QJ dG dCG CG Mfh
dG Y HSCG Hh ddG QdG J a je dG AY c CG
eGYh SCH dG dEG GfG a cGdGh dCG a edG d
.ddG QJ gGX H j gGf dG YLGh dG eGdc LQN
,dG dG dH jdG Jdeh GMCG g H dG d
eeCGh H IHCG UNG QH UN YLG hX Le fEGh
.dEG..NBH
ah k hCG Vh M dG CG e H H iOf e k T Y j dh
jCG dGJ e Gg Y afG K ,ddH dG Kh JGUCG fc JCf
.iNCG FSH gQJ f UCGh
: iNGC H dG KC J - 2
MG Gg S c k jq GC d H hCG d H j MG CG EG
QdG d fEGh ,iNCH e c KCJ dEG de ODj- LQO fc eh
d e d c fc ddh ,iNCG H MG e eCH e d J CG
.jdG Gg e OdG Qd VY ddG
eh dG HJ dG bdG NH iNCG Y d NCJ e jh
HJ dG bdG jb a ,adGh OdG Md Ua e d j
,dG OdG cM H f cMG Ua ch ,NBH gMCG

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 47
hCG IMGh e dG j M JT bCG cdG g J ddh

.JQhe e
H Md Ic Ua H eh SEG b e HdG d JCG dh
e adGh jOdG bdG KJ a .a Z eh a e iNCG
KCJ CG PEG k eGd a dG a eGQBG fGLh dG H QdG bCG
dG e d X bh .dG Y eGd kah iNCH gGMEG dG
QeCG e dEG eh jdG IdG ge Y dGdG HdG dG e CG
H dG dG eh dhCG HdG dG a adCe J d dG
g e CG d X dG AGQh H dGh dG dG hDTh YdG
..jQS ,S ,T) eGQBG e HdG dEG fG b dEG eh dG
.(23)IFdG HdG dG a IQU VhCG a KCdG Gg hjh (dEG
dG GOdG e CG NBG be a (24)aGh MGdGY Y QcdG ijh
dG J gCG H NG b QeCH j dG e gZ Y e d e onn r Jo
a Y n p o Yr G hCG e gNCGh eGSG Ic hCG LfEH GhReG hCG a GhRH hCG
j ffdGh SQdG GOdG e HdG dEG fG e a dG g gCG
.dG Y gNCGh fdGh SdG H ReG ja hCG jOe GH
IOLdG dG GdCGh AjRCG ASCG YdGh YGQdG dG e Jh
a e QJ hCG LfEH TG hCG Ie hC a X dG WdG d a
b k e jdGR a iNCG OdG d a jdG Gg Y a ddG
hCG QdG fc dG SjdeR QL d e ddG d e dEG fG
HdG dG e c HhQhCG dG dEG fG jdG Gg Yh IOdG d
,QadGh ,dGh ,GYdGh dc YU hCG YGQR e Y dGdG
.dEG ..dGh ,IdGh
g a GOdH dG MdG g KCdG Gg a j Mf gCGh
e oH oSbG jh dG H OdG cM J NCG Y MdG
EG iNCG dEG d e ddG a J a dG dSCGh YGdG eCGh ,H
jJ hCG J f dG e j e Gk ch dG H jW GU H
.iNCG dEG d e dfG Y

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 46
: HOC G eGdG - 3
dEG ODJ eh FSh e FGdG H OJ e L FdG g J
GOdG Mf e jJh f Jh bf SJh Jh dG M
LdG ha e a eGSGh gQKBG Jh dSCGh YGdGh
.dEG ..dCdGh
Y TdG dG QdG Y j dG FYdG HOCG eGdG Jh
,SdG gCG e Ic ge HOCG eGdh ,YCG dEG QdG eGdG
.LdGh dCdG cMh jdG dGh ,dG a jdGh
dSCG LJh ,dG Y J QKBG fh dG IM a Sd ,SdG :khCG
: KG HSCG dEG dG e a eSG dG SdG
.JdG SdG SCG (fKh) ,dG SdG SCG (gMCG)
Gk KCG gcCG e Ic ge a jdG cM hJ dG a jdG cM :kfK
: JBG QeCG dG QdG a
LJ hCG SbGh ,LCG dG dSCH dGh AHOCG KCJ - 1
.dGh HOCG LfEGh ,gCG QaCH YfGh ,Jeh JGO
.IQG jdG GOdG d AdGh AHOCG AMEG - 2
dP dEG hDj e Gk a IjL dC AdGh AHOCG N - 3
JGOe a h dG dG GOe a hj QeCG Y d
.kbO Gk J Y j e IFGdG
Vh dG M dEG eJ dG dG gh jdG dDdG :kdK
.dP dEG eh ..gQKBGh jQJh UGN Y bdGh gJh eSh
hH HdG d IM fCG VGdG a LdGh dCdG cM f :kHGQ
J jOdG g a gCG f QGH fCGh ,hDdG g a eGSG
HOCG SG CG T h (25)VdGh bdGh QfG FSh d
jQdG GQY a S h ddGh GUCG H Kj d
.AHOCG e

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 49
: dG QdG a gKGC h dG dGE dG e dG fG - 4

Ljh gdG e c a dG d Y - eCG c a - dG d J
dEG LJ e Im j n Z k FW dh YLG QeCG dEG QdG Gg SCG H
: YLG Z QeCG
: jeCG dEG gCG La QdG Gg a KDJ dG YLG eGdG eCG - 1
dG WCG J a dG Y j dG ddGh dG (gMCG)
.SQGdG a gjEG Jh ISCG a
e Z e GOdG d e L a QdG GSG Ic (fKh)
.UN YLG Ghd RdG hCG SdG jW Y d Vh
a gc KDj k jCG jeCG dEG gCG La YLG Z eGdG eCGh - 2
.Jdh dG QJ
(ShQ fb) fEG a dG AYC OdG dG QdG (gMCG)
GUCG a QJ j gOGSG a hCG dG AYCG a j QJ c Ea
iNCG IQU dEG Y fc dG IQdG Y GUCG g a ,dG
a M e dP eh ,dG AYCG dEG fG dG ddG e eAe e cCG
c dG (dG) hCG dGh ,AdGh dG e GUCG OH HdG dG
WdG e a J b dG HdG a dG H k e H j
dEG HdG jQdG WdG e ah (e Z L) L dEG jdG
jdG WdG e a AJ dEG dJ b AdGh dG c e L
.(dEG ..K ,K e k H J ,J a) iNCG OH ah
ODJ dGh GUCG H V Y C J dG dG ANCG (fKh)
fb) dG dEG dG e dG fG AKCG a GUCG g S dEG
.(eh ShQ
VY ddG a j dG NBG a Ybh CG Md a dG GUCG eCG
KCG edG Gd c bh ,iNCG GUCG dEG jJ dEG k fMCG ODjh ,d
LQ : ke a) cdH IdG IdG dG GUCG S a dG
N eH SQdG dEG Y LQ) e k H (nYn rep nN e H SQd Y
.HdG dG a M fG cCG g Gg dh (FYEG e

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 48
jdG dG GUCG OH HdG dG a M e dc dG Gg eh

oGnC
n eh npYh p nS ) jdG eY a a (AdGh hGdGh dCG)
M HCG eh Yh eS) e k H (nr p dp dG j o ar nS M
.(26)LL dEG dG j GhaS
dG a dc Vf b HdG Y dG edG dG e ah
a adG AdGh IdGh dG aCG fh jdG dG NGhCG e
fG ,jp rT nndG ,on r H OhCG ,rpeo r dn nh r e{ jdG eY a k e
k YS JfG ,ljT Ao GdG ,nj OhCG ,le l dh l e{ e k H znec n S
.zkec
: dG eGdG - 5
,aGdG dG gMCG FQ jeCG dEG - dG - ge gCG LJ
AYCH dG KGQdG UGN a H Y H dG NG fKh
a IN QKBG e OdG GH dG NG Y Jj e j h dG
JdG gQJ a HdG dG JG bh ,dG e a JdG QdG
a Z Y Lh Y J Lh H WdG dG e T c Y
,RdGh f eY ,GdG eY) d IY dP AGL e Y dJ CG J
(dEG ..dG eY ,e eY ,dG eY
M dEG j JGUCG a H Y H dG NG e CG gdGh
c a ,dG JGUCG a H Y H H WdG NG e c
Mf a Jd H dG ae bV dUCG a fe ADg
.NGh dG OJ dG UCG OJ ch ,JdG
: jdG eGdG - 6
j b dP c gYGbh Jc UYh JGUCGh eh dG H EG
LJ Yh dG QdG Y dBG IQU a f g J JGP QeCG Y
Y J dG jdG MdG M e eGdG g Jh ,UN Lh
.ddG QJ a KDJ eGYh ,GUCG QJ a KJ eGY :b dEG gQKBG

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 51
: GUCG QJ a IKDdG jdG eGdG

,QeCG KK dEG gCG La GUCG QJ a KDJ dG jdG eGdG eCa
,dG a dG be fKh ,H e H dG GUCG YJ gMCG
.H e H Mh GUCG hJ dKh
: H e H dG GUGC YJ : khGC
GfCG YdG gGX e dG a IQhdGh HQdG GUCG H j
S e gCG eh JdG QdG a H GP Ff dEG e f c ODj Ic
: ddG QeCG OdG GH MdG
(dG GUCG Hj e H Jh) cdG GUCG H YdG - 1
e c k fMCG fG HQJ hCG LQe a e JU QhJ GPEa - GC
a dJ PEG zT{ HdG dG a M e dP eh NBG f
dEG dG d H a dJh zS{ dEG edG dG H
.zT{
eCG H a k fMCG Gaj fEa HQJ hCG Ge JU QhJ GPEGh -
: JBG FdG e IMGh dEG
dG a M c NBd je U dEG gMCG U j IQa
a gMCG j IQJh crible dEG fdG a dJ PEG cribrum JdG
e Ic d a dJ PEG HdG a GUCG e a M c dG
.(27) GUCG dEG bdG OdG
: dG GUGC H YdG - 2
d VY dc j dG a HQJ hCG d r nJ r nU QhJh
jh J dG GUCG a ,gYJ H j IQa ,GfGh
dJ PEG regina JdG dG a M c diphtongue ce d e
.reine dEG jdG fdG a dJh reigne dEG jdG fdG a
,H dG d cS U H a bdG H GYj IQJh
jdG fdG a dJ PEG poosiz jdG fdG dG a M c
.je fc GPEG NBG d U dEG gMCG j IQJh pouroir dEG

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 50
: dG a dG be : kfK
d dc Vj dhCG a hCG Sh a hCG dG NBG a dG beh
.GfGh QdG U e
fcCG AGS dG NGhCG a bGdG GUCG a dP j e cCGh - 1
(dG GUCG GY e cdH YCGh) cS k JGUCG CG d GUCG
ddG a j dG NBG a Ybh CG Md a dG GUCG eCG - GC
.iNCG GUCG dEG dJ dEG k fMCG ODjh ,d VY
IdG) IdG dG GUCG OH HdG dG a M e dP a
a ,dG NGhCG J dG (dG IdGh dG gh cdH
dGh GdGh e eY) HdG e dG edG dG L
GUCG g VfG b (dEG ..dGh dGh RdGh ah
BG a AH cM e c eh GYEG eY e c e AGS k L
Y LQ{ :ke a) NGhCG e dG H dG H
e H SQdG dEG Y LQ{ e k H zrnYn e N e H SQd
f a HdG dG a M fG cCG g Gg dh zFYEG e N
Y dGdG edG e gOLh aGWCG e fa dG L e
.Y Y k SCGQ jdG gYGb bh dG a FXh
dG NBG a (dG U Hj e H fh) cdG dG bhh -
.dG hCG d VY dc j
dG aCG fh jdG OH HdG dG a M e dP a
dG e a GUCG g VfG a adG AdGh IdGh
HdG GQdG H fRGdG e dP j c ,HdG Y dG edG
.fdG dG a fhdG jdG eY a gFfh hCG dG a fhdG
k ec k YS JfG ,ljT Ao GdG ,j OhCG ,le l dh l e
.ner nc nS
r fG ,rjT G nndG ,on r p Hp OhCG ,re r dh r e
QdG U e d dc Vj dG Sh a dG bh - 2
bGdG cdG IdG OH HdG dG a M e dP a GfGh
gZh jdG eY a d m dp GC dEG dJ a KdG Sh a

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 53
.(dEG ..CV ,Ca ,SCa ,SCGQ e k H ..V ,a ,Sa ,SGQ : a)

e c a KK c Sh a bh GPEG cdG dG jJ dP eh
k H ,dEG ...pa ,QpH ,e , pSQ , pSG : k e a HdG OdG d
.(28)dEG ..ra ,QrH , re , rSQ , rSG e
e dP a Gfd VY dc j dG hCG a dG bhh - 3
a Jg dJ PEG IdH dG HdG GOdG H a M
jdG eY a dJ zoPGoC { :e hGh hCG Aa dEG edG dG H
.zpa{ dEG dJ znjr GnC {h zrOhp { dEG
a zsO nh{ dEG jdG eY a VGdG H a dJ zsOn GC {
.dEG UhCG CG zSQG dEG H isOGnC { H zSQG GsO nh{ :ke
a ,H e H jh dG a bGe GUCG OJ bh - 4
dP eh zG dH{ IgdG g Jh HdG NCjh e NCdG
dEG gZh IgdG eY a dJ PEG zfGQCG{ c a k e M e
.(29)zQfCG{
.H e H Mh GUC G hJ : kdK
jh hJ dG IdG GUCG CG Md HdG dG GY ah
UN H OdG GH Ic gGX MdG S bh ,H e H
.cdG GUCH j Hh dG GUCH
dG a ,ffEG dG e d e J J a dG GUCG hJ eCG - 1
dEG ej dG IdG dG GUCG H dG SGh hJ M HdG
dG HfG gCG e kHfG hdG Gg jh ,dGh IdGh dH
e c a IdGh k fMCG dG H SG b da ,dG g QYG
a j ,dEG ..Ic ,S ,J ,o rpj ,j : CG e ka GMCG
,dEG ...pcp ,o oS hCG p pS ,n rpj o rpj ,ojp ,ojp jdG eY
k a) GMCG e nc a dGh k fMCG dG H SG b IdGh
,o rpj , orjp jdG eY a j (dEG ...j ,j ,j :e
dG e a IdGh k fMCG dG H SG b dGh (dEG ..CGn rpj

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 52
jdG eY a j ;dEG .. oX ,oj ,oK ,oe : e k a)

(dEG .. pV ,ppj ,pJ ,nep )
PEG dG dCG a UNh ,f jdG dG GUCG a SJ dc Mh
H d a BG Jh ,jdG HdG FdG H d a eCG
HdG OdG a dG H ah e dEG MRdG HdG FdG
.gZh bdG
ffEG dG L a dc M a cdG GUCG SJ eCGh - 2
dG a SJ b HdG dG a cdG GUCG e a
H a OU dEG dJ b da ,mH s e lH Mh edG
OdGh ,(gZh bdG eY a zNU{ dEG J zNS{) WGdG
,j e k a) gZh IgdG eY a dCG e c a S dEG
UNh dG eY a AX dEG OdGh ,e ,j j (dEG ..e
,AVh : e k a) e dEG MRdG HdG FdG d ah ,HGW
H a f dEG dGh (dG ..j ,j ,AXh j ,dG ..j ,j
dGh (zj{ e k H zj{ k e a) bGdG d a dG
e k H zWa{ a) jdG eY a dG H a e dEG
.GL gh (zWa{
ddG QJ a IKDdG jdG eGdG

KK dEG dc gCG La ,ddG QJ a KDJ dG jdG eGdG eCGh
:QeCG
a dO Vh eh H dG JQG H J eGY :gMCG
VJ b gPCG a k VGh dG de c c fCG dPh ,gdG
eGd ehe Vh J c k fe k eZ k e c ch ,d
CG gCG e Ic eGY dG de Vh Y Yjh GfG
ejEG Y jh UCG ahe dG e H Je J
dhGe UCG ahe ISCG d J CG gCG e I c eGY
.SG

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 55
Y KCG j ahe ISCH dJG Y CG dG GfG EGh Gg

S dG LdG Y UCG Vh Y Gfd dde jJ
.Ad f g Vuj e c H ,MT
K Y Yj dG GUCG a dG GUCH J eGY : fKh
ISCH U CG dPh ,J dEG dG k fMCG dj gJh ge
e gdG a VGhh Kh J e dG UCHh dEG J dG
K Y YJ dG g Ibh ,JdG JQH e eGO
gPCG a U j JdG JQU J CG M Y ,dde
d VY ge j Ggh ,Y g jh JSCGh UC H
,dG) UCG H k e X rirus JdG Uda ,GfGh
Id dPh ,H GUCH a MG dG IdG GW (dG V
J CG H j d dh ,JSCG OGaCH dG g jW Y WJQG
Y a k T j NCG r GnC vif dEG fdG a JdG JQU
IdGh IdH UdG Y BG j UCGh ,Y H M jdG dde
JSCG OGaCG Hh H e YH b JdG JQU J C dPh dGh
.GfG Gd dde Va (virre.viraut...etc)
J dEG dG f dG YGb dJ a YGdH J eGY : dKh
SdhR c ca ,UN Lh LJ Y YJh dG de
,cdH gdG a Jj ge L b zU dh{ HdG a k e
J UCG M dG Gg e k a k T fj dde NCG ddh
.(30)QcdG e ddG Y EG edG dG e c a
ddH dG Kh JGUCG fc Vh M dG s GC fTCG CG d Sh
.kfMCG dG J Qf UCGh jCG dGJ e Gg Y afG K
e g CGh UN k JGUCG J dG fdG e jdG dG a EG
dGh dG e) e dCH Y d dG QJ e ddG
,dG : c e) dO J b e dG g CG c (dEG ..hCdGh
fdG J bh (31)(dEG ..JCdG ,SCdG ,dG ,IjdG ,jdG ,QdG
.dG N kJ dG e dG a

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 54
dG GU
MG e JYLh dG FdG OGaCG H j e dG H j
GdG Gg Ff Jh IdGh dG AGQh Sh AdG Y RJh GUh
NBG Y AdG dEG Qa YRdG MCG c LJ IQa GMCG NH
KCG Y j Oj a da jh ,dGh IdG FSh dP a k ee
e jQdH j NBG j dh dc gMCG c LJ IQJh ,QKBG e
k fMCGh ,dG d j M a k T cT VEG Y jh Pfh Jb
FKCG a e c jh k S H dG a OJ hCG gGb C aJ
.JGeh H k e
dG dEG j CG gMCG ; eY gCG Ic eGY Y GdG Gg C jh
dG e T Qhj CG fKh ,gCG d Z H J LCG UY
.adGh OdG Md Ua gOGaC jh adG Oa
dG GdG eGY e hC G edG -1
: dG dGE LGC UY hf
Y dG dEG j CG Ig hCG M hCG QSG hCG a KCG Y j b
iMEG dEG j GU a dG a ,gCG d Z H j LCG
jb :dG L d a iNCG Y e d J k fMCa f
k e a iNCY e IMGh iJ k fMCGh ,NOh UCG jMh
.d k L
dG Jh dG iMEG J a j dG dG H - GC
dG L d a iNCG Y dG iMEG J CG gh dhCG
:ddG a ,NOh UCG
,adG s e IQdG b k g dG c j CG :dhCG ddG
J ddG g a Ic IOjR NBG OGaCG OY Y gMCG OGaCG OY jjh
,NdG CG UCG d ,dG CG ddG d fcCG Ak GS Gk OY gcCG d
J dG g dh ,QeCG e a dG j dG GfG Y fCG dPh
.HQe T e hCG IMGh jd T e YQdG dG fc GPEG EG

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 57
JQM a dG dG e bQCG ddG dG j CG :fdG ddG

d dG j ddG g a Gk Pf ShCGh k SCH e TCGh ,d GOBGh aKh
.dG OGaCG Y OGaCG OY b EGh dG L d a
: dG GdG eGY e fdG edG - 2

: dG e T QhJ
dG NJ CG H H ,jQhe T d H MG j CG H
: hCG edG a gcP HdG FdG e f iMEG dEG ODj GU a
Y gGMEG iJ q GC eEGh ,d ce d Jh gGMEG J CG eEa
.d k L a iNCG
MCG c GPEG : e M a iNCG Y dG MCG d Jh - GC
fc GPEGh ,aKh IQM Y j h Gk Pf cCGh NBG e ibCG dG
V dEG ODj e QhdG dG a e YCG dG MCG S ac
H dG MG ODa QhdG dG Y dG Gd dG jGJ
IQM dP Y j CG jT dG dG d J dEG dG
M dc k eJ hb IY QfG Gg j bh ,md n GOBGh aKh
IdG dG CG Z ,iNCG jdG dG Y jb d QfG id
,jNBG H JGOe a UHh gge H a KCJ (g jb c)
ahM a jdG H dj jb d dEG NdG dG CG c
.jdG T Y dH a f dSCGh feh
ddG GY a k jq S a iNCG Y dG iMEG iJ bh -
jh ,adG OJh H GKCJ fEa dP ZQh ,gcP HdG
HQdG dG NO GPEG : e iNCG M a dG H MG
c a IL H jQdG bdG fc GPEG hCG ,jW hM a
dG H eb GPEG MG Gg j c H dG fH Ic
.dSCG fG a Ic QKBG HdG d dEG a aK bY
dG QKBG e dG SdG dG a HdG HdG d dEG fG bh
dG a HhQhCG dG QKBG e dG k jCG fG bh ,SQdGh ffdG

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 56
.HdG dG dEG ,VdG

(32)
OCGh , dG H GdG dEG e dG QdG dEG bCG dG Gg EGh
dG e H cMGh dG GeG dEG SEG H dG Ma
,dGh ,eGQBG) dG dG HdG J CG dG GdG fGb bh
dh ,T e Fe Y jj e HdH dG OY BG Hh (jHdGh
dH S h jHdGh dH KCJh ,fjdc gH KCJ b HdG
GOdG a Ak GS iNCG a SQdGh HdG c KCG a dc ,edG
a SQdG KCG e k bf ShCG c SQdG a HdG KCG dh dSCGh
hdG HEG dP c Ak GS HhQhCGh HdG H MG M bh ,HdG
IjL a Cfh HhQhCG adG QfG H VdG bdG a hCG ,dG
a HhQhCG GOdG e dG HdG dEG fGh ,dEG eh dG dc
.HdG IhK dH OGORa gZh dGh dG e
MGdG dG a dG NG
(YLGh dG dG)
bEG H j eh dbCG N k J IMGdG eCG a dG J
Gj CG dG AY IOY L bh FN e H Rj eh hX e e
H dG g Jh ,dG dG SG dG e dG Gg Y
We j e a ,e c j dG MdG a Gk c k aNG H Y
,HQe ib H EG J a e J e eh ,dhdG We e ec
a jdG WdG g J e Gk ch ,GPh Gg H k Sh j e eh
.SdGh QGOEG dG a Y dG WdG Y gOhM
d kfMCG J{ : aGh Y QcdG j dG dG Mh
N k J e d dEG IMGdG dG hCG MGdG dG a KOdG
,Od iNCGh ,WGbjQG d d k e K a Jah SdG W
e KdG jh ,dEG ..jQd eNh ,Vjd HGQh ,IQd dKh
Y d Gk J zYLG dG{ dG e dG Gg Y dG AY

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 59
W H Lj e dG g ICf dEG ODjh ,YCG dG dG

,GLdGh dG Meh ,HdGh adG a ha e Jah S dG
eh ,GOdGh ddGh ,YLG dGh,ISCG IMh dG ieh
c cJ dG dG QKBGh FXh e H J YCG e W c dhGJ
.H dG Y a eh Xh
W c a dG LJ CG fCT e dEG eh QGdG g CG VGdG eh
dEG edG dG J CG J a ,gZ Y Lh Y J Lh
jJh dG dSCGh GOdG a JGNCG Y e c J d
.dP dEG eh ..dCG dOh dG
QGdG c c JGNCG Y YLG dG GfG IOdG a OGOjh
ddG CGe Y Fb gCG IM fc hCG dG Hh H WdG dG Hh
IeL dG J h fGbh f Y hdG SSCG Y hCG dG Y
dG a J dG f FJQG dG a J H IMGh dM Y
.dG
dG g e a ,jOdG KOdG d a dG dG KJh
fj e YJG dG GfCG gCGh ,GOdGh cGdG e Gk c
jQdc dG dG gCG H j dG gh SadG dHR
H Y H adG dG Jh ,dEG ..IQdGh jOdGh TdGh
W c J M FGdG fh a Oj dG WdG a Gk c Gk J
.(33)dG OH a dG g c UN Xh hCG aH
:AdG d Y LdG d NG
H a k H hCG Gk c k aNG AdG d Y LdG d J
dG e c a j hCG ,AdH LdG NG a j dG dG
OGOjh YLG ddG hCG jdG dG KCJ J NBG dG Y H
.dG H fG OGORG c dG fG Gg

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 58
: jdG dG
hJh ,kq ffEG Gk Y UH IdG g a J HdG dG CG T
SSCG JQG gh ,dGh dG YGH WJQG YGJh edG TJ CG dG
.jbh
k fCT J HdG eCG Ea bJ Y Jh JH oJ eCG fc GPEGh
dH hdG dhJ dW e LGf fCG Z ,gZ Y H jY hCG
,HdG e dH j dG Gg a dG CG a dG Jh
a k jCG e JGP H edG a q GC c dG g QGdG eda
Wh d Y j MGdG dG EG K ,OdG NH e d
e j CG GdG T e HdG Y U HQh ,kjCG e dG a
.GdG L a QGgCG S hb
hOe T c e g jdG e CG ja fCG QcdG ijh
GPBG a fh dWCG Zfh JGU a fh fh fh f fEa ,dG
J dS S e H e gdG a Zf e e gfh f e
fMCG j Cc - SQ bGe f eY dh Gk L e J h dG
Y - SQdG Yb a Gk Ve hCG YGPEG a Kue hCG k ee hCG k YGh hCG k e
,Ie ,IdG d Y jZ d f CG Y ,fK jd T f CG
fEa fa GPEGh ,fQJ GPEGh ...fa GPEG ,dGh cdG a MEG IjT
dG dG j CG Y k VY ,dG g e ah - dG WSH f
ehe dG J CG - dG Y a f dG dG dEG j dG dEG
.eON
g Ea dG GhORG QW ,QdG Gg a s b dG MdG dG fCG J h
e ff e fYh QdG Gg a b dG VdG e keCGh IUe M k eCG
IdG d H GdG Gg a dG dh ,c gZh OdG ,ehdG ,jZEG
LhOdG dG g Hh H QdG dh d Gk HCG fc dG dh
: jeCG a j dG
,dG dG dG g IdG d CG aGYH dG GM fCG : k hCG
.SdG dG Je dEG dG dG aQ Gg aGYGh

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 61
dG g c OCGh jdG jH Je Ie jY ce J d : k fK
: QeCG HQCG a SSCG HdG dG ce Jh fY
.ah ,eY e d OLh - GC
dEG LH fEa Gdh (dG j) IjT MCH dG J -
.SdG aCG dEG jJh dG d c
j Ggh (cdG) JdG hdG e ddG HdG dG -
GC d j CG j dG MdG dG fEGh ,GY Gk eCG IAGdG Y
.a GC J VQCG T L H
HdG g e C dPh dGh dH dG Y HdG Y - O
g gh ,HdG dG Y k ej J d IOdG dGh IjdG
eCG HdH J C LCG H dGh dG J JeL P
.(34)Y
H JQGh edG jJh dG J QhdGh dG e c GPEGh
AHCG H adGh dG H Jjh edH e Gc k Yhe Ea dG f
dPh ,adGh dG e b dG AHCG d j M MGdG dG
e jb Y LH g dGh (dG) dG dG ie aQ Y j
e Hb Y df CG fh : FGedG gGHEG QcdG j ,dG
ah JKOe a dG dG j dG dG dEG ff GPEG dG
NdG edG dG e J OJ Ye a d a edG JSG
g H fRGh GPEG dG e Hb hjh a dG Y XdCG Ya
g dGh JSCG OGaCG FS ej dG dGh dG j dG dG
MG dG HdG dG CH cCdG e Hh LQGdG edG a Ze
FS CG M a ,dG a ZdG HdG U e gh GYEG IgH
.QdG bCG e GYEG a b - jcCG GY - edG dG
hCG dG LQGdG dG Y JCJ CG jdGh BGdG d YSG eh
eh dG HGdG b e J dGh dG dG HdG Y :b
gNj a d a CH CG ,dc fc CG e dG Z Hda g
fjh SdG dj iNCG dh ,GYEG HGH ee Hc a JdG

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 60
dEG GYEG dCe eCG iJ HQh HGdG g AH fCG Gej CG hO

a NO b fCGh HdG Y H g e fdG dCG a j a .f dCG
,Y c a UM JGh GbCG e gH fCG dG JG f
dH J a gZ k eGbCG GNj CG d C J b IjdG GWCG a da
,jb d Y J IAGH NCG Y Y UM dP LCG eh ,S
Y e dG d BGdG L e Y ej c Gg e dEGh
dG T EGh ,Y GJG d je g e gY c e Gha IMGh IAGb
H dGY ch AdG h dG e dG h dG W e J d
bCG jdG e a dG EG{ :d j ch ,dG e AHCG Qj Ghe
a dG Th zf K a dG e bCGh ,LdG a QdG QKBG e
CG} :dJ db GC j k HGYCG S Y CG hQ a ,he dG H Y eR
dP ch C dG Y a zdSQ{ H (35)|pdp SQh cdG e AH dG
GPEG edG CG dG g HCG cP bh QNCG U EG dG Vh a k S
d b fCG H Y hQ c Y iQRh e S dG H c
H f c jG{ d b dh zddH{ a MQdG J c H :edG
.(36)zaj H ja c Wj CG a ,jS e
dG bQ SG GPEG edGh dG H dG j CG dG eh
PSCG j ,fY a iNCG e e c J CG eCGh adG Th
J CG Y HdG f CG j dG dG Gg dh{ : QJ Oe
a dd Gf e d fEGh edG IdG Ge a jM aJh fS
:j
aCG J ch ,GNGh IQdG d k J GOdH dG jhJ : khCG
: k e JhS c e
.SfCdG dCdG Y HdG dCG e QbH dG J : k fK
e V Qb Y jh dGh HdG d QJ M dG J : k dK
.HdG f
HdGh dG d H OdGh hdG OGORG dh{ : QJ Oe jh
ddG g Hd c eh ,iNCG dEG e c fOh QGdG dAJ

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 63
,H OJh e QJh ,nedG pQnJo dUe Ije IM dEG J CG d c

.(37)zdG d S VdG d H ch VdG d HdG fc a
dO gh ,GLdG a LGhORG OGeG JGP g dG a LGhORG EG
LGhORG dhGj gMh dG CG H jh fEG tJ O e
cQj dG eYh ,GLdG Y Z WEG ehe fC d a
e d EG PEG ,JM a Y KCG d jHJ ja e dG GhORG CG
d dG GhORG e Y k dM aj e SdGh jObG ce
jd eCG H dG FSh hdGh AHOCG j CH Wh aCG
a eCG e eCG J h ,U S dhGdG d Jh IQdG cQ
dY LQO dEG k e HdGh dG H f GPEG EG IQdG e GQ ie
e UN f dEG MG fEG J dh ,dG LQO dEG bdG e
c dEG j fEG edG OLh a j dG dG Y j dG
k dW dG dEG j Gd Y edG dG J e Y H j IjL
f Y dG L a j dG dG dGh ,dG a jDhdG
,f eY d jCH IM a S fEG M dG Y FdG edG LdG
J c ,SdG HHh jdG KGH J dG gh IMGa dG d eCG
Jh eCG g MJ d N gh ,HdH MdG Jh dH
.KGJh gah eYh KHh SQGeh HNh gTh jd Jh

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TGdG
.38 U ,1955 : hH ,Ie HY f : ja fCG (1)
.169. U 1968 : hH ,QdG dG a (2)
.20 U ,1970/1390 eO ,d Yh f : Qe Re (3)
.f LdG (4)
.f LdG (5)
.1953 hH ,dG Sj c H edG dG 22, U ,ddG OdG ,1956 e ,GOBG e (6)
.17 U ,1965 ,IgdG ,dK W ,HdG dG a : fCG gGHEG (7)
.9 U ,1967 : IgdG ,dhCG W ,dG QdGh edG d (8)
.220 U ,1956 : hH ,zdG a{ dG Sj c (9)
.193 U ,d Yh f : Qe Re (10)
.16 U ,HdG dG a (11)
.123 U ,1951/ 1370 IgdG ,fK W ,dGh dG (12)
.24 U ,1962/1382 IgdG ,fK W ,dGh fEG Y dG ICf ,aGh MGdGY Y (13)
.93 U ,HdG LdG (14)
.21 U ,1951/1370 :IgdG ,Qf dGY LJ ,dSCGh dGh dG a SGQO (15)
.1 U ,1938 IgdG ,dcGh gfh HdG dG If : edG Qe SfCG (16)
.19 U ,dGh dG ,aGh MGdGY Y (17)
.18 jBG ,YCG IQS (18)
.123 U ,d Yhf : Qe Re (19)
.110 U HdG LdG (20)
.23 U ,aGh Y Qcd dGh dGh 120,U ,HdG LdG (21)
.121 U ,d Yh f: Qe Re (22)
.123 U ,dG a ,aGh MGdGY Y (23)
.26 U ,dGh dG ,aGh MGdGY Y (24)
. 51 -31U ,HdG LdG (25)
.133 U ,dG a ,aGh MGdGY Y (26)
.72 -69U ,HdG LdG (27)
.79 -74 U ,HdG LdG (28)
.82 -81U ,HdG LdG (29)
.89 -88U ,HdG LdG (30)
.dG Gg e 16 -12 dG a dP fG (31)
.119 -109U ,HdG LdG (32)
.150 -146U ,dGh dG ,aGh MGdGY Y (33)
.dGh RdGh Rdc dG cCJ (J) H j 29 -16U ,Ie HY f ,ja fCG (34)
.3 bQ jBG ,HdG IQS (35)
. 29 -13U ,QdG dG a ,FGedG gGHEG (36)
. 24 -10U ,1956 ,IgdG ,dhCG W ,HdG dG e : QJ Oe (37)

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AHOCGh KdG H zdG{ e
eCG e.O
: jdGh dG Y H bdG - 1
QdG g BGda ,jdG BGdG M e Yh dG IQM eb
:zdG MQ{ adG eEG j ,dG c dM eb dG IQDdGh ,SSCG
T BGdG Lh ,BGd T qdG Lh , qd T eCG dJ e L{
.zdG JUh dG dG ASCG
BGdGh dH dC G bY H dGh H dG e hCG dG QOCG
dG Y Hh ,dGh dH GMGh ,jdG BGdG H GhCGHh ,jdGh
a Lj qb HGQ ,GMCG e M CH j ,qb HGQ jdGh
a Ghj CG dG Y Gk Qe UCGh ,JfjOh Jd H ddG GQM
Yh SEG Y a Ghj CG hCG ,SEG Y Y HdG dG a
.HdG dG GSG hO jdG
jZ a dG Y k ec gOSEH edG jdG e dG M eCG
jW g jdGh dGh UEG a jW fch ,J dEG j
.MGh Om Gh e jj dGh jdG Y C ; AGH AGS KqdG
. GOBG c , Sa eH PSCG

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 64
: dG a dG e -2
-: gRHCG ,e IqY HdG dG a d
GhS kbWh ,He HW bh ,WCG dGh ,AT c AZ dG (1)
,MGh hM Y L GPEG dG H HWh ,aGdG HdGh
,(1)|bW GhS S dG N c GhJ dCG} :- dJ - b bdCGh
:CG (2)zkW k Z SG dG{ :jdG ah .H Y H qe :CG
.d k e VQCd de
feCG fEG{ - Y dG VQ -: Y jM eh ,dG H dG JCj (2)
.j :CG , (3)zHW H QdG a
AL - dG Y- je EG{ :jdG ah ,dG H dG JCj (3)
YdG eh ,OGdG e b :CG , (4)ze Oa OGL e W gAa
:dG :HGYCG HG bh ,JGe a e YL dj SdG e
jY hCG S Y hCG ,kL hJ IOdG a dGh ,eCG H eCG
.H e aQCG H LQOh Re :CG W SdGh ,S
j - Y dG VQ- SdG b eh ,edG e dG H dG JCj (4)
:(5) dG SQ
``MQ ``dGE ``dÙ `è ``J
```W G```H ```d``Y ``è GPGE
,Vj K VQCd W fC W d bh ,b GH b e GPEG :CG
.feR W W c SdG W dch ,NBG W JCjh
:CG T W Y fdG e a c :j ,dG H dG JCj (5)
j M Y k M CG ,(6)|W Y k W cd} :-dJ- b M
a NC He IMGh c ,M H k M :CG{ :edG b ,edG
Y g :db e JdG gh ,W L j CG Rjh ,dGh IqdG
L jeCG hCG KG d j zW T aGh{ dG ah ,W
Wh ,b Y e b k q nT EG :UCGh ,e c H JG ,IMGh dM
T aGh e MGh c C dP d a ,eCG Y GJG ,OjEG e M
.zfh

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GdCG dGh ,rYp dEG rYp e J fEa UG a zdG{ e eCGh

AWCGh AdGh AdGh jdGh Kdc SdG e T W a
dG dH Jj zdG{ e UCGh ,dP Zh dGh AGdGh YCGh
.a OQh
,H GhOJ M ,UN dG Y dG Y hCG LdG Y Lh d
YGHEG e jh ,dG Y qe eR e dG Gg Xh ,a GJh
f dG dG dG e Gk ja k q a dc q jh ,eSEG HdG IQdG
.gGdG fY a EG iNCG eCG e eCG jCG GOBG a T d
Y e ha KK Y f ,dG Y hCG ,LdG Y a qdGC e Idh
: KG b dEG jdG fh zdG{ e e d dG
: dG Y : khGC
YGb d k Y dG Gg QU M zdG{ H dG AY e c gG
,JGe GqHh ,d GLJ :jdGh jdH H gG a ,HGVh
,gQYCGh ,gdGe GhOMh ,gQKBGh c GMCGh ,gQNCG GfhOh ,JWh
GVqJh ,FGQBGh gGe a dG GHh ,JMQ a gJh ,Jahh
-: dG Gg a qdGC eh ,MCG e c a gd
.(`g 276 ) Od gQNCGh jdG jdG W c -1
.`g351 (Y H dGdGY) dG qdG HC jdG JGe -2
.(`g368 ) aGdG S HC jdG IdG W -3
dfCG HdG dG H e H HC jdGh jdG W -4
.(`g380)
.(`g400 ) dG dGY HC jdGh IdG W -5
QfCG e H MdGY cdG HC AHOCG W a AdCG gf -6
.(`g577)
dG dG HGC jdG L jR d I dG fGC Y IGhdG fGE -7
.(`g724)
.(`g816 ) OHGRhdG j H d dG FCG W a dG -8

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 66
WdG MdGY jdG d IdGh jdG W a IYdG H -9

.(`g911)
qdG HCG j ,qb FGa g jdGh jdG W c Vdh
e h ihQ e d QdG Qj M ,ah dG Z b :dG
HCG H bj fgO gCG e Gk c EG Mh ,Y NCG jCG e h ,Y n hoQ
S HCG hCG ,UCG S HCG dEG dG AdG Hh ,Y HCGh ,IY
gCG :hQj a ,MCG Y dCdG jh ,jdG S HCG hCG ,dG
HCG H e jH dG dEG j h ? adG MCG hCG ? dG MCG
Y H Y Y HCG H j h ,fdG hY HCGh ,AdG HG hY
a ,NCG b{ :djh ,edG SEG HCG H dU Y HCG Hh ,dG
NCG Ie H S dG HCGh ,NCG dG HCG H bj
Y dG HCGh ,adG NCG QdG H Y dG HCG Hh ,jdG
dG j Mh ,j H MCGh jj H e MU NCG S H
dG MU dG S H eh OGdG S HG SdG CG
c LdH dG CG f UdG e Zh ,dG Gg N e ,(7)zGNCG
.dG e a dG c Vh dEG YGdG SCG gCG e
UCGh ,JH Jh ,AGdG Id OCG e a IOe dDe Xh
e Gk c HOCG dG aYh ,JGH k Fb k a d LdGh ,H jdG
-: e ,j e hCG zdG{ d J dG dG
.QfCG H AHOCG W -1
.dG H AGdG W -2
.SdG H AGdG W -3
.Yd AGdG W -4
.ddG H HC AGdG W -5
.(`g237 ) dG S H AGdG a W -6
.(`g243 ) OjdG dG HC AGdG W -7
.dG HC AGdG W -8
.jdG e HCG H YSE AGdG W -9

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.(`g276 ) b H AGdGh dG -10

.GdG H ,AGdGh dG -11
.(`g210 ) IY HC AGdGh dG -12
.eBd dGh JDdG -13
.fHRd AGdG e -14
dG dG Y UdG g ,d LdGh zAGdG W{ Vh e jdGh

dG Qe g ,jdG BGdGh , dG SQ Sh ,dG c a H j
j h ,HdG dG UCG g dGh .dG Y Y bj ah ,c
e SdH e dh{ :jdG MU j ,jdG Xh N e EG b
BGdG jH dG Y dH fSGh ,dG d ae dEG L dG
LdGh ,dG L e VdG ch ,zdG d dG SQ jOMCGh
jdG BGdG J a da ,eRe dGh jdG C ; k ah k jO AGd
e jQd b cCG ch{ :b HG j ,jdG dG jdGh
a gQTCH MG j jdGh ,OCG gCG L aj jdG AGdG
ch , (8)z dG SQ jMh ,Lh Y dG c ah ,dG ah ,jdG
dG ahR :j ,dG e VdG e dG J S HG VZ
e h ,Oj OCG h ,jZ a M h ,a N Ve e e
h ,e a h ,e Ag h ,FGQ je h ,j e h ,j
,jOdG gCG Y hNCj dh ,c dEG c e b dhGJ bh ,e f
Y dG jGhdGh dG gCG LCG GPEG MC dh ,AdG Y Vj dh
.(9)U Y hj h ,U e j CG AT HEG
dG L dM QJ bh ,FdG LCG e jdG BGdG ch
LdG IGOCG g HdG dGh ,BGd T jdG dG jda ,iNCG
Y jdG jGhdG jW Y dEG Uh jdG Yh , qdGh BGdG d
H oj e gh ,a GJh ,H GhOJ Y dG Y Lh dd ,LdG
Vh dEG YGdG SCG gCG e dGh feCGh dG dCe fch ,LdG
dPh ,kGQX dG Gg hCG KqdG W fch ,dGh LGdG c

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IGhQ hCG ,fSCG LQ S aeh ,jdG jhH dG AdG Ld

dG Gd zjdGh dG{ d kW bU e dG H jdG
:dP eh ,jdG IGhQh ,Kd LdH AdG gG
.(`g 207 ) bGd dG c -1
.(`g 207 ) Y H d KqdGh AdG W c -2
.(`g271 ) M H d dG c -3
.(`g230 ) S H d idG dG -4
.(`g230 ) S H d idG dG -5
.(`g240 ) N H d dG c -6
.bdG dN H e dGY HC LdG W c -7
adG dG H Y H Y jdG Gd KdG W c -8
.(`g804)
.fdG M H HdG J a HUEG -9
.(`g463 ) dGY H UCG ae a SG -10
.KCG H HdG ae a HdG SCG -11
jdG a MH ch ,qb FGa dc KdG W c Vdh
dEG j dG Gg a XdG MdGh{ :dG HG j ,dG Gg dEG e
ij dGY HGh ,(10)zY NCG eh ,Y GhNCG eh adGh dGdG ae
,gYhh , dG SQ qS Gf fC ; adH SdG dhGnC g HdG{ CG
.(11)zjdGh jdG b a dG c H fdG cdG gh
j dh ,OdG g d c Y jdG e (W) d WCG e hCG EG
j HdG dG a dEG Uh c hCGh ,W d dG Gg dEG
j ,b k e dG fh zAGdG a W{ c g zW{ d
zW ah ,ADg hO dh ,H d{ :gdG MCG HG Y UCG
c e SEG AGT a e ddG dG a S HG L MCG HGh
Y zW{ d j c hCGh .AGe H ShCGh Kh H Sh L HG
(`g207 ) Y H d zKudGh AdG W c{ g KqdG
S H d idG dG c g AdG a dEG Uh c hCGh
.(`g230)

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dGh BGdG eN gh ,jdGh VdG a e fc EGh ,dG gh

-: KG b dEG LdG Y AdG fG bh ,dG a e fEa -
.SQGdGh dG SSCG Y dDe H b -1
.dG hM Y dDe H b -2
S H eh ,HdG dG H e HHCG hCG dG j
Lh ,dG jdG L fdG dG jh ,S H eh dG
,Hc ee a e qVh hCa ,jdG e gZh WdG jdG
o cr Ph ,Lh dG qc dW HCG H Y eDdG eCG o cr P GPEG J aR :a
cPCG K ,QNCG e ATh dDhdG OSCG HCG cH JCG K ,N e e
,(12) dP dd gQNCG hJ d dG hM Y dP H IdG
dW CGh -Y dG VQ - dW HCG H H AdG Y M dG dGh
Y dG Gg ICf dEG edG dG g dDhdG OSCG HCGh - Y dG VQ-
hM Y Hc H a WdG jdG L eCGh .d j bh ,jj
SH k cJh ,- - dG d Ggh ,jMCGh jdH kFe ,dG
jdGh Id LJ jMCGh jd LdG e fG qdh ,YCG
.dG hM M
b ,dG eH LGdG GC H ,eR SSCG Y Hc H a b HG eCGh
TC LdH Nh , (13)dhCG dG e f gCG e gh : LJ a
JdG Gg j d b HG CG MdGh .`g195 S adG dG
h ,dG dG SSCG Gj a ,NDjh j fEGh ,kGL k V edG
AGdH Hc N dG HGh ,dG JdG h ,edG JdG
,eh ,jb gL :W HQCG AGdG CG dEG OdG gP bh ,KndG
W KdG QU K ,neh ,eSEGh ,SEGh gdG QOCG dG gh
GC H ,(14)ddG a fhO hCG qdG CGh ..jQdG Y fKh dhCG :W
j jdG AGdG NBG fCG g dP a dGh ,eg H gGHE H H c
j KndGh ,KdG TCG gh ,OH H QH H cP K ,(15)gH
.AdG d LdH dG Nh ,gQTCH
jdG BGdG eN g IMGh LGdGh dG a dDdG jZ fc

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,eJ hCG zdG{ e NGJ j a MSh ,jdG jdG qdGh

Lj hCa ,dG S H e Yh ,gdG S H e Y UN
j jdG AGd Lj fdGh , dG SQ jM Gf jd
qe HGV e MGh dh ,-Lh Y- dG c J a gQTCH
.MGh dG C ; eJh NGJ
: dG M dG HGV : kfK
Y GqY ,jeh HGV GSCGh LdG d W IqY AdG S
-: HGdG g eh ,LdG W SSCG
:jq dG HV -1
-dJ- dG c g jdG BGda ,LdG Y jd e HV jqdG
dG Y ah ,BGdG d QhV eCG HdG dGh .c dG Qe gh
dG j H ,jdG BGdG d g HdG da ,e eCG jdG Y Y
- dG H Y Y ihQ ,MCG SG j Hh ,jdGh BGd dG
: SdG bh , (16)zdH dY EG BGdG GC j { :b fCG - Y dG VQ
e gh jqdG a dG Yh ,(17)zjO hNCJ qY Ghfa ,jO dG Gg EG{
:(18)AGdG H b , qdGh BGdG dCG fe J Hh ,jdG Vha
I`dG V`c Và `Y `dG ```M
````dG `````H GE ````jO `j à
OMh ,a dG Y jdG gCG e V e{ :cCG CG dEG L HG gPh
dG g a V M SGh ,GSG fEa ,dEG dG jdG Y
cNCG GhTQCG{ : SdG bh ,(19)zH adG WN dG jdG jdG
a Aj dCG O j dGh ,kV dG a ,(20)zV b fEa
g ,dG AY gCG e g dh ,jqdG QeCG a f GPEa , qdGh dG
.SdG gCGh
HdGh} :-dJ- dG j ,SEG dEG dG e j KqdGh
Y YQR HCG S zHdG VjdG{ ah (21)|QfCGh jLdG e dhCG

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 73
Y : dG SQ b ? j eh :a , dG SQ jM L
jCG ADg :d a ,Sh Y ihQ e ,HUCG e k dCG Y HQCGh dCG Fe
T eh ,GYCG eh ,H eh eh jdG gCG :b ? GS jCGh ? Gfc
(22)
.e Sh ,BGQ c ,GOdG M e
OSEG ah qdG a GHJ GPEG ,hUdG dG KqdG Y dGh
CG e hGdG QYG jh (L) c H a (jdG Y NCG CG)
a Gg Yh ,SSCG Y f dG eCGh ,dG NH g W
W eh ,L dEG dH Hd IMGh W e fj T
e Zh QfCG de H fCa ,a Hj ,iNCG L dEG dH
dEG ff GPEG ,H HdG HcCG e fh H HCG hO ,HdG ZUCG
Y g IMGh W e e q j d ,SEG dEG dG a JhJ
Hda Gg Yh ,dG U UCG a cGTG dEG ff GPEG ,HdG
JCG JCGh ,dK W HdG JCGh ,fK W HdGh ,dhCG W gSCH
.eN W HdG JCG JCG JCGh ,HGQ W HdG
HCG ihQ a ,jOMCG H e PNCe KqdG Y zdG{ eh
,T W Y GN OBG H EG CG{ :b SdG Y QdG S
,kGQc jh ,kGac dj e eh ,keDe jh ,keDe jh ,keDe dj e e
dj e eh ,kGac jh ,keDe jh ,keDe dj e eh ,kGac jh
Y IdG g a SdG CG Gg eh , (23)zkeDe jh ,kGac jh ,kGac
.jdG JM M e W HQCG
(172 ) QhdG e H SdG GhQ ,NBG N a SWR d fh
VQ- HdG e f S dEG dG SQ UCG Y fGR :a j
H HGoC h ,Oe H dGYh ,dW HCG H Yh ,dG H Y :-Y dG
:f a IGhdG W eCGh ,AdG W ADa ,L H P eh ,c
dG W eCGh ......a dGh QNCG UCG W eCGh .........{
.(24)za qdG W eCGh .........dG FGN W eCGh .........kjCG a
c ADgh ,zW{ dG e MGh c S fCG a VGh jdGh
e CG if g eh ,jGhQh IAGbh ah jMh J e ,jdG Y j

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 72
hCG dG a gGdG e ge Y dO dh ,jO de d SdGR d

MU H j jGhdG hCG dG
a jdG dGR Hc a S H e b dG g dG Ggh
dG Gg e k jb fh ,HdG HJh HdGh HdG JGe j
H GC H M ,SIGhdG fEGR Hc a dG jdG L jRdG Y jdG
Yh ,dG hM M LdG dEG OY K ,-Y dG VQ- dW HCG H
LdG dEG LQ K ,kfK jMCGh ,khCG jd LdH GC H PEG ,WdG
.dG hM M
: OdG HV (
Oj IQJ a ,Y dEG Y e IMGdG dG a LdG OY j
W e qj S HG Y dG OGaCa ,kbO Gk jJ Oj IQJh ,qe OH
HdG Y GhhQ jdG e k e adG gCG e dhCG da ,iNCG dEG
,(123) f ddG dGh ,(69) f gOGaCG Oa fdG eCGh .c gOY
,(49) SOdG dGh ,(52) f edG dGh ,(181) f HGdG dGh
OH f qj d S Ha ,(128) SdGh ,(43) edGh ,(63) HdGh
dG QdG dG dEG Oj dG a OdG NGh ,W c a qe
jj a ,e e ah ,jdG GhhQ jdG Hd Lj a ,d JG
.e j h ,Y M dG OdG a
HHCa ,W c a qe OH fCG Ghqj d k jCG a jdG eCGh
,S a adG jdGh ,W Y a IdG If L k e HdG
,FdG g a Gk MGh fdG ah ,KK adG If e dhCG dG a Lh
ah ,K g a Gk MGh edG ah ,N HGdG ah ,J ddG ah
.S SOdG
H MCGh ,fdG dG a Mh FdG L GPd :AdG Aj bh
K ,khCG SdG j c HQ fCG j dGh ,edG dG a Mh j
IQTEG fh ,kGMGh EG j d JQcdG dG ah ,d gCG g e a Jj
ASDhdG SdG cCG EG{ :j M ,dG dG HCG Y dG dEG

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 75
,eRCG HZh ,jCG jb Y SdG a gh ,dG QhdGh ,dG

Gg NCGh ,dG Y dEG fGh ,QdG Qc dEG Uh bh ,Gg fH a
gh f Y jh ,j e SdG j ,j h ,j qY dG
e MGda{ :a ,ADg e dM fc e Y qj K , (25)z......j
W M dG dEG j dh ,SdH QJ dG e W a ADg
SdH j dh ,W a L :CG zSdG W{ :db eh ,(26)zSdG
: gh ,dG b dG HCG OQhCGh ,jdGh jdG
Ja dY Ga Qj fCG Qjh Qj e SdG e
hTQCa V Ga Qj fCG Qj h Qj e eh
a dW Ga Qj fCG Qj e eh
(27)
hQMa gL Ga Qj fCG Qj h Qj e eh
IAdG M e dEG fh ,W HQCG dEG SdG qb dG CG VGhh
.dG H qj d fCG e ,dG
Y gh ,gdG dG AGT Y jdH Hc GC H a ,S HG eCGh
eh ,kgL Gk YT HQCG da ,AGT HQCG W c a W Y a
eh ,deh ae gQ HQCG W c ,W Y :SEG W
dG e fba{ :dH qVh bO e Ggh ,k jCG HQCG AD g
gfLa ,FGf dEG e T HJ e dCa ,kGYT HQCG Y jQdG
YGdG cj d fCG EG ,(28)zdeh ae W c gQ HQCG ,W Y
j Oj Y dG oe Gdh ,W c AGd QNG Y H dG
:db dP eh ,Vd k S IdG L fCH Mj e JGQY a d ,keZ
H NCG fEGh ,FGhCG e Ve AGT a gQ HQCG gh ,HGdG dG{
FGQ IMGh dh ,a Gk YT OSCG ch{ :jh ,(29)zIGhdG jCH gT b
:jh , (30)zJe Y eb H T dh ,dG OLCH M jW
dh ,(31)zgQ HQCG Y dG a fbG fCG EG ,edG HQCG f ShCGh{
.cCG hCG bCG hCG S hCG N J dh ,HQCG dG L GPd j
:dj GdG a ,S HG b OLe W dEG AGdG J EG
hD eG :HQCG SdG TCG :bh ,YCGh HdGh gR :KK gdG a dG

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 74
:W HQCG gY AGdGh :MdG jh .eh ,aWh ,HdGh ,dG

:jb YT j Gg ah .QhdGh ,YdGh ,dG YdGh ,jdG dG
Jg `c AG`dG `HGQ `j
(32)
fGC e fGC YRh
j ,a b IMGh W a S HG Y AGdG e HQCG L a
dG gCG e e qY jGhdGh ,dGh dG H fbG fEG{ :db dP Y
,(33)zH a GNG K ,W dG TCG fCG Y GLG ,HQCG gQ dEG
bOh ah ,Y SG :kq T H b dG dG dEG j dDda
,dH dG gCG e e qY jGhdH SG H ,g H j dh ,eCJh
CG ijh ,dG TCG g gQ HQCG dEG UJ jGhdGh eCdG :HSCHh
Sh{ :j ,j bh dH dG gCG Y j b HQCG ADg
gMCG FJ dh ,e MGh d dG cfh ,HQCG fh ,aNG
a J dG HCG gT e cfh ,CGe e H h ,d J dG a
.(34)zdGh jdG
ADg CG Y dG eh ,kq a k SG zW{ d j S Ha
V a hCG ,ge e f a hCG ,dG gGe e ge a dG TCG g
e dCa ,kGYT HQCG Y jQdG dG e fba{ :da ,HhV e
CG e f ,z......W Y gfLa ,FGf dEG e T HJ
g ,MGh AT a EG GYT Hj h ,S HG f SSCG g HdG
.e MGh c H qj dG e hCG ,dG a ge
dN e j CG S HG OGQCG dG ddG g zdG{ Ia fc
,VZ Y d Sh dG IH JQa ,jdGh HOCG QNCGh ,QaCG
: Pf KK eeCG ch
.jdG dG IdG PfCG :hCG
.dG dG PfCG :fdG
.YLG dG bGdG PfCG :ddG
,dG e a NBG dEG dG e dG Y Fb YLG hda{
J h ,e c fc H ,H dEG H ODj fe W J dh

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 77
.zW Z hX Jh ,UN hX a EG dEG jdG AfH

.S HG KCJ W CH : g ;g GDdGh
,YLG dH KCJ :dG H KCJ fEG :f GDdG Gg Y Od
dGh HQ HCG H Y :e ,AGdG e Od Lj d fc a dP j
bY d Ggh ,eSEGh gdG :jdG a ddG AGTh ,edGh
d QNG e dP jh ,jdG dH KCJ fCG iQCG c ,SdG fdH
d bGda ,S HG b ahe fc dG c dCJ Ia zW{
e KGh ,KqdGh AdG W c d Y H dGh ,dG c
LdG a fdGh ,HdGh Hd LdG a hCG c GPEGh ,`g207 ah
e bCG g S H SAGdG a WR c Ea ,KqdGh Ad
h jj zIY{ dG OY c eCGh ,AGdG W c e dEG Uh
dH hdG -- dG UCa ,kjCG jO dCdG CG iQCa ,j
P e FGhCG IdGh ,eQ e NGhCG IdG dG Y jCG aCGh ,IY
.dG
,W H bdG jJ e Y a dG dG PfCH KCJ eCGh
W a AGdG J CGh ,ae He ,HQCG W c a Hh
HCG CG dEG TCGh ,gZh MCG H dGh UCG dEG QTCG ,b k ahe c
W c ah ,S a dG OY a ,GdG Gg Y QS TdG jR
.AGT S
: edG HV (
Mh HdG Gg CG EG ,dG NGO LdG Vd k Se q j edG
IdG NG bh ,dG IAdG HV g ,NBG HV dEG a ,j
a ,Yh LdG Iah e k bfG T Y T jJ a jdGh
a bCG e Y Y jJ ah ,Y Y e jJ a GNG
HCGh OSCG HCG Y hj fEa ,ddG dG a gh ,jGhdG Sh dGh dG
NCG e ,IGhdG M M dG gh ,- Lh dG c - Y Y OSCG
HCG H AYh ,bCH hdG eh ,Gg Ge H Y :OSCG HCG Y

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 76
,ShdG eYO H IObh ,j H jh ,Y HCG H af HCGh .OSCG

,OSCG HCG Y GhNCG ADg c ,UY H fh ,eg H MdG Yh
.(35)HdG e dG GH dG a gjOe hJh
Ge H Y Y ej IY HCG c ,fdG dG e bCG eh
OSCG HCG dG Vh e hCG :j ch ,OSCG HCG Y NCG a aQ dG
Gk Y C ,SEG HCG H dGY K ,dG Y K ,bCG e K ,dDhdG
,dGh NC G a H Y H eR q J a EGh , L Gk MGh
.(36)gY NBG QOCG fCG EG dG g e d SEG HCG H dGYh
fC IdG If e HGdG dG hCG a edG SEG HCG H dGYh
GhYh ,dG a cQT jdGh ,kJe ebCGh dG a cQT a GNCG bCG
,S H OMh ,dG Y H Yh ,AdG H hY HCG HGdG dG e
MGR dG bh a ed ch ,dGY H eh ,bHdG H OMh
.(37)dG g hCG a a ,gY NBG a bCG k feh Y
a gQYCG jOeh gdGeh AdGh KqdGh HdG ah adh
SG dG IGhdG SG dR :b fCG QdG S Y hQ ,GL c
Sa dG JG GPEG{ :b fCG Z H M Y hQh .(38)jQdG d
. (39)zY c e Sh S GMCG j ,dH
dEG HdG L S Ha zidG dG{ AH a edG Y NJ
e J ,ST eR Me j da ,fedG fG f SEG
H jh ,QH H e gh ,d Le NBG Y jh , dG Oe
.`g238 S e aJ bh Y
eCGh HCG SG cP e ,kec LdG SG cH S HG Y LdG GC J
eCGh ,S H S Tg H FGh H UdG H hY H dGY{ :dc JNEGh
Y qjh ......S H S H jM H eY H dG H e H jQ
IadG e jH ec jh ,jdG e ihQ e H cjh ,eSEG eR
aJ :b ,Y H e fNCG{ :dc ,jdG ihQ qYh ,Yh feRh
ihQ bh ,S 27 HG m ej gh ,`g56 S dH UdG H hY H dGY
LGdG a ddG g d ,GMCG c a Gg dh ,(40)Yh H HCG Y

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 79
.dG e dhCG
fNCG :dc ,LdG f a jQdG dG Y S H e j
MdGY H M Y gdG Y jDhP HCG HG fNCG :b hQg H jj
dG dEG Gf GPEG eQ a dG j Yh Y jCGQ :b ,Y H
. (41)H Gj K OSCG
H M Y gdG Y de Y Y H e f NCGh{ : jh
.zjCGQ :j dh ,eQ a dG j fc Yh Y CG MdGY
GM CGh ,de jM fY KCGh{ :bGdG T H Gg Y qjh
e S b dh ,dP Y j Jeh Sh ,kT e j dh ,Y j d
,kGch Gk U dh Y Nj c Y Nj ch ,dN c fC ; Y
HCGh ,S HCG H jheh f H hY H jR H S Y ihQ b dh
,jdG c k dY K ch ,Y H c CG eCGh ,H H dGh Ijg
.zS 73 HG gh `g95 S jdH MdGY H M aJh
Ggh ,`g105 S aJ fCG cj e S bh{ :dH dG Gg Y qjh
Nh ,jGhQ a h ,S a ,dc dP j CG j d ,CNh Z
.(42) zYCG dGh ,GdG dEG bCG Jh
,jdG c ,ka K ch :(MdGY H S HCG) LJ a jh
gh ,dGY H ddG aN a Jh HQCG S jdH S HCG aJh
.(43)zFeh HQCG S aJ fEG :b e b e KCG Ggh ,S Sh KG HG
bh ,SEG jb c :dc ,GQdG H edG S HG Oj bh
g H S b :db hCG ,(45)H SEG jb gh :db hCG ,(44)SOdH
dG H Y aN hCG a dPh ,`g14 S dG a Gk T dG H
N S LQ a Gk T edG j bh :db hCG ,(46)-Y dG VQ-
.(47)IY
dG IM e eG ,jW eR M JG S H e CG MdGh
e LGdG H CG jh ,Y dEG HdG HJh ,HdGh HdGh ,
H f fCG dP ,a H dGh ,eSCG H Q dG :j J U
,dDdG a aJ dG dG gh ,`g230 S GaJ d LdG UTCG

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 78
Se H dGh ,`g230 S a aJ dG H Y CG cP fCG dP eh

,`g233 S Je Y H dGYh UY H QdGYh ,`g232 S aJ RGdG
S GJe M H gRh L H dGY H Yh ,Y H HCG H eh
,QH H eh ,`g235 S Je e H Th ,H H Qeh ,`g234
.`g238 S Je Y H jh
hCG Jah H GaJ fC ; H dDdG d Lj d ADg CG VGdG eh
dDd LJ dG dG a f fCG dP eh ,a aJ dG dG a
N HQC MCG j OGH aJh ......bGdG MU S H e :f
,(48)dG c ,dG Gg dCG dG gh ,`g230 S INBG iOL e
.dG L Y ,Jah H d GLJ jdG g eJ CG Y j Ggh
g fEGh ,qe W a LdG Vd k HV d gMh edG dCe EG
Hh ,e W e LQ Iah jQJ a Gk c k ba f H ,jJ dCe
eCG dEG dG Oj fEGh ,J dG dG e f dG a aJ LQ
,jOMCG e ihQ e Idh ,Y dEG hCG GJh OdG S dEG Lj b ,NBG
-: e ,Ic dP Y eCGh
HCG H IOH HCGh ,dhCG dG a ,(49)Ubh HCG H S H e L fCG -
a bh ,`g103 S aJ gch ,fdG dG a , (50)TCG Se
.zjdG c K ch{ :hCG LJ
dG H jRh HdG dG a ,(51) dG Y H M L fCG -
a j f fCG EG ,203 S aJ gch ,edG dG a ,(52)dG
.fBGd k FQb ,a d ,kSf Gk HY c :fdG
dG a , dG L HCGh ,HGdG dG a ,(53)YCG L fCG -
(54)
MU YCG ch{ :hCG a bh ,147 S aJ gch ,edG

eh zjdG a kV ch{ :fdG a bh zjdH Yh FGah BGb
.d k Se jh ,Mh edG dEG j fCG j Gg
dEG AGdG bh ,S HG dP M AGdG IM a qa KCG edh
,dG e VGdG e c a FdG g Y QJh ,eSEGh gL
gCG MCGh ,dG hD eG k J gdG MCG :dj fDhY c :j a

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 81
eCG Qo e jT ,MjdG Kh H S :jh ,(55)edG hP k J SEG

a Yh ,kjb SCG H KM H eCG ch :jh ,(56)SEGh gdG a
a Th ,gdG a T dh ,keg SEG dCGh ,kjW Gk Y g dG
j c SEG HCG HG CG :dc fj fNCGh :jh ,(57)SEG
:dH dG Gg Y qYh ,c SEG gCG TCGh ,be gdG gCG TCG
:dH S HG b Y TQ HG qYh ,(58)zrs noj dh dG Gg j dh{
HG jh ,(59)zdG WCG e hCG fCG Y e fCG Z ,e Z Ggh{
SEG a Hh gdG a Gk gO Y b dG ch :dG Y S
.(60)k M
HdG Y dc ,dCd QDj dG dH jh ,dG cj bh
,SEGh gdG a AdG jW ,e Gk YT ,kjb HdG ch :dG
(61)
:db dP Y j ,fHdG HdG e cCG ch
fE à Y k`FS `j `à
````dG ``jGC ``dG è
``à `dh `d `fj `JGC
````Mh GP `H ``Yh
e gdG N `HGC bh
fdG dG e J c
NCG ch :gR H c Y dc ,GMCGh GhdG H QDj bh
TGN Y jh ,(62)k Mh e a dG e Th SCG gR HG c
:jh ,(63)zQdG jCG jb b HCG EG :jh ,kjb j ch{ : gR HG
b jhe e gh ,H bh ,dG H Y H dGY a j ch
,(65)jhe Y a ch k ac ch :dG cdG Y jh , (64)T H
NCG e bCG ,SEG hCG a jb ,e YT :L H c Y jh
.(66)e fch ,H d bh ,edGh
dG V e M H OGbh jdG H eH L fCG eCG a jdGh
,S HCG H gd GUe gL GYT gh ,eSEG e edG
d j dh ,dG M a :S HG b ,jdG H eH NCG HG gRh

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 80
j d b GPe :gR d a ,HQbCGh NCG Hh JGNEG H de qb dh

Gk gR CG YR e Ya ,T :b ?g e :b ! c dP aCG :b ?N
Z AGT CG k jCG S HG ijh ,(67)jdG HG eH b e dG AL
e Qf dh ,(68)S HCG H gR eh ,YJh NCa T Y J fc
Th ,Y H Y e IMGh W a j S HG L dG dG
! AUdG HG
KqdG H Gk L k ST k ba f fEa AdG Y fedG HdG fQb GPEa
eRh dG IOh eR hca ,kGL bj Kqda ,AHOCGh jdGh
IGhdG M V dEG Oj Gg Y UM dh ,fe bH feh Jah
. dG SQ jM hhj jdG
hcj a ,jQdG dG a bqdG g e gY f a AHOCG eCGh
,S HG Y jCGQ e e ,HOCG dG j e QH ,IHY H d jQdG
Ghj d AT da ,feh Jah eRh ,feh YdG IOh eR cP eCGh
Y k jCG f h ,b HG Y h ,S HG Y f a ,kGQOf EG dEG
.fUCGh fHRdGh eBG
LdH Jh ,dG eH J S HG Y LdG CG MdGh
,d LJ YT NBG H Qda ,130 S adG ,dG dG Yd
jdG AGd Lj CG dP a dG dh ,ec ,S Fe dDdG IMh
.dJ- dG c ah dGh dG a gH j
: dG HV (O
AY H j dG Ggh ,fGHh AGdGh IGhdG WhCG aH AdG gG
,IOe FGa dh ,JaJ e c a dEG hj ,jdGh OCGh dG
YdG H aeh ,j qY Jh ,T Jh ,hGdG T ae :e
.d a gKCGh
Ad K ,adGh IdG Ad LdH GC Hh ,dG YGQ HdG HHCa
,kfK jdHh khCG IdH k Fe ,JdG Gg Y dfCGh GhdGh e
JW Y jdG cH GC f{ :Hc ee a b ,dG a SCG YGQh

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 83
,HdG Y a ed dG c e jdG fh ,gH jdGh

.(69)za dCdG dEG Sh
SdG Iah H HdG CG Mh ,dG Y YGQ a S HG eCGh
M Y d LJh ,kGc gOY ch ,QeCGh idG a GbJ
, dG e fCG YGQ dh ,IQdG jdH k Fe ,H GqM dG QeCG
dG H HdG Qc c ah ,dhCG JCf jdG C f a z qdG QGO{ fCGh
HdH jdG Ja ,dH gGaCG e GhNCd HdG gbh ,
e gH AL d LJ jdG gCG e Hd LJ Hh ,bEG
FdGh e f d LJ K ,W S a Lh ,HJh HdG
gH AL e HdG H cPh , dG SQ UCG e edGh dGh
.HdG e
HCG H H k Fe , dG SQ UCG e adG f d LJ K
a b eh ,adG Fd a VqJ J H ,Ubh HCG H Sh ,dW
gCG SCGQ dEG :dEG c qd dc ,- Y dG VQ - dG H Y
,jEG ch ,dG eQ adG gCG :dbh ,dG SCGQ dEG :dbh ,SEG
dG SQ UCG e eh dGh IdG f d LJ K dG Lh
gCG a ,HJh HdG e HdG H AL e ADg H cPh ,
.S a e gCGh ,K a dGh IdG gCGh ,W J a adG
Y zdG{ a ,H HdG OLd j JJh ceCG QNG EG
j dG Adh ,dG Ad ah dG a HdG dG g KqdG
Gd ,jdH Gfc gQch HdG FGhCGh ,HdG H f dG ceCG NGO
dEG jdG IGhQ KqdG qb dh ,gC LdH S HG GC HG dG
,IMGh W c HdG q Y e a ,MUG a AL W
Gg Y GhSGh ,dK W gH jdG K ,fK W gH HdG Lh
K ,zfj dG K ,fb hdG N{ :dGh IdG Y dH dG
: kHY S HG Y QS dG dG Gg XCG bh ,(70)fj jdG
k ac SdG Iah H j K ,kjq QH j b MGdG dG CG e
a LdG j Gf Gd ,cCG hCG Je d La ,kjq e hCG k q eT hCG k jq H hCG

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 82
W V MGhQ H LJ fCG Gg eh ,NBG Ve a Ljh ,Ve

QfCG e k LQ Y KG AdG V d LJ K ,khCG QfCG e jQdG
a eCG c bh{ :dH fdG LdG NBG a qf fCG EG ,H dG d
.(71)zQdG H QdG H e Gk QH T
qJj d dDdG CG dP ,jj e Y QdG Y j MdG CG eh
Y j CG MdG Y c Gd ; a dG qd ,vFH dCG k JJ YCG
H Y LJ Y j CG k e OGQCG a ,QbCG a HdG H Y
,jQdG V d LJ a Y j CG Y ,Lh dG c dW HCG
e c Gg dh ,LGdG e c Y Qj Ggh ,adG f e Vh
KCGh ,JMQh ,e hXh ,UTCG IM He Y dDdG UM
.dbCG a jdG f ah ,a dG SQ jM
GHEG a dG KCG a YGQ a ,S HG W a dG Y NJh
gdG dG CH k eDe ,jVMh jOH dEG gdG AGdG bh ,dG
.(72)zH dG Ea jdG dEG NCG{ :fHdG Hd gR b k jbh ,jOH T
AGT Vh M ,ebEG ceCG M Y LGJ AGdG d Nh
jOdG AGT H qa dHh ,fe a c jdGh FdGh jdGh e
M W f fCG :e dG H XCG dG Ggh ,idG AGTh
dG FS H AGdG Qc e gh ,ke dG H bh ,HK H
c a AGT HQCG gh ,dG Y H dG IYdG c fCG eh ,iNCG
? gZ hO idG g AGT Y jdG M GPd K ,W
jdG :g ; N a gOMh ,HdG idG AGT Y S HG qJ
:N dG gDhGT ,jdG jb gTCG ,jdGh edGh FdGh eh
dGY Y j ,W ,W ADg jh ,ShCG e KGh QdG e KK
fcP dG W a d ,gdG a S ,eb a QdG YR :MGhQ H
.HQCG ,N jdG AGT CG f fh ,(73) e OSG
j CG Y bJh jb J e ch{ J Gk T YHCa ,AGT Hh
.(75)TEG H qa ,d a QTCG jb QTCGh .(74)zkH H
hdH dG j fEGh{ ,N DhGTh ,dH dh ,T FdHh

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 85
,Y Qjh hj b hCG ,QdGh ShCG M f ,AMCG H J dG

T b dG dPh ,GHQj dh ,IFf H j d fCG jb T b dGh
dG a dG KCG qVj CG S HG jj ,bO Me gh .(76)zY
Qjh hj b hCG ,AMCG H J dG hdH j da ,AGdGh
gh ,hMh GQZh bh Qa T L a gdG dG Wh ,Y
.jOdG a J QeCG
(77)
. AGT KK e cPh ,Mah qL c T jdG ah :bh
.(78)GQce GYT edH YCG h :bh
.AGT fK e cPh ,qL T acCGh jdG Oj ah :bh
,idG T fd M a ,AGdGh dG a dG KCG Y j c Ggh
,J Hh ,Zh SCG c d jdGh e a ,jOdG T dGLh
c jR H Sh ,jdGh e c d jdGh FdGh edG Th
AT Y a ,e Sh ,fd a ,jdG cGjh ,IdG j
j jR H Y a ,IdH dG Y J OadG fc :b , (79)zc
OjCG OhhGO HCGh jR H Y :UCG bh ,(80)T a Na ,Jd
. (81)jH d XdCG C ; gQTCG ihJ
,dG a dG Lh NGh ,GQYG d dG OJ d
H Jh ,H AdG Ich ,dG f ICf a KCG dG e d ch
aj H c Lh ,AdG eCG GhcGJh ,H AdG LG a ,H Y
:b EG MCG j a ,dG cP iL M fejh ,fjh ,gAY
HdG Y a TGh ,(82)aeh dG e gh ,dG cPCG dG
,dG Y a Lj dEGh ,kc GcJ g Ada ,adGh IdG :We
e dEG eh ,e cCG dh ,IdH e LCGh cCG adH dGh
OM e dG IGhQ e YL H ch ,(83)jhGhO a H dPh ,j d
Z dEG fjh ,e dG jh ,dG j Gfc ,Zh jhGdG
,jdG M H IM ADg eh dG e M d d dLQ Hh ,(84)gCG
Qb a ,jdG Y eCGh ,kee k e k eeEG fhjh ,adG gCG j c
Yjh ,SGDhdG L HCG j Gfch ,(85)j h ,BGdG a j c ,d

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 84
Y AH d dG he gh ,Y PNCe JGAGbh eY e Gk c CG
Na ,dG a k Hc U fCG SdG H YR bh :OdG b ,jdG
S d QXEG Y j dh ,dEG dG a ,HUCG Y Vd IdG
gCGh ,jdG Y hNCj c adG gCG c dG Gd ,(86)ec
Y j jdG GYCG hj fC ; Y NCG Y j IdG
.(87)M
bCG :UCG b ,HdG a k eeEG H f a , SdG je eCGh
ch ,(88)Ye hCG e EG U IMGh Ib H jCGQ e feR jdH
e eCGh ,(89)GYCG dEG jh ,jdH dG jOMCGh dG j CGO HG
dG a k Hc Vh zb HG{ :d j ,dGdG e LQ H a
.dGh jdGh dG Y a J jdG C ,(90)k T hj
,dEG a dG e a eh ,Y jH dh ,e ja OGH eCGh
j d ,dG Y M OGH gCG :JM HCG b ,YJCGh Ad eh
.(91)jGhQ VJ e h ,dG c a H Kj e H
AH gh ,dG H ReG Y LdG W Y EG :bCG ; NCG ah
Gg Y adG Gj a ,BG dG OMCG eCGh ,J GMCGh ,SCG
.jdGh d VYh ,YVCG fEGh ,dG AdG

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 87
eGdG
97.U AGdG a W (31) 15 jBG f IQS (1)

9/2 dGh dG (32) . jdG jZ a jdG (2)
50U AGdG b W (33) . f (3)
50U AGdG a W (34) . f (4)
382./2 IGhdG f (35) . 275 ( . .) ZdG SSCG (5)
. 338/3 f (36) . 15 jBG fG IQS (6)
104./2 f (37) 395/2 gdG (7)
189.U dG HG ee (38) . 59U , AGdGh dG (8)
190. U f (39) 116/1 jdG Hc (9)
. 268-261/4 idG dG (40) 197. U dG HG ee (10)
. 154/5 idG dG (41) 1/1 SG - (11)
. 154/5 idG dG (42) 44/1 IGhdG fEG - (12)
157./5 idG dG (43) 105U , AGdGh dG - (13)
. 128/4 idG dG (44) . 233U , IdG - (14)
. 130/4 idG dG (45) 3 egh 753U , AGdGh dG - (15)
. 131/4 idG dG (46) . 302/2 gdG - (16)
. 139/4 idG dG (47) . 302/2 gdG - (17)
. 264/7 idG dG (48) . 302/2 gdG - (18)
222./6 idG dG (49) . 245/3 FdG - (19)
268./6 idG dG (50) . 396/2 gdG - (20)
396./6 idG dG (51) . 100 jBG HdG IQS - (21)
. 403/6 idG dG (52) . 1143/1 dG c - (22)
342./6 idG dG (53) 61. , 19/3 MCG eEG e - (23)
360./6 idG dG (54) . 238/1 HdG W - (24)
. 549U AGdG a dG (55) 19 U jdG JGe (25)
576. U AGdG a dG (56) 21 U jdG JGe (26)
190.U AGdG a dG (57) 21. U jdG JGe (27)
52.U AGdG a dG (58) . 24U AGdG a W (28)
. 208U IdG (59) 137U AGdG a W (29)
110.U AGdG a W (60) 147U AGdG a W (30)

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 86
140.U AGdG a W (79) 124.U AGdG a W (61)

92.U TdG (80) 99.U AGdG a W (62)
. 238U TdG (81) 144.U AGdG a W (63)
. 55U jdG JGe (82) 575.U AGd a W (64)
g dGh 119U j dG JG e (83) 681.U AGdG a W (65)
. 407/2 572.U AGdG a W (66)
g dGh 117U j dG JG e (84) 719.U AGdG a W (67)
. 406/2 733.U AGdG a W (68)
52.U jdG JGe (85) 18.U jdGh jdG W (69)
IGhdG fEGh 48U j dG JGe (86) 12./1 SG (70)
400./2gdGh 108/4 613./3 idG dG (71)
g dGh 143U j dG JG e (87) . 59U TdG (72)
410./2 223.U AGdG a W (73)
156.U jdG JGe (88) 236.U AGdG a W (74)
156U j dG JG e (89) 254.U AGdG a W (75)
402./2gdGh 259.U AGdG a W (76)
. 159U jdG JGe (90) 271.U AGdG a W (77)
.414/2 gdGh 160U jdG JGe (91) 277.U AGdG a W (78)

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 89
QGdG jj H dG Y
fdOe Ojh
dG a jQdG VHEG e e QGdG jj H dG Y c

VHEG Y Gk c f dh .GdG a adG je e UCGh .dG fdG
cM Cf EGh ,dG adG gCG Y d da ,Y a a dG a
e fG K ,dW HCG H Y aN Y a adG a dhCG udG
- cdG Y YJh .eCG dG N a gORGh UCa ,IdG dEG
bh .VHEG e ,nap -HdG H dGY jCG CG ,fdG gCG dG eR a
a VHEG YL Tjh SCGj fdG ORCG jR H HL ddG HdG c
HCG H e IY HCG eEG N K ,dG hCG dG NGhCG a IdG
MCGh IdG YGb Va SdG dG FGhCGh fdG dG jGH a jc
.L HK SCG Y VHEG dG
GYG H dh ,Ij FW udG e a H a adG eCG
OGaCG H e j d dh ,IY HCGh jR H HL Y a VHEG UCG
.jj H dG Y QTG b daCGh gASCG jQdG cj
jQJh , dG Y a dG Qc MCGh , OQchCG eH HdG eSEG SGQdG PSCG

. eSEG dG

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 88
e IQGa dEG j gh ,adG a sHn Jn h n dp oh jj H dG Y CG gdGh

c g f dh ,SCJ e n adG IQGa e l H WSG bh ,e Fb
UCG NCG Y jCG f c ?d de c CG k UCG k jQGa jj H dG Y
Sh IY HCG d gh VHEG J ce IdG dEG MQ gh ?VHEG
HCG SFH YG fCG uda ,d J a zdG{ j fCG UHh ?e
H d k jT c fCG Y jQdG QOe o o co r Jn AT hCG .jdG IY
LG M adH fM d a ,qdG IQJ a dG dG dG
H g UCG LG H ShQO Gd dEG VHEG dG Y UCG
g Zh MdG SG bh .dc g ShQO d dG e dG
.T dYh VHEG dY H dGh cGdG
dGYh g fG K ,fdG dG e M adG a dG eGO
dY UY GfBG OGH QU bh ,eGdG IQGRh Y a OGH dEG jj HG
ah dH dG QO a dG H g a ,adGh jQdG SEG
jj H dG Y eCG -jdH dG M g dGh- dG H Y k JfM
g e jj H dG Y cj d g e IQdG a cT OL fCG a
H QGVh ,dG jdG HCG e nudGh dG e e Zh dG HG
SCGQh ,SdG GHe Heh ,jdG jL H Sh ,ddG hY
k L e UH edG dN H j e a OdG ddG
hQg SdG dG ch ,jdG Zh jdG FdG a GXdG a
QOdG ca ;M AGQh e GXdG H dEG j -hj a- TdG
g bH eCa eeEG a FGQBG H dG H g Y M fCG dG
S GT a eeEG OdG L H Se Y a ,dG e HUCGh
M adG a NGh dG H g gh OGH a Mh Id 179
.f dG a e
Gfc jdG jNBG dG gCG dEG eG b TdG Z CG gdGh
bh ,OGH e jj H dG Y a ,dN H j e a j
dG Y QNG GPa .dG FdG H dEG C dGh ,jW S H dG
,dG dP a eh ISh OY dG a VHEd j d ? d AdG

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 91
H MdG Y H gdG Y eeEG OS M dH e j d GPa

dG Y ddG ?jCG VHEG eeEG eb M oH hCG gJ jH SQ
a IY HCG N eCG jdG IY HCG SFH YG fcP c dG Y CG
dG Y Hh H dG e AT bh a gGdG M H HdG IdG
dG Y jdG FdG a j jdG gCG e c HdGh ,jj H
,dG dH MG Y j e a jj H dG Y eCG ,QNCGh
a k c jj H dG Y Vh H QdG jdG e eL g Hda
OdG ch ,MdG c :g e HQCG jdG HG cj dG ,dGh FdG
g dCG fCG gdGh ,aGdG Y OdG ch ,YSG ch ,ddG Y
.dG dEG Hhg b OGH hCG adG CG ,GdG a dG
Y OdGR c e e N Lj dh dG g YV bh
dG a TY dG HdG VHEG ddG S HG c a SaGdG
He VHEG J a MdG c Y e LJ c dG ddG
j e Y J d EGh ,dG dEG jj H dG Y c Uh a ,NBG
jCGh ,oYh dG a VHEG Y M H HdG Pf Z bh ,oY dEG
ahdG VQe V gJ a SQ H MdG Y H gdG Y eeEG g
.ja HG jj YRh Qst dH
H dGY AGQBG GYG QqdG EG :dH VHEG QDe NdG j
H hY QDdG HCGh ,jdG Y H dG Y AGQBG GJGh ,edG QGdG jj
e ADgh - he H T hdG HCGh ,Qe H JMh ,ShdG e
H a IY HCG d de AGQBG GfG bh IdH IY HCG IeJ
Iah H fEG K ,db dEG GLQh Gef gAGQBG dG fCG dh ,dG Fe
,IY HCG gH J dG M H HdG Gda ge GhOL dG
H T QU gJ a MdG Y H gdG Y eeEG HdG jCG a
,Hd ddG HUCG AGQBGh AGQBG Gbh QqdG H Ma dG dEG he
.M H HdG ge gdH ahdG gdGY eEG QfCG JG H
bY Y k T jQdG QOdG d cJ a QGdG jj H dG Y eCG
fGNEG dEG SQCG d dSQ dEG IQTEG J fCG EG dH QqdG e dG

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 90
fCG j e He dDe d N m f a Y HG Fe Y k HGL

eSG gCG eEG fCH jh jj H dG Y Y j fC QdG e
fGdG Y H Y Y HCG eCG .edGh UdG ihdG a H idGh
d ch FdG Y NCG jj H dG d Ue ac e dY a QcdG
dSQ dEG dG dDdG jh ,jdH n rs noj dH VHEG H QfCG
CG jh ,zOhOdG{ c SG d Hc cjh jj H dG d iNCG FSQ hCG
.dH UN e a Xe GJ dG Gg e ec Z f
a MdGY H gdG Y eEG hj d jj H dG Y CG qdG eh
MCG ShdG QDdG HCG AGQBG Y dH J a YG fCG j c ,JYO
aj k aU k e j d jj H dG Y CG Y ,M H HdG N
Y NdGh OGqdG j dG IjdG QNCd hGQ a ,j hCG QNCG
bh QNCG e N hGQ jCG dh ,e dDd GhdG H j c
LQdG jh ,e HCG Y jQJ a dG j jR H HL Y U
(fCG) QGdG jj H dG Y Y H : dH jdG W c a
dEG j -Y U EG- dG Ggh .QKBG JH HdG UCG Z fEG :b
H YG fCGh ,M H HdG N e VH J jj H dG Y CG
.dG H YG c jdG FdG a dG
J a- jj H dG Y dEG C dG dGh dG a VHEG YL eCGh
UdG MCG dG jdG eEG cj fEGh ,HdG gd HJ j a
ADg CG SjQdG Y OdGR a jj H dG Y d f a dG jd
YGO dEG b K ,udG e jdG IY Y eCG hCG a Gfc
dEG gYa f H jdG Yh N H (MdG Y hCG) MdGY SG
,VHEG fQOe a YGdG Gg cj h ,VHEG IY CG dG jdG
dW eEG IQK QfG Hh IY HCG jCG a bh IYdG g CG bCGh
H jdG Yh N H MdG Yh IY HCG cj UdG Ea ,dH dG
H HdG u noj dh ,ge H dG VHEG T jdG AdG H of
e fc GQcdG YGdG g f h ,H dG dW eEG h M
?d JYH b HQ hCG dG jj HG dG Y b d M Gj

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 93
dH jj H dG Y AGQBG GJ dG VHEG CG T a eCG e j eh

dG H Ta SdG adG UY a HdG ebE OGH dEG f bh
M k c dG a ebEG AKCG a dCG bh,dG a OGdG jj HG
OdGR a Hc dG g eh ,dG QN J dh dG VHEG YL
dG dEG OdG j H UdG MCG eEG f dG SjQdG Y
LGh idG JG d IdG{ H dG Hc a `g222 S adG
b bh ,jj H dG Y c f e Gk c Gk AL UdG MCG fh ziOdG
a TY ae jR dY gh- dG se cjh .Gg zIdG{ c H
H OGdG jj H dG d dG a k Hc jQJ a - SOdG dG
c dG GhdG c Z dG Gg CG hjh ,dG a VHEG c
.dG VHEG Y ahe
Hc dCG a ,jj H dG Y Y OQ jdG jQdG Ag r en f h
ch .e H gh UCG e Gfj CG jh ,dG dEG jjdG NO b
dCe a Hch ddG Y a Os Qn Hc Vh b jCGQ c jj H dG Y
dCH Gc egG j c T h a GdG a j c qd YSG
QNG jM fh Qbh dG Ab KEG a dG dEG e fCG dGh ,QdG
,j H jh daCG Y OdG j dG CH j PEG daC fEG
dEG gP a d dG YSG dCe a eCGh .-dJ- e Y dP CGh
S d fC ddG Yj c dG b YSG h dG e J fCG
YSG EG :jj H dG Y jh ,YSG hO dG bd dG YSG
j d dG e pjEG o r ap n nnM Ea ,dG YSG Z g jEG
Y gP CGdG Gd Gk cCJh ,f YSH e dG j CG eEH
CG c H jEG YSG g Yh d dG Y CG dEG jj H dG
CGdG Gg gdG VHEG aQ bh ,dG YSG Y g d dG N
bh a -dJ dG- j e dG e dGh dG CG dEG GgP eY
e M- j fCG Z ,eSh dG M a YSG eCGh ,jEG a
dG a VHEG e cCG CG -zeSEG e{ a TCG dj
e gh- QdG M CG c db a jj HG dG Y GaGh dG ddG

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 92
,H a f TCG JGh jj H dG Y gH NCG b -Qe Le

.gdG Gg Vh e hCG g -f a- jj H dG Yh
J dG M CH dH jj H dG Y TG a QdG KEG OHh
OdG j H SdG c H bh -dG Y- AfCG IYO N e
dVEGh ,d -dJ dG- jGd EG d Ggh jdG FGd FGOCG a
ae CG Z AGS M Y dG M k L GS b g PEG ,NBG H
dG dH c Y LGdG CH Gdb a gdG eCGh ,Fbh dG IOGQE e
aH j j a ,ch SdG IYO a dG M d OLGh
jj H dG Y bCG jCG dCdG g a ,OLG a j eh ,d dG
QNG PH gdG s bCG H SM Gk QGbEG OdG aCG Y dG Ab H
.e M dEG fEG
a ,eY VHEG AGQBG e j jj H dG Y ge Ea MdG a eCGh
,daCGh JUh JGP a AT c d -dJ dG- CG jh ,dG j
GdG H Ie LCG c g dG bdG ATCG GhP dJ JGPh
Lh Yh c U c -dJ- JUh ,Ie Z IMGh dEG
U c g dG N U H aBGh dGh FdG Y ge
,dG aCG H de h m BH a daCG eCGh ,fh Vh Y
gh be ddG dG e Zh BGdG CG dEG jj H dG Y gPh
dG Z a JjMh JAGb eCGh ,a a Od a ,VGYCG Z LCG
c BGdG CH dH gdG Gg hNCdG VHEG dN bh ,ddG
.f dG c j BGd jHh JAGb Oe e
YL CG gdGh ,edG FdG a jj H dG Y AGQBG H g
jQJ CG bGdGh ,dH Qst dG YL JG c JG dG a VHEG
gcP j M ,eZ UdG MCG eEG Y H dG a VHEG
.eJ gKCG j K ,SOdGh edG fdH QOdG a fMCG

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 95
rn dGh RCdG H dG dCe
M Y
Qn n bn eCG a .NBG hCG H Y J J d eRCGh jdG CG YCG

FGdG cdG S Qe Y a dG J dG jdG dG
Gk OGaCG :SdG j e ,Gbh JGhOCG a hCG eeh d a dG dGh
hCG dGh dG e gGj d OGSG goCG Y ,mY Lh
.QGdGh GQfG
NGdG jdG JH e QH Ye HdG ddG a eRCG CG Z
dG aBGh edG dG J c ,INh L LQdGh
.MdG FGdGh cGdG bNEG hCG
e e bdG M e l MEGh l a hCG ,lLo GJh l t J K NGdG a
hCG dGdGh jdH hCG dGh jdH dG eGdGh jdGh jQdG
.dGh adG fEH
e d k YVe HdG GdG T dW QdG e bdG M eh
jCG GJ Hh .bGdGh GSCGh OQGdG Y dG idG fL
gQEH Jd k Ve GUCGh ,dG Y GjdGh dG jGJ
dGh dG e jQV Ld k ag GhQU e QH KGdG IGOeh dGh
. fd eh Jc

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 94
Y HdG VdG jh dG Qh J d OGH S JCG K .AGdGh

jdG jda :kGQgJh kJ hCG Tgh kV hCG kJh kSDH IdG dG
J Y af dG UdGh ,cfG iS f Y aGf dG
dEG fOJ hCG AGQdG dEG fJ H f dG HG dGh , fN dY dEG
,dG dEG H iOf UCGh GdG e f dG HdGh ,SG
J f OGOf a ,gh Ib OGOj ehf hCG He Yf dG NBGh
.egh
GOe a .UdGh IAGdH eRCGh dG GOe J J d g e
,dGh jhdG hCG ,KQdGh jdG e dGh HdG H J iNCG
adG hdG dAdGh dG Ve j dG eCG ,VGfGh cBdG hCG
jdG LGj dG dh .GdH H dG dG H ,QdGh
.CGSCG dG Y eRCG fEG J dG jdG GhOCH
.ddG a JQU j e QH ,Y o nrfo Vh a j sc dP q GE
bJ ddG S CG dP ,Ic IQH dhDe f f bGh Ggh
Ofh JM H f dG jdG Y CG ,NGdG a jOLdG Vh Y
IdG aVEG e efh GRfEG e f e Y bJ c ,fFe
a BG M f d fh .cdG eh IQdG YU a SEd
fe H JaNG nS rS nh fCT IQGOEG f fC k hCG .cdG dG g
fC kfK ;d dH Ofh NBG CGdG f e QH ,jQM dhGJ
M fC kdKh ;e j hCG j c GPEG EG NBH f h ddG f
Sh H GYG fh JQGL f d SdG e j k T f d BG
.eCG
T h .dGh dG :dd gQfh H KDf MS f f ,f
CG f d dP eh .HdG GdG a hdG H o j Ak GK M dG CG
QGVCH Y Oj fEa dG eCG .dG a k Lf k LPf OQdG Gg e f
bQdG eh .dGh dG MS J c jdGh jOdG FdGh
qdh .Fgh Z ,jeQh jOe ,GhKh On QGe dG id qCG UdG Gg a
dY J j fCG o LQCa .fjh fj e H Ik a g

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 97
dG eCG ,Je Jh Je Y fG hCG ,Je SQOh

.kJh kL hCG k Gogh Gk a Lj
MCGR frQs U f ,f .GNG hCG pdY hCG Y jJ a f d Ggh
a dCJ d dW jM AgR fQUh .ceCG k dY dEG Oj d kdW zjh{
SdGh dGh jGhdG a e k Yf dG bN HQh .jQe Sc dG
RJ ke jGhdG CG Y k a ,KCf c JjGhQh fT a KDf dh ,IQdGh
.Z BH fY RJ M a ,ceCGh HdGh HhQhCG a dCG H
e Yf e a YdGh YhdGh bGdG dEG f f g e
.dGh OdG e dEG Yf hCG dG
dG ee
HLEG CG AGe ?dGh OdGh dG Gg c a dG e jCG
Ne e eRCG dEG Nf b .fdG IMh dh IOe ddGh
a j dG QL dh ..YEG hCG LG hCG ObG hCG SdG
dY a CG ,dG qSh dG T a hCG jDhdG fCGh dG Le
da :Y h .SSh JQGOEH hCG eMCGh dGH hCG Jeh eH dG
IdG H f b :jM hP S g JfeEG eh fEG M g dG
SQf e QH ,IdGh IhdGh adG f d ,dG f hCG dG fh
b dG dh .gGQh da ,IAHh bN ,Nh M IQH fOLH bY
ef e QH dPh ,OGSGh dG hCG AdGh dG hCG AGdGh dG dj
e QHh ..ShOah jhHW hCG Mh jOMCG hG eh Ie IQH fQaCG e
dGh jdG hCG jdGh dG S Y FdGh GMCG e ef
.dGh jdG hCG jdGh dG hCG
,UN H fQaCG H ,a fQGbCG gQe d KQGch JeRCa Ggh
FdGh dGh dGh PdGh LdGh dG a J c
d ,HdG a Jh HdG adG dG Y J dG SdGh
.jQdG jQdGh jOLdG YdG Jh RBdGh FGdG J

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 96
:UC G jJ - 1
RHCG e g UCG jJh AUG IYh FZhdG LdG d
dG PdG J d dG Y J g PEG ,QdG hdG FGY
:KdG H dG dG Y
Mh HLCG Y J jdG jQGdG CG j dG KGdG YGdG -1
Y dGh jdG e H C j dG hCG ,gGdG dGh SCG d
adG e a HZ RfEG d eSEG f Y dG dEG ,QdG
fC GeJ HdG EG d j dG iYO g c ,jdG hCG dGh
CH j dG hCG dGh SQdG a jdG dG BGdG Y GhNCG
.ICGdG Qd JCG SEG
hCG T j Y ZeO Z j dG UdG dG g adG HCG -2
e QH ,Y oj e dBG IQH j H eCG W j d eCG
hCG db e c a e HdGh VdG J a J JOS CG j
.bdG UJh IdG hDT e ah a
eCG PfE IOdGh jGdGh dG Je eG Yj dG dUCG -3
Y dGh dG IGOH ,OdGh dG e AL jdGh eSEG
dG a fGC h MGC h dJ d ,dGh NG SG
Md WT dEG hCG gdGh jd aK dEG SEG J dGh
YCG LJ c ,SdG H YdG QJh AedG J e QH ,fGOEGh
.HdG ddG e e Z a jOdG
gReQh jTH FGdG jdG adG J dG PdG g Gg
dGh .ShQOh YGeh jOMCH TdGh SCG hDj jdG
c YCG dGh AYOGh dGh dGh fGh dG g dd
.IjL Y ha aG Y hCG jdG dG jJ Y dG a qj
fCG f H adG SCG H ,f CG d IYdG g CG Y h
gS b HdG aY e CG hCG ,AT H adGh dG Je f
.ae dEG

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 99
:KGdG IOY - 2
dG Y dG M e ,KGdG dG g KGdG YGd NBG LdG
jhdG jJ a GNCG ,Je NG Y ,KGda .QHGh
fdGh jdGh IQSGh dG M OY GW gdhGJ dG gdGh
iJ bQN e hCG jf hCG U QHG Gj d fCG c ,KGdGh
a dGh .dG dG MS Y dhGdG de J d HdG dG
e QH ,dGh jhdGh dG H jdG QaCG e GeJ fG dP
IdG CG M a .UdGh ASCGh GQd dBdGh IOdG SW GSQe
HdG JCG a Yeh JO M e QJh J bqfGh dG
cG Ea Ggh .BG a bGdG jJ ah HUCG J a J d ,IfdGh
e dEG hCG jhN GQT dEG KGdG GH bY GdMCG KGdG
MdGh dG GdH bY GdMCG IYdG CG c k eJ ,Ta jQeh g
.Iee bh e GYO dEG hCG se Qe dEG
KhCG dEG J CG :jb CG jM fcCG ,QaCd jdG IK g Jh
dG Y dG bW J e QH ,HUCH Jh FdG J d
hCG jg AdH J CG OGSG UCa .HdGh jdG Y hCG dGh
jdH eCG J dh ,Pf hCG UCG hCG SG j CG hCG ,de hCG IY
.dGh dGh
bN hCG Ye fah k Hch AHOCGh je HdG ddG a CG AGe
b g H ,ddG dG Gd dh .adG eh adG jOe a
hCG VdGh IYd hCG jTdGh Yd g Ida .ihdGh YdG
LdjjG dG SQj jdG e gGSh ,FdG WTh jdG SGd
.jdG jdGh edG dG hCG adG IPdGh
:jdG LGg - 3
Jh VdG Yh jdG LGg dG d dG eGdG e
H bEG hCG jdG hCG bdG dG H QdGh dGh dG
Y k a ,HZh bT hCG HhQhCGh HY hCG HZh eSEG H CG ,NBGh fCG

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 98
g e .ddGh UdG hCG KGdGh GdG M dG FdG

J dG ZdG Y LdjjC G GQYG J dG FdG
Ve dEG hCG adG jg Y aGj YGO dEG j adG jOe a edG
g IgOdGh dG adG CG M a .dG OGSG hCG adG hdG V
b dG CG f fh .UCG We QN hGdGh QfG Y JQb
J dGR e Ic Th eCG Y JYh d GVah dG Ga
.HdH gFT SQJh gAHCG
e dGh dG be f CG UdG Gg a VdG bQdG eh
jdG SGM e fOfh Sa j e Y ,J ah dG a K
CG M a ,KCG d ,QjO LJ Y , qj e a .UdGh
a dG jdG gKCG d k YJh k bJ J LCG Y dG LdG
dG Sa e ej fEa NBG H eCG .dHh ,HdG adG dG
e jh Y j e j a he g a ,e QdG j AGYCc
g Z cCG hCG WCGh .SdGh AZEG S Y ,IjL QaCG dd
g a ,eGdG fOH KCdG dH GhKCJ b dG AY H CH gj dG
h ,jdG HdG adH gKCJ jUdG dG OdG e FeR Y NCj
,ddG JjH ,TdG Y j jdG HhdGh SEG IM f
aQeh HdG FjRCGh LCG HdCH ,eYEGh adG hdG GLj d
e edG g dd dGh .ceCG hCG HhQhCG edG e IdG
jQe J e QH Gk ah eg e OGOJ g QH adG UdG
JGJDeh JMSh JeL CG f c EGh .adG fEGh dG GHEG
e f CG Z e ,H e QdGh ,jdG GH J hCG J
eV fEG .Tch e hCG bQNh bN IMGh IH ddG Y hdG
.QaCG Tgh dCG
:jdG jOMC G - 4
SG c k jq GC ,jQdGh YdG e g dGh dG a jOMCG
GdG ,jdG CG dG ,fEG CG dG QdG cCG AGS CG ,PdGh LdGh

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 101
.AdG jM CG AGdG IQK ,QdG CG dG ,KGdG CG

dH ,jVh e ,jfe IQH j fGMdG hCG jOMCG SQj a
e hCG ,MCG hCG fCG :dP a QT ,Y dG YEG hCG NBG OSG Y
FSdG dEG k ehO j dG dG CG M a ,V a cT Y d
hCG FdGjdG dG Y k ehO j jOMCG IQH j eh .SdGh
M a ,dG g WGjdG hCG , dG g SEG : d j c ,dG
QGe k ehO J cJ hCG jJ U hCG Oe g ddGh dG CG
IOYEG hCG dGh edG S Y ,jdGh jdG b J e QH QNG
IMh IQH bGdG e ej jOMCG IQH j da Gk NCGh .cdGh AdG
dG CG M a .dGh dG hCG GNGh dG S Y fdG
e L UH ce H bGdG dEG j fEG ,Zh bN IQH j
SGh dG S Y Y j e dEG j e CG ,feEG
.jdGh dG hCG
If bGdG dG dEG BG hj jdG CG dP Y dG dGh
d ceCG CG Z .kMG UH eEGh ,kGjJ UH eEG LdjjEG df
M dG Gg a UN ,bN j Ib jCG d dh .jJ cM
J IQH ,jdGh bdG dJh ,dGh hdG H OhdG cBJ
iMCa .gGS Y H nFGZ hCG eCG J CG ib CG Y QdG e
fCG dG dG NEH dPh ,Ua UH J c e edG iLCGh
hCG SS hCG ae bGh dEG jd ,XdGh jhCd hCG dGh SQd
.bGdG IQU J a dG gKCG Jh a J JGSG hCG jObG
:QdG Y - 5
Gg .Z Y j H ,Yh f Y n dhDdG oj ren g UdG
j d H fMCG j .Qf h LGf f :GhdG Y HCGO
GbCG Vhh GdG Se e f e QH Hfh ff H .e e
ad IjL feEG GL ,dG hCG dGh dG Me Y aCGh
GNG fh ,KQGch Fe J qfh NBG Y f fGJ Gd .dGh

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 100
a jd hCG Vh fY Y d QdG ah NGdG a AGYCG

,QedGh IOHEG SQd JT fh Jh L Y f dH .WSh
e Y ,Y aGf dG jdG jJ hCG W iS f fCG f e QH
dP j ch ,aUCGh f NG Y dUCG H bY SQj
e Oo dG LdG id hCG eSEG e eGdG dG id AGS
.edGh cQdG
GdG e dG NBG Lh dGh LGdG e kHJ UH QdGh
dEG FGdG LGdH hCG bdH ,dG LGe a idGh dG d JEGh
dH QGL QfG e J Ojh j ddG EG :Va k ehO dGh .AGQdG
eh .OGHh Hc S dEG aSc a dG eh ,Je GJ dEG
g e dEG AdH H ,jdG GhOCH GdG g e LGf a ,dP
.ddGh SDdG hCG dSCGh gdG e cBe hCG e hCG Oe
.ddG dG J dG dGh GMCG H e be eCd
a cQdG a f d fCG e ,KGdG H e KGdG Y j H
dc .dGh dG be ah edG Y H H ,KGdG YU
ddH f fGJ Gdh ,bGSCGh JTh JH ddG e FN f
,dY IQH UN SQe a ,ddG Y b ,f d fCG e ,aBG
Ya Y UH dhdG dG Y fQM SQf d CG ,bQNh bN
HdG SdG H dUCG f f Gk NCGh .JYGNG hCG JYGHEG Y
YCH jOMCG SQfh dUCG Fa e ff f a ,dG jOMCGh
fC ,Y aGfh f e a d bGe Ggh .gFGhO VCGh JLQO
d fh SGdG Y f e QH ,Jb hCG Y hCG He IQH fh f
f e f hCG f CG Y h .adG eh dG d Y idG
JfYh dG dY AGL e a f d fd aCG f CG hCG e
.FdG hCG ddG JGhOCGh IUdG
:RC dG e hdG - 6
,adG IdGh jOLdG dG J dEG j RCdG e hdG EG

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 103
g e QH jf g BG dGh .JM GOe H JbY J IQHh

hCG YaOh Ta f JCG CG H ,dhCG LQdH jf g H .df
Ca .fAGYCGh eN gf H J e H cCG H q J ehe
aG f hCG FGdG f d f GPd :fQaCG H J Y fCG
bdGh jdG dAd TQh H dG H j k Mh ?FdGh
AGS ,gJGh gGdG e e YLG Ya a Qj fdG
jdG jdG M hCG ,NGdG a ICLn r odGh edG dG M
HdG MdG Y GQfGh dG gJ dG gGdG jdGh
LGdG dM LGe a IAdGh HjEG dG e g CG AGe a .dhdGh
.dGh
GQdG AHh feEG GLG j e QH ,GdG L j dGh
jedGh jdG dG J J a .dGh GHCG ah UdG GNH
f Y f f .ddG a ebEGh IdG YU a ef dG
,e dG dEG f e MCG f a .jOMCG df H IdG jdG
,IgOdGh jdG hCG HdG dGh ceCG dG H j e CG dP
J hCG jdG SQdG g IS d CG ,adGh jdG jOdG g
J hCG gGdGh SQGdG fEG Y FGdG IQdG H ,jdG JGSG
ed LdjjEG dG c :dEG f e Gg .JGSGh jdG
.kGQHGh k J hCG YGHEGh LfEG ,dGh dG H JM Fbhh Jjg e
hCG JYh dG Lh J j hCG dG e aj jdG dh
CG H fc dG g eRCa .jdGh QNCG LGd SSh jW
H jOLh J CG j dda Gdh .He ddGh FdG JH
e g BG dCdG .dGh SEG GU hCG GQdG GU RhJ fEG
Y JdG dG HJ Y Y a j c ,bRCe LGj dG fEG
edGh dGh IQdG e a J c ,FdG dGh dG QdG
eCG GQfGh eRCG He a a a j c hCG ,dG IdGh
.YLGh
HK hCG FS g H , dG GQfGh ddG J He CG YG

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 102
hCG dGdH eCG J AGS ,SDdGh GhOCG hCG QaCGh dG e

jdGh dG Y adG eEH j d .dhdG dG hCG KG dG
H hCG ,QjQOH L SfEG hCG jOQH QH jQj hCG eJ WGjH
WdG a TdG edG JJGSGh jFdG JjH HdG dG
g H ,Jeh JYGH ddG CdG IQGOEG eEH j dh .fdGh
Y hCG ,IdG eCG g Y IdG dSCGh YGdGh WCG e FS
dc .NEGh dG hCG dGh dG e Y g e Y HdG edG
e HY UH dG H OodG adG e edG e ihL
Gk J j a .ae e cCG fh FdG a f dH PEG ,edG
eCG ,QaCGh GMCG e eJ M e ,ddG dG dG Sh
dG gdGh SGdG g dG a dG IOYGE Y j dG
Y g e Y j AT a .FdG SDdGh eSdG JGSGh
fEG M h WGjdG ,GQfGh GQfGh dG bh Y
.ddG cGdG hCG cdG dG YGb h
f H ,jdGh LdG hCG jdGh IdG J dEG k ja j eCG
adG Pf a hCG dGh dG a J c ,ddG dG J dEG
jL e IQdG cJ IOYE dG GhOCGh dG WCG a hCG adG dGbh
e QH jdG IdGh jOLdG dG e J ,IjL ja Sg AH
.YdG GhOCGh YhdG TCGh bGdG fCG J
dhGJ Y
M e ,dhGdG dG SCG jL Y Y QdG g dEG f e
a hCG OdGh UGdG a hCG OdGh SdG a Yeh JdBGh JfeEG
.dGh dG Y k a ,RhdGh cdG
SdG d - 1
bda .UGdGh QGdGh SdG d JEG hCG Lh a g hGdG
J dG FSdGh FSdG hCG ShCGh dG H Jh J dG H

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 105
M hCG KOeh d e SJ hCG nSh Z a .OdGh QdGh UGdG

.OGSGh AbEG j hCG AGdGh AdG j SDeh IYb hCG IQheh
UGdG dG - 2
hCG edGh Gd OJ g H dG LG S g UGdG
Ie UGdG jh ..AdGh UTCd fG hCG dGh d hGJ
j CG j SdG H UGdGh .dGh edG IQK H dG
H dG a aCG IQH j c ;QGWCGh LCG H jOeY IQH
Y adGh dG H hCG ,MGdG dG NGO dGh FGdG
.cdG ie
jOdG dG - 3
gH QJ jOdGh .OdG dG g UGdG d NBG LdG
dG g hCG .IOdG Jje d ee ce g fEGh ,OMCGh dG
e dG dEG dG fdG ;JGQeh JUCGh HCG OJ M e bGdG dEG
k jheh k e UH NBG b ddG ;JYheh Gbh UY OJ M
jS fCG H ,jOJ g jg CH AdG bG g gCGh HGdG ;BG a
QH ,OGVCG JJh fdG SdG hCG AGgCGh dG VQJ e e jOLh
Y da Gdh .GUCGh UdGh QdGh WCG Od e g e
deh FbdG Jh gGdG HQe CG j ,OJ Qe eh dhGJ f
.Pf hCG e hCG e e cCG dEG J dG
dG jdG - 4
ceh Me IQH jdG SQJ CG OdGh UGdGh SdG iODe
bY MGdG j CG g dGh da .bdGh adG Y H
IgdG CG dP .KGdGh UdGh ASCG e HGdG e IOeh Ie
dj gc .jhN dG e edG IGhdG CG c ,e UCG e edG
e QH ,QGdGh pdG Qj bh .dGh OdG hCG dGh fG

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 104
.Yh AGO dEG hCG SGeh S dEG JGH AdG bY oj

dG hCG fdGh AdG e Y Gk H j dG J CG iMC a
LdG OJ e Le cJ IMc hCG ce c J d ,cdGh
H YdGh HdG M g jc SQJ e QH ,fCGh QGWCGh
e ,UN H dG j e Gg dh .aGhdGh dGh UdG e
g jg J :d HS IQH dG H UGdG feEG OjORG
e .dGh XdG IOe HQh ,ebEGh dGh dG IOe g eh
O HG jg M .QGSH Jh ZU Oj cJ g jdG CG j
eGg IK g e QH ,MTCGh IcGdG WCG M g fEG YJCGh
.JeRCGh KGdG
jOdG hCG edGh jdG jdG eJ CG ibCGh ZCa ,j k jq GC h
hCG ,ddGh dSCG e cc hCG ,QdGh FdG e c ,dGh
bGdG e hCG dGh GdG e FGO jc hCG ,dGh HGhdG e dc
.bGh RdGh HdG f a Nf dP Z e .ddGh
GYG SS - 5
AbEGh adG JGSG e QdG OdGh SdGh UGdG GK e
dG dEG j e Gg dh .OdG GYG SH Sd ,d
dG GQdG SG hCG a H ,HGhQh JbY M e ,BG
SH Sj dGh .fdG dGh WGjdG dGh HdG dH
feEG YJ dG dGh YGdG hCG dGh dG H k ehO j GYG
J dGh ,QNG egh jdG Me e SJ e QH ,OdGh UGdG
Y dOdGh aCG bdG J e QH ,ICWhh c bCG dG SQe
.WGbhdGh jOedG eGhCG
Ybh M e g fEGh f e d dhGdG da Gdh
hCG dGh UdG Y Y UNG je a J ,fEGh d
a AGS ,GdGh Qd ,hGdGh cGdG H gCG Sj e QH ,dG
hCG YdG e b ie Y dP cCG ,IdG J a hCG dG M

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 107
.SCH dG ie Y
,d HS f Y dG H OdG feEG J dG IQK fc GPEGh
Y j dG J e QH H Ya dEG b a bQ e OdG Jh
f dG IQdG g Ea ,edG fCG GSGh gdG GQdG J
,jdG IYO e dG dh ,SdG jd UdGh feEG J dG g e
jUhh jOGSG jdG JeGg e ADg jJ a J S g H
.SdG c Y M a ec Gaj d ,dG Y TdG
OdG OYG - 6
Yh dG H QdG a NBG dEG f CG J GYG SS
f e hCG e f CG f e j b .dG g NBG a .IeGDdG
g NGdG a dG d HdG ah ;e edG MCG GPEG e fh dEG
ej k d hCG ,dGh UEG jQe bj k FY j b .ShOdG k ehO
Y d GdG J dG d Gdh .e edG fCSCG GPEG IMdG
be gc .NBG a Hhd GdG L dG d dHh ,dG
f CG iLCGh iMCa .OLdG GdGh dG QdG Y Gj
S Y jUdGh KdG Geh VdG KBe e IOaEH fh
dG Gg Y j eh .IdG aVEGh dG YdGh dG UGdG
NBa .dG e dhGdGh cGdG d JEG Y jh ,dG Ge ddG j
OdG OYG Y a Y fG dG NBG fT H e f dG
.FdG IQGOEGh IdG YU a dOe dhDdG JH Gdh .OdG KCdGh
bY UN j fEa NBGh GdH bY j hGdG e c GPEG
.ddGh bGdH hCG dGh dH
dGh dG e - 7
de hCG FGQh e f Y ,jhdGh QaCG e edG J hGdG d
GMCG Y deh e FM hCG Se fjCG hCG HK gGL UH
Ie ja dGb dEG GQdGh dG j dP j e .QdGh

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 106
Y dG d hCG FdG d JGP aCG dEG hCG jFY jQe dEG hCG
ddG a QdG J c ,jdGh jQdG jQdG d hCG NBG
VQCG Y gOGVCG dEG GQ dG d J M ,UN H H dG
bW UH ,jdGh dG H QaCG eJ CG iMCa .SQdG
,NBG J a fh e f H ,jdGh dG Y JQbh dG
Gdh .ddG IQU hCG bGdG H J a f e QH gjJh FZEG Y fh
,KGdG hCG WGjdG hCG fdG e Wj dhGJ f Y j da
JCG a gjJh ZU IOYEG Y j fEGh ,Y Qjh H j HGc
dEG eRCGh aBGh dGh GgdH bY jH ,QdGh IfdG
Yah bGe d dhGJ b hCG Y YGb hCG fY U hCG jf WCG
.HdGh jdG a hCG , dGh dG a hCG , dGh dG a
cJ a - 8
J IQH hCG V H bGdG e edG hGdG e e
e d bGda .Meh fe IQHh cJ f Y H ,fdG IMh
c dEG dG iMCG .eh eQU M hCG k N jOMCG k ef hCG k Ff
;QdGh d e hCG aRdGh d e g e QH eh e
QH MGh fdG OJ Y e eEd c eoj CG iLCGh
hCG GQdGh dG hCG jdGh LdG OJ e e hCG ce g e
PEG ,FbdG f dEG Cj bQNh M IQH j da Gdh .dGh bGdG
Fbh Y j fEGh ,FdG e Jh jdG e e j dH
,HdGh dH ,dGh dH ,dGh SQdH OLh eh JM
dGh dG fGdG Y fH AGS ,Id IjL feEG GL
,bGdG J e Ooj IjL dGY Jh be Z We bH hCG
Y MGdG c Ea .JGSG hCG SS hCG a hCG J hCG ae Fbh QHH
,OQGe QSG hCG Y J j fCG j H ,KQc dP a ,edG
e hCG jdGh AGgCG IQGOEG a SS hCG dG a jW j CG Y CGh
dYCH YdGh jdG dG C T Gg .GMCG e e dG a

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 109
QHH dG bW QSGh jdG jM SQe Y J :JGeh

.KDdGh QdG hCG FdGh dG hCG UCGh jdG
cdG aC G - 9
gGQ IQH j e QH IAHh bN IQH j eR a Qj e
e g KdG bGdG c GPEG a ,GdG j fCT Gg eh .cch
HdG ddG a dG g c ,LGdGh OdG hCG NEGh dG e Y g
Y J d fS Ua UH dG e edG iMCa .UN H
hCG FdGh QdG e f H ddG dG J a fh ,Y f
SCG f CG a ,ddG e AL f .GhdGh dG hCG GhOCGh dG
e UG CG H UN ,cdG aCGh dG fGe UH ,U a Qfh
da Ggh .fdGh dG H hCG ddGh UdG H dG QdG
j dG eCG ,dGh GHCGh UdG H k ehO j Ie IQH j
.Y adG jj e j fEG ajh
dG QdG -10
e JH dGh .dG QdG g cdG d NBG LdG
IdGh VQCG Y WdG jGJ CG H , dGh SQ d k e eR
JGQb J KCdGh dG Y GQb j fEG UCG CG Hh ,fEGh
.HdGh bdG Y
gjQS SH fG hCG dH LdG j dG dGh
BG g d bdG a .dGh d JGSG Vh hCG e
U a GfH Jh VdG a g gGdG d OGYCGh
e Ggh .j j dG dG GdG XJ Y ,kYh kja jJh
Jh .KGJ QSG j e QH d Aj ,bGh HJh Ve a j
,gGQh M ,eh fRGe IQH eRCG H bdG AH J dG dOdG g
Ve iSCG J dG jhHdGh LdOG e Qf CG d J QH
.j j e ghCG a boJ hCG ,Y c c Oj CG j

AL TSAMH - 2 22/1/06 11:59 AM Page 108
eRCGh jdG LGe a ,kGHh k HY ,BG dEG f e MCG Gg

bJ a J c ,YLGh dG hCG ,dGh eCG cdG WdGh
TCG jJ :dG dGh dG QgJ hCG dGh dG jGJ hCG dG
jJh jhdG jH ,SdGh dG YhdGh adG bGdG
hCG dGh dGh fEH ,OLdG GOH dG jdGh gdG
.QdG dG hCG dG dGh dGh dH hCG jdGh dGdGh dH
dhDdH SMEGh dhGdGh cGdG Y SSCG ja SS fCG
Qeh OJ e ,cJ ah UGJ Y :JGOeh ,FdG Y dOdG
g Gg .gh Me jgh Sh d ,cc aCGh e Qe ,dOJ
e jdG QHH ddH JbYh JGhKh fQaCGh Jjg IQGOEG :BG gdG
dGh dGh dG aK eCG .dGh FSdGh dG hCG dGh dG
,QaCGh ASCG IOYh AGQdG dEG OGfGh dGh GdGh AGdGh dGh
,GS dEG RCe e fGh ,dG H bdG J k q dY hCG k HY dBa
. MGa cCG IQN dEG IQN eh ,iNCG dEG eU eh

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 3
AdG aK , SEG aK
Oe H dG Y
:KG jeGC j fdG adH dG GE :hGC

Yh AdG e ,AdG H J fH fH JdG adG CG :dhCG
.S IOe jZ dEG Ud JGhOCGh YGbh AdG S ah ,QdG Lh
g dG dG a AdG feCG JY Y adG g J CG :fKh
e g dG fEG j dG jdGh dG M H ,a AdH We
c Y AH eCG jf a gh ,AdG IOYEG eCG f ddG g ah .dG U
.M
,dG d gDe FGY Y jdG OH f dG fdG adGh
.UdG dG g cDj adG GRfEH NGdG adG g jQJh
bdGh YdG j Y dSG GQh ,X e hCG X fdG adG eh
J (1)IdG H YJ gQUCG dG Je N fGeCG M QcdG
M QcdG j ,za g H :fH aK f{ : f SG j c QT
,d cdG dBd jJ N e IFdG ad H fGeCG
ze aK{h ,zIeL aK{ H adG g a jh ,a dG dGh
. eSEG SGQdH e He Jc

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 2
adG J IOYEG a SEG S a - f Y fGeCG PSCG dBG bh

dU hCG J fc dG dG adG GQYh de j CG - fdG
jf VY e Pd VY N e dPh ,edG dP a LdjjEG
.gAGQh edG LdjjEG dG GSGh Ma
:VdG ge jJ :fK
OdGh , e AT J hO j e gh , u e L b dG -1
hjh ,fdG adG e bj e c g - OH f a - bdH
ODj ,UN U GP dG e fh jY jDhQ UH ,eeCG adG S
.Oe QM Pf ZU dEG J

l n r eo zadG{ e CG dEG TdG gdG QcdG gj :adG -2
YJ e NDJ dG fd -eY H- QdG Gg C dc aGhh
a dG UCG C ;eSEG eCG Y jZ e -VQCG e fEG
:dJh fS - dG j .VQCG e dh (dG) MdG e eCG g
e e dP fdG IdG EG Oj dh fcP Y dJ Y VYCa}
.(30/dG) (2)|dG
f Y j CG (3)hj SaKR d UCJ a a j e iQbh
jJ CG) jdG e fe H e CG f H , H dG dG
J CG g UCG VdG{ CG TdG gdG QcdG ijh .(LYG
.(4)zjQdG jQGd YdG dGdG g gh ,gQhL e QeCG
dG a fe MCG c Y Aa (adG) dG GH fNCG f GPEGh
dG dG e YdG e INdG dG j fEa jdG HdG
:dH ,ITe Z IQH k Mo b dG CG f CG jh ,MdG j
H NCG Y EG M j z { IOe J dG zjdG{ EG
gh ,ddG g a LGj NBG e CG Z .dG eeh ,SEG
;Ud J Oe zfdG{`H adG Uh e S jdG Gg CG
a- TEG Gg e Lj dGh .fdG e H AH g jdG C
fCGh jdGh dG e Ye adG c e fG g -OYG

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 5
dTCG J ,eCG e eCG hCG e e a IFdG dGh dG

j dG CG Z (5)dG dUCGh Je NH Wh JJh
.SEG X Z a Y g e dG Y ,fH fCG SEG a g
.zeGdG{ hCG zeOdG{ He a g e H OdGh :fH -3
eSEG PdG ah AdG Y SQJ dG J gh :fdG adG -4
e dd Jh ,SEG ej dG UGdGh dG Y AHh
.QGSH IOdGh MdG GdGh FSdG
:fdG adG FN e :1-4

e SSCG Y ,fEG AH e J fCG fdG adG FN e
hCG cS hO QJ h ,MhQ hO Y J a dGh RGdGh bGdG
.fd YQe dhCG J H ,GNCG hO fd tp Jo h ,bhP
Id gjJ g -Re hO - fdG H J dG bQdG dG CG Z
ie Y r GE ,MGdG UCG a cGTG QYG Y ,e dG HhJh
: - dJh fS - dG j ,jdGh dG ie Y hCG ,OLdGh ZdG
cCG dh dG jdG dP dG d jJ Y SdG a dG dG Ia}
.(30/hdG) |j SdG
hCG fj hCG fGOj GHCa ,IdG Y dj Ode c{ : SdG jh
GfJ M AYL e a hJ g ,AL H dG J c ,fGj
.(6)zfYJ fCG
fCH fdG adG f CG j XdCGh ,jdG Gg O Y AHh
.zdG aK{ gGS eh ,zdG aK{
AGSGh dG d aJh ,hdG d aJ GPEG dG aK KQJ eh
GeBG jdG} :-dJ- dG d bGe dG WG Y JdG dG
AHh ,(28/YdG)|dG J dG cH CG dG cH Hb Jh
,hdG dP ah JM jh INBG f fH Fj dG s d nSudG fEG
Gfc d GdG d INBG QGdG EGh} :-d J- db dP a k S e
,fdG Y dG VGYEG dG j dP CG Z (64/dG) |j

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 4
HGh} ,fdG e f OBG HG NCj CG a fJ dG aK hCG fdG ada

dG MCG c MCGh fdG e f J h INBG QGdG dG JBG a
C (77/dG)|jdG j dG EG VQCG a OdG J h dEG
, j IdG H C ;dSdG RfEG je H J e NCG dP
.J dG fEG Wh
aKR He a dG aKR UN J dG jdG jOMCG eh
L g INBG fc e{ : dG Y fCG GhQ dG jdG ,YdG
g fdG fc eh ,ZGQ gh fdG JCGh ,T d Lh ,b a Z dG
.(7)zd Qqbo e EG fdG e JCj dh ,T Y ah ,Y H a dG L
k M MH j ,dG aKR hCG ,fdG adG e e hdG EG
d n nnN r en p T jJ gQKh gge e dG YdG aKR JH dEG
.jb eRe d dG T eRe hCG ,adG J
dG eCG ,OdGh dG e JY GeCG Sh jW J fdG adG EG
J d GPEG Gg ,FdG e b Z QH HQh ,dH ge Oj b
dGh .bGh dG Y dEG fG dEG Jh ,JJh ,JYaO
CG g ,Nh fc a -dJ-dG S e S J dGh ,a AGe dG
- dG j .fdG ad g fEG adG e YdG jg H GdG bY
d dG EGh S j d a GhgL jdGh} :-d Jh f S
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j dG Gg a S hCGh .eS HEGh MMd e Nh
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f beh FH YLG beh ,ge be dEG J j
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:gdG u dG :hGC
,gPCG a s n jn CG d OGjh o shnjo dG ,ad dG dG a jh

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 7
e M fCG Y dEG j dG ad adG hCG LdHhfCG dG EG

,IdG fCGh GOYGh GOdG e Ye hCG ,ShDhdG a J QdG
dGR g ,ad QjdG dG Gg ,H e J dG SQdGh
e e ,dhdGh jdGh sjp n p dG SDdGh GQGRdG SDJ SSCG Y
dG s nodG e j Oc dG ad FdG dG Gg EG fdG
e fj e gPCG a S HM -H- j ,gH hCG OQ dEG J
O OEG hO j ,adG eCG H j dG SDdGh ILCG Y dhDdG
dG b e pd e UH ,dG ge a ad dG GQ
a j ae bGh jJ CG fCT e ddG gh ,jdGh jdGh
. SdG J
:FdG YLG bdG :fK

HhDhdG GeGDdGh edG hdGh jdG L H OdGh
J eCG H j dG dG dG IGf UH ISCG QhO AfEG dEG eGdG
e NCGh e YCG EG .gY gQGSGh dG jS Vh LCG
d gJ Ca ,ISCG g fEG fdG adG QhHh UY dN e QJ
.gOLh a gOd fEG H ,fdG adG f SJ feEH H GQGVCG j
hCG ffdG dH dG dP gh dG Gg V NBG uneo gh
fGdG MEGh ,eSEG jdG J a .dG a FdG jdG
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.SQdGh dG ie Y Jd d gOGSG
ae Y -VdG fGdG J H a fdG adG f Y EG
JGK hCG Lf J a dP eh ,IfdH fe ,dGh qdH
EGh ,a jQ Je d FdG OGYEGh dG OGYEG ie Y
, YdG a kIs Lp GJhCG r s e f NGO YCG ZCG a Gk Qe dP j
dG gUQh ndG gGe H ,IdG a IQGMh ,dG a agQh
.dM Te g dG hCG ,fj dG bGeh ,HdG

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 6
:jHdG dG bdG :dK

SDdGh ,L e dG SDdG J e bdG H YCGh
,dGh dG OaEG ie Y IN QGhOCG e iNCG L e eYEG
d L jdG jdG H g ,IdH je gJ dEGh
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f CG Y jh Jh ae FGY Y J dG SDda
. edG AdG LCG e dG Feh jb RhJ Y
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HdG ,fdG adG UY UeG Y WNCG YQPCG N e ,gQ
.gOUh ehe VEGh ,dG jS a
e FdGh ,Y H YEG SQH JQG dG dBG e L EG
n uJ CG g e j ,fdG adG Lh a M be J UN H
.RhdG K AdG LCG e ,FSh QJh gYGb
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:j a ,dG jJ
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hCG) adG IH ,VjdH OS dG eH YEG H PSCG
FSh J dG adG J jgdG adG Jh{ :(jJh J
KCdG dEG YdGh , (dEG .... YEGh aCGh dc) JG
.(8)zSGdG QdG id M hCG gh LMG GMEGh FYdG
,jgdG Y ie Y H GQKBG J CG fCT e dBG g EG
Gg e cCGh , dGh , dG Y IQdG VEGh , dG IOH a J
,jdGh fG YS a j dG ,adG YdG RL gJ GPh
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UN UGe hP HCGh Red YEG N a fdG dBG Jh @
dG f Y TdG AGVCG J EG ,fdG adG Red jc

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 9
UNh SdG Y a aj- Y gG cJh ,AdGh VjdGh

YEG FSh N e FGdG jedG g SJ EG ,e YCG dEG dG
Yeh IOL GOL e jh ,fdG adG eCG GOhDc Y QhH j
dG RedG GSGh ,gdG ThY Y HPdG RedG J MMd
TCG IQH j eCG Gg CG dG Gg a cP jdG eh .fe
a jh ,AT c JGH YEG j jdG WCG jd dH
UCG Y V dhDe VdG g JJh .jj e IdG Sf
eGY c e Ja d jh ddG j H LGd fdG adG
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FSh je H EG{ :HCG H e GRe Y MdG Y .O
Y edG e J dH J dG dGh dGh dG aCc JG
jGH a jdG g MJ dG ehdG hCG fG LQO VEG
cQe e M dEG j dH dG CG dG a MdG ijh ,zgeCG
SSCG Gg Yh ,cS e dP Y j b d ee j da ,a
N ,H dG j d OhM Vh dEG adG e jdG Y
Y J dG dSdG QGJ CG MdG Ap Dg n s Hn h .a dEG dP J
K eh , desensibilization SdG VEG dEG ODj b adG S
GKCJ dP QWEG a Njh ,a dG hCG dSdG f Y dG Qj
IjdG dG GKCdG g SGQdG XCG PEG ,dGh dG aCG
J e) dGh (dG dG J) dG TCG a RJ dG
J b dG fGhdG YdG IQKEH) jdGh dGh (e bdG GQe
(9)
.(OdG a
:ddG u e :HGQ
dEG jh ,fdG ad jdG YGC H j ddG e EG
dG bGdGh GdG L dP a e ,He J hCG dSG
,BG ddG S a j e RHCGh ,bGdG e gZh ,kfBG d VJ

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 8
dG SdhdG YdGR IdG Yd YUG g ,fWh gY a

eGh VdG HCj e c Ojh ,L dG N ShDhQ Y S j
gQEc ,dG e SeH TdG H hG J dG eQdG H dH
Jh ,HdGh NCG Y JCJ dG hdG T Hh ,dGh dUCGh
bgO bOH M dG ,zdhdG bJG{ hT e T fOCG e
dG ee Oj dG SdG Hc d ddG g EG ,fCG ddG
dh fSh fch gDhfCG dh ,edGh VadG dG eeh VdG
Oj hCG / eCG d nrjo jdG Jb dh ,FdG efh JSDeh ,gHe
e GcEGh IdHh IgL J fCG ddG g a dG e EG .QGb d
GJDdG NJh ,Mhh MGh aK db a Uh ddG J LCG
dG gjh .dG Gg S a dEG eh ,ICGdGh dG M IdG
ehdGh bdGh IQhdG e Yf MG HQ ddG CG dEG (10)T e
a a S 11 H eCG .fdG b e dG hCG gOH H jd
HQe jQP J ,AT c dEG gj Jh ,geGhCG J dG , dG LGe
.gQEG
:dGh dG aK e :eN
SEG Y Uj ic jQM b Y dGh edG b fc GPEG
eCG IM a dG eg JG Ea- QdG AdG AYh fC UdG TCG
j SEG Ea ddh ,AdG dP U a k oen bN H j dG
V dG Y VGYEG OQj jdG BGdG EG ,VGh H dG Y
:-dJh QJ- dG j ,YCG ShOd dG dG U
e - eCG Ea dP eh .(3/eDdG) |Ve dG Y g jdGh}
e JM OL dG dG d a bPCG M bZ b -jdG SCG
H dG M Y eOdG LCG C J dG Gg IZ a fEG{ ,dG
a jM GQeh UCG Gce NCa ,IdG FcQ e SSCG IcQ Lh ge
JG M jh ,JM hDT e c a a Qhj ,SdG IM
dG CG SdG e c a ,e b Z Y adGh dG JG dG

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 11
.(11)zGHCG Y j h SdG IM a SSCG LM -Y H hj e hCG

EG ,dG e id IdG We e e J d dG aK EG
NGO jUe fCG f Ggh .VHh Nah a Yh cGh
,dG a dR :IdG a dGh dG GdCG e d H dG e TCG
d ,dG a d ,dG a d ,dG a d ,dG a d ,dG a d
d ,dG a d ,dG a d ,VjdG a d ,IAGdG a d ,HYdG a
a d ,dGh dG a d ,YEG a d ,IQdG a d ,SQdG a
a d ,dG a d ,gGdG a d ,dG a d ,SdG a d ,IQGOEG
. dG
:dG dG e :SOS
g e dEG a eEG ODj dG ,bNCG H a dG g H bCGh
e a dG Gg jh ,hRhCG W N e ffEG Y GN TCG
Jh ,AjSCG SdH iPCG J dG dG gdGh VdG UdG
PdG ah dG e eJh ,bGhPCGh bh JY Y AGYG dH
Y AGYG dG dG jh .fH hjh H eDj dG QdG
dH OJ dG dG MCG gh ,S H a dG a fEG M
C ;dG dd Qe e ah dh ,fEG d dhdG KGdG M
bNCG OHCG hO ,jOdG dG OHCG dG dP a dH OdG
.MhdG
hdG ge ,jDhdG S gh YLG H Y If j dG EG
. J Ye Md d iJ
:JN
dP a YQe fdG adG LGJ dG jdGh bdG H J
c a Y dG ddG Gg L J dG ,dSCGh FSdG H
JGeh dG je a jdG e jdG SEGh jGdG Y IQdG jd Ie
.OdGh jPdG

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 10
QfCG QSG Yj d dGh jhSCdG dDdG VdG g EGh

LSG Y dGh ,aU UQh ,bW d zdG aK{ fdG adG
.zdG{h zIedG{ :YH dG aK cG dG MdGh bGdG
FdG a ,Oeh Jbh dG M a Gch ,e N IdG he a d EGh
dh gGR g GPEa ea WdG Y dH f H} :-dJh fS-
c J dCG}:-Fb e Y- FdG gh (18/AfCG) |J e jdG
cCG JDJ AdG a Yah HK UCG W Ic W c e dG V
N c eh .hcj d Sd eCG dG jh HQ PEH M c
. (26/24 gGHEG)|QGb e d e VQCG a e LG N Ic

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 13
TGdG
.1983 jHEG ,1403 S e LQ T a e hCG OdG QU (1)

SGdG L J ,dGh adG : Ihf a e VY zeSEG ad jdG edG{ (2)
. ILh , adG
. H f (3)
. HdG LdG (4)
bH dG GP dG e f - jJ c g M e - adG :ddG jdG ad bG (5)
Y YJ Y J g cS f g M eh , fEGh IdGh dGh jdhCG e fEG
dG e d dG dG a bQCG Ge jh dG dP e k ch k FL , cMh fGLhh
.bGdG a LH dGh
.QdG c :zIdG Y eCG J fEG c{ H e Y OQhh 92 , FdG c : QdG LNCG (6)
. (Qe H) Le HGh edG GhQ (7)
, 1422 IdG hP - GT , dG e zb If - JG Mh adG{ Y MdGY (8)
. (26U) 2002 jj 2001 jO
.(30-29U) HdG LdG (9)
(eSEG idG Y QJ) dG e zSdG IM a geh dG{ :L N e (10)
. (43U) 2002 jGa - jj ,1422 IdG hP , 171 OdG
. HdG QdG (11)

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 12
dG Y dGh NCdG dTEG

(1920 - 1880) jdG eSEG dG a
OGe Y
jdG e RM :LJ
k VGh k SJ jdG dG a eSEG ddG a adG dG T

dG IQKEG SdG Gg Ff e ch ,Y SdG dG e e Ak GHG
a Jd edG ddG M dG jdG e jdG id dG
bGdG J M J jdG ADg OL fch ,GdH j dY
,jdG dG e e fQdH dG L a JfeEGh eSEG
adG YLG dG Yh bGf RGHEG dEG OdG g H OCG bh
dG dGh HdG e a S h , eSEG OdG a H dG
.ObG dG Yb L a jdG GdGh LddGh
HhQhCG a UdG d SdH dG dG NCJ b M bh
L a H ,MUEG adG a SGh QH bdG dP a jeCGh
a ,Y SdG dG jf a jdG QaCG hJ fc dG GQdG
(KdG IhdG) e a HdGh idG QhdG MCG J dG g fc
e fc bh , Y eh faCG jdG L jQH a gj c dG
dG e HdG MCG VQ TQ 1898 Y IgdG a gCfCG dG (QdG)
. a e jdG e RM LdGh ,FGL UCG e fH he PSCG MdG

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 15
g YJh ,zKdG IhdG{ e hQ J Y e eEGdG dG

.UdG ddG FM dEG Jh , eSEG YdG jEG dEG k jCG
J dG dG e S a ,d k e c eY , Y e hM
GY J (1902 /edG dG) zQdG{ e a gf dGh gG
Y dhDdG SCG Oj CG- fdGh dG LGe a fGdGh SEG
OdG a j SCG g gCG CG La ,eSEG d dG ( V)
AY W Y ah , dG UCG dG S dGh Y LG
ah ,J Yh AdG eCG ah , dG aGdGh dG ah ,dG
fdG dG Y e qM bh ,eSEG SdG a dG Y gEG
Yh , SdG dG eN a jdG eGSG H k jCG dhDdG H
.edG jd Jh , adGh dG f J
VdG T zdG NC J{ b Ea f dG Gg Vh
cGdG MdG Y QdG d (1889) zidG CG{ d FdG
L JDe YC J H dG Gg S a (1902 -1854)
HUCG fGC d X dG zQhd{ J j J dGE e eSEG
M bh .Y SdG dG a fhfEG dEG dG e eSEG dG
, Gh H SdGh bNCGh jdG HSCG n s Hn nh dG Gg cGdG
.IdG J a eSEG eCG bGd L IQU dN e d b
J CG jdGh bNCG SCd dH cGdG J J OJh
e eCG . Y aVEG d IOjR e Y e J f g
:a zdG NCJ{ Y dhDdG g fCG cGdG iCGQ dG SCG
Gg ,QdGh AdG Id dG d adGh YLG GKCdG -1
IdG IQOdG M Y jdG gJG f Y YS dG dG
. fEd
.bGdG e hdGh , ddG Y dG hQ -2
fc dG dG ddG WH e dG Y jdG AY OJ -3
OdG Gd f gOYGh , dhCG gOY a eSEG eCG a Ie
Id be Y g dG QdG GfCGh f dG dG C H

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 14
.eSEG
.dM e ATCd QdG YNh dG L L -4
dH dG d dSH SMEG e ddG dG DhdG -5
.dG a edG
.Oe fOCG H e k aN dH dG -6
.adG dG M Y dG dG jdGh jQGOEG FXdG AYEG -7
j dG - fdG dG qM cGdG Ea SdG dG Y eCG -8
fG) zY a dG NCJ{ Y edG dhDdG - dG dH
(OGSG FW c
dG e jdG M S jQdG GdG f f LdG Gg EG
dG e jd kYVe zeSEG dG NCJ{ b Sh ,jdG
d HdG LdG QX H Sh ,SdG SGQdGh dG
IgdG) ZR a MCG H zfdG fEG J S{ jO eOCG
,fe H HdG dG a c hO dG Gd c a (1899
jL fGOEG HH fc dG edG g ,AGS M Y LdG ee Hh
.HdG eCG d
bd Gk c k YO Gg Hc a zjO{ MW dG QaCG r en s bn d
fG b AGREG GfBG eSEG ddG e jj c dG DhdGh dG
a HhQhCG IdG XJh SJ dCe AGREG f bdG ah , eSEG IQdG
Pj c dGh jO eOCG j c dG eCG EG , dG L
,QgORGh Sd gdG IdG g S ae{ g dG dG J Y
LH nHn h GfG eG dG- .dGh d FdG IdG g Sh
.(9U , fEG J S) .z-jdG f
FSdGh GhOCG Gj CG k jCG dG ADg Y LGdG e c bh
IjL N Y JJ dG IjdG adGh YLG bfd eRdG
MCG a Ggh ,bNCG jdGh OLGh dG b dEG jdhCG J
dG dG QaCG Sh jO QaCGh eCJ e IOSG dG
g (zL H N J CG j{ :j) :Hc JN a Vh

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 17
,kjCG bNCG IdG SSCG d , YLG IdG SSCG a d dG

d QdG fdG Gg H GdG e J dG dG EG
dG j Ga ,bNCG fhdH SMEdh QfG VJ dG
J Ggh , Hd dH bdG j Ggh , bd dH MCG
(410) fSfG d dH HdG fedG JdG dG
zdG NCJ{ dTEG

dG eSEG dG jJh J dTEG Th QKCG d
dG NCdG dTEG H T dG f QdH IY OY N eSEG
jdG L T d ,d ObGh YLG NCdGh , dGh
dG jf Y Gk gT c dGh ,(1920 - 1880) eY H TY dG
,IdG LddG HfG dhCG Y CH T dGh ,Y S dG
dG IQhH jdG dG jGH a SdGh YLG dGh
GP adGh dG eRCHh ,L e KGdH dG YdG d
.iNCG L e KGdG QhdG
,dG dP e Y eCG J fc dG jQdG dG AGREG
dG JGQb J JGSGh jObGh SdG JfgQ fc dGh
a e bGdG Gg H fCG dG ADg Lh -e edG Y
dG Ic f CG j VdG GHh ,a dG dG dG IFGO
a J J d dGh GfBG fG dG SdGh YLG dGh
VJ MCG ZCG a fc H ,eSEG dG a IdG bGh VH
dG dDdG c a Ggh ,d J fc dG dG Y IdG g
e c dDdG g e ,HdG dEG LJ H jO H KCJ
b dGh , 1902 Y HdG dH IgdG a f dG ( 1918) Y
SCG a j CG hMh ,Y a jd gGdG dd k J a
.jOdG YVhCG Y dhDdG
S Y L e (1946 - 1871) SQCG T fdG AJ bh
.gZ Jh dG NCJ SCG Y QdG e a IQdG dG e

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 16
QT MCG e jfEG dG dEG dG g LJ bh ,(1929 Y)

jdG Ea dG a eCGh ,Qg a ,zH SCGh W fG{ G Y J
dG OcQ SCG M FGdG TdG jJ Y Gbj d MUEG
- 1873) dM M dCG YdG f e H Sh , f hTh
Y LGJh SEG J a hJ dG IdG jQdG Jb (1914
. (dM Se IdG g aY) .QdG
bGSG jDhdG
dCe M e ch AY gGHCG dG HdG QaCGh MdG EG
dG MdG e c M dEG J Y SdG dG a dG J
dG jf a (dMQ ,e c ,FGhQ) HhQhCG dG e OY eb
- 1816) zHZ{ dG ADg e cf . jdG dG jGHh Y SdG
L Sh 6781 Y dhCG Id f zjSBG UbCG{ Hch (1882
b dG ddG jaCG a MQ Y JGceh (1893 - 1850) fSHe
HGjCGh{ , (1890) zFdG IdG{ Hc a gf dGh 1888 Y a H
HQh J ShQ UCG e e Jc gh (1904 - 1877) zOQgHCG
zJdHh{ ,JGdG JS H ebh , HQdG dG H ge
eSEG ddG OH Y H b MQ Y JYfG f dG (1923 - 1850)
zhQJ Lh hL{ jNCGh ,HhQhCG d GfBG iJ fc dG
jQeh{ ,GjEGh fOCG dGh dG Y HOCG gjQJ H eb jdG
f fEa Ggh .d dG jDhQ f dG (1923 - 1862) zSQH
IdG Y adG fdG bGSG OCG Uf e IY Pf dG
fEG bGSG OCG Ea eCG dch 1902 - 1890 H e IdG
UdGh .fdG UdG Y kZp J k Uf j IdG J a
J bh ,dGh SQah cJ dEG MdG M UN H QhJ jfEG
- 1821) zJQH OQjQ{ :H e cf ,SGh IH OCG Gg ReQ H
- 1880) zfGQd SeJ{ , (1922 - 1840) zH Ojh{ , (1880
.zdG fGQd{ SH dG (1935

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 19
GfGh fd k fe HhQhCG dG d dH j dG c
k jCG j ch ,dG jOdG IQdG Fbh YdG dG HbQ Y Gk H
d ,QGfCGh WSCG e H LdGh FGO H IOdG FdH Gk Yh
JH ec HOCG L e Y (1900 - 1858) eS dG qY
dG j fEa dP eh .zQGfCH MCG fCG ,dH MCG fCG ,c fCG{ :IdG
IQKEG e HhQhCG dMdG oH H s Mn dG SEG OH J GPEG fCH
g dgCG e HhQhCG ADg bY Ea ,jd bdG SMCGh YdG
dG GOY C ;Ic eCG N dEG dG e a H aCG OdG
Oc e jOdG JQM ieh Yfh dJh dG dEG dG e ,eSEG
SdG GP HhQhCG dG fc dG MdG J CG d j
d . dG OH a Y dH dG un Jo RGLdG dGh dG
eCG N dEG dGh HhQhCG H edG edGh cMG OCG
jdG Y dG a eghCG TJ dEGh ,OYdG dG a HQhCG ADg
. SEG VQCG a Y j Gfc dG dGh
a Ggh , dG dG Y eJ IOjR dEG Gg c iOCG bh
f dG WdG Kh Y AGQORG SCG HhQhCG ADg id J
e hCG OGSG CG fCG a adGh bdG dG Ye dCGh , jNBG
.dGh HdGh jaCG NBG e gJ bY TJ f
ICGdG h YdG bdG dP a J fc dG IQOdG HhQhCG dG EG
e c jQSG LdjjCd dG QdG Y dGh dG Y
-dG S Y- fa ah ,HhQhCG jcdG Y GfHh fehdH
adG ah ddG a) iNCG dG AHCG e WdG dG Ea
Y IQdG eG Y kIH fch ,keg Gk QJ J fc (HOCG ShCGh
SdG dG) dG QSG dG Lh a V Ye jJ
fc dGh k jCG jdG edG ShCG Lh ah ,(YCG LQ ShCGh
.zjQSG dG{ a Se ge IOh Y dG dG J
dG H ka k T J CGH dGh SdG LGdG Ea Ggh
HhQhCG bGdG o e j dh .bdGh dG Hh , dGh

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 18
,gCGh SEG e We (..jdG dSQEG AYCG IQGOEG LQ ,dMdG)

SdGh jObG eGdG QYG H NCJ JJ fc e Gk QOfh
HhQhCG qdG eCG eSEG ddG V SCG jJ LCG e jdGh
GfGOCG jdG bdG Ea dP Y IOjRh .YVeh Y H
dG dGh SdG Gha jdGh ,bT UH dG hCGR bdG
- Ue YLG a hCG c H Je N QeCG fCG Y a ghLh
ddG Y edG dhDdG f SEG GM dG jf a fEa
.eSEG d jOdG adG YLG
jQ MhWCG
gdCG dG IdG IVdG a zjQ fQCG{ WCG dG AGQBG H f
AGQBG V dGh . dGh SEG M (1883 QGPBG 29) HQdG eL a
fQCG{ c d . SEGh dG hdG H bdG W M UdG
a Gk PSCG IVdG g a dCG dG bdG a (1892 - 1823) zjQ
a c c , jdG dEG SM cCG IYdG MCG ch , fGa hO ddG
aVEH Gg , jOcCG GSG M a dG RHCG MCG f bdG
g c LH . jOCd k NQDeh ,edG SGQdG a k e c fCG dEG
.YhdG e k T eSEG adH dG DhGQBG cG a dG gDdG
zbdG{ IjL a ddG dG U a IVdG g f EG e
.g ejCG M OJ DhGUCG dGR e Gk c k jhO KMCG M (3-2U)
M faCG jdG L eSEG dG d iJ e hCG c d
QjBG 18) f zbdG{ IjL U Y zjQ{ e Y Tf a NO
H a eSEG LdjjCG eb SGh k M k ee (1883
OQ N e f CG jh ,bGSG d LGe AKCG a XH
eSEG (JGdG dGh) dG N OS dG edG edG c faCG
a eSEG d adGh YLGh bNCG VhCG d f
.jdG dG e
dG dG dEG fY GPEG VGh IQH zjQ{ be f CG jh

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 21
GMCG CGH M ,Y SdG dG fK a fa OS dG dG

jdG M b dG) GfGB J fc dG HOCGh S dG
jb a dG f aOh fdG dG CGdG a IQKEG a (jQSG
.bdG dP a e AGLCG J fa fc dG eSEG ddG Fbhh
- dc jDhQ fC - Y H - HhQhCG c GMCG g LHh
dM GMCG g d XCG a .dGh SEd - gf Lh e
c ,GfBG eSEG ddG AGLCG ec J fc dG dG fG
dG eSEG dG OS dG JQGh VdG dM d XCG
. KGdG g dhCG MLG
IdG dG S f CG Gk PEG d j jQdG dG Gg V
ddG dG dh .GfBG eSEG dd zjQ{ jDhQ a J dG VGdG
CG j{ : g dGh SdG jDhQ Y VH d j JVe e
jOdG ddG VH ij CG gGdG fY hDT Y WG Ohe T
fG Mj CGh ,gGdG bdG a eSEG OdG gJ dG fhdGh
HJh aK a J dG GYCd jdG IAdG GfGh ,eSEG hdG
. (946/1 edG YCG) .za eSEG jdG Y
j gH M j HdG ec CG dEG zjQ{ QTCG CG H
jdG jQd T jhCJ H gjd YO LCG e b- a dG
.eSEG dd adGh
:ddG AGQBG jJ dEG dG jf a Uh bh
IRdG jdG cdG EG{ : SEG OH a X dG ad dH -1
iQdGh SdG f e ec H g eSEG jQdG a aY dG
cdG gh ,jO dJ Lh a GhQKh GhOJ e f eh OdGh
. zdG EG dG eY e J d jdG
HjEG fGL k jO UH SEd EG{ : Y H eSEG jd dH -2
dG OdG Lh ... H VCGh ffEG dG Y n n Mn dh ... IuLn h
zdG dG j dG fdG adG Lh a ke kM a
.(957 - 956/1 edG YCG)

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 20
,hdG aj SEG EG :J zjQ{ MhWC FdG QdG Ea Ggh

IdG Ea ddh ,dG Y dG dG J eSEG FdG EGh
g H CG e ZdG Yh , dG H VG Y IQOb Z eSEG
UEG LQ Lh dG GOfG e LdG e Lh a J GQdG
Od dG dG ifG a FOeh SEd ,bGhh dG d
LdjjC G e a J fC H gjGE e z jQ{ AGQBG Y I H
zbNCG fhdG{h zadG IAdG GfH{ :j e C ;jQSG
eH Qj fEa HhQhCG jUd e a J dG eSEG d
dHh ,dG eSEG ddG a -eYdG- jdG dG dSQ Gg
k YO zjQ{ N a Y SdG dG jf a HhQhCG SdG Lh a
.d k bNCG Gk jJh LdjjCG
(1885 - 1882) IdG g a T b fdG ddG CG g cdh
fJ jQSG b) jQSG dCdG M fG e b e
ddG a QSG ge IdG J a Lh dh ,(..fJ Ze
T) za L{ GfBG ddG FQ dEG jdG dG S fdG
GYCG J fH J SS AfG dEG Yj c dG (1885 QGPBG - 1883
GOCG a ,GYCG H AGREG QdG dG GYCG LGh fdG GYCG Y dG
jQH GdG e a gdCG dG dG a SdG g zc QL{
fCG eCG ,fO GYCGh nr Yo GYCG :j CG SCG e{ b M (1885 RJ 30)
j fa CG k Y gj dCG AdG jCGQ CG e ddG g aQCG fEa
.zfdCG dEG j dG dG e fOCG Y dEG j fdG C J CG
dG idG OdH a dG IYOh QGMCG fa e j d GPEGh
dP a dG dG c a , GfBG jQSG LdjjCG H YQJ
aK jQJ S a fEa Ggh OdG g Lh a jh k J TCG bdG
e Vh a f k UCG dG zjQ{ MhWCG Lh dG Gg e
,a dG f Lh J e J Y k SSCG J fC dP ;kGL
Yh , jO Y dG j dG QdG f bdG a gJh
.jQdG ge

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 23
MUEG OdG
Id OS dG OdG zdGh SEG{ M zjQ{ IVe Sc d
dh ,eSEG ddG a YLG VhCGh jQd HdG IAGdG a jW
a QGO dG TdG IQDH a HK H IOLe IVdG g AGQBG H
j dG NCdG Gg zdG NCJ{ dCe M AGdG Y dGh dG
VdG aO a Ggh ,kjO UH f SEG dEG gL H zjQ{
ncs Mn h u eSEG n YdG be Yd H dOCG dG dGh zjQ{ QKCG dG
. dAdGh bdGh OdG JH
dEG khCG f CG j zjQ{ N Y eSEG OhOdG dEG f CG b
- YLG bGdG e H J dGh zjQ{ WCG dG MCG CG
Gg CG Mf fEa dP Y k ah ,kGq L e hJ eSEG dd adG
a dG eGdG Y cQh , bNCG GQYG a f M b dG
- j fCG M a ,GQdG QfGh tJh adG tJ d J
CG{ -1967 GjM 30 a QOdG FGdG WdG dG dP dEG QTCG bh
eGY g H e bNCG eGH eSEG ddG fG IgX f
,LCG MLG e ,fG Gg J jOe W GP iNCG
ANGh ,dGh dG QfGh ,jOGSG fCGh ,NGdG YGdGh
IgX a k SM Gk KCG J dG ANG Gg ,ddG jObG YdG H
Ich ,aGdG J IgX dEG f CG j fEa dch ,g fG
Y dG a dEG dG j H fG SCG fCG Y LdG bGdG
.zfG Gd QKBGh Ff fCG
zjQ{ de Jh f a GSG a MUEG d dH eCG
j a dd ,dG hdG f Y j W a SEG CH FdG
TQ GP g a dG S Yh , eSEG d adG LGdG dhDe
QGdGh HdG a JUh ebCG JCG d{ :kFb j (1935 - 1865) VQ
gNOCG dG dG dEG H jO dEG J CG j dG Y CH
H AGdG e k e Jj c SEG zGhoJn Qr Gp { b dG CG dEGh ,Y
.ze

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 22
-MUEG HdGh adG a - zjQ{ IVe e LGQ a Ggh

g CG e ZdG Yh ,dG eSEG IdGh bGd IbdG HdG
dG b b fEa SdG e ja b e Ofd VJ b HdG
fBGdG GC d k UCGh k U k J a iCGQ NBG ja b e SGh
IM f Y Ea dG ah .dG Y dGh hdH eCG Lj dG
dH dG IdG OdG H gQRCG TGh J b bGhh dG
Y f dG SdG jJ e JY Y GhNCG jdG UEG LQ
Hh jQdG SEG H UdG OhdG gJ dG HdG dG
T WCG dG IdG ddG AL dG Gg ah , UCG dSQ
M J d dG ddG g zNBG AT dGh AT SEG{ :SQCG
OJ a dHh ,UdG eSEG dG dEGh IQKEG Y JQb dG
.ddG g SG dG SGQdG
- eSEG UEG LQ e Gk Ya BG e UCG a Ggh
Y OdG Y a J - QdG L e KG dG LQ eh
k fMCG dG H LEGh ,kfMCG dH aUdG) HdG MhWCG
e HT Sf a dGh dG hQ GVEG dEG dP J H (iNCG
QU H GfGh ,adG YLG OcdG dM e H hdG LCG
.dG jW a Ffh
(1920 - 1890) dG Y dG
SdG YCG a AL dG KGd d dG edG X a
S a KCG dG (JGdG dGh) dG dG e jHh , jQSG
Y k a k T f dG Y dG b Va- dG NCJ dCe
N e Y Y dG ,YdG Gd dH je c eSEG YdG
.FdG geh eH WMEG QhdG e f ,jL a N
e Ak GHG jdGh YLG dG Y :jdG eSEG dG -1
ge - eSEG ddG a adG c ah - Y SdG dG fK
IdG je c a Jh dG e jJ LCG e qXh IjL

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 25
e eSEG eCG d c IAGbh , (eSEG H c NGO) WdG

MUEG cdG eGH EG : f CG j dG Gg ah ,dN
FGdG{h zIdG fJ{h zIdG cJ{ T) KGdG T MWh
IdG a eSEG SdGh dG Y dG fCG Lh (.. zIdG
IQGOEG fG Y VH J S -1920 Y dEG 1890 Y e IdG
UEG :b e gdGh QaCG e IOe Ye dEG J YL
g Y f CG jh , eCd YLGh MhdG dGh ,dGh
QJ dG jhdG dEG IOdG N e IjdG eSEG LdG
U jhY H BG dEGh ,IdG J a dGh HOCG HdG
c dG dG dCH fG Y VH d J dG IdG g
Yh (bJ) IYe cMh (GbEG , J) W IN fCG Y dEG j
: (J :cdG dG ah ,UEG :HdG dG a) UEG
dG HGW , 1907 fJ , 1893 IgdG ,1874 hH :J -
,....1927 FGdG ,1910 M ,1908
,1905 fJ ,1908 ,1897 dG HGW ,1868 SG :GbEG -
,1911 W
h H ,1908 IQa S ,1916 ,1903 ,1898 Ig dG : UEG -
.... ,1928 , 1909 e ,1926 IH ,1920 fJ ,1913
k Xe k Wf Th ,edG dG AfEG cM fG d :dG -2
a) jdGh MUEG adG QgORG e RGdH ,eSEG OdG a
bJ dEG YGdG dG fG a (LQNh eSEG ddG NGO
H eEG ,eSEG ddG H e e c a SdGh adG fCG
QOGdG e Jh m aO H eEGh ,d dG MUEG cdG jYQ
JG Y f Vh b MUEG cdG fc GPEGh ,IjdG
Ea - eSEG jdG e dEG Jh ,dG CGdG jEG dEG TdG
YLG ejdG jJ M gO L cQ b Ij dG QOG dG
IjdG QaCG e aGdG SDdG ebEG LCG e gOH a SdGh
.IGhdGh jd

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 24
eSEG OdG a dG CGdG e Ic Yb KCJ d :edG -3

fCGh adG Y eSEG dG KMCG dG a dG dH
f b MUEG IYdG Ea Ggh ,dG L a dG
,dGh JG Ve eSEG d jdG pdG Vh a ka kT
Y dEG dG S GLh jdG dG OY jGJ M eCG dch
/eGdG Y Gk M - b GASG GY a - c dG HdG dG
a UN H) SCJ a Ggh , jdG jGhdG H Yh ,edG
e HdG PdG ah eLh , UN SQGeh , c IY (cJh e
a dG Ojh , eSEG ddG HQ a gfh jdG adG YO LCG
dEGh , dG H a WdG edG OL dEG SDdG g ebEG
QhO f CG hO Gg ,iNCG M a UdG dG IQOeh OL
.dG BdG H AfEG a LCG dSQEG
Y dGM OLdG dEG X 1920 - 1870 eY H IdG OdG a
a SCJ 1872 Y a ,eSEG ddG OGeG Y jM eL
Y ah ,dG gCdG GP dG SQGdG e gh , dG QGO IgdG
,(bT - fCG jdG dG) IY eL dG a SCJ 1871
SCJ 1897 Y ah ,dG eL Qg a SCJ 1882 Y ah
QGO) SG eL SCJ 1900 Y ah ,fdG dG hH a
edG IgdG a SCJ (hCG fc 21) 1908 Y ah (dG
Y ah ,fdG edG OHBG QM a SCJ 1917 Y ah ,gCG
a SCJ 1920 Y ah , H QPCG dhO eL cH a SCJ 1915
.eSEG WdG edG IY
ddG a ddGh fdG dG J d :jOdG GQdGh dG -4
ah dG jdG dG H k JKh k NSQ OGORGh ,kjb k YO eSEG
jhJ dEG eSEG OdG Y a YdG QgORG iOCG bh ,dG e Y
iOCG a dP Y kah , (dGh dG SGH) IjdG QaCG fh
, jQdG dG) jdG JGh dG FSd jQdG GSG
ddG JH HhQhCG e adG dG Y J dEG (jdG GQdGh

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 27
dH dG IdG OdG dEG IQTEG QJ OdG Gg ah eSEG

FSh jJ S a (1909 - 1876) fdG dGY dG
IQdG QJ iOCG a dG S Y ,fdG dhdG a JG
fOCG dGh ,e HQ dEG (1896) jdG Ib aG e jdG
Y cdG f QJ e d jh ,HdG ddH Kh H dGh
HhQhCG H jdG dG cM H dG SGdG idG jdG Ib
N e cdG g OHCG Y f CG d j c , eSEG dGh
- 1870) I dG J a (IQhe bQC H) dG bQCG dEG LdG
:(1920
.kGae 27 .............. 1870 Y -
.ae 102 .............. 1880 Y -
.kGae 160 ............. 1890 Y -
.kGae 280 ............. 1900 Y -
.kGae 234 ............. 1910 Y -
.ae 500 ............. 1920 Y -
Y e kAGHG UN Hh) jdG dG FSh GSG iOCG d
IAVEGh ,jQL e) jdG ddG adG Jh FSh NOh (1920
S IM jWh GOY a e QJ hM dEG (AHdH hCG RdH
PdG dEG HhQhCG jdG dJ a Ggh , ,idG dG cGe
L eh ,dGe Y dGh FGMG a J eSEG dG CGH dG
jOdG dG H MdH AGdGh dGh dG GC H a iNCG
dG HhQhCG IQd AdGh jdG j GhDhHh ,fe aY dG
fCH IQdG g GUhh , dGh FSdG g jW Y Uh
Gk QhO UN H HdG ddG a dG d dh SIOdG IQMR

n FY o dG Gg n s en dh ,jOdG Jeh KGdH IOTEG a Gk c
g eO dEG Ibh SM H k YGO JSCG LQO dEG jdG IQdG
. eSEG IdG f a IQdG
cM IOh dEG HdG eGdG e aJ iOCG d :KGdG dG -5

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 26
U a cdG g dh bh , KGdG a GfG Y e HT

g RH dh , AGdG Y KGdGh jdG dG SDdG W
cdGh HdG dd adG GAdG a UN H KGdG LdG
.dGh
jdG QJh fdG adG QdG gOb dG dG LdjjCG RaCG d
, JeJh Y e HdG ddG a TO dG QdG Gg eSEG
H ee GQe Io s Yp YJCGh N MCG dG ddG a sTOh{
- 1883) LdG IjL ,H e cf gjb Y I eh dG
QdG dG (dG OH a) GS ZH je a gf (1918
.(1914 - 1892) dQSZ YSEG
Ad MUEG dG Y J gh (1892 - 1888) IVdG IjL -
.fJ a bOdG SQdG
.(1912 - 1892) eY H SG a f :dG GdG IjL -
e a CfCG , MUEG e gh (1935 - 1898 IgdG) QdG e -
.VQ TQ
dG d a SCG jQhO gh (1914 - 1883 GU) adG e -
.jdG QY MCG
dG HCG dG (1912) c a SCG YSCG gh :eEG e -
.(1958 -1888) QGPBG
CGdG fG dEG MUE GQdG g e dG YdG hf CG jh
dEG QhH Oj dG fG Gg ,jdGh dG b Y eSEG dG
f SM H gQN JG dG FGdG e H eb dG OdG
jdGh dG ejO YHh fG d ,jdG dG hQ e edG
dG Hh edG MG M idG dG VGM a
Ie aK fCG (jdG edGh ,jfCGh ,dG) iNCG adG
Lh a OdG Y JYS IjL Ib jdG e J a Ggh
QfCGh jdG QfCG H jdG RdG N ah jdGR QfCG

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 29
MCG fL dEG jh QdG j CG HdG GdG SG jdG

Nh Gf dEG edG dGh GdG J a Ggh , jdG
M f dG d fe jdG LGdG cJh ,SS
QfCG JG a , UdG jdG H eJG OJh GQdG
,jdG HGK Y hdGh jdG WdGh jdH jdG QfCG jdG
LdG dGR S e IH GhfG b jdG QfCG Ea HdHh
,cdG fCG eCG gZJ IH GfGOCGh ,GdG QfC SdGh
CGH k a k Th ,VGQC dG LCG Nd fOeh JGeh
LdjjCGh WdG LdjjCG H QdG f eSEG dG QJ
a j jdGh UEG hQ CG dG d GHh ,IjdG jdG
W aQ dh ,QSd ehdG WdG hdG Y GMCG e H
(fjdG eLh -gRCG edG) KGdG LdG GP eSEG edG
eCG Uh H ,UEG Ld adG dG dc dG eJG
L fCG Y dEG dGh , dG ADg Y adG dEG dG ADH
.WdG jd dG eYdGh ,qdG SEG
Y UEG LQ f a J J d dG jdG dG Ea bGdG ah
H (eSEG eCG IOSh ,eGdGh ,jdG) SdGh YLG dG
fSGh dG e k bWEG jdG h cdG J k b UCG
.LCG jQSG d
dP a gDe jdGh jdH ddG dG j d dP eh
fch ,eCG VhCGh YVhC ee Yh ja jDhQ jd bdG
Y a .IOhe LMG cH dG Y k fMCG J JMW
ddG LCG e ShQdG Y GVEH gRCG edG W b 1909
fjdG eL W b ddG dG ah ,gY dG gdG jH
gY SGQdG ge jH ddG LCG e Ke GVEH fJ a
dhCG dG IGdG HGVEG g T a eCG e j eh .kjCG

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 28
jdG dG jGH dJ a Ggh ,jdG cd SdG d

U b e aJ d dG SdG GdH e Ie U dEG
Y AT CG j d jQdG Gg e fEa dHh ,HdG eSEG jQdG
Y c dG dG Y eSEG OdG a adGh YLG idG
.b e
(1920 - 1890) L T d :jQdG dhDdGh dG L -6
Jh ,eSEG adG AH IOYEG Y a SM k Me dG OH
ddG OL aO a k a k eSEG dG Gg SCG dHh ,QaCGh dG
dEG JdTEGh SdG hdG Aa e QdG LCG e dhdG eSEG
.JdhDeh jdG dG Y
af YH j dG Gg e k L if CG QOdG e fEa dG ah
YLG QdG Y a jQdG dhD eh QhH b e SMEGh
e c a f CG adG e d fCG dEG g f CG jh ,SdGh
f SSh ja cM IOh (FGdGh ,fJh ,eh ,cJ a) k jJ
S Y g cfh ,WdG JdhDH dG Y e T gOj
Gg ,1908 Y e Ak GHG SIdG cJR YL H eb dG QhdG dG
jf a iOCGh ,fdG dhdG SDe a eT J dEG iOCG dG QhdG
dG YdG eh ,jdG b e ZdG Y fdG dG Y N dEG eCG
YL eCGh ,GfBG ddG eSEG edG cM QfCG e H j c dG
dG fjdG dG YREG Y L e sJ a SIdG eR
dhdG IOH GYG Y dG fjH QLEG e J M ,gOd
fJR L J a jaCG T a eCGh ,(1922 T 21) jdG
Y SdG IdGh jOdG MdG e JQOb SIdG FGdSh ,SIdG
a dP eh ,VGQC dG fdG OLd jJh V Ib jJ
k q Wh k q LdjjCG Gk QJ QdGh NGdG a IjdGh NdG JLMG dh
dG IGZ eCG H Uh CG dEG ddG HdG H IdG IdG a QJ
.WdG jdG Qe a TdG GfG dEG fdG ddG

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 31
KGdG T Ea eSEG LdG hP UEG LQ He ah

N e GYh , bNCG Yf Y j N jH AcG GaQ
aK - YLG J H dG IQhH Gk Oq M k rY nh JJh JLJ
dH Geb bh ,eSEG dY j dG edG ddG YHh J
dGh adG Y H MdG dG dG Y Ie IQhdG g Y
dEG afG dEG H eCG Uh H ,e Z W Y Ik eh ,dG jJh
.(GjSh ,fdCGh ,Hh ,fah ,GfEG) QdG a YL jJ
jdG MUEG MH eSEG dG Y CH dG j Ggh
jb j HT id Y CGQ ZU e GJ b KGdG dGh
e k jCG GJ bh ,WdGh jdGh jdG TCG jh ,UEG
.jdG eRCG eh Fbh Y jdGh IdG a JNEG WEG

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 30
gGdG hdGh dGh SEGh dG

jd OQfH : e He
edG jJ ISCG
fJ dG ,zjQdG a dG{ :SGQO c bh ,cH k ge d

Y cH c d fdGh jdG cJ Y dYCG b dG fCG
cdG ddG QdG dG M Sh HfG L eY 1950
.kGc dH YCa , VQdG dd
SEG VhCGh eSEG SGQdGh fdG SGQdG Ve Y
g a -cCG QDe fCG Y j dG- jd OQfH j dG dGh
. GVe AdE e a c eY edG e e JLCG dG HdG
SE G Y Hc dh dhO Sh fdG Y Gc c d /S
J zSE G eRGC { Y fdGh dG M cR GH hC G :UdG
dG Y dP J a VdG bdG a UE Gh RC dG Y a
?f HdG idGh
edG SCG bGdG a d ,f Vd Gk OGeG Gg j dH /
,eSEG jQdG a dG Qc MCGh , k HS fH eH ShCG dG SGQO PSCG : jd OQfH

. dG ShCG dG M SdGh ,SdG eSEG SGQdG a jKDdGh

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 33
jOdG FKdG J fa VdG e edG a ,f jdH e

a VdG bdG a eCG. HOCGh TQCG OGe J dGh NQDdG ej dG
dEG UdG feEG jd d ,TQCG OGdG dEG UdG feEG IOY jd
e dGh SdG Ad feEG g Ea dP Y k jJh ,eYEG OGdG
.HdG a k e j d AT gh
c , SE G eRGC h ,fdG S :dC dG Jg a jGC Q g e/ S
a dG e GdG Y JdG IgdG g eh , NC G Hc a Y Y
.? dG g e iJ , ddG c
fc a .f IgdG fCG YCG .FQ IQH , kba g CG YCG /
dhc e c a H dG eSEG hdG gCG e fdG jQWGeEG
a fdG jQWGeEG S ch , dG a u u tdG eSEG dd IFb
ddG S j fCG hCG ,eSEG jdG S j dG e c f
cQe GeCG fCG YCG H e JgX fCG YCG Gd ;eSEG
:dG e bdG Y GDdG e fdG dG UH eCG .Igd e
,fQdG SSCG Y J dG gdG c EG ?dG Sb j c
H j fEa jCG YGQP a dCG e cT dG dEG HgP a
CG hCG jQdG a Y jW CG Y j dG Ggh !jCG jCG YGQP
GQM e fQdG N e dG jDhQ j M ; He NBG Ve
e Hh eSEG IQdG H fQdG Y IOdG e c VdG a , iNCG
.dG IQdG k fMCG J fc fCG e ZdH , dG dG Y f
e dG GQM e Qf M ShCG feEG ja gGdG bdG ah
gh H fQdG Jh dSG J FMEG gh ,HdGh dGh dG
a f d fCG j M dG FbUCGh FeR H Y n s Yn g
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fGC hGC jQdG Hc C H fdG e UN lWJ jd g ,FKh hO
?FKh OLh H fdG Y c

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 32
GS ie Y b Y d SGQO a , HGe GeCG /

dEG UhCG e g WdG Gg j d d , e l WJ jd dj IjY
H e iT g , WdG Gg s d n ds nh g c fc d , g
IQH cJ QOe Y zdG M c{ Hc a YG fCG SdG
gh ,Hc a dhJ dG IdG a ,dG bGh gh U Ggh , Ic
ShCG dG OSCG g fdG c ,jdG dG e GNCG fdG
dc ,cdG dH k He eSG dG QOdG fch jaCG Th
GNDe EG JUh JcGP IOSH dG GC j dh , dG SGdGh FKdG
Y edGh HdGh SOdG hdG a d , VdG Y j GhCGHh
.HdH dG dG Lj Y SdG dG jGH Mh
?fdG QOdG Y YG PGE /S
dG GMCG d j f eh ,ddG dP OSCG g fdG c f /
JS AHEG Y jM fdG c a dG dh ,J fc
.IL IQH
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dG Y Ic IQH dG J bh , ShC G dG a dG
jJ Y B G jh ,Y edGh Y HdG fdG a fjQdG
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eGSG GC H e e EG , AGQdG dEG k b LQCG AdG a YO /
c UCG ah , HQhCG a edG efH dEG jdGh HdG GaVCG eY
GaVCG gHh jZEGh JdG dG Y edG jQdG a OYG
jdGh ,J GUCG b JdG SQj jdG c Gd ,jdGh HdG
HdGh jd SQGdG Y WCG dc ,jZEG jZEG SQj
dG Ye hCG UNG J Y j zY{ e c. be

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 35
SdG H o rnc UNG jg SDj dh .e M a dG

dG e GJ dG Jg C H ,ShCG dG a egG jd
a jdG dG a HQhCG a bdG SGQdG jGH ah .UCG HdG
QSGh djeEG e dP HQ LCG eh Y HdGh Y SOdG fdG
,dGh eCGh SCGh YCd ,gJG H jQdG b Y j
Y bdG dP a. feCa fCG eCG ,dP fj SdG H g CG YCGh
b dG c , Y HdG dG jGH a jQH eL a HdG b SCJ
Y HdG dG ah HQhCG b dEG aj GJCG ch fSCG e GLN
dEG gdH d j fEG ch ,Oec a HdG dG SCG
jaCG T e zUGdG{ c M a dG aGH EG ShCG dG
bGdG H dG AdG Y jh ,jfEG WGdG Y hj dGj
QeCH egG jd c a . edG Y Y b If g CG QOCG fCG ZQ
d ,cJh SQa ebCG Gd Y kV npYh ,bCG g Ga d jdG
hCG SQa bCG jd j d.UCG dG g fc dG J CG j
d M fdCG hCG fa hCG jfEG bCG jd j d f dh cJ
jd e HdG jd fc a , edG SGQd OGe dG J J
GSQO Gd , UCG SdG dG d e fhj dG jZEGh JdG
HQ d f jdH jdG dGh jdG dG c GSQO e GdG
dG M Y HdG dG W Y QdH eCG Gg SGh .e MhH
e UCG M , jL J AL jdG dG ah ,Y S dG
k eZ k SG fc hdG dG gh :hCG ,d bO Z beR
Gd HdH jh dH Ak GHG dG SQj dG g dG EG M
Ggh ef J fEa , dP e cCG Mh bdG j a e ddG q E a
jQdH gG d H :NQDe Zh NQDe dEG a f dG bdG g
jQdG dEG j QhH jQdGh .gdG H e NBG Hh dH hCG
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b bd dhdG dG b e SQ IQH e e
eCG GPEG dG Gg OhCGh , c dG Gg j h b f
Ghd HGdG a j k Sf g s d , jQdG HGe a AdG b e dG

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 34
e jd d ,e CG jd d BG dGh . Ghj CG j GPe

dh QDc fc dhCG edG SGQOh QDc fCG
o Hr Qu Oo bh ,NQDdG
.fOCG dG Y UN cCH jQdG gh UNG a l s n eo aT LQO
Y) LdHhfC G SH cdG Yf , B G YdG g a jGC Q e /S
?jQdG QdH eD J g QD c fGC , UC G dGE LdH GC (fE G
g LdHhfC G dG C H FdG GC dG j HW e jdG GC e ZdH
. ddG GMC G a M d aC G dG
h Y IQH j GO e LdHhfCG dG Y VGYG d d /
J CG jdG dG SGQdG a dG . LdjjCG hCG WY IQH j
Yd dOCG RGHE feEG jd fc GPEa , dOCG gh e AT dEG Ie
.dP YCG a dOCG Z M a h cCdH o ep hGoC PEG gf Lh
d d Hb Z UC G GC Y j H ,eSE G IgdG /S
Z e HdG AdG H b e M H a dG b e
GB dG dGE LdH jdG SE G gGX Y Kj e gZh ,hch
Gg jD e e fGC g ,dG jQdG cG IOYE hGC jQdG c
? jdG FdG d dG
. k ac h k Fe d d QhV fCG YCG ,Fe AT Lj /
?a c e hGC h adG jQdG j d jdG e fGC /S
fEa dG dh GL e QaCG jQJ EG ,b Gg SCJ J d /
j IOY QaCG jd jdG EG M ,VdG Gg Jh J FKh f
.Y
dGE C J hGC ja IQH J ac FKh aGJ eY fGC J g /S
. jdG GQdGh SdG
fC FGO IQH V b Gk c k jQJ g CG g YCG e , cCdH /
:QDc QhO Y dGDS Y e fdG QDdG j M ,FKh hO c
dEG V b VdG e dG d ,SG GPEG L eCG gh e jQdG

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 37
a gh NQDdG gj dOCG d f dG QeCG e hcCe fh HCG

e gZh Tfh Weh FKhh TQCG e HdG dOCG ,dhCG JdG
jdG fdG e jQdG dOCG f CG j dG iNCG dOCG
QeCG gh ,GL e gh qec dG jQdG gh , gZh jQdG jdGh
,LCG IY OGeG Y MCG H ah dCH bJ j dGh He Z
a e Z GO e fC dOCG e dG Gg Y VGh J g r d
dG c Ea dG e a YCG dh bdG QhH J b j
OGeG Y j fEa hCG jQdG e dEG f GPEGh ,ge IQH bO
.dG jQdG e Lf jW
keY N ie Y eG dG fGC Y dGE AGQdG dGE Ld /S
Y dGh jQ dG a S jQ d dG IO T Y d H GC H dGh
IQdGh HdG jQdG dGE ,fdH aG K eh ,Y SE G
jOdG IdGh HQhC dG cGh SE d SdG dGh eSE G
cR GH Hc QGUE H VdG edG a jdGh eSE G ddG e
jQJ YVdG g Lh zSE G eRGC { Y fdGh S?dG M
?adG jQdG a jGC Q e .aKh
e AL adG jQdG ! jW jQJ FGQhh ,qdG a l YW LQ fCG /
d cCG Ua j dG jQdG d ,c jQdG d gh jQdG e
jQdG a a Gc fYj a dG Z jQdG eCG ,dG Z jQdG
. dP Y n oYs jn cQdG CG e ZdH dG
a HH Qc e jGC Q GC GC cQdG e WJ jd d PGE /S
? fjQdG hGC jQdG gdG Y
jJ a GdG H AL b cQdG CG XCG .dOY d /
dgEG J dG GdH QeCG H dEG fG Lh M ,jQdG dG
c Ggh ,gZh fEG fh dG jObG YVdG UNh HS
,de g fc cQdG SQGdG a d ,HdG a gCG bh k q e
jQJ dCe gh ,c a bO e cCG QGe bh NCj AT a

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 36
bdG a c gH J dGh VdG a jCG e fc iNCG

gG s GC n oj d eCG gh e J jJh dG ddG gh CG ,VdG
Y cpdG NOEG qT M , cpdG :dP Y k e N ,VdG a
OLH Y J dG QeCG e jdG g Ea ,kjq gL Gk J dG
dG a IQK HH eCG Gg oYG bh ,fhO H dG e J dh cpdG
fEa cCdH ,cpdG hO fG ddG d j a ,dG
.VdG a Gk HCG dEG dG j d eCG Ggh gOL Y S L
f H f dG IdG dG GMC G H ,jNC G Hc a /S
E a ,ddG hdG X a fGC jg Hc a fGC b , dGh dG
GMGC QcSG :g UY KK LG Y f dUC G e Je
fdG a dH f dG HdG QSGh jdG eSE G IQdG
ddG hdG a dhO d dG C dG IQGOGE a HdG dGh VdG
.ka k e KdG gGdG d f g dUGC GC iJ g .jdG dd
je UCG fCG hj d , g dUCG c MCG fCG ,M /
gh jeCG fJhdG dG e AL g dG g .eGSG Y
Y dG g J M dP a Gk jJ cCG f CG jh ,DhJ Ve
gd dG eh .idG FdG Y J dGh e fJhH Fc
UCG FdG Y hOdG jeCG a j dG dCdG CG
UN dCH d e ch , fEG dG gdCGh dGdG gdG g
,VdG a g c VdG a dGdG gdG Lh M VdG bdG a
.N Ve d gh dP a Gk jJ cCG SEa dG Y de eCG
dh Hd e S fEa dUCGR e gMCG SG GPEa
dG dG gh ,dP e aCG jH e jd d Gd , d
g dP CH S dP C VQYCG e Ggh ,z eSEG{ c j
. jCG U d dP H YCGh SEG
fGC g ,AedG MGC a e j d ,fG jd sdJh c MGC fGC b /S
?B G j a Ie dhD e eSE G OdGh SE G u J

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 39
d dG g SEG CG b GPEG ,dH J e KGh d /

g SEG c d :b fCG dG ah ,b e d fEa N e M
b c dh SdG QY a dG hCG SEG H d fG S
a jM cCGh YGHEGh GQJ cCG eSEG IQdG fc H IgOe IQM
dEG bCGh BG Y g e ibCG SEG c Mh ffEG fGdG L
.dG jY j SEH ddG g dEG Ea Gd ;SEG UCG
CG c , LGh e d fCG dh ,QDc fCG dSCG CG j dG GDdGh
dG GDdG H ?H SEG a GPe :fCG GdCj CG j dG
? SEH f a GPe : g
fGC cQTh Ic Tf g fc edG j dG a /S
Yd hjD e B G gh eSE G dGh dG UGC Ve a nr No h
jc JQe eGC Ic IQH dG Gg ejh ,OdG adG
Y GPe. de Y FGO jh H OQjQh jdhh Mh jH fGOh
Y HdG d C H GJC G SG bh .cdG ddG KdG UdG e
?HdG FGQGB Y dRe g , fY dhO AfGE
Y . JG Gg dEG hNBG j M s bCG UCG ASG d ,f /
eSEG dhdG edG e jW Id fc cJ CG gh L M g q GC
a c d , M WGjO LhCG dGh fY GQSO J dG IMdG
dG M) QJJCG M IS GhR bGQ M 1950 Y cJ
d dG IdG fc ,IM HfG a dhdG GQe Y (QdG
QJJCG M c dGh QdG dG M c SG q GC YCGh QJJCG
a JQN c QdG dG d YCG RfEG CG YCGh f
g c a , Ie IQH HfG IQd Gj d fCG e HfG
H Rah JNh Y aTCGh edG f 1950 Y je T a fG
J a cJ a c d . WGjdG dG FQ c dG jQe fY
SdG d dHh GfBG dG H IH IKDe IH Qeh ,IdG
V GdG K eh jRdG V GdGh dG jcH IAe fc dG

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 38
jT hY e c fc GU a e M ch ,dP H YdG
IM IQH QNG b cJ e dhO g fc Gg c N a gh IdG
CG YCGh ,dG dP a WGjdG Weh he ZQ , WGjdG uJ
dH d k q S gjh HfG j d dG Gg e Ige
cDdG eh ,jdG ShCG dG jQJ a FGO jDhQ j dG OdG
IdG fc fEa Y Mh GQOf KM j d ,HS M b Gg CG
. IdG HfG jW Y eM dGREG a j dG dhCG
1955 eY H YdGh SE G Y de c bdG dP a /S
GC J gh ,H cG dG GC cGC b hdG GC iJ a ,1956h
?WGjdG e aGj SE G
HJ g CG a cPh ,YdGh SEG Y e c f /
IQH aGj SEG CG YCGh ,HdG e H cCG bhdG d e
dhO k a . T fdG CG YCG h fdG hO M WGjdG e Ic
J M edGh dG H jd f g Lj h WGjO fjH
j c GC jh GOQdG e a SCG jh dG FQ dG
.Ggh UdG GdH SQGdG a SGQO
dGh jdG H HdG ddG a Qhj dG GdG Gg S e /S
.? dHh edG Y dG jdG hj M
fdG ga edG Y jdG S GPEG ,e HGe KG /
.dH dGh , V WGjdGh
? SE G e dG f e a UN dM iJ fGC PGE / S
WGjdG eCG , dEG jT jd EG M SEd UN dM g /
ddh dEG fb cY fCG ,fGdG U Y e Ic U Y a
gL g Gg , iQdG e hCG ddG FXh Jh jdG b J
. VdG

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 41
dG a SdG GQdGh GMC G Y ITe IQH c g / S

.?ShC G
. be Ge a YVdG H dhJ f /
? eSE G SGQdG H Fe fGC g : d NC G dGD S / S
. a jdG QdG a eCG , f dG QdG a /
? dG dG e B G hL AY Lj GC / S
bh ,ube jdG dG EG M , dG Qd Fe fCG Gd f /
. IL IQe jd Hh dG GC HG
?dG GC dG g g , eSE G SGQdG a FdG cdG e / S
a dW c ea GdG e GC J dhCG dG ,e KG /
,jZEG J e Hh JdG dG J Y sLJ jdG dG jGH
HdG c ZQ dP a Ic e LGf d HdG dG SGQd JCG eYh
f c Jh dG f c J d jZEG hCG JdG J
fEa HdG dG YGb d SQJ CG OQCG GPEG jCG g a eCG ,dG YGb
jd , U eCG j e Ggh YGdG g e d SQJ CG hCG Y Lj
fEa jdG ah GS HQCG hCG K Id HdG SQj W BG
H j dG HdG g g,dH dG IAGb M j
eCG j e Ggh ,HdG dG a Gk QgJ Y a g e jh ,GJ
dG .dG e jdG Y jh VdH bY CG UCd dh U
IAdGh ,dG Gg a dG eO dG LdjjCG adG :fdG
H gGfh jH YVdG H be J dG edG e H
CG j jW T a Zj dG jdG dG da . LdjjCG dG
bdG Y dGh dG e J ce LGh EGh ,dj d GQM j
. gZh FXdGh edGh

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 40
Aachen NBG jH Ve TdG hQgh dQT

800 dG a ddG M
d SQc
Gah .(fdG hCG fdG e) dQT SQCG , OdG H 797 Y a

H m UGJh m oOJ SCd OGH a TdG hQg GjO dEG GU SeHO
jGf fGa e vc adG Gg V .dQdG jQWGeEG h SdG
dPh , MdG J e NCG dJh .SEG OdG LdGh fSh
dP a ddG M jQdG JbY dEG k aVEG d IH dG Y JQd
b CG H GS N H 802 Y dQT dEG Mh SEG OYh .bdG
bdG H e ,dG e K jGg Lh HdG KOdG AGLEH
.zHCG{ M a Y IQY gh SdG HCG SG c dGh jdG
SEG LdG .jdG dG{ dG VdG SH SEG MQ fc
800 dG H GQM K Y MQ .zNBG- SdG -OGH .HCG dGh
e IdG a NBG je FGQJd HdG YdG a VY J dGh ,dGh
.2003 , S 28 M fj 30
jQWGeEd cdGh SdG dG e QGM AGLEG dEG dQT S GPd
.e jOh IQM d dGh fS Y eCG BG J fc dG J
. GQdG H bdH e fdCG U

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 43
c .GfBG id SdG RGdG LGe Y GDdG Gg Y HLEG j

M , bdG dP a T hO dG ibCG e (809-763) TdG hQg
jaCG MdG e Ic AGLCG dEG aVEG jdG ShCG dG Y j
eMh eSEG ddG N c f bdG ah .SdG dG Y
IQWGeEG o Jo shoYn fc dP e ZdH .SdGh jdGh e a SdG
:fCG IQWGeEG dh QWGeEG: Me) 803-752 Id jjCG fdG
a j dGh .(TdG jQh HG Y H Mh dH J fC
Y dGh dG dG Y dGh fehdG QWGeEG jQh IOdG
e dG Y a (814 -742) dQT eCG . HQhCG Th dG
jJ j ch UCG IOLe jQWGeEG Y j c M , KG
fc e jjCG Ea cCdHh , d AM Y H a dP dh .e
dHh dCG T fehQ jQWGeEG SCd j c fC ;e dd
. IMdG jQWGeEG de ij
fdG L hHEG f e d SJ cCG a fdQdG jQWGeEG eG
fa qjC G g a j e T Gd ;fdCG Z T a dCG dEG
.qd qdG djEG h ,dG OH qdGh GjSh dh Gdgh Hh
OCG dGh ,SOdG dG M HGdG dG e YdG VdG e Ia Hh
e dQT SCG SGh .jdG qfehqdG qjQWGeEG QfG dEG e H
IhY .HQhCG a FdG dhd WGe jQJ UCG e We a fdG
fc M FGO M dM a IjdG jQWGeEG g X dP Y
dEG aVEH ,dG a adGh dG a jeCG V adG Y Ze
d dhdG SJ Ea dP ZHh .gJh gQSGh IjL We hZ
QdG jh .kf kIU IQdG W T fc M Gc ee j
UCG HS L dQT C ;IjdG dG Hh jdG fehdG dG
d SCG h IQe IQH j c d ,c m rnb GP k UY j d fEa
a b ch .jQWGeEG NJ J dG ceCG e jb IU Re
jdG Mh f IdG dG dEG aVEH jd dG g NBG je
AY n Ye n n Ln h ,Ie IQGOEG SCG a dP ZQ .ef IH fc f

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 42
dH Gg iOCGh .dG dSH IH k eDe ch dG WH dEG fah

QOCG a , fehdG jQWGeEG e dG Yh .H Me SS aGJ dEG
,jOQdG e jd e Gb SQCG Gd FSG HdG fe dQT
Y ah .dKdG dGh fdCG cdG H jb bY X dHh
.(816-795) ddG d HdG p nbp e v fehQ Gk QWGeEG dQT J 800
M .dQT e Y e M dEG J TdG hQg e fc
f M ShCG dGh HdG IjdG c SdG jQWGeEG T
g eV ZHh .dG d M jaCG T MSh dG a L
QW bh ,HdG dbCG H hH ce g fc a ,jQWGeEG
dG jQGe J LCG eh .kJ kHp h IL IQH da Ik QGOEG SdG
UdG e M .fdGh SQdG jQWGeEG ddG e GfG a
AdG L a .edG dP a IRQdG dG iMEG OGH kjM ICdG
.IQdG W e Ic T e Gk AL OGH fc dc SdGh fdGh
e Fd Gb d a ;je SJ dEG j dH TdG hQg ch
J e dG CG VGdG e hj BG M aY eh .adGh SdG IdG
OGH dEG NBG e k MQ Ea Gd ;SdG hCG dG MdG eC S
,WdH ae MQ fc fCG dEG aVEH k jW k bh J fc dGh
UGdH IAe J dG g Ea e SS ib OLh Y Yh
hQg dEG dH Mh .jdG hd egG hj jdG edGh
c Y a dP eh .kS GQN OdH c dG Ea dQT h TdG
d jGg SQCG h jdG SGdG W GSH NBG Y e MGh
Y adG OdG a dH .SdG VGdG M VhJh ,k H
id k VGh UGdG gCG fc a dP e ;Qj d YLG idG
f Yh .OdG H SdG dG jGH a GfBG IOLdG SdG IdG
dGh jOdG :FQ jO Ge KK ZH a ,HdG QdG
j d d .dY jQWGeEG jO fc GNBG jdGh .SEGh
Ea Gd .H a dG g c gRhJ j Sd e Y jdG
J Qe a d fEG h a jQdG dG Ud d VdG

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 45
ObGh adG OdG FGah cdG dEG aVEH dG adG

ddG Y SEG KCJ Y VdG Gg a cQ bh .dG dY a ddG
.dG dEG dG e zjdG dG{ :VdG GY N e dc HdG
gCG OGH f faEG jQWGeEG e SEGh Sh jf Mdh
bdG jGdG M a e eM NBG dEG IOdG MQ e fQdH H
e dEG SEG Ve dj Ve ebE dhCG QaCG LJh .JYfGh
ch ,Vd zMhdG FGdG{ HH jQO dhh ch .1990 Y
a AT c ZH edG IGOeh fLCG goQ V f J VdG
dG dSdG SEG b J .eY IQH HdG GdG ah ,fdCG
bh ,ddG M IKDe d Ie T e Gk AL c Oj Y a , Vd
HQhCG ddG dEG eSEG ddG e jQdG dGh FSdG d SG
dEG aVEG eSEG dG e j dG dG dG g Gg: HdG
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AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 44
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AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 47
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AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 46
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AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 49
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AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 48
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AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 51
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AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 50
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AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 53
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AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 52
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AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 55
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AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 54
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AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 57
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AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 56
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jdG fdG dd bdG dG J gCG a VhCG 1970
jQH e c a SQd dKh cd Kh ,Hd Sc AfEG bGh
.fa a e dGh IQdGh SdG ed Seh

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 59
bGSGh HGSG cGdG RHCG e dG SDdG g fch

M dG gh ,GP hCG fdG Gg e JQH gGh HdG dG d
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c c , fdG GSG cM J e a Ic eSEG d fc
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(4)
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j Gg CH Y .fd a VdG dG Y d iNCG Mf
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SGQO KGJ SQj dG dG e Weh e ,HdG IQdGh

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 58
Md e LGe dG J c Ghfh , GSah , Ga ,IOL Y

dG bGSG SGQdG EG{ :fOhQ e dG j SQGdGh
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bO Y e YJH EG QdG hCG dG MdG Y bGeh
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g J CG hO dd HZ jDhQ hCG e If e bfG JCj a H
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a b AdG Y QU e hj GYTh , d jOfG IjL SQe
CG j IjL ge Y j GhNCGh ,dDe e jQSG IdG
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Y GSG Vh hM e hCG c - dG ddG YSdG

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 61
a IjY e N e Ggh ,a dc eOCG H ,ffEG dG e

QdGh jdG FGQ c ,jQdGh dG Yh fdGh jQdG LdSdG
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L dGh ,dG fdG dG a dG HdG WdG eCG
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eeCG a dG MdGh aGdG c e GY dEG ,WH HGh ,L
.(10)zJQM QGe Y bh Hh ,VdG a fOH ae

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 60
:SEH gGh fdG

,Y HdG dG jGH a Y egG eSEG jdH fdG gG
hJ c Jah Mh H e dG IM a T Hc (jOH) c a
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c a ,eSEG H ebE Ge FGdG NCG Gg JG bh ,(jO jEG
a QTCG bh zdG Gj c dG{ h zdG HQ{h zAGdG IM{ :e
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fh fe OLh dEG SGQdG Jh .fa a fdG jdG g jOdG
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e EG ,kjM eSEG jdG GYG fdG e dCG HQCG dGM
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d fdG WdG dG a ffEG dG b Y HdG dhDdG
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SEG CG f sco h k e SQO a jOhQLR L e fEG ..WN OdGh
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dG H ,jPdGh jdG J dKdG a TCG o GrC n Hn CG Hh
j GPh ,dG a dGh edG ShQO He Qb ,fdG ddG

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 63
jdG dG AH IOYEG) GH jfEG dG a Hc AbUCG MCG fGgCG

H Y LCG fC Gc YCG JCGb eY ,bEG e dDd (eSEG
,eJ LCG c jdG SEG e Qc QaC VY M JDhJ
HH gh ,zQe H{ e Z dY jO eSEG jdG d X dh
fC Y (ddG) U AVEG j Gd ; fjdG L H e Sb
AGOC edG e dEG Je gP :Fb Jh .iNCG adH j
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(11)
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Y (SEG hDT) Ve a dG e LPf Xh .dGh
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KCJ jQGSGh eSEG dG QJ fL Y cDj e e .(HdGh
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CH Y .JQMh aKh dG e QdH edGh YVdG fGdG
SEH d YVe dG jL dG e J H dG H
dG GMCG iJh .HfG dG AKCG a UNh dGh

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 62
M NCG g fdG dG U a SEG QfG Le CG jdG

jdG HGSG Y zQdL L{ dG Yh (12).fa V J CG j
j dG g CG Y cCGh ,fa a SEG QfG H j dG Yd
J GYSG dG AdG H c g ,MGh gL S gAGQh
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Y YS dG SSCG dG g gh ,bYG Y gJ IY
a GcEG Mh ,MdG jO fEG ,fdG U a SEG QfG
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f j bCG a ,dG Yh ,SG fh ,dGh QGdG jO
CGQ M eCG e hjh ANCG e SGh d U e VN
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g bCGh ,e j CG Y dG e cGe QEG g hCd da
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e AT CG fdG Y VJ CG GL dG e iNCG L eh ,jHdGh
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.(14)dG e c e UNh jH J cCJ

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 65
SSh ffb be fa a dG LGj CG dG e fEG

jdH J edG CG ZQh QWEG Gg ah ,ej Hh IN YLGh
MCG H a J jdG g Ea -dG Z YdG d jdG
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g hJ CG IOdG e PEG ,jdG SQGdGh eSEG adG cGdG SCJh
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MdG Y dG SDdG a Yf dG dG aQ dG
RGSGh ,FG jQdG OH dP bY M TdG TGh ,eYEG
jL cCG QeCG dEG TdG Jh ,dG d dG AGJQG j dG
jQSO ,hH GfGa HdG jRh Ice) .fdG fGdG GMG Y a H
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. zfdG jdH{ j Ve be dEG
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f dH Ff f CGd SG dEG aVEG fa ASC dG
Z jO d fa a fdG jdG j SEG CG SG a OQh M
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AdGh .FdG e gZh dGh IAhdGh dGdGh ANEGh edGh dG
.(SGdG)h (QJHHhCG adG)h (hQdG) U dEG Cd JGP

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 64
M GL j dG JGH fdG jdG CG eCG a gdGh{

jdG fdG dG j QU M dG V gGdG IQKE
MdGh ,eGH ah TT Y QdG e fdG KdG J VQj
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fdCG fjJ Ib eGH a QdH d o n roj M ,jdG bdG Gg
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f dh ,MG CG j We hCG zsLn eo { c fa a GOLe c
j .hb IY b e c f dG dG CG dG f dG
a dG dG OGYCG jGH OGORG cdG CG dG fdG
.dG Y g e cCG c dG a dG OY CG Gf d ,Wh
hY g YdG fc dW SEG OLd j j d dG CG dGh
NGdG hdG CG dG cG YdG H d .FdG LdjjCG
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gh ,dG b j dG jdG dEG eCG Jh dG RGL Y jh
YCGh HY H a ) jh IdG hDT e CT CG a dG H j
.(15)(idH EG

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 67
eGdG
gG d) 62 :U (31) hCG AdG GSG Y UN OY (H dG dG) e fG (1)

.(QdG T .O ?GSH
/OGdG e QcdG /167 :OY /adG dY S /fa a HdG SGQdG jQJ c fCG (2)
96./95 :U
128. :U /f LdG (3)
62. :U /40 :OY /HdG WdG e (4)
.fa a dG he GLCG e QGM /59 :U 1988/70 :OY /dG (OdG dSQ) e fG (5)
32. :U /1983/5/2 :OY /jdG (AfCG) IjL a f e GSG (6)
269./268/U GSG c fG (7)
dG) e/ffEG dG cQ a fdG GSG Y M dS QcdG SGQO fG (8)
15. :U/1992 Z 162 :OY (HdG
WdG dG a eSEG WdG) 19:U /1993/6/19 :OY ShCG dG IjL fG (9)
.(dG L /jQH
89. :U HS Le /fa a HdG SGQdG c fG (10)
.1966 S SEG YG bh 12,:U /1983/7/12 :OY /fdG (fed) U fG (11)
(c L e QGM) 1988 e 16/15 :OY /HdG (AfCG) d YSCG dG fG (12)
9. :U /fa a SEG GDS M
9. :U /f LdG (13)
9. :U /f LdG (14)
IUdG SGQdG ce fh jQH a fG dG (dG a SEG) Ihf a NGe (15)
14. :U /1996/5/2 :OY /SdG IjL Y f /jQH

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 66
adGh edG
Y WY QcdG
(dP M hO ) bCG g dGh IdGh fdG dG EG j

feEH dG dG ddHh ,fdG dG a jh ee J CG dEG
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,OCG ,fdG ,SdG ,LG Y ,dG ,jdG) adG Mda
eJdG e a djh dh dG jQdG QWEG e J (....dEG ..dG
.edG
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. fdG edH dG H HS PSCG

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 69
de Y dG gdG AY Yh gdG k jd q J gh toleration

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k fhe )VY dG ShQ jJ e bCG jQdG a ed jJ a

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 68
dG a dG QX e Tj (kjCG SEG jOCGh M M jH

dG e Y SdG dG a H NCG M jdG hdG KEG Y SOdG
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edG S EG{ :M M id OQh d f ,H dG dhdG Y
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d dG aEG d fEG .dGh AjdG ghj aGYG EG o p r jo
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AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 71
JQMh KdG dEG Uh dG adG idG dEG Oj Gg CG d hj

dhdH d bh S dG jDhQh S JR id f dG dG dGh
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TGdG
. 2003 hH , 1 fdG dG QGO , dGh edG Y AGVCG , Y WY.O (1)
:M M , dG Y AGVCG , Qf Uf dEG faCGh SEG jOCG e dDdG e Ye (2)
.1993 QGPBG /hH , 1 , GeCG QGO , 178 U (1986) eJ/J
. 178 U f HdG LdG (3)
. 203 U dG f , Qf Uf Y k f , SEG jOCG (4)
(5) (Grand dictionnaire encyclopedique Larousse (G.D.E.L) V.10, librairie Larousse,
librairie Larousse, 1985,p.10275 (Larousse, p.....H a)
(6) J. Leclerc, histoire de la tolerance au siecle de la reforme, deux Volumes, aulumir
:z theologie, n.3, 1955 {
Roland Gray, la tolerance, robert joly, avant-propos, p.18. :Y
k f
(7) Lalande, vocabulaire et critique de la philosophie Librairie Felix Alcan, Paris 1926, p.1133
(Lalande) ... H a
. 179 U eJ/ qJ - M M - edG Y AGVCG (8)
eL jeh ffj a gh Themstios. (388 dG-317 faH) zSJ{ (9)
k T dGdG Y a . Gk c k q SS Gk QhO d . SjOcQCG Heh JdG dL jUh dG
. SQCG Y c dDe gh .kcM K
. 179 U , eJ/J , M M , edG Y AGVCG (10)
UCG , 74 Y Sf a dh .dH dG hCG b gh ,(337-274) b (11)
312 Y a ehQ GHCG Y zfe{ Y QfG ,337 Y a aJh 306 Y a Gk QWGeEG
jM J fe IAGH Ea 313 Y ah , jQWGeEd SQ fjc dH GYG k Ff M
Z dG fH dEG jQWGeEG ce a ,323 Y a dG f g YG , jdG
hH , HdG AfEG e , Y WY.O LJ , dG dG jQJ , jH dG Y k f) ,dG
62. U TGdG ,(1996
(12) Lalande, p. 1133.
(13) Ibidem, p.1133.
(14) Ibidem, p.1133.
Jch jO LQ gh Bossuet, Jacques Benigne. (1704 jQH-1627 jO) H L SH (15)
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e ce (1696-1693) FdG MJ M zd{ dG e JSGe c H a , kjOM

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Ld kLh Vh dG (hdG Sh dG M Y j dG CG ij aU ge) fCdG LCG

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texte: reunis et PresenteUZaghlul Morsy, la tolerance, essai d (16)
Liban, Berirut.Upar Zaghloul Moursy, agrege de lUanthologie,
-propos, edition arabe 1975, Unesco n 1974, imprimerie Catholique,
universite a la faculte De lettres de Rabat, avant
(17) Lalande, p1134.
Mirabeau (Honore Gabriel Riqueti, comte de) (1791-1749) HGe (18)
e jdG c ,Y W GPh jd k cP c dh k H c d , qe Nh fa SS gh
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eJG e ZdH . jQdG OdG Y NB bh e k aGe FH e fEG , dG dGh ddG
d k FQ fG CG LQd f T Y dG e qJ GdG H b e fdH
(Le petit Robert des noms Propres) :ICa dG aGh eY edG
(19) Denis Diderot, 1717-1784, France, Memoire pour Catherine, la tolerance p 76
dEG j fa ah Jc gh , (1784 jQH 1713 f) (Denis Diderot) hQjO Y k f
e gQGOCGh Y TCG dG , jHfd JMh f Sqc gH IM H , dG jRGLQdG
hhiques) dCdG eh , dG IQKEG a JZ J M Zj c , 6671 Y M 7471 Y
ne voient 1749).U (lettres sur les aveugles a l . IdG jOdG dEG fG (pensees philosop
usage de ceux qui
dEG dH dG fch ,fEG jMh dG NCG QfCG e ch , Sd fdG Z fEG
IQdG a ObG dGh dG dG Y f) fdG IQd jdG e jh , dEG Ib HH
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. dG dG
(20) Dictionnaire Robert Paris 1967.
.z1985 hH , dG QGO , 5{ c S LJ , jOj O f RhQ GTEH , dG YSdG (21)
(22) Ton nom, Souleimane Bachir Diagne, la tolerance ecris
Et les sultures, p (113) (Souleimane Bachir Diagne, la tolerance et Les cultures, p. 176.UTolerance j
.fa a gh EMANUEL LEVINAS (1975 jQH-1905 SeJ) :Sd jfjEG (23)
a jJ a SCG dG Haidegger Zg ah Sg LdeH Gk c IKCe OLdG Y a
NBGh edG , 1947 OLdG dEG OLdG e ,1930 Sg Ldea a dEG jf :fa
M J EG , 1961 jfdGh dG , 1949 Zgh Sg e OLdG cG a , 1948

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 80
fEG ffEG) fdG dG Y g KCJ d c , NBG Lh a dG KCG M k UNh , NBG

.(1963) jdG HU Y jdG e e fEH aeh , (1972 NBG
(24) Ibidem, p. 113
(25) Ibidem, p. 113
(26) Ibidem, p. 114
(27) Ibidem, p.115
(28) Ibidem, p.116
(29) Ibidem, p. 113
(30) Ibidem, p. 116
GOdG ,zadG e{ , dG d jObG QhdG ShCGR HdG IQdGh jdG (31)
c Gg ,1996 hCG jJh jCG edGh HdG GOdG k jCGh 1996 BGh RJ - SOdGh edG
AT 6 OdG jM e a zdG dG a jObG jQJ{ GY J SGQdG g f YCG
.eCGdG SSCG Y , 1997 HQ 7 OdGh 1997
fEG :j .fa Me Jch YTh a gh (Paul Claudel) (1955-1868) jOc H (32)
ede fdG YdG Yd JTe , dKdG jEG d X jQH a GO Jf FGQJc a
fdGh 1893 dhCG dG) jdGh (1891) gP e SCGQ :SkGe HOCG Wf LR
jeCG IdG jdG dEG kGQa SQCa , SeHdG dG IGQe a dhCG JdH f ,(1897
dG a SeHO UCG (1909) Y dEG 1895 dG e , (1894) OdG dCG M (1893)
H ...dG (1907) dG dG dG M JQjQ :JdDe QZh jdG jDhQ Za bCG
chH Gk NCGh (1927) TGh K (1921) cW a Gk S UCG UGdG e a J
a QUh 1909) gdG : dDdG e jdG fCG edG IdG g N (1936-1933)
dG CG , (1918 a QUh 1914) SdG dG , (1912) Qe dEG YEG , (1911
fdG jOcCG a kGY UCG , dG ... (1929) jdG AGdG , (1920 a QUh 1916)
fL dEG , a KCJ Mh jdG HdH , jdG a , JM jCG NGhCG a gG , 1946 Y
a ddG dEG W , Kh fc H dG dG HQ d . bCG dG H dG
(Le Petit Robert des noms propres) c M dEG fh Jh JHc
(33) Souleimane Bachir Diagne, la tolerance et les cultures, p.117.
(34) Ibidem, p. 117
(35) Ibidem, p. 118
(36) Ibidem, p. 118
(37) Ibidem, p. 118
(38) Ibidem, p. 119
(39) Ibidem, p. 120
(40) Ibidem, p. 120
(41) Ibidem, p. 120-121
Pierre, Bayle 1716 - 1647 H ,dH (42)

dG V , k W Gj c eY , dG Y d f Qf , T fa bfh a gh
,Ie S a JdGh ffdG J k fJhH ch , dGh MhCG e c ,AcdGh dG eh
RdJ je a YdG AHBG e dEG f K , Y e SdG a gh zGQHH{ e NOCGh
dEG jL e OY SM Og e d ,dKdG YG dEG jdG b aO , dG SQO M
id ; QdG dG a Y AHCG H qc M zL{ dP Y bh , fJhdG
zGOS a{ j CG b zjQH{ a edG e Ia bCGh , zGhQ{ je a k HODe Y fa dEG JOY

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 83
Y Y YSG jOcCG bEG KCG Y .fJhdG jOcCG a dG SH dEG Y M

M WGN{ d g Y hCG QUCG (1682) ddG dG a , dG Sc H d zGOJhQ{ dEG
ddG f{ Hc QhU H k UN dH Sa , WHCGh aGdG a Lg dG zdG
jQL QNCG{ e QUCG H a .fJhdG UEG cM a Lg dG , zQe Cd
ddH c dG T , fJhdG S f a jh dKdG J j c d , zGOBG
Va dEG dGh eH dG eG AYOG H bdG e fCG j L e AGQBG H HdGh
Ad J CH dW bh , ed edG OdG ZU dEG QOH ddh , IdGh dH jNBG Y
a H ,dG f Y QKCG dG eCG ,dG jdG g f a hj dG jdG YG jM
eCG j d J IM j c fCG Hh .j c dG dG Sc e Mh fJhdG
dG (1697 - 1695) dGh jQdG SedG Vh Y fa , H j e Tj NCGh
SGdG aKh AT c a dG OYCGh AT c a T d , 1760 Y b Ge Y W YCG
LhCG e Uj CGh , ac dGh gdGh NCG e Vj CG d MJCG bQdG H
QdG e j kGc Seb j MdG g a , HdG SdG h d dG dG
dG aGhh jdG dG FGQ Ga , zH fS{ jW Y SedG Gg a Y c ,edGh
. dG jMh edG SQ JM GW c d , j a dGh
(43) Tolerance j ecris Ton nom, Marcel Conche, la tolerance francaise et sa signification
universelle, p. 178-179.

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 82
: c a IAGb
? adH fEG Oj GPd
YJh JCf :jdG adG
hdG e : LGe
ah , dDd jJh ,Ld ee e ,a J e dG dCj

.YCGh dG c jh ,LGdGh eGdG K j dDdG jf
e) dEG (?fCG e) e fh ,dG jQJ a gCG GDdG VH JdG GC j
H e Hf c dEG) ?Y LH YCG CG j j dG e (?f
.(?M dG e) H (?Y j dG e) dh (?dG
jaihs fdG SH ahe FW SGQH k e edG e Ia MdG X
gY fdG IdGh .Y fGe SGQO iLCG bh ,dG a jO bCG gh
J L dG FSdGh FGdG Y egG fGh .S 2400 e cCG
.NBG H Jh gUY H Y aJ IdG
,e e j c J H zkce{ Gk gL K CG dEG MdG gj
SdG CG g c Gg a QdG bGdGh .Y jW j c ae Hh
dG CGh .dG H e bY a jh hOLe fCG CG ,YLG
j fEG Gg c ,ce YLG IM SCJ Y dGh ,dG dGh
dG dGh dG EG .jNBG SfCG LGe ah jW Yh N e
. 1998 , jdH adG dY S . L bT LJ , adH fEG Oj GPd : SQjQc je

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 85
e SGh .NGO a dh SdG H j fEG YLG ddG Jh

j H ,kH H e H He SdG CG CG ,dOdG YdG
H NGe bZ a g e c a GPEG EG ,U f Y f CG d
M -ISCG e -H f HCGh UCG d hj dP Yh .UTCG
Jh a LdHhfCG e Jh SkGeR kT dOdG Q dG
.U Y SCG Y gJh dOdG HGdG g SGh
LdHhfCG H dG Lh NG SQ d M dG j K
LHhfG e fQeh hGH -cOGQ SQe UN ,fjdG YLG
(adG fCG)jH hQ SGQH QdG Gg Y djh .jeCG adG
dG OdG H jM Y jH M PATTERNS OF CULTURE
dDdG CGH - aVCG b a .adG d jDhQ d dh fQdc a
d e jQJ N ah aSG b fc ,UN GJh J -
eJ H eh IdG e ee ,IdG dSCG e SCG c CG :f dEG
MdH J adG CG cCGh .dG MGdG fc d SCdG eR
,OdG CT fCT ada ,Le hCG J dEG S dG edG edG
G Y jh .iNCH hCG LQH H H e dG dGh dG e f
dG IQhO Y AGS LdG ,dG dG Y UG YCGR Sb f
fGL c J dG ,fEd dG fCG hCG dG Y hCG jdG
SGh e Ic QJ e dCj YCG SdG Ea Ggh .Wf
,aK d fGM EG g e dG CG ij Jc CG H .SIc GAfGh
,GdG ICWh K AGREG S gh ,d Hbh Yeh bY fG Mh
.jQJ GP fGM dc fCGh ,Ya Ib kjCG dG CG ifh .e Heh
bdG a jh ,QHG Y IQObh SSCG a YLG fGM fCG
OhOQh JHSG dh ,bdG g Hh ,NBG Hh H H
.Id IjL TCGh IjL bY U H ,dG H AGREG daCG
dG d LdHhfCG JSGQO N e FdG g dEG Uh bh
.jPdGh fdG ShCG a SGh Yb id dG a FGdG
ICdG UCGh , fEG Y jQdG jGH SGQO pYs n nS IdG CG q gHh

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 84
d jdG d edG hCG SSCG fCG dEG JdG gjh, dhCG

a jhQGO cDj ch , YLG fGd hCG SSCG Y jQL k e
, VGJ cCG fCG bGdGh Gk ja Gvan k Y f j SZ e aGH fEG
bdG k eJ bj CGdG Ggh .Gd GOGeG Gf CG d ahCG e fCG MCGh
a a k Y QhH j dGh , FSG fEG N H
ddG dEG gJ e e J jhQGO If dh .dG HdG IQdG
L CG jJ dG fdG IdGh jPdG e iNCG dG bNCG
,bNCG IGhdG b Y OLe ,fGMh jH , SGdH dG FdG
f H Yae fEG QJ b J e QHh .e c GQb NG Gh
e S fEa , QaCG e f H H ,a Sh QMCGh Y e aOe
Qf e f Y , dG AdGh .QaCG e e Ye J CG aCG
fGd{ k baQ f fQd dG dch ,bNCG FdG CG BG
. zjd Ie Ff J CG j dG ddh iNCG
hQh jQJ Sd UCG c : GDS Y M dG j c dh
hdG O HCG H V j GD dG Gg Y HLEG LCh ? Y LG
,HdG ,SdG ,QaCG IAGb ,cdG JGdG e gUYh YLG
a ,jdGh dG ,OdG UGdG e QGdGh GHEG ,ddG jdGh
Y LdHhfCG AGLCG J dEG d jdG dG e Ye
IQhdH d jdG YLG hdG dEG M dG GQdG g CG
GQdG L Y J fCG c , e HCG g e dEG gOQ Qj GQb
LdhfG AYh dG Y ej dG dG GhOCG EG .d IdG
NC QdG jdG AdGh GdG S SQj jdG adG
GfCG H QGdG Y J CG j SGQdG g ,YLG fEG
ehR .kTh bO cCG jh ic IFa j CG fCT e e gh ,FdG
H e Iae Ska J GQdG g Ea LdHhfCG dG Lh
YLG Id TCG GHEG Y IQdG g IMe f J fCGh ,H
j a ,dGh LddG Fd Vj fCG EG ,gJh Y dGh
U ch MhdG dG SQj CH , YLG hdG O SG

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 87
IdG a ic J cd SdG d a e Y{ Gk e ,dG

LdHhfCG Y CG e ZdG Y Gk PEG .zLdHhfCG Y Wh YLG
fCG EG ,zYLG hd{ k jJ k eg RhJ ,IOe Ia iS d
Y IQdG CG ,YLG hdG fGL e fL Y Wb IQH j
HGQ CG eCG jGH a AdG id j d jdG dhCG ,jNBG b J
GQb fCG Y gdG GQdG dCe MdG bjh .J j e
a k e NGe FGhO UH dG g V dEG j a . jdG IjT
AY dEG f e Y Y dPh ,YLG hdG j dG dG GP
f ,Ggh e GMh e dDeh eh Ije GQb fCG Y dG
j fCG hCG ,zCdG e{ k ee UH FGhdG dG QJ dEG LH d
.IOdG YVdG hCG SdG GdH J jGhQ
YdG feEG d j fCG g FGhdG dG CH MdG aSG e q GE
dG QdH ,NBG gMCG j CG dGh JG dEG LH a fEG .dG e
aO Y dG K eh .bGdG e Qb Y J IQH dG d j
QeCG ddG a j dG g dG AS CG Wh .YLG cdG
a hj dG Y If dEG UdG g dG c dh .Ibh H J
, adG OJ efd k ah j PEG , (HhdG) dBG dG Rhj T
K eh , dG dGh edG IdG GP FdG hO zkT{ jCG hjh
. e M YLG dG Gj CG Yh Jb H j
GMCG NCJ H ,ATCd dG Hd Me K J CG H fEGh
bh dG MdG SG Gg dEG k Uhh zJGH T j d{ Gk Qe
dGh zaGLKG{ j CG e k H IdG Y k Fb dN{ f e Gk J
j CG d c e dG YdG jGhR dEG j CH d S eb dG dG CG
jdG QdG M jdG jdG MdG d j K . dP hO dGE
j fG dG YJ LQ j Y Y Fe e bh zkq H{ Y CG feh
M zcS j dh Y QK b e SGj CG J fC{ Ia MhQ bW
IdG UCG GaCG e dDdG S dG fdG jGhdG g .QdG fG
jH j K ,dhCG ICdG e , dG BG dEG Lj dG a

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 86
,dG gh ,hGdG fe M e LdHhfCG GdGh dG

.dEG eJ dG LdGh ,Y J dG JdG IdGh , QGdG Wh
fCG ,qdG gQah HOCG AGQh e fdG eDdG Y AGOCGh cdG jh
a JCj dGh .dG NGO Gk Y NCd hCG ,zSf d{ fdG J b
H M e K KhM SCGh e e ,GMCG Y VCG H dG jf
?M GPdh ?M GPe j CG g AdG dEG j e c C Ggh dP
Gch ,Yah HjEG fL d FGhdG YdG Ea ddh ? dP H M GPeh
e bGdGh fG GQOEG a j SdG EG .eN S fL
, iNCG IQH ,da .cd zGaM a Ghj CG{ jCG SH H dN
. WdGh adG YJ e dGh hdGh IOGQEG Y J
IdG UC jO c gh ,zfLCG{ f dDdG j dP Hh
dEG dG J SCG Y jh ,GPH b -hj a - X fdG
Vdh , dG IM a QHGh dG Qd H SG a , ah W
f dh . IjL YLG TCG QH dG SdG j c
fCG T LCG e ,dH adG gh CG be Vd dhGJ iL zfLCG{
dG SDd dG jZ IOdG IQSCG g zfLCG{ f Ea dGh adG
k q YVe Rhj fEG IUdG fjS a IdG g M ,e EGh .jPdG
dG a c e j PEG , H dG bQGa Rhj c ,zjQdG GMCG{
Y GPH aGeh dG ICd SdG UCG J b M fEG jdG
d c Yh fCe IAGb EG ,J d QdG Gg e QeCa , dG dG
cS aK f OLh Y d k dO j dG CG d J S zfLCG{
dG HdG Y dO g H ,QdG e Y AGUCG GP OOj e H HCG
MdG ojh bdGh dG Y Qj OJ HW gh , YLG Id
c e UCG d dG Hb J CG dEG k gGP , jL e WN L
f Y dGb a JaKh Je ZJ fGM Oe d a .f
ZU fh ,fh dH Je f k jCG fEG H .QWEG a c S
.Id jL dSCG e Zf H
GODe QH aO Gdh ,YEG J KCJh da GP GQb Gg jh

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 89
,YLG hdG IQY a d dG GQdG gh GQdG J fQW fCG

NBHh GdH dG YdGh YLG AcdG Y GQdG g Jh
dG cdG jdG dG J L gh .FGhdG dGh jQHHh
GQdG g a snah .adGh YLG dG Hd kSSCG J
e ac SGQH j d fC FGhdG d SCGh jdhCG YCG .JOh
feEG Sd j dG dG Y jdG YLG hdG Lj ,g M
. a bQdG GMCG H Yh Y gh dG
YJ a YLG ddH aQeh YLG dY CG c VhCGh
HN e jd e hCG ,jdG Id jdG dG dc RHCGh .eT
UdG H dG Kh fCG ch YLG TCG J Ija YGHEG
IFGO e Ic Me IOY J jH dh MdG dY Ggh .YdG
M e jdGh LdHhfCG Y e , Ye a dDJ dG FdG
.J a IMh g
e LdHhfCG j dG QdG W g e :GDdG Rj gh
d jPdG gdG CG dEG dG S Y SQGdG TCG d ? GAdG N
SDe NGO YGh JCG dG ,SdG HGOBG a k e dG Lf
jh ? a CG Y LdHhfCG a . UN jd ah Ie YLG
Y dG dG e hJ IjdG QdG Y k WhT Vf CG MdG
Y Gk jJ cCG If e dG jf AJ CG IQhdH j PEG ,eEG Qb
.jR KEG j hCG d Hb J CG j c , jdG dG
dG HOCG IQdG Hh QdG H LdHhfCG MdG H jh
dG LdHhfCG QdG Ea Gg eh VdG dEG H ,HEG dEG J
a Id YdG MhQ d J d GPEG ,dG Gg Y YGHEG iL
H aeh zY{ GHCG J d fEa LdHhfCG H dG QdG
.dG e zkf{h zkghh{ k J
OdG dG e j CGh , k J j CG j LdHhfCG dG EG
dG e a dG Od VGdG eGSG MCG Ggh .SdG H
?c Gg uf CG d c dh ,HdGh fGdG

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 88
.IjL k aGYCGh GOY jNBG cGh ,dG YTEG N e jh

Yh FN cG a zkGeh{ k af k Y j CG LdHhfCd jh
edGh GYdG jd dG LdHhfCG a UN ,dG
IM hj c SdG YEG e iNCG FGa gh . YLG AJQGh
a IFGQh IOL e SGQO Y IQY dG CG VGdG eh .ISh Lf
e SQjQc je dDdG jh . YLG adGh LdHhfCG e
.KGdG H e Yf QK iMEG , dG dG g zkGjL{ k qY H
HG hCG fCG GPd :Qe GDS Y dUCGh dH J HLEG dG jh
?adG CG IdG dSCG e jdGh YdG IdG QdG g dG
Gg AGQh ffEG IMdG g e :SSCG SCG KK Y k jCG dG jh
Gg f CG d ch ?dG Gg Y C f dG QhdG g eh?adG dG
gCG dG g k H H e YdG a dG S CG dDdG cDjh ?c
.jdG jQJ a SdGh
EG ,dG jQJ a dG dG eY b f a edG Gg JCjh
g , dG hCG OdG idG Y AGS k YLG YdG Y dG IQb
AcdG jh . YLG QHG Y OGW hCG dGh aGdG
dG dG g gh , jd fe Hh ,dG Y YQH IQH YLG
dGh dG adG e IdGh SGdG dG QH gCG
.dG jQJ e c fCG dG FdG
Ifh eCJ JcQ ,jf LSGh fGe SGQO Y dDdG jh
Jh VY H jDhd k bGe H jh ,jMh jb aK a bK
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dEG jh .jQdG a dh YLG ad SGQO a FU GQeh
a dG{ k q Y fh eCf CG ,fCG f d RdG e CG g f
je dDdG jh .LddG QhO f CG b ,YJ fh JbY
,IjY SGQO dh LdHhfCG gh ,UNG e a k e k dY zQjQc
KHCG J .jdG dG dG ge W , LdHhfCG a fGeh jf
AcP QJ ,fdG IdG ,jPdG IdG , dG ,fjS e ,IY H

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 91
e dG Y OYGh ,Hc H dY dG dG bdG ZQh . fEG

dG dG gh , e CG EG ,JGdGh dGh jdG HCGh gGdG
UdG H Y j fG dP , bO H dG MU J d
j a .ShQdG FdGh FdGh dG a JGdGh eCdGh jdG
H a fJ ,IjL SCG Y dGh jdGh dGh jGhdG
a dG GHh .KGdG H e ,dG e d dGh GdG
Ieh ,dG Y Y j Ia ,dG HUCG fCch jdG j fch dG
Sj HGQh ,aGLfEG c Y Jj dKh ,LG H j fK
KCG e j d dP dh .GSh jhQGO e dG k dW , LddG H
FdG Y dG JJh , JGdG JdG gGT UNh ,VGdG dG
LJ b a zL bT{ PSCG LdG eCG ,jdG jdG jOCGh
dCG H IQYhh dGh VdG HU ZQ ,Sh eCGh bOU
dG Gg jh ,dG jf a LdHhfCG e d JOb , cGdGh
.HdG dGh YLGh LdHhfCG d jQhVh e LM

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 90
(@)jQdG dG
dG dG Ge a hdG dG
dG GVQ : LGe
1
dd dG Y IQdG Y hCG ,GdG MG jQdG dH bCG
e dG dGh dG GVG hCG ,dGh VdG
b jQH a QU c GY g q dG hCG jQdG dH Jb e q GE .OY
fdG jQWGeEG e HdG ShCG dG :ATd b{ :SG jT
dG zJc L{ H QGM Y IQY gh zceCG jQWGeEG dEGh
QGL{h -UdG Y L jCG e dGh e jUh ,hdG fdG
a IQdG fdG ddG SQe e ,fd UCG e QDe gh ,zQN
fdG dGh dG ,jJ Zh ,dd j dG jQ dG H c
Hd VGSG cdG ddG dG a QOdG QGdG j .hdG
Z d Y jh .dG fh dG ie Y HdG adGh SdG
Y g d FdG dG q GE h ,AT LCG r ep kfb c fEG :d jJ
;CGdG Gg e GdG Y HCG AT fCG bGdGh .jdG UEG HJ f
ShCG dG :ATd b :GH (2003 , fdG dH) Jc L , QN QGL , jJ Z dG qdGC

. jeCG jQWGeEG dEGh fdG jQWGeEG e HdG

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 93
dG H FdG CGdG g QU UN H 2001 S 11 H d

dG e SGh Ye (hQdG CG) BG gh ;dG jQdH
H ceCG id H e hCG g dG Lh H bh .dG SdGh
fEG b .SEG W M aN s TG eY S 11 GMCG
SEG q GE :(zjH fGO{h zjc JQe{ Y GNCGh zd{ k J) OdG
,dG dP eh ;Sh H ae e H ddh ;Au nS H
e ja bh .dG ddGh ,IdG jdG e OSG heh
FS e SEG H :(BG TH IQGOEG Y hj jdG) OdG adG
jdG a hOdG S bh .dG ah ,hOdG a ,jOCG
a ddh .dUCG jHdG fCGh ,jQJjdG dG H jNCG
dG GdWh ,jHdG fCG Jh ,dhdG Y jdG a dEG GYO
.dUCG aeh ,fG Yd jO UEG AGLEH (UdG Y dGh)
Y gDhGQBG J EGh ,fheQCG jQc WCG dG GP- gQ T c d
GhJ CG (dGh dG MUEG jCG) Y :-FGQBG Z SEG
L{ qd ;kW KdG jQhdG f Lh g dh !WN e SEG
e v c aO ?M GUh gGdGh O HG X c :CS dG zJc
:FdG Y jQJjdGh dUCG q GC dEG gd QN QGLh jJ
UEG M Y hCG ,Y e QJ Ob dG jdG UEG a
Ggh ;dEG dBG e N e jdG HdG HdG eCj a Ggh .QcdG
dEG dG SdG da .WEG Y k U j d EGh ,lhe l eCG
d ;Ib Gd fhOj bh ;dG a j SQeh dhdG Ia
bCG .jdG idG Y JQGOEG dEG hCG jjCG dEG hDj h ,fj cCdH
SCh ,dhdG HJ a Y jUdG dG id RQdG dG C dP
hCG jdG dG Mh .jO hCG aK SC dh ,jObGh SS
,eSEG hCG HdG SdG QdG e H a Oc hCG S dG ,adG
dhDe a dG CdG IQGOEG ,jOdG HdG a eCGh dG dJ e
c e Y a .fdGh jdG dG e eCG dch .cCG
dEG AHdG NOEG dP a H- ehc OQdG fhH EG AT a j

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 92
Y ASG e fdG SY jdG eh ,bhCG IQGOEG jJ hCG ,gRCG

a INCG HQCG OdG a FGO Gfc a gQOGch dUCG T eCG !gjH
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dG a FS CT dP a fCT ,dG a cQdG e GeM fC
!fd hCG WGjd dG HdG fdG
2
d Jch QN QGLh jJ MhWCG Y dG Gg e OdG EG
jdG LQh dG eP FJ h ,dhDdG dG SdG J
M jCG ;BGh eCH jQhdGh dG d dG H ;dUCG
H Gk Qe QU dG qc a jd OQfH J q M Y) ?ch , dG
jdG UEH dG d dG d j ch ,(S GMCG
de a jdGh adG HdG IAGb dEG Lj GeCG Gg ?adGh
VdG dEG - k S dG j d - Lj c ,SdGh QdG
g (?dG dhdG LQ) Y eR q GC jJ Z ij .ghCG dGREG AH
fdG dhdG c YRh ,HdG ddGh H VdG H J Ob dG
jj fc e -hdG aGQ YaQ dhO eh -Y e q d .ddG
AH VdG Y jgRCGh gRCG Y jCGQ d . jdG UE d kIQhV
n n Zn jRGe Jh jHJ SDe AfEG dd ,a ,IjdG dG
,jdG UEH fjEG Aa Y e qeGC .gGHEG o HGh Y e Y
q GC Y QdGh .HGdG IQdG e SdG HJ a H ,dGh adGh
a QGSG Y faCG QGUEG H YYJ faCG jdG H bY
fdG SGhCG e Y e e M a ;QdG SdG dG Y
dHh .jdG idG Y NGdG UEG GQhV dEG Y SdG dG e
d dG HdG dG e q GC GhYG jdG dG dhCG FGQ c
HdGh adG dG H ;SdG dGh dhdG AH a ITdG cQdG
.HCG idG a dhdG AH a j dG dGh
e Sj H o fCG d ;W Y d jM HY aK BG fh

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 95
HY aK AH Y IQdG dH fh .jdG dG GW SdG HdG

,jdG adG HJ Y W dP b j h .fGh dG gOj ,IMGh
a aGdG f -p j d CG Yhh ,HCG CG AT M e - Y d c dG
ia ;Y H jdG adGh ,gRCG fG YQCG Y e .dEG dBG
iJ c ,(cGdGh cdGh ,QdG GQjRh ,dG) dG jdG GdC
ah .gRCG T id ddG Ge Y dGh dGh gdG fd
LQdH) jCG jj c dG ,YdG dG QdG e k q Y dJ dG
Y FdG OLG dEG dG e hdGh ,dG SEG V (dhCG
eh .dG gGdG UH GdG e H ,UdG dEG ITdG IOdG
,VQ TQ e J Y a gPf XJ jdG) dG ADg id fc
dH dG aeh jf hCG Y e aBG e (e QU rCH fG bh
e GC jh ,YdGh aGdG e GC j SEG QH eCG fG bh .HhQhCG
g e ch ,(TCG dG Yh dG gGdG) jQJ g e c QVhCG
qjh ,(gLh jJ c YG dG ,HhQhCG KGdG) jdG tj LQN
eSEG dG VfCG Y dP s J bh .ddGh ddGh dGh jQdH
MUEG e) jQdG jdG e H n n nS nh fG dG j dG
SDdG J a Y e Qe HJ dG ZRdG dhdGh -(dGh
IQJ dUCd YQe hCG jdG eGH dd XJ ah ,IQJ jdG
dH fCG aQY Z jW dG GYQU dG KGdG dGh -iNCG
.dH dUCG fMW hj
o jh ,BG LGdG Qj dG jdG dG a ic e fY ,H
CH dh ,wQhV UEGh .dG ddG a ddG Zh ,dG Z JQU
IRQdG eh .jdG SEG g IdG SEG ?jL SEG JH ?JG
jNCG jdG a e hc GC H bh .a IdG hCG IQdG ddG jDhQ :e
HdG q d .UdG eSEG dG a ddG jDhQ f Y dG edG e
.jJ hCG DhMEG e c EG QOCG h ,cP S c ,J dG q C ;Ic
dG GbG dP ddG g a d VdG Ot hCG dG NCG eCG q GC Y
iNCG IQH hCG ,SdG UEGh jdG UEG H KdG hQhdG ebCG
q GC
s T a .HdG jdG HdG ah ,jdG dG a jdG dBV H

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 94
Y SOdG fdG a fJhdG UEG gP a c QNh jJ

H Y a) HhQhCG SdGh adG dG q GC bGdGh .Y HdGh
qj CG ThCG dG fJhdG fG dEG aCG dG g (QGfCGh dG
SDdG hCG) dhdG e SEG HJ q E a ;iNCG L eh .dKdG dG
a .HhQhCG a dhdGh jdG H bdG HJ Y J (AdG -jdG
jRJ hCG dG e k Yf Ch ,gCfCG dG g fC ;dhdH SEG j
HhQhCG jjdG J eYh .SdG QdG Y adG H OS dG
e dG S e gQJ aK QOe dEGY HGdGh Y ddG fdG a
jdGh dG H a dG a) JdG dEG LdG TQ HG Z GhLh
jL SEG fC ;INCG OdG a dhdH SEG UG bh .(JG e
jdG SEG GU jdG FMEG dGh MUEG Y hDdG ,a
dh .dG M J M ,dGh dGh ,jdGh IdGh ,dhdGh
eCG Oj CG j d fh dEG f dG s MUEG SEG s GC dP e
jQ fQEG d Ge) fCG a bG c ,dhdGh jdG H d a
Z GdH eCG Gg a HhQhCG HdG J q GC OdG H (TQ H
SdGh adG UEG q GC dGh .BG dc e Z H ,QhV
SCG e k S SdG o dG o j bh jdG UEH IQhdH Jj
SdG da .UdG Y SdGh adG de a jdG GQdG
a :Qf e SCG eCGh .eSEG dG FH dG idG a d bY
e j dG eh ,d x S m hGJ Y dG e SS j dG
,cCdH ?aTh jf HfG AGLEG e j dG eh ,dG a PfEG
.O HGh ,MdG Y Y h ,jdG edG d
M QGUEG j ?kq Y hCG k Ta k fb hdG dG c g :jdG ah
t j l J gh ,dhdG HJ J g -qT h- FdG dG d .e
dG a jb FMEG jdh .adG dG a dc d eCGh .dG M
.SCdG Y j d ,lAS gGdG bGdGh .kY k HW fMCG J jdG
cP c ,dG f dEG IOd LM fhO ,gJG c a dG dGh
!zATdG b{ hQhe

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 97
: jdGh QGdG
dGh dG H bdG M Ihf
HdG -HdG bdGh
SH je
ddG fjO J dh ... dG a aCG V Y adG e j d{

EG . dG hCG OGaCG Y aCG H dhe hCG e hCG JGP e
L hCG e jO OhM QN IdG dEG JCJ dG QaCGh QdGh bdG
BG YJG cCG aBG EG . Y KDJh jOCG L iJ GJ e jOCG
f . dhe QL a J jOCG CG QYG j h ... LQO cCG QNCGh
Y KDJ MGh fL e fMhdG fdGh , dG H Je L
YdG Y KCG e YL a IdG QaCGh AGQBdh , L fjEG
.(1)zIQSCG jdG dGfG J dGh .iNCG
P Y CG YGJ EG . dG g Y IgT QNCG onJ j c
fFe ddG HQ dh . adGh jdG OhdG AGQh J jO aGO
: GDdG jh . e e g eeCG MdG dG EG H fQGbCGh
gJ EG ? jOCG H jdG dd J CG ddG fjd j c
.d dG HSG Fd Ke dCGh Ye Ff JW a j dG Gg
HcG a IhdG fG bh .oY ,H MUEG dG ce je .ceCG b ,SH je

. H 2003

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 96
e , dG Gg e dG fdG Y eYEG FSdG cQ d

. d GQe j CG H dGh Gd Qe fCG Y jdG QXEG f
GUCG Y edG IdG a jdG SEG eGc f qGC j g eh
GdG e jdGh IdG Z GQd uhJ dG YEG FSh
dG jdG ddGh jOCd ShCG IQdG dEG j CG OdG Yh .jdG
M adG H QGd jdG dG C dG ddG LCG e e J
c fg de gdG dEG QOJ gh , dG Dj e LCG e QhVh
h ; jOCG H S hO dG H S { : b M IdG dG
. zH QGM hO jOCG H S
, jOCG QGM a Ie fe dGh dG H bdG GC J
e e fEGh , SS GgC Gf hCG dM j e H a d dPh
Ea dGh dG e g ddG S f EG Mh ; jCG OY
Hh ; ddG dG Y egh Y GKCJ fjdG Jg JCG H bd
g HjEG IQOe jCG Ea , bdG g GMCG e g ShCG dG CG
.H Ghj CG jNBd j jdGh QGd jW aJh dY KCJ GP S
AGQh J IQOe dGh dG H bd HdG jdG EG
e OY p nbp e 1995 Y a YdG SCJh . LdG d HSG
GObh jdG GOdG e OYh , eh e e dG jdG
GOdGh ah OQCGh eh jQSh d e c a fdG dG
f e dH GhJh jS GLG jdG , IdG HdG GQeEG dhOh
CG{ CGe bCG be SD dG YG 2001 Y ah . e e
, eSEG HdG IQd MGdG AfG M j jdG NG
. (2)zL dEG L dGh dG U a QJ dG
HSG Oe e ShCGh cCG g QGdG OLh S CG dG e fCG Z
QGdGh{ , jdG dG b e a g QGda , VdG dG dd aX
j WGe H QGM Oe d - jdG Gg f a - dG eSEG
gL a hj eDe H QGM dc g fEGh , f WdG YdG dEG
eGch QdGh dG fd SDJ dG jdG b Y Y GJ Gg

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 99
IQYh MdGh dGh IOdGh MEGh dGh dG bh dG fEG

jOh Jg e jd Y hj dG dG if Gg ah .(3)zVQCG
EG .Y cCdG a IdG j e gCG e Gdh ,NGh QGd
VdG GMCd Oh e dEH dN e jOCG J dG jdG
gCG J gh ,zjNBG{ J jOCG g bGe OJ ddG bGdGh
J a ddGh UdGh jQd Ic deh jdG IOdG
.dM e ddG J JaJh SdG LJ
g H jFY aN M d QGdG e dG CG YdG iJh
cJh . jOCG L a J dG JGQhVh IdG e Y e
jdG dGh dG e e OGaCG YJ c Y gG f
jh .L J dG YVdGh QeCH j a dG H e
jJ QGdG Gg e dEG LdG Jh . SIdG QGM{ e Gg Y
e dc fEG{ , k gCG OGOj CG EG dG Gd j h , ffEG eCG
.(4)zeDdG H OdG QdG GC e L uj bNCGh MhQ
Oh fe FdG H ah dG H dGh NG dCd EG
a dG jBG e g H , ffEG M dGh NG EG{ . jOh Jg
J j Y dG j fhHh , g cCJ Ggh .(5)zdGh fEG
.(6)dG OLh j bGh dh
cdG WGdG Y cj HdG dG Ye f CG e ZdG Y
hJh QGdG IFGO SJ gCH MCG fCG EG , dGh dG d
dh . dGh dG H SdGh jdG GQGdG Y KDJ dG jdG
a TdG e L - dhO IY HQCG e jOb HQCG e cCG LG
jdG jd 2003 HcCG a d a - HZh HY hO a edG IdG
dG H cdG dG Y je eb d JGSG Vhh
- dG e.O cCG , MaG c ah . HdGh dGh , dGh
e L Y LGdG e{ fCG Y - HdG jdG Y e e
e AH a jS f CGh , VdG S e e Qf CG eh
, GMGh , eGch fEG d cdG b Y e e

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 98
UdGh ddG VdG Y cdH dG CGHG , Gg dh .(7)zjdGh

VdG SJ J gH . dGh dG H bd dG
GdG a YGdG KDJ c Y cdG e , HdG-HdG bdG d
. bdG g Y ah
LSGh Gf
FSh cJ Hh , VdG MdEH IhdG a Y SMEG g c
XdG Ea IadG GUCd HGfGh JGP H T Y YEG
dEG jPfh S jW J adG SdG GdGh dG jdG
adG H jdGh dG IM J a Gg YS bh , ddG dG
NDa gGDhQ Y dH NBG CGdG GP GUCG J d eh , jOCGh
HdG dG Ye iJh . dG J fCG Y dM YdG GUCG
CG ddGh ddG GUCd j eh FSh aJ AGQh dG gCG
j jdG dhCH gG e dG g c d . dN e noJ
jdG dhCH gG e dGh , V hCG SEG LGe a dG
.jO N e ,tc e d e j
jGe SMEG g c , fMhdH dG QGdG MGe L Y
H bdG f dEG J Me g e QH Gf d Ggh ,MEH
M CG , JOh AdG jeH f CG ac j dh . dGh dG
j d c . e Oa CG cQe jd , adGh jdG OhdG Y LG fCG
eDf dG cdG YdG M fYEGh fH Qd a f CG ac
dh , jOCG LG f dhCG GN iS d g EG .L H
gCG e dG j UdG g CG QOCG fCG Gg dH) .FdG dG
ddG a GMCG MdEG EG (.jOCG H bdG a dhCG GhdG a
Hh jOCG H bdG d g Qeh ce GDS dEG aJ
dG cdG JeGdGh ,gJ b dG bd j c gh CG adG
? AGdGh YdG Hj dG ceCG a GJ n p r Jo CG H eDf
YafGh GQTEG V f a ; d uoe g dG dG EG

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 101
VhCG ch .H a bdGh efG OjEG a YdG fCT e e

SNBG cH WH Hh a j e CGR Ea jL S jh
e fL Y cdGh dGh AfG Y N e YH j fEGh{
QW /O XCGh .(8)zNd GeQ a Ge , dG Id iNCG fGdG
Sd J dG SSCG ge f Lh e VY N e e
dG dGh , dG QdGh ,e dG N e d dG Ghj C H
dhCG e j MCG ZCG a e ,adGh jOCG J a dGh
Hd cQdG b e VGh QGb g ch .kAGYCG Y dG f jdG
ch adGh SdGh jdG bGdG H SdG YJ N e VdG Gg
hj SdG Ea Gg hHh . dG bGdG fe ajh dG Gg Hj
Ae d jQhdG gdGh edG Ig d eRdG adG dEG
IdG eBGh bdG Uh e d QhV dG a dG EG . eCH
. jNBG hO bNCG eGdH OYH
dhCG jCG H , a dG g d dG SSCG ge EG
VdG Qj H{ . ddG GdG Y dG GdG C N j jdG
e , SEGh dG H Ve dY LGd OGeG fCch dG
.(9)zHdG fOH a dGh dG H hdGh dG j
FdG GdG j jdG dhC RGe hCG He c IhdG AL
Ye jGfh GgCG V eh , dY IeGDe e dG YGQd dG
Y dGh dG Sd dG YGdG SG e dG HdG dG
ddG OjEG Y j CG j eBG e CG EG . ddG idG
ddG f jS dH GdG N e H , e hd WdGh jdG
. dG
,(interfaith) jOCG H bdG Y GQe d dG CG VGdG e
Lh eh .(interfaith ) MGdG jdG GWCG H a jCG OLe g H
H a GWj CG eh c JfeEG a ICGdG cQdG
a OdG ieh dG ie Y dAj fCG GhLh ,H H
H GCj dGh dG CH QGbEG jh .MGdG jdG Ye H

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 100
LGdG e fEa Gdh .fj jdG jdG SH jh Kj jdG dhCG

YdG OS e ,MGdG jdG NGO QGd efH OjEG AGQh dG
IQb Y eCH e jQdG EG .Sh dOY LJh NGe dEG jdG
jJ Yh dH ddG Y ,dG QGbEG ah YGdG OjEG a jOCG
IYe g eCG e KCJ V a FdG dG EG .GdGh dG
dG OQGe Y OYG ah , GdG QOe hJ Y jdG GOdG
GOd ShCG J CG eCG a Gg N eh ,fjOCG e u c a QOeh
. cdG Zd Sh dOY NGe OjEG a hS jdG
dG e fCG Z , ddG d e HdG dG Ye jb EG
UNG AGQh GH J ddG dG eCG KdG jdG CH QGbEG
aGZjdG dG EGh , dY JgX dGh SEG EG . YdG
e EG . jOCG L a IOe jO jce LhCG jdG A fd
e HdG dG a HGhQ j dG dG EGh , HY Gd dG
If jd j CG g hCG e c Y q GC j Gg EG . VQCG IdG
GdG NGC J ddG CG Z , J a dY H hCG dY
QGdG J IQOe jCH dG Y dG a jdG Afd aGZjdG
. jdG
Sd jW HdG dG Ye qJ CG cQdG J , dG a
SGQO Y dh . eeCG KdG jdG Hd OQGdG Jh cQdG
jdG d HSH QGdG Ff CH cj Sbc MW dG ddG
g . dG e jd IdG bGhh edG OLdG Y KDJ HSG ch
. S jJ dEG Oj dG QGdG d jO de

AL TSAMH - 3 22/1/06 12:03 PM Page 103
TGdG
(1) Abraha Joshua Heschel, No Religion is an Island: Abraham Joshua Heschel and
Interreligious Dialogue,Harold Kasimow & Byron L. Sherwin, eds. (Maryknoll,
N.Y.: Orbis Books, 1991), 5,6.
. 5 bQ U , e -eSEG HY e zMGdG dGh QGdG{ (2)

. 2 bQ U ,f HdG QdG (3)
. 8 bQ U ,f HdG QdG (4)
. HdG QdG (5)
OJ hJ dEG GNCG S VdG Gg hJ EG H , jdG Od JgdG jdG dG g J (6)
.jOCG H cdG WGdG jDhQ Y gKCJ H jOCG V (dG GgCG) dG
. dG e Qcd MaG dG e (7)
(8) Otheress Within: Towards a Theory of Difference in Rabbinic Judaism, in Nuesner &
Frerichs, eds. To See Ourselves As Others See Us, 46-69, cited in Elaine Pagels, The
Origin of Satan, (New York: Vintage Books, 1996), xix.
. 14 bQ U , HS QcdG QdG (9)

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:`dGh G`NG

gOGaCG H q C Y eSEG IQG q GC Y cCd e ddh

baEG LhCGh dG MCG :HdG dGh dG - 3

jdG FShh HdG dG - 4

dGh UdG IOYGE -1 ` 4

:jYh dG U QYG IOYGE - 3 ` 4

LdG JGh G Vh eGdG - 4 ` 4

:gCG jG e Y G Vh j CG cCj dP LCG e

QGO ,( Ph HCG ,fdG aG ) Gh ZdG dG ddG : dY (1)

85. U 23, OdG ,HdG ,jdG J e GQe ,HdG dG (10)

(19) Mathews. PH. Morphology. Cambridge University Press. 1974, P. 61.

31. U ,Gh ZdG dG ddG ,dY (20)

(27) Guilbert, Louis. La creativite lexicale. P.49.

. 26 U 1986 HdG G : dG SdG QOdG Y (28)

dG ,AdG QGdG ,HJ QGO ,( aG UJ ) FdG ShQO ,Qe M (31)

KCG c , af dG FdG e Z a cj ffEG UN dG

ej hCG k aCG j Hh ,d d dG Z Y IQOU GUCa , (d)

: jdG bGC : 1-3

: iNC G jdG UYh ..dG : 2-3

: jdG jfh ..dG : 3-3

.g jU MhWCG EG IQTEG (1)

:jdG dG UGd SSCG XdG

:YEGh adG GYh dG

46, OY ,hH ,HdG dG ,(JQe jQfCG fdG Y e Ad) :(QOf) GS (1)

(5) Ibid p.10.

(7) Saussure, Cours , Op. Cit p. 317.

(8) Saussure, Cours, Op. Cit p. 100

EG fG .adG dCG FNCG ,(1936-1866) fa d ,qe GfCG (11)

.edG jdG Qeh , hH , fdG eH eSEG SGQdG PSCG

TG Y FdG bGG e L dG j dG jdG VJ

AL-TASAMOH 100 ``e````dG

AL-TASAMOH 101 ``e````dG

AL-TASAMOH 102 ``e````dG

AL-TASAMOH 103 ``e````dG

AL-TASAMOH 104 ``e````dG

AL-TASAMOH 105 ``e````dG

AL-TASAMOH 106 ``e````dG

AL-TASAMOH 107 ``e````dG

AL-TASAMOH 108 ``e````dG

AL-TASAMOH 109 ``e````dG

AL-TASAMOH 110 ``e````dG

AL-TASAMOH 111 ``e````dG

AL-TASAMOH 112 ``e````dG

AL-TASAMOH 113 ``e````dG

AL-TASAMOH 114 ``e````dG

24 U 1997, hH ,HdG dG QGO ,UG SEG SS ,dG GVQ (1)

AL-TASAMOH 115 ``e````dG

11 GdR c g :G Y S Qhe H Mhe GDdG Gj

AL-TASAMOH 116 ``e````dG

:JGSG PdG :khCG

AL-TASAMOH 117 ``e````dG

AL-TASAMOH 118 ``e````dG

AL-TASAMOH 119 ``e````dG

AL-TASAMOH 120 ``e````dG

AL-TASAMOH 121 ``e````dG

AL-TASAMOH 122 ``e````dG

AL-TASAMOH 123 ``e````dG

AL-TASAMOH 124 ``e````dG

AL-TASAMOH 125 ``e````dG

AL-TASAMOH 126 ``e````dG

ah Y a jdGh dG FGQ TQ HG ddG HCG dG aa j

AL-TASAMOH 127 ``e````dG

AL-TASAMOH 128 ``e````dG