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ĐHTN.Công Nghệ Xử Lý Khí Thải NXB Hà Nội 2006 Trần Hồng Côn 132 Trang
ĐHTN.Công Nghệ Xử Lý Khí Thải NXB Hà Nội 2006 Trần Hồng Côn 132 Trang
TRN HNG CN
NG KIM LOAN
ng khi
Thp m
Bm hi lu
Qut thi kh
Ca thi trn B hi lu
h ni 2006
1
MC LC
Trang
DANH MC CC BNG 6
DANH MC CC HNH 7
CHNG 1. NHIM KHNG KH V CC GII PHP GIM THIU 10
1.1. nhim khng kh 10
1.2. Cc dng thi vo khng kh 13
1.3. Cc gii php gim thiu nhim khng kh 14
1.3.1. Cc gii php mang tnh v m 14
1.3.2. Cc gii php mang tnh cc b 15
1.3.2.1. p dng cng ngh sn xut sch 15
1.3.2.2. X l trit kh thi ti ngun 16
1.3.2.3. Duy tr trng thi t nhin ca khng kh 17
1.3.2.4. S dng cy xanh 19
CHNG 2. TNH CHT V C TNH CA MT S CHT THI
VO KHNG KH 20
2.1. Cc kh thi c hi 20
2.1.1. Halogen v cc dn xut 20
2.1.2. Cc hp cht dng kh ca lu hunh 21
2.1.3. Cc hp cht dng kh ca nit 25
2.1.4. Kh cacbon monoxit v dioxit 31
2.1.5. Asin (AsH3), Phosphin (PH3) v Stibin (SbH3) 33
2.2. Cc cht thi dng hi 35
2.2.1. Hi ca cc hp cht v c 35
2.2.2. Hi dung mi hu c 37
2.3. Bi 38
2.3.1. Khi nim v bi 38
2.3.2. Hnh vi ca cc ht bi trong khng kh 40
2.3.3. Bn cht v tc hi ca bi 43
CHNG 3. CC PHNG PHP X L BI 44
3.1. Khi qut v x l bi 44
2
3.2. Phng php x l bi da vo lc trng trng 46
3.2.1. Nguyn l 46
3.2.2. Cu to v hot ng ca bung lng n 46
3.2.3. Cu to v hot ng ca bung lng nhiu tng 47
3.3. Phng php x l bi da vo lc ly tm 48
3.3.1. Nguyn l 48
3.3.2. Cu to v hot ng ca mt cyclone n 48
3.4. Phng phpas x l bi bng mng lc 52
3.4.1. Nguyn l 52
3.4.2. Cu to v vn hnh 52
3.5. Phng php x l bi bng dn ma 54
3.5.1. Nguyn l 54
3.5.2. Cu to v vn hnh ca thit b 54
3.6. Lc bi tnh in 56
3.6.1. Nguyn l 56
3.6.2. Cu to v vn hnh 56
3.7. Phng php sc kh qua cht lng 60
3.7.1. Nguyn l 60
3.7.2. Cu to v hot ng ca thit b 60
3.8. Phng php ra kh ly tm 62
3.8.1. Nguyn l 62
3.8.2. Cu to v hot ng 62
3.9. Phng php ra kh kiu Venturry 63
3.9.1. Nguyn l 63
3.9.2. Cu to v vn hnh 64
3.10. Ra kh kiu dng xoy 65
3.10.1. Nguyn l 65
3.10.2. Cu to v vn hnh 65
3.11. Ra kh kiu a quay 66
3.11.1. Nguyn l 66
3.11.2. Cu to v vn hnh 66
3
CHNG IV. CC PHNG PHP X L HI V KH C 67
4.1. Phng php tiu hy 67
4.2. Phng php ngng t 69
4.3. Phng php hp ph 71
4.3.1. Hin tng hp ph 71
4.3.2. X l hi v kh c bng phng php hp ph 72
4.3.2.1. Nguyn l ca phng php 72
4.3.2.2. Cc cht hp ph thng dng trong x l kh thi 72
4.3.3. Cc kiu tin hnh hp ph 75
4.3.4. Nhng u v nhc im ca phng php hp ph 76
4.4. X l kh thi bng phng php hp th 77
4.4.1. Nguyn l 77
4.4.2. Cc loi thit b hp ph 78
CHNG V. CNG NGH X L MT S KH THI CNG NGHIP 82
5.1. X l kh lu hunh ioxit (SO2) 82
5.1.1. X l kh SO2 theo ng t 82
5.1.2. X l kh SO2 theo ng kh 83
5.2. X l kh nit oxit (NOx) 85
5.2.1. X l trung ha NOx bng ng t 85
5.2.2. X l NOx bng phng php kh nhit cao 86
5.2.3. X l NOx bng phng php xc tc chn lc 87
5.3. X l ng thi SO2 v NOx 87
5.3.1. Cng ngh x l trong l t 88
5.3.2. Cng ngh x l sau l t 89
5.4. X l ni tip NOx v SO2 91
5.5. X l kh H2S 93
5.5.1. Cng ngh x l H2S theo ng kh 93
5.5.2. Cng ngh x l H2S theo ng t 94
5.6. X l kh CO 96
5.7. X l kh CO2 96
CHNG VI. MT S S CNG NGH X L KH THI CNG
4
NGHIP C TRNG 98
6.1. Thit b x l bi bng lc ti 98
6.2. Thit b lc ti x l kh thi (kh l) cha SO2 100
6.3. H thng x l kh thi tng hp (SO2, NOx, HCl, HF) bng phng
php lc ti kh 101
6.4. H thng x l kh l c trang b thp phn ng 102
6.5. H thng x l kh thi bng thp m t 105
6.6. H thng x l kh l cha SO2 bng huyn ph canxi cacbonat 108
6.7. H thng x l kh l cha SO2 s dng magie hydroxxit 110
6.8. Conng ngh x l trc tip SO2 v NOx trong l t 112
6.9. Cng ngh x l kh thi cha NOx s dng xc tc chn lc 114
6.10. S x l bi cng nghip bng cng ngh lng tnh in 118
6.11. H thng x l kh l kiu Ventury in ng 121
6.12. S cng ngh x l ng thi NOx v SO2 s dng chm tia in t 123
6.13. Cc h thng x l mi 125
TI LIU THAM KHO 131
5
BNG DANH MC CC BNG
Bng 1.1. Cc ngun v cc cht gy nhim khng kh ch yu
Bng 1.2. Bng phn loi bi, hi v kh theo gii kch thc
Bng 2.1. Ngng v thi gian tc ng ca H2S ln ngi
Bng 2.2. Kch thc ht ca bi, khi v cc h phn tn ph bin
Bng 2.3. T trng ca mt s cht dng khi v dng bt ri
Bng 4.1. Cc phng php x l bi
Bng 4.2. Vng kch thc ph hp v hiu qu x l ca cc phng php
x l bi
Bng 4.3. Nng sut lc bi ca xyclon n v xyclon t hp
Bng 7.1. Kt qu s dng h thng x l 6 trn 31 c s
Bng 7.2. Mt s lnh vc p dng h thng thp m t Kyowa
Bng 7.3. So snh cng ngh x l trc tip ca Hitachi Zonsen kt hp SCR
vi FGD
Bng 7.4. Hiu qu x l vtui th ca thit b x l NOx loi nh
Bng 7.5. Mt vi thng s x l NOx bng SCR ca cc c s ln
Bng 7.6. Cc thng s quan trng ca hai phng php thiu hy
6
BNG DANH MC CC HNH
Hnh 2.1. Chu trnh ca lu hunh trong t nhin
Hnh 2.2. S ph thuc ca h s K0 vo chun s Raynon (Re)
Hnh 4.1. Hiu qu x l bi ca cc loi thit bi
Hnh 4.2A. Bung lng n
Hnh 4.2B. Bung lng kp c vch cn tng hiu qu
Hnh 4.3A. Mt ct ng v mt ct ngang ca mt xyclon n
Hnh 4.3B. Cc kiu hng dng trong xyclon
Hnh 4.3C. S h thng xyclon lc bi
Hnh 4.4A. S ng i ca kh v bi qua mng lc
Hnh 4.4B. S thit b lc bi bng mng hnh ng v hnh ti
Hnh 4.4C. M hnh mt thit b lc ti trong cng nghip
Hnh 4.5A. Thit b dp bi theo kiu dn ma
Hnh 4.5B. Thit b dn ma c nhi vt liu m
Hnh 4.6A. M hnh hot ng ca qu trnh lc bi tnh in
Hnh 4.6B. S nguyn l ca qu trnh lc bi tnh in
Hnh 4.6C. S thit b lc tnh in
Hnh 4.7A. S thit b lc tnh in ng
Hnh 4.7B. S thit b lc tm
Hnh 4.8. S thit b ra kh kiu si bt
Hnh 4.9. S hat ng ca mt xyclon t
Hnh 4.10A. S nguyn l ca mt thit b kiu venturi
Hnh 4.10B. Thit b ra kh kiu venturis
Hnh 4.11. Cc cu tht ca venturi nc
Hnh 4.12. S hot ng ca thit b dng xoy
Hnh 4.13. M hnh thit b lc bi kiu a quay
Hnh 5.1. S thit b tiu hy bng nhit
Hnh 5.2. S thit b x l bng phng php nhit xc tc
Hnh 5.3. Cu to ca ca t nhin liu
Hnh 5.4. S X l NOx s dng phn ng c xc tc
Hnh 5.5. S thit b ngng t b mt
7
Hnh 5.6. S thit b ngng t kiu tip xc
Hnh 5.7. S tng tc gia cc phn t trong khi vt cht
Hnh 5.8. ng cong hp ph ng nhit v ng p
Hnh 5.9. ng cong hp ph ca hi t qua ct hp ph
Hnh 5.10. M hnh thp hp ph hi v kh c
Hnh 5.11. M hnh hp ph kiu tng quay
Hnh 5.12. S mt h thng x l hp ph trong cng nghip
Hnh 6.1. S CNXL kh thi cha SO2 theo ng t (FGD)
Hnh 6.2. S CNXL SO2 theo ng kh sau l t
Hnh 6.3. S CNXL SO theo ng kh trong l t
Hnh 6.4. S CNXL NOx theo ng t
Hnh 6.5. S CNXL NOx nhit cao
Hnh 6.6. S CNXL NOx bng xc tc chn lc (SCR)
Hnh 6.7. nh hng ca kch thc ht v phn tn canxi cacbonat n
hiu qu x l SO2
Hnh 6.8. S CNXL ng thi SO2 v NOx trong l t
Hnh 6.9. S nguyn l x l SO2 v NOx s dng chm tia in t
Hnh 6.10. S CNXL ng thi SO2 v NOX s dng chm tia in t
Hnh 6.11. S h thng x l NOx bng phng php xc tc chn lc kt
hp x l SO2
Hnh 6.12. S CNXL H2S theo ng kh
Hnh 6.13. S CNXL H2S theo ng kh
Hnh 6.14. S CNXL H2S bng phng php st(III) theo ng t
Hnh 7.1. Thit b lc ti x l bi kimloi nng ca hng NAVAC
Hnh 7.2. H thng x l bi, kh SO2 v cc kh, hi axit khc bng con
ng kh x dng thit b lc ti hiu sut cao
Hnh 7.3. H thng x kh l bng thit b lc ti kh
Hnh 7.4. nh hng ca nhit n hiu qu x l kh l
Hnh 7.5. H thng x l kh c trong thit b thp phn ng
Hnh 7.6. S ph thuc gia hiu sut x l kh HCl vo nhit v t l mol
ca Ca(OH)2 v HCl
Hnh 7.7. S thit b x l kh theo ng t s dng thp m
8
Hnh 7.8. S mt ct ca thit b thp m
Hnh 7.9. H thng x l kh thi cha SO2 thu hi thch cao
Hnh 7.10. S h thng x l kh thi cha SO2 s dng Mg(OH)2
Hnh 7.11. H thng x l trc tip SO2 v NOx trong kh thi c nhit cao
s dng CaCO3 v ure
Hnh 7.12. S nguyn l ca qu trnh x l NOx bng xc tc chn lc
Hnh 7.13. S c trng ca mt thp SCR
Hnh 7.14. S mt ct ng ca mt thp lc tnh in
Hnh 7.15. S mt ct ngang ca mt thp lc tnh in
Hnh 7.16. S h thng thp lc tnh in kiu kh
Hnh 7.17. S h thng thp lc tnh in kiu t
Hnh 7.18. S h thng x l kh l kiu venturi in ng (EDV)
Hnh 7.19. S h thng x l kh l dng chm tia in t
Hnh 7.20. S ba kiu x l mi bng phng php thiu hy
Hnh 7.21. Hiu sut phn hy ph thuc vo nhit thiu hy ca mt s
cht
Hnh 7.22. S thit b kh mi kiu hp ph v gii hp lin tc
9
Chng I. nhim khng kh v cc giI php gim
thiu nhim
1.1. nhim khng kh
Th no l nhim khng kh? Mun tr li c cu hi ny th cn
phi thng nht c khi nim v bu khng kh sch hay ni cch khc l
thng nht quy nh v thnh phn nn ca mi trng khng kh. Trong bu
kh quyn ca tri t th tng i lu l gn mt t nht - tng ca gi bo.
Ti tng ny, cc cht nhim thng xuyn c ra sch bi ma v tuyt
ri. Trn tng bnh lu th khc. Do s hp th ca lp zn, s n nh v s
tng ca nhit theo chiu cao; cho nn cc cht nhim khi thm nhp vo
tng ny c chiu hng tn ti lu di hn. Thc ra s nhim khng kh
c hiu ch yu nh l s thay i bt thng thnh phn v nng ca
cc cht trong tng khng kh gn mt t - tng i lu. Do vy ta c th
chp nhn mt nh ngha v nhim khng kh nh sau [1, 2]:
nhim khng kh c ngha l c mt mt hoc nhiu cht gy
nhim trong bu khng kh ngoi tri nh bi, khi, hi, kh hay mi...vi
khi lng, tnh cht v thi gian gy hi i vi s sng ca ngi
hay ng, thc vt, hoc tc hi ti ca ci vt cht hoc cn tr qu mc
i vi s tn ti bnh yn ca s sng v ca ci vt cht trn tri t.
Trong lut v kim sot nhim mi trng khng kh ca bang
Arizna (M) cng a ra mt nh ngha tng t [1]: nhim khng kh
c ngha l s c mt ca mt hay nhiu cht nhim hoc s phi hp ca
chng trong khng kh ngoi tri vi khi lng v thi gian gy hi
hoc c chiu hng gy hi i vi s sng ca ngi, ng, thc vt hoc
ca ci vt cht.
Nhng i km vi nh ngha ny c lit k cc cht nhim l
khi, hi, than giy, bi, m hng, cu gt, khi than, cc kh, m, mi, tia
phng x, cc ha cht c hi hoc bt k vt cht no trong khng kh ngoi
tri. ng thi nh ngha ny cn quan tm n xu th gy hi na.
Nh vy trong thc t c hai ngun gy ra nhim khng kh, l
ngun nhim t nhin v ngun nhim nhn to ngn lin vi cc hot
ng ca con ngi [3, 4].
- Ngun nhim t nhin: Cc hot ng t nhin c th lm tng hm
lng bi ti mt thi im v mt khng gian no nh gi lc, bo sa
mc mang theo bi t ct trn mt t tung vo bu khng kh. Ni la hot
ng c th phun vo bu kh quyn mt lng bi v kh khng l. Nhng
hin tng nh trn xy ra khng lin tc, trong mt khong thi gian ngn
t vng rng ln lm gim nhanh hm lng c ht gy
v pht tn ra m
nhim.
10
Cc hin tng phn hy, thi ra xc ng thc vt xy ra thng
xuyn trong t nhin a vo bu khng kh cc kh c hi. Nhng hin
tng ny ko di u n theo thi gian pht trin ca hnh tinh chng ta
nn hm lng ca cc c ht c hi thng nm gii hn nn. Nhng nu
hin tng trn xy ra sau mt thm ho no khng thng xuyn v cc
b th n s thi vo khng kh mt lng kh c hi vt qu gii hn nn
trong khong thi gian v khng gian gii hn trong v xung quanh khu vc
xy ra thm ha s gy ra s nhim khng kh.
Cc hin tng sm chp, my ma, bc x trong h mt tri v v tr,
thng qua cc phn ng phn hy hoc kt hp cc cht tn ti trong khng
kh to ra cc cht c hi lm mt cn bng vn c ca bu khng kh cng
c coi l s nhim.
Nhn chung nhim khng kh do thin nhin to ra v khi lng l
rt ln song thng phn b trong mt khng gian rng v kh ng u nn
t gy nguy hi.
Mt khc cc sinh vt trn mt t, qua hng ngn vn nm quen vi
nhng thay i ni trn v thch ng c.
-Ngun nhim nhn to. Cc ngun nhim nhn to nguy him
ch rt d xy ra hin tng cc b vi nng cao gy tc hi n con
ngi, cc sinh vt v ca ci vt cht nm trong vng nhim. Cc ngun v
cc cht gy nhim khng kh do nhn to c khi qut trn bng 1.1.
Bng 1.1. Cc ngun v cc cht gy nhim khng kh ch yu
11
1 2
-Thuc tr su
Cc hp cht c -Cc c s sn xut ha cht
clo -Cc c s sn xut giy v bt giy
-Kh trng bng clo v cc hp cht cha clo hot ng.
-Cc c s sn xut v s dng halogen v ha cht cha
Halogen v cc
halogen
hp cht c v
-Cc c s sn xut phn ln t apatit
c cha halogen
-Cc c s luyn kim...
-t nhin liu
-Cng nghip sn v vt liu ph
-Cc c s sn xut linh kin in t cn lm sch bng
Hydrocacbon dung mi hu c
-In n, sn, v
-Cc c s sn xut ha cht hu c
-Luyn cc...
-t nhin liu
Nit oxit -Cc nh my ha cht
-Cc c s sn xut phn m, phn tng hp NPK
-Cc c s sn xut ha cht
-Cc nh my nhit in
Lu hunh oxit
-Luyn kim
-Cc cng on t nhin liu khc
Cc hp cht c -Cc c s sn xut thuc tr dch hi
phot pho -S dng thuc tr dch hi
-Cng nghip sn xut xi mng
-Cng nghip khai khong
Bi khong v c
-Giao thng vn ti
-Xy dng
-Cc v th ht nhn
Bi phng x
-S d r ca cc c s nng lng ht nhn
-Cc c s sn xut ha cht
Hi kim, hi axit -X l b mt kim loi
-Cc c s s dng axit v kim trong sn xut
-Cc c s sn xut acquy
Bi ch -Luyn kim mu
-Giao thng vn ti
-Cc c s m kim loi
-Khai thc, trch chit vng, bc v cc kim loi qu him
-
HCN v CN khc
-Cc cng on t nhin liu
-Sn xut ha cht
12
1.2. CC DNG THI VO KHNG KH
Di kch
Loi Ngun gc v c tnh
thc (m)
13
mt phn t ln v cc ht sol ln c th dn vi m. Hm lng ca chng
trong khng kh nm khong t 10 mg n 10 gam trn mt mt khi
- Cc cht dng bi: L cc phn t cht rn th ri rc c to ra do
cc hot ng ca t nhin hay con ngi c kch thc khc nhau (t 1/100
n hng trm micromet). Di tc dng ca cc dng kh hoc khng kh,
trong nhng iu kin nht nh chng chuyn thnh trng thi l lng trong
pha kh.
Cc cht thi l kh, hi, bi hay sol c tc hi t hay nhiu s ph thuc
vo bn thn tnh cht ca chng. Nhng nhn chung cc cht c hi dng
kh thng l nguy him nht do tc ng trc tip v lin tc vo phi qua
h hp.
C nhiu cch phn loi bi, hi v kh . Di gc thu gom v tch
lc, phn loi theo di kch thc c coi l ph hp v hu dng hn c.
14
zn - Ngh nh Kyoto. i vi tng quc gia, cn phi c nhng bin php
hn ch tc ng ca con ngi vo thin nhin nh:
+ Kim sot v hn ch lng thi cc cht gy hiu ng nh knh, cc
cht hy hoi tng zn v cc cht kh c hi khc.
+ Hn ch chy rng. Nhng t chy rng xy ra quanh nm trn th
gii gy ra nhng tc ng ng thi lm suy thoi cht lng khng kh.
Chy rng gy ra nhng lp khi bi trn din rng; sinh ra mt lng kh
CO2 khng l v lm mt cn bng sinh thi. Hu qu ca n l nhng tc
ng dy chuyn nh hng xu n mi trng tri t. Vic hn ch chy
rng ngoi nhng bin php phng nga thin nhin, vic gio dc cng ng
cng c tm quan trng khng km.
+ Hn ch khai thc rng, khai thc khong sn nhm gim thiu nh
hng n s cn bng vn c ca kh quyn v b mt qu t.
+ Chng hoang ha, sa mc ha. Trng cy xanh, trng rng l bin
php ly li s cn bng b mt i do hu qu ca chin tranh v khai thc
qu mc ca con ngi i vi cc thm thc vt - l phi ca tri t.
+ Trng rng cy m ven b bin chng s xm ln ca ct, hi mui
bin vo t lin; trng rng m chng sa mc ha.
15
Vic vn hnh v qun l thit b my mc cng nh quy trnh cng
ngh cng l mt bin php khng ch nhim khng kh. Nghim tc
thc hin ch vn hnh, nh mc chnh xc nguyn vt liu, chp hnh
ng quy trnh cng ngh s lm cho lng cht thi gim xung v c iu
kin qun l cht ch ngun thi v lng cht thi.
Hiu qu ca bin php qun l v vn hnh sn xut ph thuc rt ln
vo nhn thc ca cc cp lnh o v cc nh qun l; sau l k lut lao
ng v tnh t gic ca ngi lao ng. Cc ch ti phc v c lc cho cng
tc ny hin nay ang c p dng rng ri trn th gii v c trong nc l
cc tiu chun ca t chc tiu chun quc t vit tt l ISO (International
Standard Organization) p dng cho cc qu trnh sn xut, vn hnh cng
vic... Cho n nay, cc ISO c coi nh l nhng tiu chun c th nht
nhm gim bt tiu hao nguyn, nhin, vt liu, nng cao cht lng sn
phm lao ng v gim thiu pht thi.
16
ring r hoc s dng t hp cc phng php nhm t hiu qu x l cao
hn. Cc phng php v cc thit b x l kh thi s c trnh by mt
cch chi tit cc phn sau.
17
Vic thit k hp l cc cc b phn thu cht gy nhim phi tho
mn cc yu cu sau:
+ Khng cn tr thao tc cng ngh.
+ Khng cho khng kh cha cht nhim i qua vng th.
+ Vn tc thu kh ln c th ht trit cc cht c hi ra khi
vng th ca ngi lao ng.
c. Thng gi chng nng
Trong qu trnh hot ng, con ngi lun c s trao i v nhit vi
mi trng. Mc trao i nhit tiu chun i vi ngi trong iu kin
ngh ngi l 100 kcal/gi. V ma h, thi tit nng nn ch c con ng duy
nht cn bng nhit l thot m hi. thu c hiu qu lm mt bng
bc hi m hi th phi c cc iu kin sau:
+ m ca khng kh thp.
+ C go vi vn tc ph hp.
Ti nc ta, m trung bnh tng i cao. Do vy tng hiu qu
bc hi m hi phi dng gi c tc ln; v d:
+ i vi h iu ho khng kh: v = 0,25 - 0,38 m/giy.
+ i vi lao ng: v = 5,00 - 10,00 m/giy.
Ty theo mc yu cu khc nhau v v sinh v cng nghip m p
dng cc gii php thng gi chng nng khc nhau. C th chia lm hai loi:
+ Gii php thng gi t nhin.
+ Gii php thng gi cng bc.
Thng gi t nhin l li dng cc yu t ca t nhin nh vn tc gi
tri, chnh lch t trng ca khng kh to ra cc dng kh vo, ra mt
cch hp l. Ti nc ta, thng gi t nhin ch yu l dng gi tri. Do vy
vic m cc ca n gi, thot gi vi t l ln l vic lm rt quan trng.
Theo cc nghin cu gn y cho thy t l m ca phi t 40 n 60% din
tch tng mi m bo thng gi t nhin theo phng nm ngang c hiu
qu.
Mt vn na cng quan trng l vic hn ch bc x nhit mt tri
truyn qua mi nh. V ma h, lng nhit truyn qua mi c th ln ti 110
- 120 kcal/m2. Nhng bin php c th p dng l phun nc ln mi nh, to
tng cch nhit vi mi nh.
Thng gi cng bc c s dng khi thng gi t nhin khng cn
kh nng p ng c vn cn bng nhit. Thng gi cng bc nhm
to ra vn tc gi thi thch hp, kt hp vi cc thng s nh nhit ,
m... a vi kh hu v trng thi t nhin d chu.
18
Trong cng nghip, ngoi yu t vn tc gi thi cn c th h nhit
khng kh lm tng hiu qu lm mt. Mt trong nhng bin php n gin
c th p dng l lm mt bng bc hi nc on nhit. Nguyn l chung
ca bin php ny l cho dng khng kh i qua bung phun nc hoc lp
mng t. Nhit ca khng kh lm nc bay hi v t n h nhit xung
nhng m tng i tng ln. Bin php ny c p dng cho nhng
vng c kh hu nng, kh nh min trung v min nam nc ta.
Trong cc gii php thng gi cng bc th iu ha nhit khng
kh l hnh thc cao nht ca k thut thng gi nhm p ng ch ng cc
thng s vi kh hu trong nh m khng ph thuc vo kh hu ngoi tri.
19
CHNG II. TNH CHT V C TNH CA MT S CHT
THI VO KHNG KH
2.1. CC KH THI C HI
2.1.1. HALOGEN V CC DN XUT [6, 7, 8]
1. S pht sinh.
Cc halogen c hnh thnh ch yu trong cc qu trnh in phn cc
mui halogenua (nh sn xut xt-clo, in phn sn xut kim loi kim,
kim th) hoc di tc dng ca cc cht oxi ha mnh hn trong nhng
iu kin c th (tr flo ch c th gii phng ra bng in phn). Ngoi ra
chng cn c th sinh ra khi phn hy mt s hp cht halogenua nhit
cao.
Th d:
2X- - 2e = X2 (X l halogen)
4Cl- + MnO2 + 4H+ = MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
2Br_ + Cl2 = 2Cl- + Br2
4I- + 2Cu2+ = 2CuI + I2
Ngoi ra mt lng khng nh cc halogen cng nh cc dn xut ca
chng pht thi vo khng kh t cc ngun s dng halogen nguy n t lm
nguyn liu cho qu trnh sn xut nh cng nghip sn xut plastic (PVC,
PTFE...), clo ha cao su, sn xut thuc tr dch hi, st trng, thuc st trng
v cng nghip ha cht ni chung.
2. Tnh cht c trng.
Halogen nguyn t l nhng cht rt hot ng v c tnh oxi ha rt
mnh. Tnh cht ny th hin gim dn t flo clo brom iot. Flo c th
thc hin phn ng th y cc nguyn t nh oxi, clo... ra khi hp cht ca
n:
SiO2 + 4F2 = SiF4 + O2
Cc halogen tan trong n c, t oxi ha kh to thnh hai axit tng
ng l hypocloric v clohydric.
Cl2 + H2O = HOCl + HCl
Trong dung dch 5.10 -3M Cl2 0oC c ti 89% lng clo chuyn thnh cc
axit.
Bn thn gc OCl- cng l cht oxi ha mnh, n c th ph hu cc cht
mu hu c do n thng c s dng nh l tc nhn ty trng cho giy,
vi si v my tre... HClO trong nc b phn hy t t thnh HCl v oxy
theo phng trnh:
20
HClO = HCl + 1/2O2
Phn ng ny xy ra nhanh hn di tc ng ca nh sng, nht l di nh
sng mt tri v khi c mt ca cht xc tc.
Do c tnh oxi ha mnh cho nn cc halogen rt d phn ng ngay vi
cc cht hu c (nht l trong iu kin m) bn ngoi da v bn trong c th
ng thc vt v con ngi, gy tn thng rt nhanh v li hu qu
nghim trng. i vi cc cht v c c tnh kh ngay c cc cht kh yu,
cc halogen cng rt d phn ng to thnh cc halogenua tng ng kh
bn vng v hu nh khng c hi (tr mt s hp cht ca flo). Halogen tc
dng vi kim to thnh cc mui halogenua v hypohalit.
Cl2 + Fe = FeCl2
Cl2 + 2FeCl2 = 2FeCl3
Cl2 + 2NaOH = NaCl + NaOCl
Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 = CaOCl2 + H2O
CaOCl2 = CaCl2 + 1/2O2
Cc halogen nguyn t thi vo khng kh u di dng cc phn t
kh. Chng l nhng cht oxi ha rt mnh cho nn khi tip xc vi mt hm
lng nh trong khng kh c th b tc ng ng k. Chng lm tn
thng da, hy hoi cc nim mc mt, mi, ming v c bit nghim trng
l gy n
t thng su i vi phi. Tu thuc vo thi gian v nng
halogen trong mi trng tip xc m nhng tn thng c th mc t
vong, vim ph phi, hoi t cc nim mc hoc c th hi phc sau khi cch
ly vi mi trng nhim c. Cc halogen bn thn n l nhng cht c
hi i vi c th sng; cc dn xut ca chng, c bit l cc halogen hu
c cng rt nguy him. Th d nh cc c clo (trong thuc tr su, dit nm,
lm rng l cy, cht c ha hc...) l nhng cht c tc n g ln c th
ng thc vt theo nhng c ch rt a dng.
Cc kh hydrohalogenua (HF, HCl, HBr, HI) trong mi ng tr khan
tng i l km hot ng. Nhng khi c mt ca nc hay hi nc th
chng l nhng axit mnh; tc ng ln ng thc vt theo c ch phn ng
ca cc axit.
Ngoi ra mt s hp cht th kh ca halogen v halogen vi cc
nguyn t khc cng l nhng cht rt c hi; th d nh ClF 3, fosgen,
halogenua silan (SiHxXy)...
21
H2S - SCN - S - SO2 - SO3 - H2SO4 - H2S2O8
kh kh rn kh kh lng lng
Trong thc t thng gp nht l H2S v SO2 cn cc kh khc rt him
khi thy xut hin trong cuc sng hng ngy.
Kh H2S [6, 9]
1. S pht sinh.
H2S c sinh ra ch yu t nhng qu trnh phn hy vi sinh ym kh
nh cc c s x l cht thi:
Cht hu c cha lu hunh Vi sinh vt
CH4 + CO2 + H2S + ...
Hay t cc c s dt nhum s dng cc mui sunphua lm ph gia tr
nhum hoc nh mu...
Na2S + 2H2O H2S + 2NaOH
FeS + 2H+ = H2S + Fe2+
2.Tnh cht c trng
H2S l kh km nb khi pht tn vo trong kh quyn. Ngi ta
nghin cu v a ra gin v s bin i v thi gian tn ti ca n trong
t nhin nh trn hnh 2.1.
O
H2S + O2
O3
Vi gi
h
SO2 + O
O2
Nhiu gi
hoc vi ngy
SO3 + H2O
Vi giy
H2SO4 + Me
Phn hy VS ym kh
trong t, m ly,
cc dng thy triu MeSO4
22
H2S trong dung dch nc th hin nh mt axit yu, tc dng c vi
cc kim mnh, ng thi n cng rt d tc dng vi nhiu ion kim loi to
thnh cc kt ta sunphua kh tan.
H2S + NaOH Na2S + H2O
H2S + Ca(OH)2 = CaS + 2H2O
H2S + Pb2+ = PbS + 2H+
L mt cht c tnh kh yu cho nn H 2S cng d b oxi ha tr
thnh lu hunh nguyn t hay cc gc sunpht tu theo cht oxi ha s dng
l yu hay mnh.
H2S + 2Fe3+ = S + 2Fe2+ + 2H+
3H2S + 8MnO4- + 2H+ = 3SO42- + 8MnO2 + 4H2O
H2S + 4Cl2 + 10NaOH = Na2SO4 + 8NaCl + 5H2O
Hydrosunphua va l kh kch thch va l kh gy ngt. Nu tc ng
trc tip ln cc nim mc mi v mt n s gy vim ni sn kt mc. Khi
ht vo phi, H 2S s tc ng ln ton b ng h hp, nhng cu trc su
hn s b ph hy su sc v hu qu c th li l bnh ph phi. Nu tip
xc vi hm lng ln hn 1000 ppm (1500 mg/m 3), kh H2S s hp th vo
phi rt nhanh, c biu hin th gp, sau l tru h hp v thng l dn
ti t vong. Nhim c mn tnh i vi H2S nu thng xuyn tip xc vi
hm lng khong 50 100 ppm. Ngng tc ng ca kh H 2S c th tham
kho trn bng 2.1.
23
cho cc ng c chy bng xng, du v nhiu lnh vc khc s dng nhin
liu ha thch. Bn cnh n cn cc ngun kh thi ca nhng qu trnh
t lu hunh cng nh cc loi khong sun phua, phn hy khong sun pht
nhit cao v cng nghip lc ha du. Tng lng SO2 thi vo khng
kh hng nm c tnh vo khong 140 triu tn; trong khong 70% do t
than, 16% do t nhin liu t du m v phn cn l i l do cng nghip lc
ha du, luyn kim v cc hot ng khc.
S + O2 = SO2
2CuS + 2O2 = 2CuO + SO2
2H2S + 3O2 = 2SO2 + 2H2O
4CaSO4 + 2C = 4CaO + 2CO2 + 4SO2
24
Kh lu hunh trioxit [6, 10]
1. S pht sinh.
Kh SO3 thng ch thy trong khng kh ti cc xng np in cho c
quy ch hay sn xut axit sunphuric.
2.Tnh cht c trng
Kh SO3 khi hp nc s to ra axit sunphuric nhng thng dng
m rt kh lng ng; v vy n vn c th tn ti trong kh quyn hoc trong
cc vng vi kh hu m n hnh thnh. Mun hp th SO 3 sn xut axit
ngi ta phi hp th n bng axit sunphuric c khong 98%. SO3 phn ng
rt mnh vi cc baz, mui cacbonat to thnh cc mui sunpht tng ng.
Ngng bt u gy tc ng phn ng ca ng h hp ca SO3 m
l 0,35 mg/m3 v c th gy ra cc triu c hng cng nh cc bnh v ng
h hp l 0,25 mg/m 3. Ngng ch dn an ton i vi SO 3 m l 0,04 n
0,06 mg/m3 cho tip xc di hn v 0,10 n 0,15 mg/m 3 cho tip xc ngn
hn.
Amoniac [11]
1. S pht sinh
Amonic l mt ha cht cng nghip quan trng c sn xut vo
hng nhiu nht hng nm. Th d M, khi lng amoniac sn xut hng
nm so vi cc ha cht khc ng th t ch sau axit sunphuric, vi v ox y
(khong 25.106 tn vo nm 1990). Thng thng khong 80% sn lng
amonic dng cho vic sn xut phn bn, 10% cho sn xut si nhn to v
cht do, 5% cho sn xut cht n, 1,5% cho thc n gia sc, 0,6% cho cng
nghip giy v bt giy, 0,5% cho cng nghip cao su v phn cn li dng
cho cc lnh vc khc.
Ring M, nhng hot ng cng nghip pht thi amonic vo
khng kh ch yu t cc lnh vc nh: sn xut amoniac v phn bn, cng
25
nghip tinh lc du, luyn cc, sn xut soda v nhng s ri vi, d r khc
ca ngi v cc c s s dng amoniac, hng nm ln ti khong 0,3 -
0,4.106 tn. Ngoi ra mt lng ln amonic pht thi vo khng kh qua cc
qu trnh t chy nh t rc thi, t cc nhin liu ha thch v qu trnh
d ha ca ngi v ng vt cng nh cc qu trnh thi ra, phn hy ym
kh.
2. Tnh cht c trng
Amoniac l cht kh c mi hc, khi tan trong nc to thnh dung dch
kim yu. Amonic tan trong nc kh tt; song tan ca n ph thuc rt
mnh vo nhit dung dch. OoC hm lng ca amoniac c th ln ti
50% trong nc, 20 oC gim xung cn khong 35% v 100 oC th tan
ca amonic hu nh bng khng.
NH3 + H2O (NH)4OH
NH3 phn ng mnh vi cc axit to thnh cc mui tng ng, n
cng c th phn ng vi cc oxit axit m ging nh vi cc axit.
NH3 + HNO3 = NH4NO3
2NH3 + H2O + SO3 = (NH4)2SO4
Trong iu kin phn ng ph hp v c mt cht xc tc oxy khng
kh c th oxi ha amonic thnh cc nit oxit; ngc li , s c mt ca nit
oxit cng vi amonic trong iu kin thch hp (c hoc khng c mt ca
cht xc tc) chng s phn ng v nhau to thnh nit v nc.
4NH3 + 5O2 = 4NO + 6H2O
4NH3 + 6NO = 5N2 + 6H2O
2NH3 + NO + NO2 = 4N2 + 3H2O
Amonic thm nhp vo c th ngi qua ng h hp, n ung v
thm thu qua da. Amoniac i qua cc lp m rt nhanh k c lp biu b
ngoi da v rt linh ng trong cc nim mc v cc dch trong c th. Tc
ng ca amonic trc ht l gy kch thch mnh v ph hy cc nim mc
mi v mt v li hu qu. Khi hm lng amoni trong mu tng ln n
mt mc no ngi ta nhn thy hm lng ca n trong no s t ngt
tng ln; lc n s tc ng ln h thn kinh. Ngi ta ghi nhn c
rng khi hm lng amoni trong no khong 50 mg/kg, xut hin hin tng
co cng cc c v sau la i vo hn m. i vi h tun hon, khi hm
lng amoni tng ln ti khong 100 mg/kg c th th thng li hu qu
nghim trng. Cc con vt th nghim b cht v hi chng nhim c gy x
va tm tht do amonic tc ng trc tip ln tim. Thng thng vi hm
lng nh trong khng kh v tip xc khng thng xuyn th amonic hu
nh vn hi.
26
Ngng nng nhn bit mi ca amonic sau nhiu th nghim cho
thy vo khong 32 n 37 mg/m3. Song cng c cc kt qu a ra ngng
thy mi ca amonic nh hn nhiu (0,5; 0,7 v 2,7 mg/m3). Khi tip xc vi
nng amonic cao trong khng kh thng c biu hin nh sau: Gy kch
thch cung hng ngay lp tc (280 mg/m3), gy ho (1200 mg/m3), e do s
sng (1700 mg/m3), gy cht ngi (>3500 mg/m3).
Azit v azidohydric
1. S pht sinh
Cc hp cht ca N 3- c hnh thnh khi cho amit ca kim loi kim
(NaNH2) tc dng vi N2O hoc Ag+ tc dng vi dung dch amoniac c.
2. Tnh cht c trng
Azidohydric (azoimit) l cht lng khng mu c mi hc kh chu, si
nhit 35,7oC. Hi HN3 c, ph hy nim mc mt, mi, lm dnh kt
mc v l hp cht khng bn, rt d gy n do phn hy mnh lit, c bit
khi tip xc vi cc vt th c nhit cao.
2HN3 ---> 3N2 + H2 + 141,8 kcal
Trong dung dch, axit azidohydric kh bn v l mt axit yu (yu hn
c axit acetic, ka = 1,2.10-5).
Cc azit ca kim loi chuyn tip hay c c kim loi nng nh azit ch
hay bc cng d gy n khi nung nng hoc va p mnh; v vy m chng
c s dng trong cng ngh lm ht n cho n. Azit ca kim loi kim
nh NaN3 th tng i bn, ch phn hy v gy n khi nung nng mnh.
27
Cu2+ tc dng vi dung dch CN - hay CuCN tc dng vi Fe 3+ s gii phng
ra dixyan.
2Cu2+ + 4CN- = 2CuCN + (CN)2
CuCN + Fe3+ + Cl- = CuCl + Fe2+ + 1/2(CN)2
Trong thc t cuc sng chng ta thng thy hin tng HCN c
sinh ra khi c mt ng thi NH 3 v CO nhit 500 700oC (nh trong
iu kin t gch truyn thng).
NH3 + CO = HCN + H2O
Trong thin nhin, tin cht ca HCN cn tn ti trong ht hnh nhn
ng, l v cc b phn ca cy trc anh o v b ca c sn cy (c m)
di dng hp cht c tn l amygdaline. Mt trong nhng c ch to ra HCN
t cc vt liu ni trn c chp nhn l men emulsine c trong khi phn
hy amygdaline s sinh ra HCN, glucoza v benzaldehyd. HCN cng tn ti
trong kh than (0,1 n 0,3%) v kh t nhin.
Trong cc phng th nghim hay trong cc c s sn xut ha cht c
s dng xyanua (c bit l xyanua ca kim loi kim v kim th), nu
tip xc vi khng kh m, chng s gii phng ra HCN do tc dng ca nc
v CO2; v HCN l axit rt yu (ka = 4,6.10-10).
NaCN + H2O NaOH + HCN
2NaCN + H2O + CO2 Na2CO3 + 2HCN
2. Tnh cht c trng
Xyanua (nhn ngn) l cht kch c, t xa xa n c xp vo
hng u bng ca cc cht c Nht nhn ngn (CN -) nh thch tn (asen).
Hi HCN gy ng c nhanh v mnh hn l cc mui xyanua tan. Ch cn
khong 50 mg xyanua xm nhp vo c th c th gy cht ngi trong vng
vi giy. Xyanua trong phc hay trong cc mui t tan t c hn mui tan ca
n. C ch gy c ca xyanua l c ch cytochrome oxidaza, cn tr qu
trnh oxi ha ca cc m. Xyanua cng tc ng ln h thng iu khin ca
h thn kinh.
Cc triu chng ca ng c xyanua xut hin rt nhanh sau khi c th
tip nhn. Nu c th tip nhn mt lng ln xyanua, nhng triu chng b
ng c th hin nh au u, chng mt, hn m v dn ti t vong ngay lp
tc. Nu tip nhn mt lng nh xyanua, c th c th tiu hy v khng
gy t vong. Nhng thng xuyn tip xc vi xyanua hm lng nh cha
gy t vong th nhng hu qu li thng l thiu mu, suy nhc thn
kinh, chy mu d dy v ph phi.
Dixyan tan tt trong cn, ete v nc. Khi tan trong nc n d b phn
hy thnh cc sn phm khc nhau, th d nh axit oxalic:
28
NC CN + 4H2O = HOOC COOH + 2NH3
Trong nhng iu kin nht nh, dixyan polyme ha to thnh
paraxyan c mu nu en v khng tan trong nc cng nh trong cn.
Ion xyanua c i lc to phc rt ln nht l i vi cc cation kim loi
chuyn tip. Cc phc ny c bn cao nn gim ti a c tnh ca
xyanua. Th d nh phc xyanua st:
Fe2+ + 6CN- = [Fe(CN)6]4-
4Fe3+ + 3[Fe(CN)6]4- = Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 (mu xanh Berlin)
Cc mui tan ca xyanua rt d tc dng vi cc axit to thnh
xyanhydric d bay hi. Ngc li cc kt ta xyanua nh AgCN, CuCN tan t
trong axit, thm ch c axit mnh.
Xyanua th hin nh l mt cht kh. N d dng b oxi ha bi cc
cht oxi ha nh hydroperoxit, permanganat hay persunphat to thnh xyanat
l sn phn hu nh khng c. Trong mi trng hp H 2O2 c coi l cht
chng ch nh i vi xyanua.
HCN + H2O2 = HCNO + H2O
Hi xyanhydric tc dng tt vi kim mnh nh NaOH hoc KOH cho
cc mui xyanua tng ng.
HCN + NaOH = NaCN + H2O
29
trng khng kh c cha sn oxi v nit th trong nhng iu kin nhit
cao nh vy, cc nit oxit cng c hnh thnh. Ngoi ngnh cng nghip
sn xut axit nitric ra, cc lnh vc sn xut ha cht, phn bn, gia cng kim
loi, x l b mt kim loi... cng sn sinh ra mt lng ln kh nit oxit.
Trong cc phng th nghim, khi s dng axit nitric, c bit l axit nitric c
phn hy mu hay nitro ha, rt cn ch ti s gii phng cc nit oxit.
Trong nhng trng hp nh th tuy tnh v lng th nh song chng thng
xy ra trong mt khng gian hp cho nn tnh cht nguy him ca n cn
c quan tm mt cch thch ng.
2. Tnh cht c trng
N2O l kh c tnh kh; song trong iu kin bnh thng, n khng b
oxi khng kh oxi ha. Khi t chy vi oxi phn ng sinh ra mt nhit lng
rt ln.
Nhng khi c mt ngn la th N2O cng c phn ng chy vi hydro.
N2O + H2 = N2 + H2O + 77,5 kcal.
Hn hp N2O vi amonic em t cng s gy n rt mnh.
3N2O + 2NH3 = 4N2 + 3H2O + 210 kcal
Kh N2O l cht kh khng mu, c mi d chu, c v hi ngt v tan
kh tt trong nc v c bit l trong cn. Nu ht phi lng nh, N 2O to
ra trng thi vui v (kh ci). Nhng nu ht phi mt lng ln, nn nhn c
th b hn m v b ngt.
NO l cht kh rt hot ng; n b oxi kh ng kh oxi ha t r nhanh
thnh NO2; khi tip xc vi clo to thnh nitrosylclorua. NO tan rt t trong
nc v c i lc to phc rt mnh vi cc cation ca kim loi chuyn tip.
2NO + O2 = 2NO2
K3[Fe(CN)6] + NO = KCN + K2[Fe(CN)5NO]
NO hn hp vi NO2 tc dng vi amoniac hoc ngay c vi ur, nht
l trong iu kin c xc tc, s sinh ra nit v nc.
NO + NO2 + 2NH3 = 2N2 + 3H2O
NO2 tan trong nc to thnh axit nitric, mt axit mnh c tnh oxi ha.
3NO2 + H2O = 2HNO3 + NO
NO2 m tc dng vi cc baz hay mui ccbonat mnh lit nh axit
nitric. ng thi n cng tc dng mnh vi cc cht hu c v c th phn
hy chng. Chnh v th m NO2 tc ng rt mnh ln da, cc nim mc mt,
mi v phi; gy kch thch mnh v rt d li di chng nh ph phi...
2NO2 + 2NaOH = NaNO3 + NaNO2 + H2O
3NO2 + CaCO3 = Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + NO
30
Kh nit oxit rt nguy him v ranh gii gia nng gy kch thch
nh v nng gy hu qu nguy him l rt hp. Ngi ta c th ht phi
mt lng gy cht tim tng trong vng t 2 n 24 ting ng h m khng
c bt c mt tc ng biu hin r rt no. Tip xc vi nng 100 n
500 ppm nit oxit trong khng kh c thgy co tht t n gt ph qun v
cht do try h hp. Nu ht th thng xuyn vi nng thp cha gy
cht th cc triu chng xy ra ln lt c th nh sau: kch thch nh, mt
nhn bit, thy nga c, ho v xut hin cc cn co tht lng ngc. Hin
tng ph phi tin trin, nn nhn thy kh th v ho ra m ln mu. Tip
theo, mt vi trng hp c th b thiu mu, xanh xao, tun hon ngng tr
v sau c th l t vong.
31
CO kt hp c vi nhiu kim loi to thnh cc cacbonyl; trc ht
nh l st, coban v niken. c bit ngi ta trnh cho clo tip xc vi CO,
nht l c nh sng hoc cht xc tc, v chng kt hp vi nhau to thnh
fosgen (COCl2) rt c
4CO + Ni = Ni(CO)4
h/XT
CO + Cl2 COCl2
Tc ng ng k nht ca CO i vi sc kho con ngi l kh nng
to phc rt ln ca CO i v st trong t bo hng cu. i lc ca CO vi
st trong phn t hemoglobin gp khong 240 ln so vi oxy. Khi ht th
trong bu khng kh nhim bi CO, CO s thm thu rt nhanh qua ng
phi v chim cc v tr phi tr ca oxy trong hemoglobin to thnh
cacboxyhemoglobin lm suy gim nhanh chng kh nng cp oxy ca mu
cho cc t bo trong c th. Nng cacboxyhemoglobin trong mu hon
ton ph thuc vo hm lng CO trong khng kh th, thi gian tip xc v
nhp th ca nn nhn Ngoi ra CO cn c th lin kt vi myoglobin,
cytochrom v mt s enzym na trong c th.
Nng CO trong khng kh nn l 0,01 n 0,9 mg/m3. Tip xc vi
nng ln hn s lm tng nng cacboxyhemoglobin trong mu (BCH).
Khi BCH ln hn 2,5% bt u gy tc ng ln chc nng tun hon. 5%
BCH khng an ton cho s c kho, 10% BC H c th b e da v khi ti 60
n 80% BCH s dn ti t vong. Mc du nn nhn cht do thiu oxi trong
mu nhng t thi khng b tm ti m li c mu ta.
32
CO2 tan tng i tt trong nc, nht l nhit thp. CO2 l
anhydrit ca axit cacbonic. CO 2 d dng phn ng vi dung dch kim mnh
nh NaOH hay Ca(OH)2 to thnh cc ccbonat tng ng.
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 ; (k1 = 4,01.10-7; k2 = 5,2.10-11)
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 = CaCO3 + H2O
CO2 khi lm lnh p sut kh quyn s ng cng li v khi nhit
xung quanh tng ln n thng hoa ( nhit 78,48 OC) m khng qua trng
thi lng. CO2 rn ( kh) c th gy ra nhng vt bng rt kh lnh.
CO2 hu nh khng c tc ng g ln ng tiu ha song n c tc
ng sinh l mnh m khi thm nhp vo c th qua ng h hp; n lm
tng nhp th thng qua tc ng ca n ln trung tm h hp trong ty sng.
Khi hm lng ca CO 2 trong khng kh th vt qu gi tr 3% s gy kh
th v iu ny cng tr nn r rt khi hm lng ca n vt qu 5%. Vi
hm lng 10% s lm cho nn nhn bt tnh ch trong vng mt pht.
33
cc (nhm photphua). Cc photphua kim loi hot ng khi gp nc s sinh
ra photphin; ngc li photphua ca kim loi nng th hu nh khng tc
dng vi nc v i khi ngay c vi dung dch axit long. S phn hy ym
kh ca cc hp cht photpho hu c cng sinh ra photphin (ma tri).
Stibin cn c pht hin vi nhng hm lng kh ln khi ch ha
cc hp kim ca n vi cc kim loi hot ng bng axit.
2. Tnh cht c trng
Asin l cht kh khng mu, nng hn khng kh khong 2,7 ln v c
mi hnh nhn ng hay mi ti. Asin l cht kh mnh; d dng t chy
trong khng kh to ra asen(III) oxit v nc, n cng b phn hy nhit
cao khi khng c mt ca oxi to ra asen v hydro nguyn t.
2AsH3 + 3O2 = As2O3 + 3H2O + 44,2 kcal
10AsH3 + 16KMnO4 + 18H+ = 5Mn3(AsO4)2 + 24H2O + 16K+ + Mn2+
Asen (thch tn) l cht kch c song asin cn c hn nhiu do n
thm nhp nhanh hn vo cc c quan trong c thso vi asen thng qua
ng h hp. Asin l tc nhn hy hoi mu mnh lit. Cc biu hin v
triu chng ca ng c asin u l hu qu tc ng ln mu ca n. Trong
trng hp nhim c nh, khong mt ngy sau khi tip xc s c nhng
triu chng nh bun nn, au u, run ry v au nhi vng thng v.
Bnh vng da xt hin ngy th hai hoc ngy th ba. Hin tng vng da
thng i km vi hin tng au v nhn gan. i khi ngi ta nhn thy
thn b hy hoi. Phn ln cc trng hp t vong sau khi b trng c asin l
do try tim mch. Nhng ngi may mn sng st c th bnh phc song mt
vi trng hp, bnh thn kinh ngoi vi pht trin. Khi tip nhn mt lng
ln asin (ng c cp tnh asin) th t vong l iu khng th trnh khi.
Photphin l mt kh c khng mu, c mi nh mi c n, t tan
trong nc. Bn cnh PH 3 (monophotphin) cn n t ti mt dng na l
diphotphin (P2H4). Diphotphin thng l sn phm i km vi photphin v l
cht lng d bay hi, t bc chy trong khng kh v cng d phn hy thnh
photphin v P2H. P2H (photphohydro rn) l cht bt mu vng v bn trong
khng kh, khng tan trong nc cng nh cc dung mi khc. Monophotphin
tinh khit trong khng kh khng t bc chy nu nhit khng vt qu
150OC v n ch t bc chy khi c ln diphotphin. Khi chy s to thnh axit
photphoric.
PH3 + 2O2 = H3PO4
Khi nng photphin trong khng kh khong 0,2 ppm ta c th pht
hin thy mi ca n (cng c ti liu cho thy ngng pht hin mi ca
photphin cn thp hn na). Khi tip xc vi nng 20 ppm trong khng
kh nn nhn c th t vong ngay lp tc. Trng hp nhim c photphin
thng i km cc triu chng nh au bng, nn ma, mt cn bng, co git,
34
hn m v c th dn ti t vong trong vng 24 gi. Trng hp nhim nh
c th qua khi hon ton sau nhng hin tng ho v b kch thch trong
ngf h hp. Nhim c mn tnh photphin xy ra khi thng xuyn tip
xc vi nng rt thp v triu chng ni b t l cc triu chng v thn
kinh.
Stibin c bit nh l mt cht kh khng mu, c mi kh chu v c
c tnh cao. Ng c stibin rt ging ng c asin. Nhng trong chng mc
no tc ng ca n c i phn nh hn. Song trong vic x l cc trng
hp nhim c stibin vn cn rt quyt lit, thm ch phi truyn mu hay
chy thn nhn to mi hy vng trnh c t vong.
2.2.1. HI CA CC HP CHT V C
Cc cht thi cng nghip nguy hi thuc nhm ny c quan tm
nht l hi axit, hi kim, hi thy ngn v hi mt s oxit thng hoa nh
As2O3, PbO. S d hi ca cc cht ni trn c t ln hng u trc ht
do s xut hin thng xuyn ca chng trong nhng hot ng hng ngy
ca chng ta vi khi lng ln; mt khc l do c tnh cng nh cc tc
ng nguy him tim tng ca chng.
1. S pht sinh
Hi axit v hi kim thng xut hin ti cc c s gia cng, x l kim
loi, b mt kim loi; cc c s sn xut ha cht, vt liu c s dng axit v
kim c bit iu kin nhit cao. Tt nhin phi k n cc nh my sn
xut chnh cc axit hoc kim ni trn.
Hi thy ngn thng c pht hin ti cc nh my sn xut xt - clo
s dng in cc thy ngn, ti cc c s khai thc, gia cng, m cc kim loi
qu nh vng, bc, bch kim... c bit trong cc tai nn hay ri ro trong sn
xut, vn chuyn hay ch ha thy ngn kim loi. Trong nhng trng hp
ny hm lng cc b thy ngn rt cao nhng may mn l thng ch trong
khng gian c gii hn mt khc hi thy ngn nng nn pht tn km.
Hi cc oxit thng hoa xu t hin thng xuyn vi mt hm lng
ng k l ti cc khu vc c cc c s luyn kim, c bit l luyn kim mu,
t pyrit, acsenopyrit v k c cc ni sn xut phn ln nung chy. Mt
35
lng ln na cng c pht hin ti cc c s sn xut thuc tr dch hi
ngun gc v c nh thuc dit mi, dit chut, tr c...
2. Tnh cht c trng
Cc cht dng hi c mt c tnh chung l chng u c th c
ngng t li di dng cht gc ca n trong nhng iu kin nhit v p
sut ph hp. Nhng thc cht nu dng sng sau ngng t m khng
c thu gom v x l kp thi th vn khng th trnh c nhng tc ng
nguy hi ca chng.
Hi axit trong iu kin khan tc dng rt km vi kim cng nh vi
cc mui cacbont. Nhng trong iu kin m hay sc vo dung dch th phn
ng li xy ra bnh thng. i vi hi kim th cc phn ng trung ha cng
din ra trong cc iu kin tng t.
Hi axit v hi kim thng gy kch thch rt mnh ln da. Cc triu
chng cm nhn trn da l nga ngy kh chu; c bit hi HF khi thm qua
da s gy ra cm gic nhc but ko di. nhng ngi tip xc thng
xuyn vi hi axit v kim thng xut hin cc nt mn trn da. Mt
ca chng ph thuc vo c a ca tng ngi v vo nng hi tip xc.
Tip xc lu di c th gy ra vim da. K c hi kim v axit u tc ng
ln cc nim mc mt, mi v pha trn ca ng h hp. Cc triu chng
thng l chy nc mt, nga, rt trong mi v hng, ho. Trng hp nng
c th gy nn hin tng c mt do kt mc b tn thng v ph phi.
Hi thy ngn rt d ngng t; song ngay hi bo ha ca thy ngn
trong iu kin bnh thng c th gy nguy him n sc kho v c tnh
mng ca con ngi. Chnh v vy m thy ngn khng bao gi c php
h mt tip xc vi khng kh. Hi thy ngn rt d hp th vo lu hunh
to thnh thy ngn sunphua rt bn v hu nh khng c. N cng d b
hp th vo dung dch st(III) clorua to thnh kt ta calomen (Hg2Cl2) bn
vng.
Hg + S = HgS
2Hg + 2FeCl3 = 2FeCl2 + Hg2Cl2
Hi thy ngn rt c (c hn gp nhiu ln cc dng khc ca thuey
ngn) v n l i d dng thm nhp vo c th bng ng h hp v thm
thu qua da rt nhanh. Thy ngn c kh nng tch lu sinh hc rt cao. C ti
80% lng thy ngn trong kh ht vo c gi li trn ng h hp. Hu
qu ca ng c thy ngn thng l da xanh xao vng vt, thiu mu, run
ry, hn m v t vong do suy nhc.
Hi thng hoa ca acsen, ch oxit hay cc kim loi khc cng rt d
ngng t. Cc oxit axit hay lng tnh chng c th hp th tt trong dung
dch kim mnh v nng.
36
As2O3 + 6NaOH = 2Na3AsO3 + 3H2O
Hi acsen tc ng ln ngi v ng vt cng ging nh acsin. Cc
dng hi ca ch cng nh cc kim loi nng khc thm nhp vo trong c th
ch yu cng qua ng h hp v i vo mu. Cc c ch tc ng ca n
cng nh nhng triu chng nhim c c trnh by trong phn v kim loi
nng.
37
Ng c cp tnh cng c th xy ra khi nn nhn tip xc vi nng
hi cao. Cc triu chng thng thy l chng mt, chong vng, au u v
nn ma. V d vi nng toluen khong 1000 ppm c th gy chng mt,
mt thng bng v au u d di. Vi nng ln hn na c th gy hn
m. Nu nn nhn khng c kp thi cch ly khi mi trng nhim th
c th t vong.
Cc dung mi hu c cng c th gy ra ng c mn tnh. Benzen l
mt trng hp c theo di tng i h thng. V nguyn tc, benzen tc
ng ln ty xng nu thng xuyn tip xc vi hm lng benzen trong
mi trng vt qu nng cho php. Bc u nhng triu chng thng
khng r rng. Tip theo thng thy mt mi, ri lon tiu ha, ch ng mt;
sau xut hin hin tng chy mu mi v pht ban trn da. Bnh thiu
mu thng tm thy nhng ngi nhim c benzen mn. Giai don u
ty xng vn pht trin sau th khng pht trin na v bt u s ph hy
n cc t bo. Ngi ta cho rng benzen nh hng n qu trnh tng hp
DNA. Cc chromosom l pht trin nhiu nhng ngi thng xuyn tip
xc vi hi benzen v cc ng vt th nghim. Nhim c benzen thng
km theo s pht trin ca bnh mu trng cp. Qu trnh tip din ny
thng xy ra vi nm sau khi tip xc ln cui.
Cc dung mi hu c t nhiu u c tc ng c hi ln c th ngi;
do trnh cc tc ng xu, rt cn thit c cc bin php phng nga v
x l thch ng i vi mi trng lm vic c s dng cc dung mi.
38
Nu ly tiu chun v kch thc ca ht bi phn loi th ta c th
chia bi ra thnh cc loi nh sau:
1. Bi th (ct bi - grit): l cc ht bi cht rn c kch thc ln hn
75 m
2. Bi (dust): l cc ht bi cht rn coa kch thc t 5 - 75 m.
3. Khi (smoke): l cc th vt cht c th l rn hoc lng thng
c to ra (hoc ngng t) trong qu trnh t nhin liu c kch thc ht t
1 - 5 m.
4. Khi mn (fume): l nhng ht cng c ngun gc nh khi nhng
rt mn; kch thc ht ca khi mn c quy c l nh hn 1 m.
ng Vi khun Vi trng Tc
vt
Sng Tia X Tia cc tm Hng ngoi gn Sng cc ngn
in t Nhn thy Hng ngoi xa
39
Bi c tc hi ln nht n sc kho con ngi l loi bi d thm nhp
v c th qua ng h hp ngi ta thng gi chung l bi h hp. Loi
ny thng c kch thc nh hn 10 m.
T trng Dng bt
Cht dng ng T trng ng T trng
3
khi knh ht (g/cm ) knh ht (g/cm3)
(g/cm3) (m) (m)
Cadimi oxit 6,5 2,42 2,70 5,96 0,51
Bc 10,5 1,79 4,22 4,30 0,94
Vng 19,3 2,35 8,00 5,54 1,24
Thy ngn 13,6 2,05 10,80 3,08 1,70
HgCl2 5,4 4,53 4,32 3,63 1,27
Manh oxit 3,6 3,26 3,48 7,29 0,35
2.3.2. HNH VI CA CC HT BI
Nh ta ni trn, bi l nhng ht cht rn hoc sol kh tn ti v
chuyn ng trong pha kh (ch yu y s no n l trong khng kh). Bi
c dng kh dung np v mang i.
Cc ht bi c khi lng (kch thc) ln trn ng mang i ca
dng kh s c xu hng lng xung mt t. Ngc li cc ht bi c khi
lng rt nh, c bit l cc ht sol kh th c th tn ti trng thi l lng
trong mt thi gian khng hn nh.
Ht bi chuyn ng trong khng kh, trc tin ta xt ti lc cn ca
dng kh. Trng hp n gin nht ta cho rng dng kh l ng nht, lin
tc v v hn; ht bi l hnh cu chuyn ng vi vn tc (v) khng i th
lc cn (F) ca dng kh ln ht bi s c tnh theo biu thc sau:
1
F = K 0 A dv 2 (2.1)
2
Trong : 1/2.v2 l ng nng ca dng kh chuyn ng vi vn tc v,
A l din tch tit din trc i ca ht vi hng chuyn ng,
K0 l h s t l hay h s sc cn,
l t trng ca dng kh.
i vi ht hnh cu c ng knh l r th A = d2/4 v do ta c:
1
F= K 0 .d 2 v 2 (2.2)
8
40
T ta c th rt ra biu thc tnh cho h s sc cn K0 nh sau:
8F
K0 = (2.3)
. .d 2 v 2
Thc nghim cho thy h s sc cn ph thuc vo chun s Raynon
(Re).
v.d v.d .
Re = = (2.4)
Trong : l nht ng ca dng kh: = /,
v l nht ng lc v t trng ca dng kh.
Ko 104
103
102
101
10-1
10-3 10-2 10-1 1 101 102 103 104 105 106
Re
Hnh 2.2. S ph thuc ca h s Ko vo chun s Raynon (Re)
41
24 4
K0 = + 1/ 3 (2.7)
Re Re
(Trong khong 3 < Re <400, Ko tnh theo biu thc trn c sai s khong 2%)
Khi Re ln hn 500 v nh hn 1000, cc dng xoy cun vo tch ra
khi vt cn v c hnh xon c. Lc ny h s sc cn trc i Ko hu nh
khng i nm trong khong 0,38 n 0,50. Vng ny do Newton tm ra v n
mang tn ng.
Khi Re > 2.105 lp chuyn ng bin ca dng kh pha trc ht hnh
cu tr nn khng n nh; nhng dng xon phn cch hnh thnh c pha
trc chuyn ra pha sau vt cn lm cho h s sc cn trc i gim xung
t ngt (n 0,1).
Vn tc ri gii hn ca ht bi hnh cu t c khi lc cn ca
khng kh cn bng vi lc trng trng ca n.
1
F = G = K o . A .v (2.8)
2
2G
T ta c vth = (2.9)
K o . A.
42
2.3.3. BN CHT V TC HI CA BI
Bi v v phng din no ta c th xem xt ng thi c sol kh.
Ngoi mt s tnh cht c l nh c trnh by phn trn th v mt ha
hc, n mang y cc tnh cht ca cc cht ha hc to nn n. Tc ng
ca bi ln sc kho con ngi chnh v th m cng phc tp hn. C hai
kiu tc ng chnh ca bi l tc ng theo kiu c hc v theo kiu ha hc.
Da trn c s ny ta c th chia bi ra lm hai loi; loi bi tr v loi bi
tan (bi c th tan c trong mi trng nc hoc m).
Bi tr tc ng ln c th con ngi theo kiu c hc. Th d nh bi
bng thy tinh hay aming loi tinh th hnh kim. ng v phng din ha
hc th c hai u l cc vt cht c trng rt tr v ha hc (silicat v
aluminosilicat) nhng chng c coi l loi bi nguy him c th dn n
ung th nu b nhim. Bng ch ng l khi theo di cc nn nhn nhim bi
bng thy tinh hay aming dng hnh kim ngi ta thy nhng ht bi l
nhng mnh gy nh nhn v sc. Khi chng thm nhp vo ti cc ph nang,
khi phi h hp, chng s lin tc gy ra cc vt thng. Cc vt th ng
khng c lnh ny s l mm mng cho cc tm gy ra ung th. Ngoi cc
loi bi ni trn, bi than cng c ni n nhiu v n gy ra bnh bi phi
cho nhng ngi tip xc nhiu nh cng nhn khai thc than, th l... Mc
du nhng bi tr khng c tc ng v mt ha hc nhng hai hin tng
gy tn thng ph nang v bnh bi phi cng lm chng ta quan tm.
Bi tan c th thm nhp vo c th con ngi ch yu theo hai con
ng l h hp v tip xc qua da. Khi vo trong c th, tng loi bi s gy
ra cc tc ng theo c tnh ca n.
Bn cnh hai loi bi k n trn, cn tn ti loi bi mang tnh cht
cng hp; th d nh bi xi mng. Bi xi mng gm phn tr l cc silicat v
phn tan l cc cht kim.
43
CHNG III. CC PHNG PHP X L BI [23,26,27,29]
3.1. KHI QUT V X L BI
Nh ni n phn trn, bi l nhng ht cht rn c kch thc
cng nh t trng khc nhau phn tn trong khng kh. x l lc sch bi
trc khi thi kh ra mi trng ngi ta nghin cu v s dng nhiu cch
khc nhau. Mi cch (phng php) ph hp vi cc loi bi v kch thc
bi khc nhau v c nhng u nhc im ring. Chnh v vy m ty thuc
vo i tng bi, ngi ta chn phng php x l ph hp. Cc phng
php x l bi c th chia thnh cc nhm nh trn bng 3.1.
Bng 3.1. Cc phng php x l bi
Lc X l bng X l bng X l da vo X l da vo
cht lng tnh in lc ly tm trng lc
-Bung lc -Dn ma Lc tnh -Thit b s dng Bung lng bi
gm -Sc kh in lc qun tnh.
-Lc c vt -a quay -Thit b s dng
liu m lc ly tm
-Lc tng kiu (cyclon).
-Lc ti Venturi
(mng) -Thit b quay
44
im hn so vi thit b lc tnh in ch thit b gin n v r tin. ng
dng thit b lc bi loi t trong nh my c nhiu kh khn v y qu
trnh tinh lc c lin quan ti vic thu gom v thi mt lng ln nc c tnh
cht ha l cn phi x l trc khi thi. Thit b lc in l mt loi thit b
lc sch bi c hiu sut cao; trong mun lc cc loi kh thi kh ta dng
loi thit b lc in tm, cn lc sch bi v hi m kh hp th, cng
nh lc sch c tt hn, ta dng loi thit b lc in ng v khi cn lc
sch mt th tch kh ln th dng thit b lc in l hiu qu nht.
100 %
99,9
Lc ti
99
Lc tnh in
95
80
50
20
5
Xyclon
Venturi
1
Dng xoy
0,1
Dn ma
0,01
0,01 0,02 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,5 1 2 5 10 20 50 100
Kch thc ht bi, (m)
45
C th ha bng 3.2. ta c th tham kho minh ho trn hnh 3.1. Ngoi
ra, ngi ta cn dng cc thit b lc kiu si bt lc sch kh khi bi,
khi v m (ti 90%).
Nh vy mun chn c thit b tch bi v lc sch kh c hiu qu,
phi xut pht t cc yu cu chnh:
1. Thnh phn ht bi v kch thc ht ca n
2. Trng thi v thnh phn ca kh
3. tinh lc kh cn thit
Kh Khix l
x l
Kh v bi
Khi cha x l
46
B mt ct ngang ca bung lng c tnh theo cng thc:
V
S = a.h = (m2)
w
Trong : a l chiu rng ca bung lng
h l chiu cao ca bung lng
V l lu lng kh qua bung lng
w l vn tc dng kh qua bung lng.
Nh vy, khi thit din ca bung lng cng tng th vn tc dng kh
cng gim; bi c th lng tt hn.
B mt lng cn thit (F) tnh theo cng thc:
V
F= (m2)
w1
y w1 l vn tc lng bi,
V l lu lng dng kh v bi.
Thi gian lng ca ht bi c tnh theo cng thc:
h
t= (s)
w1
47
3.3. PHNG PHP X L BI DA VO LC LY TM
3.3.1. NGUYN L
Khi dng kh v bi chuyn ng theo mt qu o trn (dng xoy)
th cc ht bi c khi lng ln hn cc phn t kh s chu tc dng ca lc
ly tm vng ra pha xa trc hn, phn gn trc xoy lng bi s rt nh.
Nu ta gii hn dng xoy trong mt v hnh tr th bi s va vo thnh
v v ri xung y. Khi ta t tm dng xoy mt ng dn kh ra, ta s thu
c kh khng c bi hoc lng bi gim i kh nhiu.
3.3.2. CU TO CA MT XYCLON N
S mt xyclon n v h thng xyclon lc bi c m t nh trn
hnh 3.3A, 3.3B v 3.3C.
Dc
h b
L1 L3
D
Kch thc tng qut ca mt
xyclon thng thng
L2 -ng knh ng v: D Dc
-ng knh ng ra: Dc=1/2 D
-ng knh ng y: Dd=1/4 D
-Chiu cao ng v: L1 = 2 D
-Chiu cao phn nn: L2= 2 D D
-Chiu cao sa vo: h = 1/2 D
-Chiu rng ca vo: b = 1/4 D
Dd -Chiu cao ng ra: L3= 1/3 D
48
2 l h s nht ng hc ca kh,
u l tc vng ca dng kh trong xyclon (m2/s),
D l ng knh phn hnh tr ca xyclon.
Kh bn vo
Kh sch ra
Cnh hng gi
Kh bn vo
Bi ra Bi ra
49
V
b=
k .wv
Kh xxl l
Kh Kh
Kh
x x
l l
ng thot
ng thot
Kh v bi
Kh cha x l
Khv
Kh cha
bix l
Cnh hng
Cc cnh hnggi
Thuthu
Ca bi bi
Van
50
+ Chiu cao phn hnh nn:
H n = ( R2 Ro ).tg o
51
3.4. PHNG PHP X L BI BNG MNG LC, TI LC
3.4.1. NGUYN L
Dng kh v bi c chn li bi mng hoc ti lc; ti (mng) ny c
cc khe (l) nh cho cc phn t kh i qua d dng nhng gi li cc ht bi.
Cc ht bi b gi li trn mng l do c kch thc ln h n l (khe) ca
mng hoc dnh li trn b mt ca vt liu do va p, do tip xc trc tip v
do lc tnh in. Chnh v vy m mng lc gi li c c nhng ht bi c
kch thc nh hn l (khe) trng ca mng lc (hnh 3.4.A). Khi lp bi
dy ngn cn lng kh i qua th ngi ta tin hnh rung hoc thi ngc
thu hi bi v lm sch mng. S mt thit b lc ti c m t trn hnh
3.4.B.
3.4.2. CU TO V VN HNH
Thit b lc l nhng tm vi (n) hnh ng hay hnh tm c t trn
nhng gi cng bng nha hoc kim loi c cc l thong (an t si hoc
ch to t tm lin c c l).
ng
Trngihp
ca3 ng i ca kh
bi ng i ca kh
ng i ca
bi
Khuch
Trng hptn
1
Tit
Tit din
dinsi
si
Trng Ht
hp bi
2
52
+ Din tch lc c tnh theo cng thc
V
S= .3600
v.
Kh sch
Kh
Kh sch
sch Kh
Kh cha
sch bi
c bi
Ti
ng
Kh Kh
cha
bi
c bi Ti
Mng
Bi
Bi Bi
Bi
Thit b lc ti Thit b lc mng
53
+ Lc cn ca ti (mng) c tnh theo cng thc:
P = A.V n [N/m2].
Trong A l h s thc nghim ph thuc vo nguyn liu lm ti
(mng), c k n bo mn v cn bn. A thng giao ng t 0,25 n
25,00. n l h s thc nghim thng thng bng 1,25 n 1,30.
BBphn chuyn
phn chuyn ng
ng c kh
c kh
Kh Ti lcng
hnh ng
Kh x ll Ti lc
x
Kh
Khx l l
x
Kh xx
Kh l l
Kh cha x x
Kh cha ll
Kh
Khcha xl l
cha x
54
Kh sau x l
Kh x l
B chn sol
Thit b thi nc
H thng phun nc
Nc a vo
Kh cha x l
Kh cha x l
Nc nhim bn ra
Huyn ph bi
Kh sauxx
Khis l l
Nc cp Caphun
Nc phunra nc
Vtliuliu
Vt nnm
Kh
Kh cha
cha x lx l
Huyn ph
Cht lng bi nhim
v cht
55
3.6. LC BI TNH IN
3.6.1. NGUYN L
Trong mt in trng u, c s phng in ca cc in t t cc m
sang cc dng. Trn ng i, n c th va phi cc phn t kh v ion ha
chng hoc c th gp phi cc ht bi lm cho chng tch in m v chng
s chuyn ng v pha cc dng. Ti y chng c trung ha v in tr
li. M hnh hot ng ca nguyn l dp bi tnh in c m phng trn
hnh 3.6A v 3.6B.
Ngi ta s thu c bi t cc tm in cc dng; kh i ra l kh
sch bi.
3.6.2. CU TO V HOT NG
Cu to ca mt thit b lc bi tnh in c m ta nh trn hnh
3.6C. Thng thng trong thit b lc bi tnh in kiu in c c tm (hnh
3.7A), ngi ta lm nhiu tng in cc m v dng lin tip nhau. Trong
thit b lc hnh ng (hnh 3.7B), in cc dng l mt ng rng; in cc
m thng l mt dy dn trn, khi hot ng xung quanh dy dn thng c
qung sng do in t ion ho cc phn t kh khi n chuyn ng qua in
cc dng.
i vi kiu in cc tm ta c cc thng s:
+ Khong cch gia hai in cc khc du l L thng t 10; 15 - 20
cm. Khong cch ny ph thuc vo in th, cch in ca mi trng v
cng dng in khi s dng.
Anot
Gi in
Vng hot ng M-
M M- M
M-
Catot
e+
Vng th ng
Gi in
56
Lc y ca
e dng kh
Lc y ca dng kh
e
Kh + Bi vo
Kh v bi e Kh ra
Kh + Bi ra
Lc tng hp
Lc tng
hp
Lc trng
Lc in trng
v trng lc
trng
57
Trong l l chiu di ng,
D l ng knh ng.
Catt
Kh sch ra
Kh sch ra
( )
Catot
Kh c bi (+)
Ant
Kh
c bi Bi
(+)
Anot
Bi
S lc tnh in tm
S mt ng lc tnh in
58
Kh v bi
Kh c bi
Kh sch
Kh sch
ng
ngknh
knh ng
ng : 100 - 300 ( mm )
Chiu di ng : 2 - 3 ( m )
BiBi
Kh v bi Kh sch
Kh sch
Kh c bi
Bi
Bi Bi
Bi Bi
Bi
59
S ph thuc ca mt dng vo khong cch gia cc din cc c
th tham kho bng sau:
Khong cch gia cc in cc L ([cm]) < 10 < 15 < 20
Mt dng ( i [A/m]) 0,3 - 0,4 0,5 0,6 - 0,7
3.7.1. NGUYN L
Kh cha bi i qua mng c l ri qua lp cht lng di dng cc
bt kh. Bi trong cc bt kh b thm t v b ko vo pha nc to thnh
cc huyn ph ri c thi ra ngoi. Kh sau khi c lm sch s thi ra
mi trng.
Thit b lm sch kh kiu ny ph hp vi nng bi khong 200
n 300 mg/m3; cng sut c th ln ti 50.000 m3/h.
3.7.2. CU TO V HOT NG
Cu to n gin ca mt thit b ra kh kiu si bt c m t trn
hnh 3.8.
60
Kh c i t di ln thng qua mt mng phn phi, li qua nc,
qua mang (li) ra ri ra ngoi. Nc c cp lin tc vo ca nc v ly
ra y cng vi huyn ph bi.
Khxx
Kh l l
Cht(nc)
Cht lng lng
(nc)
Cht lnglng vo
a cht
Tm chn
Tm chn
Kh v bi
Kh nhim
Kh v bi
Kh cha x l
Huyn ph
Cht lng bi
thi ra
61
Go G
P= .100
Go
Kh thi vo Nc + bn ra Nc vo
62
3.9. PHNG PHP RA KH KIU VENTURI
3.9.1. NGUYN L
Dng kh c dn qua mt ng tht, ti y tc dng kh tng ln
cao (50 - 150 m/s). Khi vt qua u cp cht lng ng s ko theo dng
sol. Nhng ht cht lng nh b s lm t bi cun theo v ngng li
thnh dng bn i ra theo c di v dng kh ra s l kh sch.
Kh sau x l ra
5
Tch git
Cht lng
4
Kh cha x l vo
3
1 2
Dch sau x l
6
KhKhsch
x l
KhKh
vbn
bi
Kh v bi
Kh vo
Tia nc
Tia
Ca nc
Nc vo
C hng
C hng Bung n nh
Ca thot
Nchi
vv
hi nc
ra
Huyn ph bi
63
3.9.2. CU TO V VN HNH
Thit b ra kh kiu Venturi c m t trn hnh 3.10A v 3.10B. Kh
c dn vo theo ca vo 1 qua c tht 2, ti y c t ca cp nc. Sau
khi dn qua ca 3 kh i vo bung lc sol 4; ti y c trang b h thng tch
sol l nhng tm li t xin so vi thnh bung. Sol nc ln bi t tch
t li phn y v c thi ra ngoi theo ca 6. Kh sau khi tch sol v bi
c thot ra ngoi theo ca 5.
Ngc li vi kiu Venturi kh, ngi ta cn dng dng nc thay v
dng kh thit b ra kh kiu ny gi l Venturi nc (hnh 3.11). Dng cht
lng c vn tc ln i qua ca tht s to mt p sut m khong khng
gian gia dng nc v thnh ca tht (nh kiu bm chn khng dng sc
nc); kh thi s b cun vo qua ca tht, tip xc vi dng phun ca cht
lng v qu trnh tch bi xy ra ging nh nguyn l trong thit b Venturi
kh. Nc (cht lng) sau khi tch phn ln huyn ph bi cc ngn b ti
phn y ca thit b c s dng tun hon tr li. Kh i ra l kh sch.
i vi thit b kiu ny, vn tc ca cht lng thng vo khong t 20 n
30 m/s; tc dng kh vo t 10 n 20 m/s. Thit b ra kh ny c th lp
lin tip nhau qua nhiu bc tu theo yu cu sch ca kh ra.
Kh c bi Kh c bi
Cht lng ra
Kh c bi Cht lng ra
64
3.10. RA KH KIU DNG XOY
3.10.1. NGUYN L
Dng kh c tc ln thi trc tip vo b mt cht lng theo mt gc
xin; di p lc ca dng kh, cht lng s b tung ln, kh v lng tip xc
vi nhau; bi b thm t s gi li trong cht lng v kh sch i ra ngoi.
3.10.2. CU TO V VN HNH
Cc kiu thit b ra kh dng xoy c m t nh trn hnh 3.12. i
vi kiu 1 v 2 tuy cu to c khc nhau nhng qu trnh vn hnh tng t
nhau. Dng kh v i b c dn qua ca 1 vo bung ra ( vi vn tc
thng t 10 n 15 m/s) do cu to c tm chn nh hng 2 nn dng kh
tip xc vi b mt cht lng di mt gc xin. Dng kh v cht lng c
tip xc vi nhau trong vng tip xc 3. Hu ht bi s dc gi li trong
lng cht lng; dng kh cha sol c i qua mng tch sol v i ra ngoi
theo ca 4. Huyn ph bi c thng xuyn ly ra theo ca 5.
Kiu thit b 3 c trang b cnh hng dng hnh xon c nn lm
tng thi gian tip xc gia dng kh bn v sol nc nn hiu qu lm sch
c tng ln. Mt khc do thi gian dng kh v sol i trong cnh nh
hng di hn nn hu ht cc sol c lng li nn khng cn trang b
thm mng tch sol. Kh bn i vo ca 1 theo mt ng lp xin vi thnh
thit b; sau khi tip xc vi b mt cht lng s i vo cnh hng dng 2.
Kh sch i ra theo ca 3. Huyn ph bi c nh k ly ra theo ca 4.
Kh sch ra
Kh thi vo Kh sch ra Kh sch ra 4
4
1 Kh thi vo
1
3 1
3 Kh thi vo
2 3
2
3 2 3
5 5
5
Huyn ph bi
65
3.11. RA KH KIU A QUAY
3.11.1. NGUYN L
Bi trong dng kh i qua h thng kh bi gm nhiu tm c l hay
li bng kim loi. Nhng tm li ny lun lun c thm t bng mt
cht lng thch hp v quay trn u trong mt khng gian hnh tr. Nhng
ht bi trong dng kh gp b mt cht lng s b lm t v b gi li ri tri
theo nhng got nc ri xung y.
3.11.2. CU TO V VN HNH
Thit b ra kh kiu a quay c minh ho trn hnh 3.13. Kh thi
c dn vo thit b theo ca kh vo 1 pha di; sau khi i qua h thng
a quay 5 s i ra ngoi theo ca thot 2 pha trn. Cht lng c phun
vo a trn cngbng h thng phun 3 gn trc quay v phn b u trn
my cc a ng thi chy xung pha di. Bi b thm t s chy theo
dng cht lng i xung pha di y thp v c thng xuyn tho ra
theo ca thot 4.
Kh sch ra
Trc quay
Cp cht lng
Cc a quay
Kh bn vo
Huyn ph bi
66
CHNG IV. CC PHNG PHP X L HI V KH C
[23,29,31]
4.1. X L KH V HI BNG PHNG PHP TIU HU
phn hy mt cht dng kh hoc hi c hi cho mi trng thnh
mt hay nhiu cht khc t hoc khng c hi c th thc hin bng ngun
nhit - phn hy nhit; hoc phn hy nhit c xc tc hay thng qua cc phn
ng ha hc; hoc kt hp c hai nh phng php t.
+ t v phn hu bng nhit.
Phng php ny ph hp vi kh thi ch a cc hp cht hu c nh
cc hi dung mi, hi l cc ho than, hi t... vi iu kin nhit cao,
cc cht hu c s b phn hu thnh than, kh v hi nc. Nu phn hy
t do, nhit phn hy i hi s cao v tc phn hy thng chm. V
vy ngi ta thng tin hnh vi s c mt ca cc cht xc tc.
Mt khc c th tin hnh t vi khng kh. Th d nh t kh ng
hnh trong khai thc du m.
Kh
Khbn
bn
Nhin liu v
Nhin liu v khng
khng kh
kh Trao
Nhit iTB x
Kh
Kh xll
nhit
Kh
Khbn
bn
67
Cht hu c + KMnO4 Mn2+ + CO2 + H2O + ...
MnO2 + cc sn phm khng c
Cht
Lp xc
xctc
tc
Ca t
Ming t
o
NhinKh
liubn
o
315 - 480 C 425 - 600 C
Khngkhkh
Khng Kh x
Kh xll
Kh x
Kh cha bnl
nhngn
nh la
ngnla
u
Tia phun hi
hi (kh) uiu
u iukhin
khin
La trc nh cp chy
La bc chy
nh bc
nh chy
bc chy
ng cpgas
Dng cp gas
nh
nhiu
iukhin
khin
ng mi la
ng mi la
ng cp
ng cpgas
gas
Hnhp
Hn hp
To
Rapilot 2
pilot 2
Ra pilot3 3
To pilot
u ni kh
Ni kh
To Ra
pilot 1
pilot 1
3-way plug
Van valves
3 chiu
68
NH3 Lp xc tc
NOx NH3 N2 H2 O
NOx NH3 N2 H2 O
NOx NH3 N2 H2 O
Cht lmmi
Dung lnh
lnhvo
vo
Kh sch
Kh bn ra ra Kh
Kh bn vo
bn vo
Dung mi
Cht lmlnh
lnh
Cht ngng
Cht ng t ra
t ra (Kh hoc lng)kh)
(nc hay khng
Cht lmmi
Dung lnh rara
lnh
69
Kh
Kh xll
x
ng
Nc adn
vonc
Kh
Khcha
chax
x ll
Nc vcht
Nc v cht ngng
ngng t ra
t thi
70
4.3. X L HI V KH THI BNG PHNG PHP HP PH
4.3.1. KHI QUT V HIN TNG HP PH
Hp ph l mt qu trnh xy ra trn b mt tip xc gia hai pha d th
(rn - kh, rn - lng, lng - kh).
Nhng phn t ca cng mt cht nm b mt v bn trong khi cht
c cc trng thi khc nhau dn n hnh vi ca chng cng khc nhau.
71
a = f (T , P)
Nu gi nhit khng i ta c ng ng nhit:
a = f ' ( P)
Nu gi p sut khng i ta c ng ng p:
a = f ' (T )
Nhit tng lm gim qu trnh hp ph. Ngc li, p sut cng tng
th s hp ph cng tt. Ni cch khc, vic h nhit hoc tng p sut u
c li cho qu trng hp ph.
72
Cu trc l xp phc tp v b mt ring khc nhau ty thuc vo cch
sn xut. Cc l xp c bn knh hiu dng t vi chc n hng chc nghn
anstron. V mt cu to, n c cu to kiu t ong gm mt h l xp mao
qun thng nhau v thng vi mi trng bn ngoa vi cu trc khng gian
ba chiu. C th chia kch thc l xp thnh ba loi sau:
(1) Dng vi mao qun, bn knh hiu dng c 10 A, c b mt ring ln
nht (350 - 1000 m2/gam) v chim phn ch yu trong than hot tnh.
(2) Dng mao qun trung gian c bn knh hiu dng trong khong 100
n 250 A. B mt ring khng ln lm, khong 100 m2/gam.
(3) Dng mao qun ln c bn knh hiu dng khong 1.000 n
10.000 A; dng ny c b mt ring rt nh, khng qu 2 m2/gam.
Than hot tnh c tc dng hp ph tt i vi cc cht khng phn cc
dng kh v dng lng. T lu than hot tnh c s dng lm mt n
phng c, lm sch mu v kh mu cc sn phm du m. Ngy nay trn
th gii than hot tnh c coi nh l mt cht hp ph ch yu trong cng
ngh x l lm sch mi trng bao gm cc lnh vc:
(1) Lm sch nc ung, x l nc sinh hot hoc x l nc
thi ca cc cng trnh t nhim bn. Trong nhng trng hp ny than hot
tnh s gi li cc hp cht hu c ho tan, nht l cc cht gy mi, gy mu
v c vt nhng kim loi nng. Than hot tnh c bit c hiu qu x l cao
i vi nc c b nhim nh cc cht dit tr dch hi.
(2) X l nc thi cng nghip. Ngi ta s dng than hot tnh trong
nhng trng hp hp ph cc cht km hoc khng b vi sinh vt phn hy,
cc cht gy c hi i vi cc vi sinh vt. Trong trng hp ny x l chn
lc bng than hot tnh ng vai tr nh l qu trinh tin x l cho cc bc
x l sinh hc tip theo.
(3) X l cp ba nc thi cng nghip v th.
Khi than hp ph no, n khng cn kh nng h p ph tip tc na.
i vi than hot tnh, trong trng hp ny khng phi b i m c th ti
sinh v s dng li c. i a s cc cht hp ph trn than hot tnh u
c th gii hp bng nhit. Khi trong mi trng nhit cao (di nhit
bt chy ca than), cc cht hu c cng nh cc phn t axit bay hi v tch
khi b mt ca than. i vi mi mt cht s c mt nhit x l ph hp.
Vi cc hp cht ca kim loi th thng thng phi gii hp bng axit sau
ra bng nc v sy ti sinh.
- Silicagel. Silicagel l gel ca anhydrit axit silisic c cu trc l xp
rt pht trin. Mng li ca gel bao gm cc nguyn t Si nm gia khi
chp tam gic ni vi nhau thng qua cc nguyn t O phn b ti cc nh.
B mt ca gel thay v cc nguyn t oxy c thay bng cc nhm hydroxyl
(OH-); iu quyt nh tnh cht hp ph ca silicagel.
73
Silicagel d dng hp ph cc cht phn cc cng nh cc cht c th
to vi nhm hydroxyl cc lin kt kiu cu hydr. i vi cc cht khng
phn cc, s hp ph trn silicagel ch yu do tc dng ca lc mao dn trong
cc l xp nh.
Cng nh cc cht hp ph c th ti sinh khc, ch ti sinh c mt
ngha rt quan trng. Ring i vi silicagel, trng thi ha hc ca b mt
gel quyt nh tnh hp ph mnh cc cht phn cc. Trng tha ny ch c
bo ton nhit di 200oC; nu gii hp c tin hnh bng kh kh.
Nu ti sinh silicagel nhit cao hn s dn n s thay i bt thun
nghch ca cu trc v b mt lm mt kh nng
hot ng ca silicagel. Do cu to ca silicagel, c bit l lp lin kt ca
nhm OH-, nu tin hnh gii hp bng kh nng m hay bng hi nc vi
thi gian ko di s lm gim hot tnh hp ph ca chng do nguyn nhn
ch yu l gim b mt ring. Do vy vic gii hp i vi silicagel cn phi
lu hn so vi vic gii hp than haat tnh.
- Zeolit. Zeolit l cc hp cht alumosilicat c cu trc tinh th. Trong
mng li tinh th ca zeolit, mt phn ion Si4+ c thay th bi cc ion Al3+
gy ra s thiu ht v in tch dng do zeolit c th tip nhn cc
cation nht nh ca cc kim loi khc. Mt khc n lm ph v cu trc u
n ca tinh th n cht, gy ra nhng khong khng gian trng v cc lc
in trng khc nhau trong zeolit.
Tnh cht ca zeolit ph thuc vo t l Si v Al v mc to tinh th
ca sn phm cui cng; ng thi n cn chu nh hng ca cc cation kim
loi khc c nhn thm vo trong qu trnh hnh thnh sn phm.
V vy ngi ta c th to ra nhng kiu zeolit khc nhau bng cch
iu ch chng vi cc t l khc nhau ca Si v Al, vi cc iu kin hnh
thnh tinh th zeolit.
Trong cng nghip ph bin nht l cc zeolit A v zeolit X. Cc zeolit
ny c tinh hp ph kh tt v tng i chn lc.
Cc zeolit th hin tnh nhy cm rt r i vi nhit . Th d nh
zeolit cha Ca ch b mt tnh hp ph khi nhit ln ti 800oC, cha Na b
mt hot nhit 700oC cn zeolit cha Li th 640oC.
- Cc cht hp ph t nhin.
Trong t nhin c nhiu khong cht c tnh hp ph nh st, bentonit,
diatomit... song kh nng hp ph ca chng thng c lm tng ln nhiu
sau khi c x l bng cc bin php ph hp. Tnh u vit nht ca cc
cht hp ph t nhin l chng c gi thnh rt thp so vi cc cht hap ph
nhn to.
74
4.3.3. CC KIU TIN HNH HP PH [26,27]
Trong thc t tin hnh hp ph, ngi ta c th tin hnh theo hai
phng php: phng php hp ph tnh v phng php ng. Do phng
php hp ph ng c hiu sut cao hn v ph hp hn i vi thc tin sn
xut cho nn thng c s dng trong x l kh thi cng nghip.
Qu trnh hp ph thng thng c tin hnh trong cc bung hp
ph c cha cc cht c kh nng hp ph. Kh thi cha cc cht cn hp
ph c dn qua lp cht hp ph. Cc cht cn hp ph s c gi li cn
kh sch s c thi ra ngoi. Nu cht hp ph c hot cn bng l a,
chiu dy ca lp hp ph l L, din tch tit din ngang ca thit b hp ph
l S, kh thi c nng cht cn hp ph l Co v tc dng trong thit b
hp ph l w th lng cht c hp ph s c tnh theo biu thc:
m = a.S .L hay m = w.C o .S .
Kh sch ra
C
V
ct
dy lp
C hp ph Lp vt
liu hp
Dn phn
phi kh
C
0 V V
Ca
Hnh 4.8. ng cong hp ph kh
ca hi c qua ct hp ph b
Hnh 4.9. M hnh thp hp ph
75
4.3.4. NHNG U V NHC IM CA PHNG PHP X
LBNG HP PH.
Phng php hp ph c kh nng lm sch cao. Cht hp ph sau khi
s dng u c kh nng ti sinh; iu ny d lm h gi thnh x l v y
cng l u im ln nht ca phng php.
Khvv
Kh hihi dung
dung mi
mi vo
ph
My hpMy htquay
quay
Than hot
Than tnh
hot tnh
ng
ngkh ra
kh ra
M t
M t
Lp lc
Lc
ng hiHi vo
vo
Qut
Qut B lm
Lmlnh
lnh
Than hot tnh
Thanhot tnh
Kh vKh
hivdung mi
hi dung mi
Kh sch
Kh sch
Nc ra
Nc ra
Nc vo
Nc vo
Dng hi
Dng hi Thu
Thuhi
hicht
nhim
cht nhim
Kh
Khcha
cha
xxll Cht nhim
Cht nhim
lc
BLc My thi
Qut thuhi
thu hi
Than hot
Than hot tnh
Than hot
Than hot tnh
Khxx
Kh l l
Dng thpchoquay
pthp
Dng p quayvng
vng
76
4.4. X L KH THI BNG PHNG PHP HP TH [26,30]
4.4.1. NGUYN L
Nguyn l ca phng php l da trn s tng tc gia cht cn hp
th (kh hoc hi) vi cht hp th l cht lng hoc cc cht khc l cht rn
hoc cht ha tan trong cht lng.
Da vo bn cht ca s tng tc ni trn m ngi ta chia thnh s
hp th vt l hay s hp th ha hc.
- Hp th vt l: L qu trnh da trn s tng tc vt l thun ty;
ngha l ch bao gm s khuch tn, ha tan cc cht cn hp th vo trong
lng cht lng v s phn b ca chng gia cc phn t cht lng.
ha tan ca mt cht cn hp th trong lng cht lng lun lun l
mt hm ca nhiu bin s. Nu gi D l tan th ta c th biu din n nh
sau:
D = f (x1, x2... xj, T, S, P, kD,...)
Trong : xi l nng ca cc cht kh hoc hi trong cht lng.
T l nhit lm vic,
S l din tch tip xc gia hai pha,
P l p sut ring phn ca hi hoc kh trong pha kh,
kD l h s khuch tn ca cht c hp th trong pha lng.
Thc t qu trnh hp th tng khi din tch tip xc hai pha tng, v
nhit lm vic gim; ring hiu sut x l th cn ph thuc mnh vo p
sut ring phn ca kh hoc hi v nng ca chng trong pha lng.
tng hiu qu x l, ngi ta thng dng cc kiu thit b lm tng
din tch tip xc ti a, truyn nhit tt v hn ch s tng ca cht ho tan
trong pha lng. Cc kiu thit b thng dng nh: thp hp th c tng m,
thp hp th si bt, thp phun...
-Hp th ha hc. Hp th ha hc l qu trnh hp th lun i km vi
mt hay nhiu phn ng ha hc. Sau qu trnh khuch tn l qu trnh xy ra
cc phn ng ha hc. Nh vy s hp th ha hc khng nhng ph thuc
vo tc khuch tan ca cht kh vo trong chat lng m cn ph thuc vo
tc chun ho cc cht - tc phn ng ca cc cht.
Trong hp th ha hc, cht c hp th c th phn ng ngay vi cc
phn t ca chnh cht hp th. Th d nh: amoniac hay kh sunphur hp
th vo nc:
NH3 + H2O -----> NH4OH
SO2 + H2O -----> H2SO3
77
Cht cn hp th phn ng vi cc thnh phn hot ng trong cht hp
th ( thng thng l dung dch ca cc cht hot ng). Th d nh hp th
CO2, SO2 trong dung dch NaOH.
CO2 + 2NaOH = Na2CO3 + H2O
Na2CO3 + H2O +CO2 = 2NaHCO3
Vi SO2 cng c phn ng tng t.
Trong trng hp chung ta c th biu din mt cch tng qut nh
sau:
aA + bB + cC -----> mM + nN + ...
[M]m.[N]n....
Kcb =
[A]a.[B]b.[C]c...
78
(2) Thit b mng a quay c cu to ging nh thit b a quay trong
x l bi v sol. Cht lng hp th c phn b u trn cc tng a,
chuyn ng t trn xung v c quay trn lin tc trong sut qu trnh x
l. Thc nghim cho thy tc chuyn khi tng khi tng s vng quay ca
a. Trong thit b mng quay, sc cn thy lc nh v c th lm vic vi
mc tiu hao cht hp th thp. Trong cng nghip, thit b ny vn c s
dng th d nh hp th HCl hay SO2 bng Na2S trong n s xut
natrithiosunphat (Na2S2O3). Thit b c 11 a vi ng knh 800 mm, tc
quay l 150 vng/pht lm vic c vi nng sut l 1.700 m3/h.
(3) Thp hp th m c dng ph bin nht. Trong thp, ngi ta
thng nhi cc vt th lng cng nh c snh s, l so kim loi, vn than
cc... lm tng din tch tip xc hai pha. Khi vn hnh, kh thi c i t
di ln trn cn cht lng th i t trn xung di. Lu lng ca hai pha
lun c tnh ton trc thit b t hiu qu cao nht. Khi cht lng chy
trn b mt cc vt th lm m, v c bn chng c c trng ca mng cht
lng. Tuy nhin v bn cht ca qu trnh vn hnh, gia thit b hp th
mng v thi t b hp th m c s khac nhau. thit b hp th mng th
mng cht lng chuyn ng lin tc theo chiu cao ca thp hp th; cn
trong thit b hp th m th khi mng cht lng chuyn ng t n nguyn
ca vt m ny sang n nguyn khc th mng c b ph v v mng mi
ddc hnh thnh. Qu trnh ny c lp i lp li trong sut chiu di ca
thp. Thc t trong thp hp th m, cc mng cht lng khi chuyn t n
nguyn m ny sang n nguyn m khc thng b ph v bi s chuyn
ng ngc chiu ca dng kh. Do vy m thp m phn no cn mang tnh
cht nh mt thp hp th si bt.
S chuyn ng thun dng trong thp m i khi cng c s dng.
l nhng trng hp khi tc kh thi kh ln (khong 10m/s), khng
hoc kh thc hin c i vi kiu ngc dng. S b tr thun dng s
lm tng qu trnh trao i cht, gim tr lc thy ng v gim kch thc
ca thit b.
Trong trng hp s hp th i km vi cc phn ng thy phn hoc
to kt ta th ngi ta thng dng loi thp hp th m ni. Cc lp m
ni (nhng mnh bt xp polyme hay cc qu cu rng lm bng cht do)
c treo l lng bi dng kh trong thp v bi cc tm li . Gia cc
lp m l nhng khong trng m bo cho cc kt ta khng lm tc
nghn s lu thng ca dng kh qua cc lp m. Tt nhin y cht hp
th lng cng c chuyn ng t trn i xung.
Cc nghin cu thy ng hc v chuyn khi trong cc thit b hp th
m ni cho thy, thp hp th kiu ny c th lm vic vi tc dng kh
ln m khng b tc nghn. Nhc im ca thp hp th m ni l kh
79
thot nhit trong qu trnh hp th. Mun tch nhit, ngi ta thng phi s
dng lm lnh tun hon.
Trong cng nghip sn xut axit phosphoric t qung ngi ta s
dng kiu thp hp th m ni hp th kh SiF4 hay SiCl4 vo nc; v
chng to thnh axit silicic khng tan trong nc. Hay dng huyn ph vi
hp th cc kh nh CO2, SO2...
(4) Thp hp th si bt (ging nh thp si bt trong x l bi)
thng c s dng trong trng hp ti lng cao, p sut kh thi ln v
qu trnh hp th c s to nhit, cn c lm lnh.
Cc kiu thp hp th si bt chnh gm (1) si bt qua li (hay vt
xp), (2) si bt qua cc a chp xen k v (3) trn c hc kh v cht lng.
Hp th kiu si bt c nhc im ln nht l lun c lp bt chim
th tch kh ln trong thit b. Vic chuyn ng ca cht lng gp phi tr
lc ln. Cc nh thit k c nhiu cng trnh lm gim bt nhng nhc
im trn c th s dng ki hp th ny trong cng nghip v n c h s
chuyn khi rt cao.
Chiu cao lp cht lng tng s lm tng kh nng hp th song ng
thi cng tng tr lc ca thit b. Thng thng ngi ta khng tng lp cht
lng qu 50 mm.
(5) Thp hp th kiu a chp to ra s chuyn ng i dng ca kh
v cht lng qua tng bc mt. Cht lng i t pha trn a xung y, ri
vo y ca a phi di ri tip tc chy xung pha trn ca a tip theo.
Cn kh th len li cng theo con ng y nhng ngc chiu vi cht lng.
S minh ho n gin c th tham kho trn cc hnh trong phn ph lc.
(6) Thp phun l loi thit b hp th n gin. Trong thp phun, cht
lng c phun thnh bi (sng) t pha trn xung, kh thng i t di
ln nhm lm tng din tch tip xc v nng thc t cht cn hp th
trong pha kh gim dn theo chiu t di i ln v nng cht b hp th
trong pha lng c tng dn theo chiu t trn i xung. Qu trnh ny rt c
li cho vic tng hiu qu x l.
Thp hp th phun c th chia ra lm ba kiu khc nhau: (1) thit b
hp th phun kiu thng rng, (2) thit b hp th phun thun dng tc cao
v (3) thit b hp th phun sng kiu c kh.
i vi kiu thng rng, vi phun sng thng c t pha trn
phun xung. Trong trng hp thp hp th c chiu cao ln, ngi ta thng
t cc vi phun chia ra cc tng khc nhau. Nhc im ca thit b thng
rng l kh thng phn b khng u trong ton b thp dn n lm gim
hiu sut x l. Tuy nhin kh phn b u ngi ta to ra cc b phn
phn phi kh nh phn phi kh qua ming tht, phn phi kh thng qua
mng phn phi xp hay phn phi kh theo dng xoy kiu cyclon...
80
Thit b hp th thng rng c u im l n gin, u t thp, lc
cn thy ng nh v c th s dng i vi kh thi c nhim bn cao;
cht lng dng hp th c th quay vng cho ti khi hp th no mi thi
cho nn tit kim c cht hp th.
Nhc im ch yu ca loi thit b kiu ny l hiu qu x l khng
cao do h s chuyn khi thp v tc dng kh khng c qu ln (nh
hn 1 m/s) trnh hin tng cht lng b cun theo kh ra ngoi.
Thit b phun thun dng tc cao. Thit b kiu ny ph hp vi
dng kh thi c vn tc ln (khong t 20 - 30 m/s); khi vn hnh cht lng
b cun theo cng dng kh, sau c tch ra bi mt thit b km theo.
Thit b phun thun dng tc cao c dng nh kiu thit b Venturi (ging
nh trong x l bi). Kh thi vi tc cao i qua n g tht, cun theo cht
lng t ca ch di dng bi sng v cng i vo vng khuch tn ri ti
b phnj tch cht lng. Trong vng khuch tan, ng nng ca dng kh
chuyn thnh p lc vi mc hao ht l cc tiu. Thit b Venturi c s
dng kh ph bin trong x l kh thi.
(7) Thit b phun sng kiu c kh t c s dng, n ch ph hp
trong nhng trng hp c bit.
81
CHNG V. CNG NGH X L MT S KH THI
CNG NGHIP [26,27,28,2931]
82
SO32- + 1/2O2 = SO42-
S cng ngh ca qu trnh x l SO 2 theo con ng t c m
t nh trn hnh 6.1. v c th tm tt nh sau: SO2 t ngun thi (thng l
cc l t sau qu trnh trao i nhit tn dng tip) trc ht c lm ngui
bng nc lnh va h nhit ca lung kh thi va lm m kh SO2.
Sau kh thi c dn qua thp hp th. Kh sch qua h thng chn sol ri
c thi ra ngoi. Kt ta c qua h thng lng lc, oxi ha ri em ti s
dng hoc thi an ton.
Nc lnh Ca(OH)2/Mg(OH)2
Kh sch ra
Thit b Thp hp Khng kh
lm ngui th
Lng, Sy oxi
Kh thi lc ha
vo Nc lc Sn phm
CaSO4/MgSO4
Nc thi
83
i vo thp phn ng. Ti y, Ca(OH) 2 bt khan hay CaO dng bt c
phun vo v trn u nhm to iu kin cho phn ng trung ha xy ra hon
ton. Tip theo, kh v bi c chuyn qua bung lc ti. y bi v bi
mui c gi li, kh sch c thi ra ngoi. Bi mui c tinh ch s
dng hoc dng lm ph gia cho xi mng. S cng ngh x l sau l t
c m t trn hnh 6.2.
Nc CN Ca(OH)2/CaO
Kh sch
Thp lm Thp phn Bung lc
ngui / m ng ti
X l trong l t
y l mt cng ngh xut kh to bo v thu c kt qu tng
i tt. Theo cng ngh ny, bt CaCO3 c phun thng vo l t. nhit
cao trn 1000oC CaCO3 s chuyn thnh CaO. Khi bi CaO i ra khi l
cng vi SO 2 v hi nc, chng s phn ng vi nhau to thnh mui i ra
cng bi v kh thi. Trong cng ngh ny, kch thc ht ca CaCO 3 v s
phn b ng u trong khng gian l ng vai tr quyt nh hiu sut x l.
Cng on lc ti loi bi v bi mui ging nh cng ngh x l sau l
t. Hnh 6.3. m t lu trnh x l trong l.
Bt CaCO3 Kh sch
Xyclon Thp Bung
L t loi bui lm lc ti
s b ngui
Nhin liu
t l Bui, bi mui
Nc CN Bi ln
84
5.2. X L KH NIT OXIT (NOX)
Kh NOx (ch yu l NO2) va c tnh cht ca mt oxit axit c th
chuyn ha thnh mui nitrat bng phn ng trung ha, va c tnh oxi ha
tham gia nhng phn ng oxi ha kh. Nh trong phn tnh cht ca cc kh
thi trnh by, nu c mt ca cht kh l NH3 hay ure, NO2 hoc hn hp
ca NO v NO2 s phn ng chuyn thnh N2 v nc nhit trn
9000C hoc trn 2000C nu c mt ca cht xc tc. Da trn nhng tnh cht
ny hai hng cng ngh x l c hnh thnh. l cng ngh x l
bng phng php trung ha vi s c mt ca oxi khng kh chuyn hon
ton NO v NO2 thnh mui nitrat. Th hai l cng ngh x l bng phng
php oxi ha kh khng xc tc v c s dng xc tc.
Lm ngui, Thu hi
to m, cung Trung ha mui
cp oxi
85
NO trong iu kin thng, hu nh khng tan trong nc, khng tc
dng vi dung dch kim long. Do x l NO, lun lun cn c s tham
gia ca oxi oxi ha n thnh NO2.
Quy trnh x l thng thng gm ba cng on. Cng on mt l
lm ngui, ng thi to m v cp oxi. Cng on hai l trung ha bng
kim vi trong thp phn ng kiu dn ma c trang b lp vt liu m .
Cng on ba l x l thu hi mui v tun hon nc t dung dch thi ra t
thp trung ha. S cng ngh m t nh trn hnh 6.4.
L Trao Tch X l
t i bi s cui
nhit b cng
86
5.2.3. X L KH NO X BNG PHNG PHP XC TC CHN LC
(SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REMOVAL - SCR)
NO v NO2 l nhng cht kh c tnh oxi ha tng i mnh; bn cnh
nhng hp cht, trong nit mang ha tr m th li c tnh kh, nh
NH3, (NH2)2CO, cc amin... Chnh v th m nhng hp cht mang ha tr m
v ha tr dng ca nit kt hp vi nhau, nhng iu kin nht nh nit
s chuyn tr v nit phn t (N2). Nh trn phn 6.2.2 xt qu trnh oxi
ha kh ny ca cc hp cht nit nhit cao. Khi c mt ca cht xc tc
th nhit yu cu phn ng xy ra thp hn nhiu, trong khong t 180
n 4500C. Cng ngh kh NO x c xc tc thng thng bao gm cc bc:
(1) trao i v n nh nhit, (2) trn u hn hp kh, (3) oxi ha kh c xc
tc v (4) thi, nh s trn hnh 6.6.
Kh thi
Hnh 5.6. S x l NOx bng xc tc chn lc (SCR)
87
tia in t nng lng cao. Cng ngh x l trong l t cho hiu qu khng
cao nhng n gin v chi ph thp; cn cng ngh x l s dng chm tia
in t nng lng cao c th x l trit c SO2 v NOx, song cng ngh
phc tp hn v chi ph cao.
SO2 SO2
88
Trong cng ngh ni trn, c ht ca canxi cacbonat phun vo l v
phn tn ng u ca n nh hng rt mnh ti hiu qu x l SO 2. Nhng
kt qu nghin cu minh ho trn hnh 6.7. cho thy; nu c ht l 15 m hay
mc du c ht l 2 m nhng vn li vi kch thc tng t th hiu qu x
l km v cng vi c ht 2 m nhng phn tn th hiu qu x l rt cao.
Sn phm sau x l ca SO2 l CaSO3 hoc CaSO4 dng bi v ca
NOx l kh N2, CO2 v hi nc. Do cng on x l cui cng s dng k
thut lc ti hay lc tnh in l ph hp.
Lm
ngui, Lc ti
L t Lm
m
89
to ra cc radical. Nhng radical va hnh thnh s tc dng vi kh SO2
to thnh cc phn t axit sunphuric v vi NO x to thnh cc phn t axit
nitric. Nu ng thi hi amoniac c cp vo bung phn ng th amoniac
s tc dng vi cc axit va hnh thnh to ra cc mui amoni tng ng.
Ton b nguyn l ca cng ngh c m t trn hnh 6.9. S cng ngh
x l ng thi SO2 v NOx sau l t s dng chm tia in t c nng
lng cao c m t nh trn hnh 6.10.
Kh amoniac
O2, H2O OH*, O*, HO2*
ng phng e
Trung ha bng amoniac
Bung
Thp lm x l Thit b
ngui v kh thi lc ti /
lm m lc
kh thi B to tia e tnh in
Kh thi Bi th Bi v mui
90
Trc tin kh thi c dn vo thp lm ngui v lm m bng nc
cng nghip c nhit thp. Ti y mt phn bi c kch thc ln c
tch ra v nhit m bo gim xung di nhit ph n hy ca cc
axit v cc mui, c bit l axit nitric v mui amoni nitrat. Kh thi ti p tc
qua bung x l. Do bung x l c chiu bi nhng chm tia in t c
nng lng cao nn cc phn ng ha hc c xy ra y. dn n sn
phm cui cng, trong bung phn ng trc tin phi din ra qu trnh to ra
cc radical do cc in t bn ph cc phn t kh v hi. Tip theo l phn
ng gia cc radical vi cc phn t kh SO2 v NOx hnh thnh cc phn
t axit tng ng. Khi aminiac c cp vo bung phn ng, cc phn t
axit va hnh thnh s tc dng vi amoniac to ra c c phn t mui
amoni. Bc cui cng l cc phn t mui dng rn s kt hp li vi nhau
to ra cc ht bi mui c kch thc ln hn i vo bung lc. Cc qu
trnh trn xy ra rt nhanh, nhng cng cn mt khong thi gian hon
thnh cc phn ng. Do bung x l cn phi c kch thc ph hp c
thi gian lu cho cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Cui cng bi mui v
bi l c tch khi dng kh thi bng lc tnh in hoc lc ti hoc s
dng c hai. Cng ngh x l ny ngoi mc ch x l kh c trong kh thi
cn thu c hn hp mui nitrat lm phn bn rt tt hoc tinh ch cc mui
phc v mc ch khc.
91
kh l cha c x l g nn bi v SO 2 nh hng rt nhiu n kh nng
hot ng v tui th ca cc tng xc tc trong thp SCR.
S 1
NH3 ng khi
L hi
SCR EP FGD
AH
S 2 ng khi
NH3
L hi SCR
FGD L
AH EP GGH
92
5.5. X L KH H2S
Khc vi cc kh SO2 v NOx, kh H2S khng phi l kh thi sinh ra do
t cc nhin liu ha thch, m n l mt trong cc thnh phn ca kh t
nhin, kh ng hnh t cc m khai thc du kh. Ngoi ra, H2S cn c
sinh ra trong cc qu trnh kh ha than, cc qu trnh phnyh ym kh v
mt s qu trnh sn xut khc. Kh H2S c tnh n mn thit b cao v l tc
nhn gy ng c mnh cc xc tc dng trong trong cng nghip. Do vy
vic la b an ton H2S ra khi kh cng nghip l nhu cu bt buc. loi
kh H2S, thng thng c hai cch l tch loi theo ng kh v theo
ng t.
93
Amoni polysunfua c em phn hy 125 - 130oC v p sut 1,7 -
2,0.105 Pa s thu c lu hunh v amoni sunfua s dng cho nhng ln x
l tip theo
S cng ngh ca phng php kh c m t trn hnh 6.12.
Tc nhn gii hp
Kh sch H2S ph
X l Lu hunh
Kh cha H2S S/Hp cht ca S thu hi
94
Ta nanh dang hydroquinon c oxi ha bng oxi khng kh tr li
dng quinon.
THQ + 2O2 = TQ + 2H2O (5)
95
Sau phn ng huyn ph S s c tch ra, dung dch Fe2+ c oxi ha
bng oxi khng kh tr v trng thi ban u v c quay vng tr li.
4Fe2+ + O2 + 4H+ = 4Fe3+ + 2H2O
4Fe3+ + 4OH- = 4Fe(OH)2+
-------------------------------------------------
4Fe2+ + O2 + 2H2O = 4Fe(OH)2+
S cng ngh ca phng php c m t trn hnh 6.14.
Dung dch
Kh sch H2S Fe(OH)2+
Kh cha H2S
Lu hunh My thi Ph gia
thu hi khng kh ha cht
5.6. X L KH CO
Kh CO c x l ch yu bng con ng t tip chuyn ha
thnh kh CO2 t c hi hn. Trong mt s trng hp, c bit trong sn
xut kh ha than th ngi ta s dng phng php oxi ha xc tc vi s c
mt ca hi nc thu c sn phm l CO2 v H2.
xc tc
CO + H2O CO2 + H2
S dng mt thp xc tc nhiu tng c th chuyn ha gn nh hon
ton CO thnh CO2 (xem phn kh ha than).
5.7. X L KH CO2
CO2 c th tan t rong nhiu dung mi khc nhau; nhng trong thc t
ngi ta thng s dng nc, metanol, dung dch kim, amoniac cho qu
trnh hp th thu hi CO2. Trong metanol CO2 hp th theo kiu vt l. Trong
96
nc, sau khi khuch tn vo nc, CO2 s hp vi nc to thnh cc sn
phm H2CO3 v HCO3-. Nhng sn phm ny rt d phn hy tr li thnh
CO2 v nc theo phn ng thun nghch:
CO2 + H2O H2CO3
Nhit tng s thc y qu trnh gii hp. Do vy hp th CO2 tt
nht l tin hnh nhit thp.
Khi s dng dung dch kim hay amoniac th ng thi vi qu trnh
hp th l cc phn ng trung ha to thnh cc mui tng ng.
CO2 + 2NaOH = Na2CO3 + H2O
CO2 + Na2CO3 + H2O = 2NaHCO3
Cc sn phm mui c gi tr th c th thu hi. Trong thc t, ngi ta
thng s dng kim vi x l CO2 thu c sn phn bt nh c gi tr
kinh t v an ton cho mi trng.
97
CHNG 6. MT S S CNG NGH X L KH THI
CNG NGHIP C TRNG [26,28,29]
Trong thc t, kh thi ca mt nh my nhit in, mt nh myt
rc, mt l luyn kim hay mt nh my sn xut phn bn, lun lun l mt
hn hp bi v cc loi kh thi. Chnh v vy m khi xy dng mt phng
n x l c th cho mt i tng no , t tng ch o phi p ng
c mt s tiu ch cn thit nh sau:
1.Phi la chn c cc cng ngh x l ph hp v ti u nht
2.Kt hp c cng nhiu cng tt cc i tng cn x l x l
trn cng mt cng ngh hay/v cng mt thit b.
3.Chi ph xy dng v vn hnh l ti thiu.
4.Cc sn phm sau x l phi khng c hi v phi kim sot c.
Nu ti s dng hoc s dng c vo vic khc th cng c u tin.
5.Dy chuyn hot ng phi c an ton v tin cy cao.
T nhng l do trn, sau y s nghin cu mt s dy chuyn x l
kh thi s dng cc cng ngh hin i, c tnh u vit cao v ang hot
ng ti mt s nc pht trin nh Nht bn hay v M.
98
ra. Khi cc ti c lm sch, chng sn sng lm vic trong chu k tip
theo.
H thng ng ng ni c bt u t bung lc ti, qua qut ht,
ng gim thanh v x kh sau x l ra ngoi.
Kh nn thng c duy tr p sut cao v lm vic theo ch thi
xung nn t c hiu qu lm sch bi cao.
Bung lc bi
99
6.2. THIT B LC TI X L KH THI (KH L) CHA SO2.
H thng x l kh l cha bi v SO2 kiu lc ti lm vic trn nguyn
l bin kh SO 2 thnh CaSO3/CaSO4 dng bi v x l chng cng vi bi
trong kh thi bng lc ti. Thit b gm ba b phn chnh: (1) B phn trao
i nhit bng h thng phun nc lnh ng thi ha m kh SO2 v to
phn ng gia SO2 m vi vi bt - Ca(OH)2 dng bt - to thnh CaSO3,
(2) Bung lc ti v (3) B phn tn thu v ti s dng CaSO4.
ng kh ra ng chia kh
Ca(OH)2
ng khi
Kh thi
H2O
Bng
ti
B sy kh
Lc ti ph
Silo ximng Silo
tro Phu m
B to vin Bm bi
My trn Bng ti
Thng cha
100
Hot ng ca h thng x l nh sau: Kh l trc tin c dn vo
thp lng nhng bi ln, ng thi lm ngui v lm m kh l bng nhng
tia nc lnh phun vo trong thp. Ti y mt phn bi c kch thc ln
c lng xung y thp v c ly ra ngoi bng h thng bng chuyn
dng vt v tn ti b phn thu gom. Kh m sau c dn sang bung
lc ti. Trn ng i, vi bt c phun mt cch nh lng vo dng kh.
Kh SO2 m (thc cht l nhng ht sol H2SO3) lp tc tc dng vi Ca(OH) 2
to thnh CaSO3 dng rn. Nu trong dng kh c mt O2 th canxi sunphit
s chuyn thnh canxi snnphat (thch cao). Ti bung lc ti, bi (tro bay) v
cc ht mui canxi va hnh thnh s c gi li; kh sau x l s c dn
ra ng khi. B phn lc ti hot ng tng t nh h thng lc bi kim loi
nng trn hnh 6. 2.
Bi t bung lc ti v t thp lm ngui ban u c thu gom li v
ti s dng trong sn xut xi mng.
H thng x l c b tr cc ng chia kh nhm mc ch p ng
cho nhng c s lm vic khng lin tc hoc kh l c hm lng kh thi
c hi khng n nh, tng, gim theo chu k sn xut. Trc khi i ra ng
khi kh b ngui khng th t bay ln theo ng khi; do n c t
nng li hoc dng qut y y ra ngoi.
101
nh i vi hiu qu ca qu trnh x l l bin cc kh c k trn thnh cc
ht sol axit. Trn ng i n bung lc ti, kh thi c tip xc vi vi
bt dng bi c phun vo bng bm thi t cc silo. Chnh nhng ht
Ca(OH)2 dng kh c s tc dng vi cc sol axit mi hnh thnh to
thnh cc ht bi mui. Bung lc ti hot ng nh trnh by trong mc
6.1. v thit b x l bi kim loi nng (hnh 6.1). Qua bung lc ti kh thi
c lm sch; sn sng thi an ton ra ng oi; song do nhit ca
dng kh xung qu thp khng th t bay ln ng khi c cho nn cn
c sy nng hoc dng qut y.
B ha Nc lnh
hi nc ng khi
B lc ti
Qut
Tro thi
Bi thi
Bm vi/
ho cht
L t
102
R (%) R (%)
103
vo thp phn ng theo ca di phn y thp v i ra theo ca trn
phn u thp. Bt Ca(OH)2 t silo c cp vo thp bng bm thi xung.
Qua b phn phn phi, vi bt c trn u trong thp cng vi kh l.
Thi gian lu trong thp ln to iu kin cho phn ng trung ha xy
ra hon ton hn. Dng kh sau c dn vo bung lc ti. B phn lc
ti v cc phn tip ni sau hot ng tng t nh trong cc h thng x l
trnh by nhng phn trn.
ng
khi
Silo Thit
cha Thp b lc
viv phn ti
HC ng
B iu
ha tro
Qut b tr
Thi
Kh thi Thng cha tro
Qut thi
H%
98 140oC
160oC
96
170oC
94 180oC Ca(OH)2
92 190oC
90
0 1 2 3
Ca(OH)2 / HCl
104
Bng 6.1. Kt qu s dng h thng x l 6 trn 31 c s p dng
105
vo pha di, sau n cc tng m tng kh nng tip xc. Pha trn
cc tng m l dn phun cht lng lm nhim v hp th kh v hi c.
Kh
thi
Nc thi
Nc cp
ng khi
Thp m
Bm hi lu
Qut thi kh
Ca thi trn B hi lu
S mt ct ngang S mt ct dc
Hnh 6.8. S mt ct ca thit b thp m
106
Bng 6.2. Mt s lnh vc p dng h thng thp m t Kyowa.
107
(3) B phn cp ha cht gm thng cha ha cht (11), bm nh
lng ha cht (12), cc van iu khin v h thng ng dn.
Khi vn hnh, kh thi c qut thi vo ca di, i qua tng m,
dn phun v ra ngoi theo ca (6). Ton b phn ng gia kh c v tc nhn
hp th xy ra y khi kh thi gp dung dch ha cht do bm hon lu cp
cho dn phun. Sau nhng khong thi gian nht nh, khi nng huyn ph
t ti mt gi tr nht nh; hoc nng tc nhn hp th (ha cht)
xung qu thp khng cn kh nng x l na th dung dch hon lu c x
v a i x l tn thu.
Phn nc (dung mi) chy trn hoc sau x l tch huyn ph c
quay vng tr li thng cha pha ha cht hoc thi i. Bm ha cht c
vn hnh bng mt h thng iu khin t ng ni vi b cha dung dch
hon lu iu chnh nng ha cht ph hp cho tng cng on x l.
H thng x l ny c p dng kh rng ri. Bng 6.2. thng k mt
s ng dng c trin khai cho hiu qu tt.
108
ngui bng trao i nhit vi kh i ra t thp hp th - oxi ha. Qu trnh ny
lm cho kh sau x l i ra nng ln v t y c ra ngoi theo ng khi.
Bm hi lu lm nhim v bm dch cn cha canxi cacbonat cha phn ng
ht ln dn phun hoc bm huyn ph thch cao sang b phn thu hi.
EP Van iu ha ng khi
Thng cha
bt CaCO3
L t Qut
B trao
i nhit
B chn sol
My ly tm
Khng kh Bm hi lu
Kh sch ra
B chn sol
Dn phun
Cc dng loa phun ma
Kh thi vo
Tm chn
My
khuy
109
B phn cp huyn ph vi gm silo cha canxi cacbont; silo ny
cp u n bt vi cho b to huyn ph v t bm cp cho thp phn
ng.
B phn thu hi thch cao gm my ly tm dng tch nc khi
thch cao. Thch cao m c ly ra ti s dng, cn nc lc th thu hi
quay vng tr li ho huyn ph vi.
u im ca h thng x l ny l:
1. Nng SO2 khng i hi n nh m c th dao ng ln; nhng hiu
qu x l SO2 vn t trn 90%.
2. Sn phm ph l thch cao c th ti s dng lm nguyn liu cho sn xut
xi mng hoc dng trong xy dng.
3. vi l mt nguyn liu r tin, sn c c s dng nh mt tc nhn
hp th rt hiu qu i vi SO2.
4. Thp hp th n gin, ng vai tr t hp ca thp m, hp th v oxi
ha. Hn na n cng c th x l c c bi trong kh l vi hiu q u
loi b cao.
H thng x l ny c lp t cho cc nh my nhit in c cng
sut t 100 MW n 1000 MW ti Anh, Trung quc v Tip khc.
110
kim tra pH v nng kim ri c bm (P) bm vo h thng phn
phi phn trn ca thp hp th. Dung dch hp th s chuyn ng theo
chiu t trn xung. Manh sunphit hnh thnh sau phn ng vi SO2, mt
phn c oxi ha thnh sunpht ngay trong thp hp th bng oxi khng kh
thi vo t y thp. Dng khng kh ny thi vo va cp oxi ng thi
va ng vai tr l ng lc khuy trn hn hp huyn ph. Hn hp ny
nh k c bm sang thp oxi ha. Ti y lng HSO 3- hoc Mg(OH)2 d
c trung ha, sunphit c oxi ha hon ton thnh sunpht. Qu trnh hiu
kh thp oxi ha cng c tc dng lm gim gi tr COD xung mc an
ton. Dung dch sunpht sau c dn sang h thng lng, tch nc
thu manh sunpht th. Nc ci c dn tr li thng cha pha
Mg(OH)2 hoc thi an ton ra ngoi.
Kh sch
Mg(OH)2
Nc
Kh Nc
thi lc
Thp lm
lnh
MgSO4
Khng Thp oxi
kh ha
Thp kh sunfua dioxit
Ghi ch: P: Bm, PH: B iu chnh pH, LC: B kim tra thnh phn dung dch,
M: My khuy, F1: Van phn dng, P1: Thit b tch nc.
111
2. H thng d iu khin v khng nguy him v ha cht s dng ch c
kim nh t c hi v t n mn thit b hn so vi xt.
3. Nguyn liu s dng x l c nhiu trong nc t bin (ng mui) d
dng ly c khi cho tc dng vi vi ti. Chnh v th m lun tho mn
c ngi s dng vi gi c t bin ng v s cung cp n nh.
4. D bo dng, khng bm cn nh trong cng ngh s dng huyn ph
vi v mui manh sunphit v sunpht ha tan tt hn nhiu so vi manh
hydroxit cng nh canxi sunphit v sunpht.
5. Trnh c nhng tc ng kh chu do CO 2 ng cn (nh trong cng
ngh s dng sa vi), v dung dch manh long phn ng vi SO2 trong
mi trng gn nh trung tnh. Chnh v th m thp hp th c th vn
hnh hiu qu hn theo kiu thp si bt.
6. Manh sunpht thu c qua tinh ch n gin s thu c manh sunpht
sch c gi tr thng phm cao hn thch cao.
Do nhng c im u vit k trn m cng ngh x l kh l hi bng
manh hydroxit hin nay c a chung ti nhiu nc trn th gii.
112
Dung dch ure
B lc ti
ng khi
Tro bay
Nc
Kh nn Thp lm
Nhin liu
t l ngui
Nc lm ngui
Khng kh nn
113
Cng ngh x l ca Hitachi Zonsen c nhng u im ni bt l:
1. Gi thnh thit b thp v tiu th in nng khng cao,
2. Khng c nc thi,
3. Khng c mui bm trn ng khi
4. D dng ghp ni vi cc l hi hin hnh.
So snh vi cng ngh x l bng xc tc chn lc ghp ni vi thp
m t ng thi x l NOx v SO2 th cng ngh ca Hitachi Zonsen hn
hn v cng ngh v gi thnh tnh trn 1 kWh.
Bng 6.3. So snh gia cng ngh x l trc tip ca Hitachi Zonsen vi cng
ngh xc tc chn lc ghp ni vi thp m t (SCR-FGD).
114
ng ca nit oxit vi amoniac hay ure to ra kh nit, nc hay cacbonic
nhit cao hay khi c mt ca cc cht xc tc chn lc.
4NO + 4NH3 + O2 = 4N2 + 6H2O
NO + NO2 + 2NH3 = 2N2 + 6H2O
NH3 Tng
xc tc
Kh Kh
l sch
115
Cc tng xc tc trong thp x l (hnh 6.13) thng c cu to
thnh nhng ng xp st nhau nh hnh t ong hoc nhng tm hnh sng xp
xen k v i nhau. Cu trc kiu nh vy rt thng thong, bi t b gi li v
gy ra gim p thp. Vi cu trc ny kt hp vi s iu chnh dng kh
thi vo thp x l theo ch xung v vn tc ln th hu nh trnh c s
bm bi trn cc tng xc tc.
2 3
10
8
9
5
1
7
7
116
Cng ngh x l NO x bng xc tc chn lc c trin khai p dng
cho rt nhiu ngun kh thi t vic t cc nhin liu ha thch - than v
du ho - c nng NO x kh cao. Th d nh l hi ca cc nh my nhit
in, tuc bin kh, l nung xi mng, cc l t bng du diezen, du
FO...Bng 6.4 v 6.5 di y cho bit mt s thng s v x l NO x bng
cng ngh SCR ca mt vi loi kh l.
Bng 6.4. Hiu qu x l v tui th ca thit b x l NOx loi nh.
CC D LIU TUC BIN KH L T DIEZEN L T DU FO
117
6.10. S X L BI CNG NGHIP BNG CNG NGH
LNG TNH IN
S trn hnh 6.14 v 6.15 l cc mt ct ca mt thp lng bi tnh
in ca hng Sumiko Engineering (SMEC), Nht bn lp t cho cc khu
cng nghip x l kh thi cha bi l lng, m v sol kh kh lng.
tng hiu qu x l, cc in cc c lp t vi khong cch rng hn (0,4
- 0,5 m so vi thp lng thng thng l 0,2 - 0,3 m). Chnh iu ny c
th tng hiu in th ln 80 - 100 kV (so vi 30 - 60 kV cc thp lng
thng thng).
Bn cnh so vi thp lng thng thng, kiu thp lng ca SMEC c gi
in mnh hn, mt dng cao hn, sc ht bi v dng cc mnh hn, c
kh nng x l c cc ht bi c kch thc ti 0,01 m (so vi 0,05 m)
v c th x l bi trong kh thi ti sch 0,005 g/m3 (so vi 0,01 g/m3).
Khong cch in cc rng hn cn to iu kin cho vic lp t cng
nh lm sch in cc d dng hn.
SMEC lp t c hai loi thit b lng tnh in kh v loi lng tnh
in t. H thng lng tnh in kh c p dng cho cc c s nh luyn
kim v cc c s c thnh phn kh thi tng t (nh s trn hnh 6.16).
Vi h thng lng kh, kh thi t l luyn kim c nhit ti 1000oC sau khi
qua thp lm ngui kh, nhit s gim xung khong 300oC c dn ngay
vo thp lng bi tnh in. Ti y bi s c tch loi hu nh hon ton.
Kh thi sau x l c qut b tr (IDF) y ln ng khi.
H thng lng tnh in t c minh ho trn hnh 6.17. X l bi,
SO2, SO3 v m H2SO4 t cc nh my sn xut axit sunphuric bng cng
ngh lng tnh in t ca SMEC rt hiu qu. Kh thi c thnh phn nh
trn, theo cng ngh ca SMEC, trc ht c x l bng dung dch kim
trong thp hp th m. Ti y hu ht SO 2 c loi. Kh thi ch cn mt
lng bi c kch thc nh v m do SO3 sinh ra. Nhng thnh phn ny s
c loi b gn nh hon ton khi i qua thp lng tnh in t. Huyn ph
bi t thp lng tnh in v thp hp th m s c x l tch nc
quay vng hoc thi an ton.
Ngoi kiu lng tnh in ci tin nh ca SMEC k trn, cn xut hin
nhiu kiu ci tin khc nhm nng cao hiu qu lng bi v m, ng thi
tit kim in nng gip gim chi ph vn hnh. Trong s ng k nht l
kiu b tr hai dn in cc qung (l in cc hnh dy) v dn in cc gp
l in cc tm ring bit trong cng mt bung mang li nhng im u
vit nh sau:
1. Hin tng ti hp ion sau qu trnh ion ha kh xy ra, ht bi nhim
in c bn cao nn hiu qu lng cao hn.
118
22
21
Hnh 6.14. S mt ct ng ca mt
thp lc tnh in
1. Kt cu gi , 2. V, 3. in cc
gp, 4. m cc, 5. Trng vt,
6. B n nh m cc, 7. Thanh trt, 8.
Ca phun nc di, 9. Ca phun nc
trn, 10. Ca phun thi, 11. Bng chnh
lu, 12. cp in, 13. Cht gi 14.
Thanh gi ngang, 15. Tm , 16. ng
rng,
17. Bung , 18. Qut kh sch ra, 19.
Qut kh nng, 20. B hi lu. 21.
ng kh thi vo, 22. ng kh thi
ra.
119
B iu khin
to v m
Nc CN
Oxi
Qut
Nc
CN
-L t qung
sunphua trong cng
nghip luyn kim mu
Dch kim
Nc thi ra ni x l Bm hi lu
ti s dng hoc Thp m Thp lc
thi b in t
120
6. H thng lng tnh in ny c th gia cng bng nha trnh s n mn
ca mi trng x l nu cn.
Kiu ci tin th hai l to cho bung lng tnh in lm vic lin tc
trong iu kin n nh m khng cn ngng hoc rung in cc gp ly
bi ra khi in cc. thc hin c ny ngi ta thit k in cc
gp chuyn ng nh mt bng ti lin tc trn hai con ln t pha trn v
pha di iu khin bng dy xch. Bi tch in trong vng hot ng s
c gom li trn b mt in cc gp. Khi phn in cc gp chuyn ng
xung ti pha con ln di, bi s c ly ra bng mt i chi qut t
hai pha ca in cc. Cng vi b phn phi kh thi u vo hp l, hiu
sut x l bi ca thit b tng r rt v thit b lm vic rt n nh.
Kiu ci tin ng k th ba khng nhm vo vic ci tin thit b m
nhm tng hiu qu ca vic s dng in nng. l to ra nhng dng
chuyn ng xung bng nhng xung in mt chiu. in trng kiu xung
to ra s chuyn ng c qun tnh ca ht bi mt mt tit kim c in
nng (ch cn mt na n mt phn ba so vi lng tnh in thng), mt
khc trnh c s phng in kn to ra nh trong in trng lin tc. Bn
cnh ci tin ny cn thu hp khng gian ca bung lng xung ch cn t
mt n hai phn ba so vi bung lng tnh in thng thng v nng cao
hiu sut thu bi (lng bi u ra ch cn vi microgram trn mt khi).
121
t cc nm phun. Tng t nh thp kh bi, nc thi t venturi cng
c x l v quay vng.
Venturi
thu bi Module lng tnh in
L t rc
Nc CN
ng khi
B sy kh
Ca(OH)2
NaOH
Nc thi Hi nc Qut
ra ni x l
122
H thng x l kiu venturi in ng c nhng u im l:
1. Vng chc, n gin v i hi khng gian khng ln. H thng bao hm
c hai chc nng l kh bi l hp th kh v hi c nh NOx, SOx,
HCl, HF...
2. Cc nm phun cht lng c ci tin c th phun c cht lng dng
bn v khng gy ra s c tc nghn, khng b n mn v t hng hc.
3. Sa vi v huyn ph canxi cacbonat c s dng cho nn gim c
chi ph v ha cht (ch bng mt phn ba so vi chi ph s dng hon ton
bng NaOH)
4. X l c c cc ht bi vi c micromet, k c cc phn t c clo, mui
clo v c v cc phn t nh nht cha cc kim loi nng.
5. Kh thi sau x l p ng c nhng tiu chun kht khe nht hin nay
v k c trong tng lai gn.
6. Nc thi hu nh c quay vng li hon ton, khng c nc thi.
123
s v t cc u in cc phng ra cc chm tia in t. Khi cc in t
phng qua dng kh trongng qu trnh, cc phn ng to radical v to ra
cc axit xy ra.
e-
N2,O2,H2O OH.,O.,HO2.
OH.,O.,HO2.
SOx H2SO4
OH.,O.,HO2.
NOx HNO3
L t
EP
ng khi
Trao i nhit
ng qu trnh
124
H thng x l theo kiu ny c nhng c tnh u vit nh sau:
1. X l ng thi c SOx v NOx trong cng mt h thng.
2. Qu trnh x l hon ton l qu trnh kh, khng c v khng phi nc
thi.
3. Lp t v vn hnh n gin, khng i hi khng gian ln.
4. Khng i hi chi ph cho xc tc kh NO x v gii quyt nhng phc tp
do cc h thng nh thp m hay cc thit b khc to ra.
5. Sn phm ph l cc mui amoni cng nghip c gi tr cao trong vic s
dng lm phn bn ha hc.
125
mi trng cn nhit cao v sy nng kh thi c cha mi cn kh trc
khi dn vo vng t. Cng ngh t trc tip c nhng u im sau:
1. Hiu qu kh mi tuyt vi. Mc d nng ca cht gy mi dao ng
nhng hiu sut kh mi vn lun lun t trn 99%.
S 1
Hi nc Khng Kh
(10-20 kg/cm3) kh nng sch
Trao i Trao i
M t nhit I nhit II
Nhin liu
Ni hi
Nc mm
Bm Khng kh
Kh thi kh
B cha nc mm
Khng Kh
S 2 kh nng sch
Trao i Trao i
nhit I nhit II
M t L thu nhit
Nhin liu
Kh thi kh
Khng kh
S 3
Khng Khng Kh
kh nng kh nng sch
Nhin liu
126
2. Kh nng ng dng rng ri. Hu ht cc cht hu c dng hi u p
dng cng ngh ny c, k c cc hp cht gy ng c cho xc tc.
3. H thng thu hi nhit thi a dng v hu dng.
i vi cng ngh thiu hy s dng xc tc oxi ha, tuy nhit
trong l thiu khng cao song hiu qu x l vn t trn 99% i vi hu ht
cc cht hu c d bay hi s dng thng thng trong sn xut. Hnh 6.21
di y cho bit hiu sut x l ph thuc vo nhit thiu hy ca mt s
cht hu c thng gp. Nhit sinh ra trong qu trnh thiu hy tuy khng ln
song n vn c tn dng nh i vi cng ngh thiu hy trc tip. Bn
cnh thiu hy s dng xc tc oxi ha cn phi k n cc im u vit
sau:
1. Hiu qu x l cao. Tuy h thng c lp t thm tng xc tc nhng s
tn hao p sut hu nh khng ng k. Do nhit thiu hy thp cho
nn trnh c nhng ri ro gy ra bi cc tc ng ca mi trng nhit
cao.
2. Tit kim nng lng v vt liu mt cch ng k. y mun k n s
tiu hao kh t thp v vt liu ch to thit b i hi khng cao so vi
cng ngh thiu hy trc tip.
3.
H% 100
4
1 7
80
5
2 3 8
9
60
6
40
20
50 100 150 200 250 300
Nhit trong tng xc tc
Ghi ch:
1. Methanol, 2. Cacbon monoxit, 3. Acrolein, 4. MIBK
5. MEK, 6. Toluen, 7. n-Hexan, 8. Amoniac, 9. Etyl axetat
127
4. Thit k vng chc v n gin.
5. Khng to ra nhim th cp nh nc thi nhim bn, kh thi cha cc
cht cn phi x l tip theo...
6. C th thu hi nhit thi sau x l ti a cung cp nhit cho cc mc
ch khc rt thun tin.
7. Thi gian s dng xc tc ko di. Do xc tc lm vic trong iu kin
nhit thp cho nn tn hao khng ng k v nu tng xc tc b bn th
c th ra sch hoc i nhn ci mi.
Bng 6. 6 di y a ra mt s thng s so snh gia hai cng
ngh thiu hy trc tip v thiu hy s dng xc tc oxi ha.
Bng 6.6. Cc thng s quan trng ca hai phng php thiu hy.
128
mi kiu ny thng l gn nh v c th lp t bn trong my iu ha
nhit rt thun tin.
Nguyn l hot ng ca thit b kh mi theo phng php hp ph
v gii hp lin tc c m t nh trn hnh 6. 22. B phn hot ng chnh
l mt trng quay c np cht hp ph. Trng quay ny quay u nh mt
giy curoa ni vi mt mt v mt b gim tc tc quay chm cho
cc qu trnh hp th v gii hp thc hin hon ton. Hai mt ca trng quay
c b tr ba ca hnh qut, chia thnh ba vng hp ph, gii hp v lm
ngui cht hp ph. Kh c cha cht gy mi c thi qua tng hp ph
vng hp ph. Ti y cc cht hu c gy mi c gi li hu nh hon
ton v kh i ra l kh sch. Khi tng hp ph hp ph mi s chuyn dn
sang vng gii hp. Ti v ng ny ngi ta dng khng kh nng thi qua
gii hp v thu hi hi gy mi c lm giu li x l tip tc hoc
thi ra ngoi i vi trng hp kh mi cho cc phng iu ha nhit .
Cht hp ph sau gii hp c nhit kh cao cho nn trc khi vo vng hp
ph n c lm ngui bng dng khng kh lnh thi qua; y ng thi
cng l dng khng kh dng gii hp sau khi c t nng thm khi qua
thit b t nng khng kh.
Thit b kh mi kiu hp ph v
Kh sch ra
gii hp lin tc
Vng hp ph
Kh cn x l vo
Thit b t
nng khng kh
Vng lm mt
Vng gii hp
Khng kh vo
Mt v
giy curoa
VOC nng cao
ra ni x l
129
Cht hp ph y thng c s dng l than hot tnh hoc
cc zeolit k nc hoc hn hp c hai. Tui th ca tng hp ph tng i
cao nu hot ng ng ch quy nh cho tng loi thit b.
Cc thit b lm vic theo nguyn l ni trn c lnh vc ng dng rt
rng nh kh mi cho cc c s sn xut cao su, nha, cht do, sn, cc
phng v, cc kho xng du, dung mi hu c v cc phng iu ha nhit
.
Cng ngh ny c nhng u im sau:
1. Hi cc cht hu c c th c tch mt cch kh trit v c lm
giu t nng rt nh trong khng kh th hay kh thi.
2. Hiu qu kh mi rt cao. Kh sau khi x l c sch v n nh cao.
3. Chi ph vnh hnh rt thp.
4. Tui th ca tng xc tc ni ring v ca thit b ni chung rt cao.
5. Thit b kh mi bng cng ngh hp ph kiu ny nu kt hp vi mt l
thiu nh s dng xc tc th s tr thnh mt h thng kh mi l tng.
So snh vi cng ngh thiu hy n thun th s kt hp ny tit kim
c rt nhiu.
130
TI LIU THAM KHO
131
23.Trn Ngc Chn. nhim khng kh v x l kh thi, Tp I, II, III, NXB
Khoa hc v k thut, H ni 2001.
24.UNIDO. Quan trc kh thi v cht thi cng nghip, H ni 1998.
25. Mark Z. Jacobson. Atmospheric Pollution (Histiry, Science and
Regulation), Cambridge University Press, 2002.
26.Jorgensen S. E., Johnsen I.. Principles of Environmental Science and
Technology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, Tokyo, 1989
27.Neal K. Ostler (Editor). Introduction to Environmental Technology,
Prentice Hall, Englewood, New Jersey, Columbus, Ohio, 1996.
28.Noel de Nevers. Solutions Manual to Accompany. Air Pollution Control
Engineering, McGraw - Hill, Inc. New York, London, Tokyo,...1994.
29.Commitee for Studying Transfer of Environmental Technoloty (CSTET).
Air Pollution Control Technonogy in Japan, UNEP/IETC-Osaka, 1994.
30.Stanley E. Manahan. Environmental Chemistry, Lewis Publisher, Boca
Raton, Ann Arbor, London, Tokyo, 1993.
31.Cc Mi trng, Vin Mi trng v Ti nguyn. Cng ngh Mi trng,
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32.UNEP, ILO, WHO. Methylmercury - EHC 101, WHO Geneva 1990.
132