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IEEE LATIN AMERICA TRANSACTIONS, VOL. 3, NO.

1, MARCH 2005 137

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GUERRERO et al.: DIAGNOSIS OF INCONSISTENCY 139



class CuentaBancoImp implements CuentaBanco {
/**
* @inv getSaldo()>= 0 private double interes;
*/
interface CuentaBanco { private double saldo;

/** public CuentaBancoImp() {


* @pre ingreso > 0 this.saldo = 0;
* @post getSaldo() >= 0 }
*/
public void ingresar (double ingreso); public void ingresar (double ingreso) {
this.saldo = this.saldo - ingreso;
/** }
* @pre cantidad > 0
* @post getSaldo() == public void retirar (double cantidad) {
* getSaldo()@pre - cantidad this.saldo = this.saldo - cantidad;
*/ }
public void retirar (double cantidad);
public double getSaldo() {
public double getSaldo (); return this.saldo;
}
}
} 

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