Elementary Differential and Integral Calculus

FORMULA SHEET
Exponents
xa xb = xa+b , ax bx = (ab)x , (xa )b = xab , x0 = 1.

Logarithms
ln xy = ln x + ln y, ln xa = a ln x, ln 1 = 0, eln x = x, ln ey = y,
ax = ex ln a .

Trigonometry
cos 0 = sin 2 = 1, sin 0 = cos 2 = 0,
cos2 + sin2 = 1, cos() = cos , sin() = sin ,
cos(A + B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B, cos 2 = cos2 sin2 ,
sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B, sin 2 = 2 sin cos ,
sin 1
tan = , sec = , 1 + tan2 = sec2 .
cos cos

Inverse Functions
y = sin1 x means x = sin y and 2 6 y 6 2 .
y = cos1 x means x = cos y and 0 6 y 6 .
y = tan1 x means x = tan y and 2 < y < 2 .
y = x1/n means x = yn . y = ln x means x = ey .

Alternative Notation
arcsin x = sin1 x, arccos x = cos1 x, arctan x = tan1 x, loge x = ln x.
Note: sin1 x 6= (sin x)1 , cos1 x 6= (cos x)1 , tan1 x 6= (tan x)1 .
However: sin2 x = (sin x)2 , cos2 x = (cos x)2 , tan2 x = (tan x)2 .

Lines
The line y = mx + c has slope m.
The line through (x1 , y1 ) with slope m has equation y y1 = m(x x1 ).
y2 y1 y y1 y2 y1
The line through (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) has slope m = and equation = .
x2 x1 x x1 x2 x1
The line y = mx + c is perpendicular to the line y = m0 x + c0 if mm0 = 1.

Circles

The distance between (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) is (x1 x2 )2 + (y1 y2 )2 .
The circle with centre (a, b) and radius r is given by (x a)2 + (y b)2 = r2 .

Triangles
In a triangle ABC:

a b c
(Sine Rule) = = ; (Cosine Rule) a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A.
sin A sin B sin C
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Pascals Triangle
(x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2 , (x + y)3 = x3 + 3x2 y + 3xy2 + y3 and so on.
The coefcients in (x + y)n form the nth row of Pascals triangle:

1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
.............
and so on.

Quadratics
b b2 4ac
If ax + bx + c = 0, with a 6= 0, then x =
2
.
2a

Calculus
dy du dv dy du dv
If y = u + v then = + . If y = uv then = v+u .
dx{ dx dx } / dx dx dx
u dy du dv
If y = then = vu v2 .
v dx dx dx

dv du
(u + v) dx = u dx + v dx. u dx = uv v dx.
dx dx
If y is a function of u where u is a function of x, then

dy dy du du
= and y dx = y du.
dx du dx dx

Standard Derivatives and Integrals

dy xa+1
a
If y = x then = a x ; and xa dx =
a1
+ constant (a 6= 1).
dx a+1
dy
If y = sin x then = cos x; and sin x dx = cos x + constant.
dx
dy
If y = cos x then = sin x; and cos x dx = sin x + constant.
dx
dy
If y = tan x then = sec x; and tan x dx = ln | sec x| + constant.
2
dx
dy
x
If y = e then = e ; and ex dx = ex + constant.
x
dx
dy 1 1
If y = ln x then = ; and dx = ln |x| + constant.
dx x x
dy 1 1
1
If y = sin x then = ; and dx = sin1 x + constant.
dx 1x 2 1x 2
dy 1
1
If y = cos x then = .
dx 1 x2
dy 1 1
1
If y = tan x then = 2
; and 2
dx = tan1 x + constant.
dx 1+x 1+x
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