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~+|+~. N{|& #\T bdT J|\ dsH Xu\T. |\| n|{ (qe+sY-
&d+sY H\) |uT+ &TT+&q yT+& >+ |]d &+~. <+
d+<&> e+& >e\T N{|&d] sqTw+> es |]d e+~.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 14
s CRDA #{ neT\T rdTse&+ (&d+sT 30), +< |uT+
+& ]HHqT C #jT&+ (&d+sT 31), +& |P*+> +<q\qT
|{+#&+ (qe] 1) < y+ { ]bjsTT. dH 144 bdT
j, <sT eT+T\ s+s |syD\ H|<+ n& |P*+> ]+~.
yTC]{ sT\T w+>H ueTT*#sq&+ d<s+. ueTT*e sT\|
$$< D\ qT+ (syq, bdT, +f*CH, dsd ybsT\, n~s b,
n& ke+> \+>eq \+ e>s ) re & |{sT . s +&T ys\=k]
< KsT B nq&+, > eb +& ]HqT |j+ ueTT\T
d]keTq&+ +{ u~]+|\T s+s+ ]>sTT. qe]->dT 2015 \
eT< m$T~ksT KsT B\qT b&+#&+ ]+~. ||T{dTq sT\|
+& ]HqTqT yT&| e|j++~ sw |uT+. +& ]HHqT
eT&T ksT b&+#&+ <s +<|<X ]q s+< |+>
dV]++~ +< |uT+.
&d+sT 8, 2014 q +<|<X |uTXK nsTTq H|t (Infrastructure
Corporation of Andhra Pradesh), d + > | P s + s w q m+ s C
(Internatioanl Enterprise) \T |+<+ (Memorandum of Understanding
- MoU) #dT=HsTT. s< q>s eT]jTT s< b+ edsYbH
jsT #jT& <+q |+<+ n~. n|{ CRDA L& @s&<T.
s< m& e+&\ >, s< |sT > n|{+ n~]+> sjT+
s><T. |+<+ |uT yud m& <=s<T. (< eTTksTT< e+
n+<TuT eq~.) |+<+ ] 3.2 (v) |s+ d& @]j
n_e ~ =s d+>|PsY #+~q { < me |yT +|\T edsY
&e\|sT> e+&*. n$ dV> > < APCRDA d+jTT+>
e+&e#T. | |+<+ <]$T +< |<X , d+>|P s eT< n~sT\, HjT\
|sq\T myHsTT. sT\| |j+q yT+& >+ $ L& y]|
& |+#& &&sTT. |]q ueTT\ <s\ H|<+ sT\ eTT+<T
s+& esZ\qT e++~ |uT+ - uk{ <s\ ueTT\qT neTT+& <
|P*+> e+&. <+f u dMTsD #k+, n|&T MT <~ #e.
m+<T+f n~]+> ueTT\ <s\qT de]+#+& # e>H e++~
|uT+. > nH |]De\T ]>sTT - edsYbH y~\T, u$T
|P\T, X+k|q\T e>s e>s. @yTH+ e] nsT 22, 2015 <ds
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 15
sEq |<qeT+ qs+<yB <+&sjTTb+ e< s< X+k|q
#XsT. se eTT+<T sw |uT+ |< |VdqyT #d+~. <
sT.400 T KssTTqT n+#H.
edsY bH ejT
d+>|PsYy eT&T <b\T> edsYbH y~\T #sT. s+s+
|#seTsTTq +|PsY >| #d u$wY s< neTse n<T+>
+&uT+<H |#s meeT+~ |\T qesT. d+>|PsY +|\T L&
u$wY s< Hu, <>, b~ neX\T >DjT+> |sT>TjT
>D+\T #|+#sTT. e# 20 @ neTse q>s+H 45 \\
Hu, s< b+yTq CRDA |]~ { |~ \\T, 2050 { 35
\\T edks. n~ k<e? 2015 e] d+>|PsY y deT]+q
edsY bH CRDA b+ Hu |$<+> |sT>TT+< #|+#sT. n$
e\+ }VyTq, |#ss{\ |\qT eTu|& ePV+
#dqyq dweTT+~. yT+& >+ <= eTTKyTq u>+. M{ |+#&+
neds+.
s< nsTT+~ { neTse/CRDA L& V <su<T m neT+~?
q+ \\ d+K m+<T e\d eksT? sw+ $&bsTT+<, |&T
+<|<X eq~ 13 q >T]+#*. |> sjT\deT qT= #H,
u+>SsT, V<su<T eTVq>s\T eHjTH ydy L& $d]+# L&<T.
1992 .{ X+ yTT<\jTH{ V<su<T \yTq b]X$T,
Xd-k+, $<, |]X<H +<\T eHsTT. n|{ Hu 43.6 \\T.
s |< 57.2 \\, 2011 77.5 \\ |]+~. s+&T
<Xu\ .{ s+>+ Xsy>+> $d]++~. nsTTq|{ 1992 s eTs
40 \\T (<<|) eyT |s>>*+~. s sc\ qT+ eT]jTT eT&
+< |<X | >eT+ qT+& V <su<T |\T e\d\T ysH~ n+<]
*dq $wjTyT. V<su<T ]+q ksTT neTse L& |T&T\qT,
<>T\qT, $<sT\qT, nd+|T{s+> ]\qT ]+#&+ k<+ <T.
eT& sc s<> e+&&+ bT V<s yesD+ eT]jTT q>s+
#T \\ ms\ +sT ueTT\T |uT Bq+ e+&&+ +{ sD\T
V<su<T *k#jT >T]+#*. +<|<X |T& |{\qT=H .{
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 16
+|\ >, dy s+> d++~+q s +|\ > |&Tq
|]dT\ $XK|yT yTT<{ sD ne& me neXeTT+~.
$jTy& q>s |sT>T<\qT k] #<+. |{ 1 >eTd 2011
H{ q>s s=swH Hu 10.34 \\T nsTT q>s+ #T eq 23 q
{qT (eT+>], &|*\ dV), |+#jTr\T, >e\T \T|= nsH
n>eTswH Hu 14.91 \\ T. 1991 s s +&T <Xu\bT q>s |sT>T<\
20 X <>Zs> +~. q>s ~ e |sT>T<. |&T s<
nsTT+~ { u$wT q>s+ >DjT+> |sT>TT+~ nH y<q <s+
<T. n+<T c->T+sT \ Hu |sT>T<\ rsTqT >eT<+
(|{ 2).
> s +&T-eT&T <Xu\ us <X+ Hu |sT>T<\ s T >DjT+>
Zq sc s, $TH&T s kq+ eT& +<|<X<. +<|<X
n_e ~ #+~q \ >TZ<\ # dw+> |dT+~. |{ 2 qT >eTd
1981-91 <X+ s s+&T \ yTT+ Hu |sT>T<\qT, >MTD
Hu |sT>T<\qT >DjTyTq >TZ<\ |dT+~. c nsTT >MTD+
s+> Z+| |dTq~. ~ eeT\T $wjT+ <T. q>sD |sT>T<\
L& 20-22% eT< +~. eT& +<|<X L& 2001-11 q>sD
< $<+ > (20.78%) q|{ V <su<T #T eq GHMC ysT b+\T
70 X+ |]>sTT.
|{ 1 - $jTy& q>s Hu |sT>T<\
d+. Hu <X |sT>T<\ X+
1 1971 3,17,258 37.70
2 1981 4,61,772 45.55
3 1991 7,01,827 51.99
4 2001 8,45,217 20.43
5 2011 10,34,358 22.38
14,91,202 (jTTm)
<s+: q>s n_e ~ |D[ (2001 es), 2011 Hu >D+\T.
jTTm- nsH n>eTswH
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 17
|{ 2. >T+sT,
c \ Hu |sT>T<\: 1981-2011
<X |sT>T<\ X+
k+e]
yTTeTT/ Hu +b+&
>MTD/ 2011 |sT>T<\ (%)
|D (\) 1981-91 91-2001 2001-11 1991-2011
>T+sT yTTeTT 48.9 19.57 8.72 9.50 1.76
>MTD 32.4 17.33 6.00 4.44 1.02
|D 16.5 25.48 15.45 20.93 3.39
c yTTeTT 45.2 21.3 13.22 8.15 2.05
>MTD 26.7 15.4 12.59 -0.04 1.19
|D 18.4 33.06 14.34 22.59 3.44
<s+: Hu >D+\T.
c qT= eq |eT ><e] q>sD |sT>T<\ n+
e> (6.01%) e+~. .> qT n~ 10.56% eyT. eT&
+<|<X sjT\deT ~ me> (43.60%) +~. s \+>D
(39.29%), k +< (18.45%) eHsTT. CrjT ksTT 2001-11 eT<
q>sD |sT>T<\ 31.80 X+> eq~.
Hu |sT>T<\qT ]w rdT= $Xw+#|&T k+e]
|sT>T<\qT eTTK+> #ksT. $<+> #dq|{ >T+sT- c\ >
s+&T <Xu\ q>sD |sT>T<\ 3.5 X+ | eq~. |&T |{ 3 qT
>eTd CRDA b++ sujT 20 d+es\ d>Tq 6.62 X+,
$jTy&-neTse b++ 9.21 X+ Hu |sT>TT+< n+#H yXsT.
>e\T |<q+> eq b+\ L& 4.5 X+ |> n+#H yXsT.
{e\ CRDA $&T<\ #dq Fact Book |s+ s< b+ Hu 58.74
\\T (2011). 2001 Hu 52.45 \\T. n+f > <X+ k+e] e ~
1.14 X+ eyT. ~ n+ s> 6.62 |s>&eTH~ |P]> yde
<s+.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 18
|{ 3: CRDA b++ CHu n+#H\T
e.d+. |D[ eT+&\ = eTTK|D\T/yk\T yX\+ Hu Hu k+e] +b+&
b++ d+K #..MT 2011 (n+#H) |sT>T>T<\ (%)
2035 2011-35
1 d+ 7 $jTy& (nsHss), eT+>], &|*,
V+|+, TSsY, |qeT\sT 854 1760790 42,50,000 9.21
2 <D+ 11 >T+sT, \\]|, m&b&T, yT&=+&sT,
H<+&, |<, |<q+~b&T, |s+|s+,
|b&T, &=+&, e{-#sTLsT 1266 1281334 2180000 5.46
3 sT 14 #\|*, |T+X\, >T&y&, >T&esT, +b<T,
ejTsT yTT<\>Tq$. 1072 689394 11,90,000 5.61
4 >jT+ 16 u{b\T, #u\T, <TZs\, H*, #T+&sY,
yeTsT yTT<\>Tq$. 1159 859101 13,70,000 4.78
5 HsT 7 neTse, n#+|{, u\+=+&, |<Lsb&T,
=dsT dq|*eTTb 897 379427 5,90,000 4.51
6 s+ 6 n]|, .=+&sT, eTTdTqsT, yT\es+,
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 19
qM&T, s&>&+ 837 318026 5,30,000 5.24
7 |eT+ 5 #+<sb&T, +#s, q+~>eT, |qT>+b\T,
M\b&T 788 295939 5,00,000 5.38
8 Xq+ 3 u|\b&T, >qes+, +>TsT 534 226272 4,20,000 6.38
yTT+ 69 7407 5810283 11030000 6.62
<s+: d+>|PsY edsYbH, e] 2015.
>eT: |&T CRDA b+ $ds+ 8603 #..MT |]+~.
d+>|PsY e#Y-|& #+C
&d+sT 2014 d+>|P sY #dT =q |+<+ neT\T u>+> s<
|qT\T <X +|\ uf |jT+ +<|<X |uT+ ddt #+C
|< eTT+<T +~.
neTse s< b++ 6.84 #..MT (1691 ms\T) yTs ksY-
n|t @]j |sT |_-|yT u>keT+ n_e ~ #jT& d+>|PsY
+|*q |b<q\qT sw |uT+ y~++~. ddt #+C |<
eds Y &e\|sqY T jT$T+#+<T d+>|P sY +|\ |b<q\qT mesH dy\T
#jTe#Tq, n++f eT+ |b<qd |uT+ |]o*dT+< |uT+
|{ + +~. AP Infrastructure Development Enabling Act (APIDE Act), 2001
+<q\ yTs < b{<sT\qT VdTqT n+<T |s=HsT. n+<T
nqT>TD+> p 4 q Jy m+.mdt 170 $&T<\ #XsT.
d+>|PsY +|\T deT]+q ddt #+C |b<q eq nH
+<q\|H, n$ +<|<X sw |jH\ @ $<+> VsyTqeH
<|H |{ MT&j nH $wj\T #s=#sTT. +> b{
VdTHs eTT+< n @sT/VMT\T ]=sT #dT= +T
sVdTHs nH $wjT+|q & $Xw+#<\T#THqT.
&d+sT 2014 |+<+ 3.2 (v) ]qT, n+f d+>|PsY +|\qT
edsY &e\|sY> jT$T+#*q u<qT +<|<X |uT+ neT\T#d
eT+H ddt #+C |b<q =qk+| < eTT+|> u$+#*.
ddt #+C (d.#) n+f @$T{? d.# s#q+, B| dT|+sT <X\T,
\sY $T{ n_bjT+ |]o*d |&T +< |<X |uT + y~+q d+>|P sY
+|\ |b<q @ $<+> #dH y{ \+|T+#&yTq dweTeT+~.
APIDE Act 2001 dH 2 (ss, tt) |s+ d.# $<q+ n+f @<H |yT
+| qqT> (Suo Motu) < n&>+& (Unsolicited) |b<q,
+{ jTe\T |+|d |uT + y{ |]o*+ u>THjT|d b{<sT\qT
V+#e#T. nsTT n+{ bC\qT |uT, |uTd+d\T, k d+d\T
yTT<\T|{ +&L &<T . n$ APIDE Act s +&e ] (Category II) bC \
eyT |]$T+. ] m+{$ e+{jT+f - 1. |uT <
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 20
|uT d+d\ T eqsT\T deTLs*. 2. $$< sb\ ] bV\T y*.
3. &e\|sY |P] V\T *+#*. 4. sT +{ nH d<Tbj\T $d +>
*+#*. n+f |uT+ nH eqsT\T, bV\T, VMT\T, V\T *+#
bC\H d. # |< #jT& |yT +|\T eTT+<TeksTT.
+<|<X eT]jTT d+>|PsY n~sT\ eT< ]q K\qT (corre-
spondence) qT >eT+#+&. e] 16, 2016 q d+>|P sY f& eT]jTT |]XeT\
eT+XK #+~q bdt #+> d+u sY +| d..z nsTTq {+> H
| sdq s+ 15 qe] 2016 q #dT=q |+<+, n+<T ]
3.2 (v) (|q HqT e<V ]+q) qT |k$ksT . d+u sY +| nd+&dt`d+>
_& *d CsTT+{ y+#sY +| @sT#d neTse ks| t @]j n_e ~
d.# |< |b<q deT]dT+< |s=HsT. +|\qT neTse
&e\|tyT +{ bsYq sY> jT$T+ | bC s\jT+ @sT #keT
n+{sT.
+< |<X |uT |sb\ eT]jTT |D _e ~ XK eTTKs<] nseTH
]<sY @| 22, 2015q bdt #+> sdq es+ d.# |< edsY
&e\|sqY T m+| #j \ _H{ (Council of Ministers) ss TT++<, MoU
neT\T #jT &+ d+ rdTe\dq #s \ d+ d+>|P sY e] 30-31 B\
]q q ksTT $T{ deyX ~ =qk+| n |s=HsT. B
d+>|PsY +swq m+sY|C d... @| 30, 2015 q nseTH ]<sY
>] y_d |+<+ (MoU) eq ne>Vq |s+ d+usY-nd+&dt-
d+> _& +|\qT eT s| q eds Y &e\|s>Y H$TH{ #dT q T \T|&T.
s yT 2q |uT + s< q>s n_e ~ eT]jTT sVD +| (CCDMC)
k|d Jy109, 110 \qT $&T<\ #d+~. yT 4e Bq d.# |<
y~dTqT |uT+ |q L& #d+~. M{ b+<T|sTd yT 7,
2015q |D_e ~ XK Jy 331qT $&T<\ #d+~. ( ]q sH `
n+f, yedsyTq sj\qT +<|<X n~]+> rdT=q sH -
d+>|PsY y 2015 yT, p H\ edsY bH y~\T qT L&
#|ysTHsT).
s< edsYbH sT\T nH nu+s\T #|&+, =# CRDA
n~sT\T sb\qTq ne>Vq deyX\qT L& n&T=q&+ *d+<.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 21
|s<T\qT eT+ HsjTD, $TwqsY l+Y\T d+>|PsY +|\ e<
rdT&+ L& *d+<. yTT+ eT+ - 8 &d+sY 2014 q |+<+|
d++ ]q H{ qT+& H{es - neTse b++|q d+>|PsY +|\
|P] de#s+, ne>Vq, |uT+ d++<\T eT]jTT dVs+ eHsTT.
eTs s $<o < d<o +|\ n+{ neX+/bV+ (Advantage)
e.
eTVsw |uT d++~+q d.# $y<+ dT|+sT yT 11,
2009 q rsT d = <X\T C #d+~. d.# +{ = |<T\qT
b{+#|&T dwyTq $~$<H\qT sb+~+#\, bC\T nqTeTT\
\|]$TT\T +{$ $~> |{+#\, n+{ n_e ~ se\
bZH\qT=H n |yT +|\ deq neX\T e+&\, b
@|, nHjT <sDT\T #=s&jT dsq HjTkq+ |s=q~.
+{ sD\ e\qH 2015 \sY $T{ d.# |< es++~.
b{ bs<s |dT+<, b{<sT\ de#s =s e+T+<,
|< bV+#e< dbsdT #d+~. eTT+<T>H >T]+q bC\qT &CH,
_, |HH, |s{, {H|sY (DBFOT) |< <T\T d.# |< #
n\yT jT++#* e+<, $ s+& ysT ysT |<T\ \sY $T{
dw+ #d+ ~. H|< + #dq|&T d+>|P sY +|\T q d.# |b<q
@ $<+>qT dV>q (Suo Motu) < n&>+&q (Unsolicited) q~
<T nH $wjT+ \eTeT+~. bC y <& +<|<X
|uT+ y] q dwyTq |+<yT sD+. ne>VqH |<
eTT+<T rdT=#sT. eT] B e#Y-|& #+C +& @eTH*? VsT
ydq yTT{jT\ s L& |uT+ APIDE #{ eT nqTL\yTq
desD\T #d ] n< d.# $<H |{ + d+>|P sY |+<\T #dT =q~.
y| d+>|PsY eT+H\T sT|H |uT |<\T nH s <X\T
|s{+#&+, ={ |+<\T #dTe&+ L& ]+~. <X y&+,
]>= <X+ |<q q>s+> neTse ]keTq&+
|Vdq+> #| e#sT. (<:- {, c+|T, nkH, kHT, \+&H).
| $eH |s{+#&+ eTs eeT\T $wjTyT+~.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 22
eTT+|
yk m&# eTT+#* {> b + # $wj\T
sj*q$ eHsTT. |&T neTse| Hwq ^H {Tq (NGT) eT&T
|<qyTq <y\THsTT. oeTHsjTD, u*X{ dHsjTD, &. .m.mdt
Xs\T <y\qT yXsT. |+ b\qT HXq+ #jT&+, cq~ es<
yT<H\ (flood plains) q>s sD+, <=&<]q #T=q ndeT> |sesD
nqTeTT\T e>s \T y{ |< q n+X\T. @| 2017 y<q\T eTTXsTT.
rsT m|&H y\Te&e#T.
sw |uT+ ueTT*q sT\qT m+ <sTD+> yd+ #dTq<
<VsD #\T: eT >e\ <>Zs bT y\ yTT<{qT+ sT\T
#dTq nusq |uT+ |q~. b n~sT\T, eT+T\T >e\
n&T>T|>*>y <T. |&$T ]+~? ddt #+C |b<q eq
1691 ms\ sT\ bT e& M\T <T. n& mTe+{ &\T
L &<T . n+f *+>jTb+, <+ & sjTTb+ >e\qT |P]> |j*.
>eTdT\ bT m&ks +es *jT<T. ( d d& @]j yTT
HeT~> e]+|#k sT ). |+<\T e+ ]bTHsTT. ++ f yd+
++ y*? |P*+> ueTT*, b d+ y #dTq sT\T e+
\TeH ydbuTHsT
eT+ es\T ]d n& 2-3 n&T>T\ sT \TdT+ < k\T n+THsT.
m+ me es+ ]d n me sE\T e+{jT. n+<T n
ueH\qT u$T| mT |+ &TTHs #TTHsT. es<{ @ n&+\T
eH dV+>H |q eq b+\| es< re |sT>TT+~. $<+>
|d T \T, yd ue H\T {q s | H eq b |P*+> u eTT*q
sT\ bT d y{ |]d @$T{? b yTT+ b+ mT |+#Ts?
n+|&T |&Tq >e\ |]d$T{? sT\ b H\eT+ |+# KsT
mesT u] ksT ? sY | ue H\qT me mT & #T eq b+\
es< eTT| |sT>TT+~ <. < d+>$T{?
s< eT&T |< q ue H\ (nd+;, V sT, sue H) s Dj
T yTq
T\ |sT > s+&T d+es\ # +T ]+~. > b{ n,
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 23
\T>T<q+ {|& e+&\ =+<] m+| #d, s sd]+ es>
eT qq y] (\+&H bds
Y HsH) m+| #dT =HsT. |&T uVQ*
<s&q seT[ y] d#q*e& \+&H y&T. s eTTKeT+
y&T.
@ $<+> #dH neTse qeTH |\ @ e+ u>keT+
|C s< qeTH neT+~. meseTqTH neTse $eT]+#&eT+f
+<|<y |> n&TqT <T. neTse $<+d+, V]Hs+,
u u +uD+.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 24
n\d+U <[ \
J$+`bs+
&. >| #+<jT
ndd+{ b|dsY, ._.|+Y kwdH Hd{
\eed u>+> nH e+<\ \T n+s \T> eTT<

yjT &sTT. s \L, y] eT< <T y] y] eT< L& ndeq\T,
n+sq+ HsTT. d++ e &u d+esH <[T\ n+<TTq
neX\T, b<+, >se+ n++ eyT nqT+f <[T\ eT]+
<[T\T>, n+sy] n+sysT> q <[ n\ d+U \
<Tq~ XSqeT #|e#T. sD\T @yH | sw+ w&\T \
{ < s+&T \T ` <VsD \T>T sc\ e\\T, eTVsw
eTVsY\T, $TH&T |sj\T, |\sT, s |\j\T, |+Cu, s|<X,
VsH\ #esT - =+yT s n_e ~ k~+#jT #| e#T. n\ d+U
<[ \T L& w&\T nsTTq|{ e\ e~>\ deqyTq
n_e ~ <T>< de+ d >T]+| L& H#T<T.
s+&T \T>T sc\ *| w&\T \ C_ dTesT 60 \T
+&> yTT+ <[ sj\T, <e\T, n_e ~ nC+&\T, #s\T,
y<|y<\T n L& e\e~>\ #Tf n+f s +&T \ #Tf sT>TTHsTT.
= _qyTq \qT >q{ w&\T \ C_ #ssT. |*+>
C_H q|{ ke+> ]+> yq&q <[ d+#s CT\
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 25
< n\ d+U <[ \ \_dTq neX\T, n_e ~, b<+ e\
e~>\ +f # # e. <<|> @MT n+<&+ < L& #|e#T.
nsTT \T |&|& yT eT V\ bs&TTHsTT. \+>D
n\ d+U <[ \ J$+, y nqTu$dTq V\ $T, y #dTq
bs{\qT MT |+#TH |jT yT yd+. +<T HqT |< q+> #]++~
e~> nqT+< \ >T]+ eyT.
1994 e~> <+&s <eT+ e#es n\ d+U <[ \T>
q &*, +<T, ew, >d+, >Ts+ eT\jT\T, s*, H yTT<q dTesT
60 q \ J$+, deTd\|q mTe+{ #s ]>~ <T. jT+.sY.|.mdt
<eT+ u>+> Hu w |s+ j \ mdt.d ]swq
y{ <\H &e+& se&+ d+U|s+> yTH]{ > q e\e~>s
\| #s bs+u+ nsTT+~. e~> nqT+< q +<T, ew yTT<q
\T L& eZs D qT sTHsTT, eZs D <sH eT HjT+ sT>TT+<
nqTHsTT. B >T]+q+<Te jT+.sY.|.mdt 2005 qT+& e~> nqT+<
\qT L& d+|T {+ #jT &+ yTT<\T|{+ ~. | \ d+|
@sT #d Vs+> du\, <s\, sks\ y] L& u>+ #d
bV++~. jT+.sY.|.mdt q #q+ @s&qy &* V\ bs
d$T, +<T V\ bs d$T, ew V\ bs d$T, u+& V\
bs d$T yTT<q$.
e~> nqT+< \T
\eed \|& eT+ | \ |sD+ |Teqf
y{ eT H+, >q+ <s |<]+#& \>jT |\T> =
\T @s&sTT. nsTT \qT @ |sT d+u~+#\H n+X+ | _q
n_bj\T HsTT. |dT + y] | \, \, nqT+< \
|\TdTHsT. \ q | nd+, e , esTTq ke
] d++<\ < c M] |\T, \ +& nqT+< \T
< n\ d+U <[ \T nq&yT deTT+. s+&T \T>T sc\ @
q nqT+< \T e~> HsTT. n$ e~> +>+
(qT\ #+<jT\T), >d+, u+&, &*, e~> ew, +<T e~> +
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 26
e~>, =eTT e~> yTT<q$. \ e >jT . = nqT+<
\T d+#s+ #d \ |sD\qT <\ s|+H, |\ <sH,
|+ <s+>H >q+ #ksTT. <\qT #|+#TH neds+, #q yq
eT \+ jTT +, eT\T, Wq+, n~ de |]DeT eT+ bw+q
bqT sTy s\ n+~+# |jT+ yTT<qe HsTT. neds
rs& e >jT \T < nqT+< \T |T=#sTT.
e~> +>\T < qT\ #+<jT\T
MsXy XS< nXS< \ |#s+ #jT &+ d+ $$< Xe <y\j\
dMT|+ eTs\qT @ss e~>\ qT+& =+<] y{ eTs~|T\T>
jT$T+q #] eT+H qT\ #+<jT \T < e~> +>\T |T=#s
#|e#T. MsT e~>\ \ >TsTe\T> eeV]ksT. |\ <s+>
C+ |sD #TsT. y~ de+ uVDT\ e~]>H MsT qT<T{
MT<, uTC\ MT< n& He\T, yT& sT<\T, e*+>+ <]ksT. +<+
L& ydT+{sT. qZ+& sT eT+&\+ =\qTb, Ceu<,
d~ |\ |ksT . #TT| \ q y\j\ MsT bsV+ L& #ksT .
|&T e~> d\qT $yV+ #dTH ysT > eT d\qT e+ e~>\
#ysT <T. nsTT |&T d+U|s+> e> +&&+ e\q e~>\
$yV d++<\T \T|= e~>\ *dbTHsT. n~]+>
nd\T >T]+| <T. sC+>+ b+<T|s#&q w&\T \ C_
e~> +>\T < qT\ #+<jT\T nH \yT <T. { w&\T \T>
\ < MsD |+ L& b+< bTHsT. sD+> $< <> s+>\
<s+> H{yjT&TTHsT.
<d] < e~> <d]
<d] < e~> <dsT\T ywe eT #+~q e~> >TsTe\T. e~>
+>\T Xe eT+ d+ |T=d MsT ywe eT |#s+ d+ |T=#sT.
MsT ywe <y\j\ $<T\T sVksT. e~>\ Xu, nXu s\
bsV+ #jT&+, n|&|&T \ |+#sTTr\qT |]cs+ #jT&+ M]
|. \] <>Zs q |+>T\ >eT+ +& e~> <dsT\T eT >T]+
$<+> #|HsT eTeT* sTeT\<dT\+{sT. Xu, nXu s\,
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 27
|+&>\ yTeTT e~> |\ yeTT. >eT+ +&qT { eT&T qT+&
|~ sE\ es >eT+ |< e~> +{ +{eTT. | |<< e d+
|yTq d +T+~. yTeTTq +{ e~>\ |yX+ <T. e e+
L& yTyT #dT+{eTT, e+ M\T q|&T e+&q +&T+& qT+ eyT
rdT+{eTT. sT>T |jD+ e sy*q $Ts <H \|<
deTLsTk&T. MsT L& e~>\ +f eTT n~\eT u$ksT. M
ywe <eqT eyT |PksT, e~>\T =*# m\eT, u\eT, b#eT +{
<e\qT |P+#sT. |dT+ \+>D # y e~> <d] T+u\T
HsTT. &\ , k|PsY, H>T\|*, |+>T\ b+\ =~ T+u\THsTT.
|[ d++<\T <=s e~>\ d++<\T \T|= MsT L& e~>\
*dbTHsT.
u+& < =\T|\ ysT
u+& < =\T|\ysT eTs e~> nqT+< \+. MsT e~>\
|sVT\T> |[ , s+&\T #d +{sT. >e\ m\eT <e
|PCsT\T> + m\eT <\qT >q+ #ksT. n> >e\ eTXS,
neTysT, >s, q |\\ d+<T\T +{ y<T\T kq|&T jT+\T {
y{ n]f y<T\T> #eTD neT+{sT. eTqT eTT X uVDT\T
nqT+{sT. MsT L& eTT e~>\ +f me nH ueq +{sT.
+#+ bT, eT+#+ bT s+& +&e.
u+& ysT neT<e uy =\Tks, <e u\qT ue\T n+{s,
ue \eT+ u+&> e]+< n+{sT. M] |<q ysTT<+ $T&.
M] = >e\ MT< $Ts V +T+~. $Ts V\TqysT |
sT\T y[ <e\ =\T|\T >, $yV\T > ]|+#L&<T. TuTqT
\+|T +q y] ]eHbT \VwsD L& $~ksT . <e|s <y\jT
sVD eH\T qT>H M] L& | &T eH\T #ysT. =\T|\
deTjT+ sT\ ns+ +& eT eTT e{&Te& MsT d+
uw < |<\qT |j ksT . <VsD |d \ T- +jT\T, e&T- {,
ks-e, d- s|, yT-q&TysTT, &-ssTT, e-&X, - yTT<q $.
= s d+#s >\T L& +{ d+|<\qT |jksT. u+& ysT
\+>D n+{ $d]+ HsT. n >e\q MsT +&be#TqT>
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 28
eT&TH\T>T >e\ *| >eT+ +& eT e =qkdTHsT.
e~>\T wj T H> es&+ , es y L& eT |[ uVD |PCsT\qT
|\T#Te&+ u+ & y] k+|<jT e +T|& eekjT <] |qT\
b~ yT +THsT. =+eT+~ |D \ e\d bTHsT. MsT eT n_e ~,
V\ =s u+& d+eT d+|T+, u+& V\ bs d$T d+|T{+
neTHsT. {e\ \+>D |uT+ |sVT\ |uTyT J\T dT+<
|{+q|&T $$< >T |PCsT\T> q eT L& yH\T y\
MsT &e+& #XsT.
+<T
+<T ysT eTs= e~> nqT+< d+#s \+. M]H ysTysT b+\
+<, d+<, +<T e~>, u>+ e~> nH |s |\TksT. MsT
d+U|s+> e> q|{ \+>D yTT+ $d]+ HsT. e~> C
>=|H *jTCd C+ |sD+, m\eT <\ bT sejTD eTVus
o csTq jTT<+, n*sD , sTD D+, deqyd+ yTT<q <\qT
|<]ksT. +<T ||+#y|+> >T]+| q +<T\ m\eT~ +<T
\yT. T+eT+ }ssT d+#s+ #d |<sq*ksT. }] es >T&d\T
ydT= e~> |< &/>+ e{&T= |<sq*ksT. | d+es+
eT $Ts >e\ y[ |<sq* eT sy*q & <q+ < &T
s|+ #T+{sT. s \T L& y] =+ & keT #| eT
y&>, eT +{eTT+<T > |<sq\T @sT #dTe#T. |<sq\T
n eTTdq sTy m\eT =\T| #ksT. |<sq\+{qT |sTw
b<sT\T m\eT yw+ e+ +<T d ysTTksT. m\eT yw+
ydq d <e> u$+ >=sbT\T, uH\T deT]ksT. +<T e~>\T #|
<\ eTTKyTq~ C+ |sD+. n~ e~>\ >se |q. B ysT
e~> | +& >eT L&* |<]ksT. < eTTKb\T >d+
yw+ +& ~ C+e&T, dHq #+<d uVDT&T. ~ qT+& e~>\T
deC #dT q de\qT ]d , eTqT VqCy&T, n+&y&T> eTT<yd q
uVDy<, < deT]dTq Xk\qT m+&>&T k>TT+~ |<sq.
C+e& d w eT\eT, C+ |sDyT n |sD\ eT\eT M]
n_bjT+.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 29
&*
eTs= e~> nqT+< \yTq &*ysT n+sy] n+sysT>
J$dTHsT. e\\T e~>\qT e \+> u$d e~>\T L&
n+sysT>, e \+> u$+# \+ &* ysT. MsT \+>D n+{
$d]+ q|{ d+U|s+> q \yT. &* ysT L& d+#s \yT
e\+ e~>\ e< eyT _q #ksT. e~>\ |T, e+X #]\qT
<\T> #T, eT $Ts q >e\ e~>\ <>Zs eyT _q
#ksT. n+sq+ |sTMT< e\e~>\ MT< mTe+{ +\T +&y M]
MT< L& nTe+{ + +&$, + HsTT L&. MsT |&Te&
eT+#\T y&L&<T. e~>\ eTT+<T #<sT |e&+, #|\T ydTe&+,
Lse&+ e+{$ w<+. eT+ >, y&| > ue\ qT+&
djT+> &TL&<T. &*y] +<T e~>\T, e~> ew\T d+
n+sy]>H #ksT. d+#s J$+ u>+> $Ts q >e\ y[
}] es >T&d\T ydT= C+ |sD <\ s|+H, |+ <s+>H
#TsT. eT >+ eTT{q sTy ys >e ysT. =+eT+~ &*
y Hs L& ysTTksT. {e\ y\T>T eq |H+&T yT Hs
ysTT<sT&T yTT\jT~ & * \yT. MsT >&<\ qT, |+<T\qT |+#T+{sT.
eT ke syD >&<\ qT y&sT. >e\ >&< b\T L& neTTsT.
&* d\T eekjT L\T> |#jT&+ bT eT\T, { \
#|\T n* neTT+{sT.
e~> ew\T
e~> ew\T +<|<X, \+>D s+&{ $d]+ q eTs= e~>
nqT+< \+. kVk\ L&q >s& $<\T |<]d, e~>\ > Veds
edTeq s ke, T, &T, &| <TsT\T, eT+q\T, |\T, eT+#\T
jsT #d neTT=+, e~>\ e< eTq $Ts V\qT { ysT #
>+ J$ksT. M] eT] |q, yq H|D+ +T+~.
|Ps| dH \ e~>\T XSsu T\T>, >d+ <\T>, jTT, =eTT s\T }<y]>, |T y+# y]> | kq+ *
+&ysT. |* eTHVsY #|qT> ew nH |<+ eTTw qT+ e
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 30
+&e#T. eTTw |&* _+#&+, _eT&>&+ nH s+&T ns\T HsTT.
ew\T s \ L& \T> +&~. <VsD yX\ Ms
eTTw\T < Ms ew\T, >=\\ eTTw >=\\T < >=\ ew\T, e\\ e\
ew\T... . e~> ew\T L& d+#s Je. s \ M] |<>
d++<\T +&e. e~>\T M] n+sy]> #&q|{ yy V d+<\T
e+ +&$ e. nsTT MsT |&| & ds yk\T @sT #dT +THsT.
|D\ nd+|T{ s+> L\T> b~ yT=+THsT.
>d+
|< q+> Ceu< b++ +& eTs e~> nqT+< \+ >d+>T\T.
>d+>T\qT >d ys, >T&d\ ys, Xs<+&, {b|\, us|\
ys, u\d+T ys L& |\TksT . MsT eT eq Cq|< \ qT |<] d
_ q #dT + >e\, |D \ J$dTH sT. M] =+<sT sejTD+,
eTVus+, u_* jTT<+, ><MsT <, +u sE<, u\H>eT,
>+B, HVA e+{ Ts<\T #bsT. eT]=+<sT >=\ eT\jT, eT+< >=\
<\qT #|+ >=\\ <>Zs _q #ksT. { |sT\T |>{ yc\T
ydT= Xy\ <>Zs n&T+{sT. us|\ y |\ <=s yw+ ydT=
&+u#s+ j# e #ksT. eT] =+<sT u\d+T yw+ ydT=
\ysTCeTTq H\qT <| b\T b&T _q #ksT. =+eT+~
\TueT\T &sT. >d+>T\+<] {| e&, y] deTd\qT
|uT + < w rdTy & 1978H .X. o \ DY eTVsC u<H < s+
Ceu< >d+ d+|T + @sT nsTT+~. |&T $$< d+| \T >d+>T\
d+eT+ d+ | #dTHsTT.
e\ nqT+< \T
e~>\ > e\\ L& nqT+< \T HsTT. <VsD
nHeTT, s e\, nse e\, u>], u], #\y~, m\eT\y+&T, VA*jT,
VA*jT <d], eT<] sTe, eTVsY, e\ k, e\ dHd, eTH, s{ sT&T,
H yTT<q \T HsTT. mdt.d eZsD <eT+ eq sTy e~>,
e~> nqT+< \| =+ |]X<q ]+~, = s#q\T e#sTT
e\, e\ |\| y\Te&q s#q\T >, ]q |]X<q > y.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 31
|Ps\+ >e\qT <=+>\T, <|&< sT\ qT+& b&&+ d+ s u T\T>
|#dq \+ dT+s \+. |{ = >e\ dT+sT \T> e\ nqT+<
\THsTT. |+ b\ sT|f | s{ & n+{sT. |Ps| sE\
s{ #sTe\ | jT&+, eTT\ <s { e<\&+ #dy.
#q y] u+<\T e&+ qT+ <Vq+ njT es n |qT\T #d e\
u>sT\T |{ \+>D HsT. H \+ysT n+s \ y]
\T Hd #ysT. n< $<+> >eT+ u&sTT |+&T> qT+& eTT\eT,
yTdeT, b#eT, >+>eT, yTdeT yTT<q nXS< \ <e\ |P\T,
<|B| Hy<\T eTT+<T+& #dTH~ e\ |+\ y. e\\ n+s
y]> n&T>Tq qysT >Ts+ e\\T < >Ts+ eT\jT\T. MsT L&
d+#s Je. MsT u |sD+, #qjT |sD+ +{ <\T |+ s|+
#T e\\ e< >+ rdT=+ }ssT sT>TsT. MsT |&T +q>sY
d]d\ <>sZ y+{|s+, es+> nq+s+, qZ+& H<sY|*
HsT.
<[ n\ d+U \T - eqe V\T
>dT 7, 2014q kj jTe]{ ICSSR qsH V
+<|<X, \+>D sc\ e~>, e\ |\T: nd bs{\T nH
n+X+| sE CrjT d<dT ]+~. d<dT Vsq &*, +<T,
>d+, ew, yTVsY, deT>s, y, qT\ #+<jT, T&> +>\T, H,
u+&, e~> <d] yTT<q n\ d+U <[ \ |<T\T y*Tq
n_bj\T, |+#Tq nqTuy\T $dj, +<q >T] #XsTT. eTeT*
e\e~>\ |\H, \H n+THsT yTeTT me]
|\eT <T, \eT <T. e\ e~>\ > e~ \+.
e+ _qyTq nd+, d+d , #] HjT #bsT. mdt.d\+f
e\+ e\ e~> <T eTT L& w&\T \ #+~qysyT q #TTH
>eT |+#sTTr qT+& bsyT+T < mes |{+#Te&+ < @&Td eT
nqTuy\T |+#Te&+ d_\qT +& |{++~. #] b&eH d+#syT
J$+> q \T @ >e #+~q ysT <T. ds yd+ be&+
eT T\T n&dt T\jjT, &^\ e <e&sT>T d+ \
< MsD |+ b+<&y T eT &^ k~+q+ d+TsyT b sTT+< #| =#sT.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 32
qT s+>T\eTq <#T= \ Je+ bdTHeTHsT. |{ =
\T j# e H HjTHsT. eT]= \ &yqT e+>T\T,
d$\T |] V+< n>\ de+ ueT\T> esTdTq< y<q
#+<sT. <e |] nH>] $ #s\ + * neH HeTHsT.
<sY qT+& ]swH < n deTd
e\e~>s |\ Hu <<| \ +f |uT+ e+ y]
e+< y\ #|+ y] , nd ejT+ #dTHsTT. |{ es
]q Hu M] # T+u\qT e\ e~>\ #s&+ =
|\ |Xs+ nsTT+~. B &T # |\ \
< MsD |\T C#d n~s+ m+.sY.y\ <T . sY.&.y, | n~sT\
eyT +T+~. u] sY eyT \ < MsD |+
C #d n~s+ +~. B \ < MsD |\T b+<& y #
>TseTHsT. |\T<b\T> $#sD\T ]> < MsD |\T
n+<Te&+ \ |\qT neeH\, qq >T]#k+~. |H
\+ q< e *jT<, nsTTH MTsT n< #+~q ys >s+{
@$T n~sT\T y~+|\ >T]#dT+&&+ #eT+~ <s\T #|+#
\+ d]| { b+H,
e~>>H d]| { #T +THsT. n~sT\ s <sD e\q nd n\d+U
\T> q y{ Hu + ZbTq~. B \ eT >=+T
$|+# neX\T +& bTHsTT.
|{ b<$T $< ksTT <{ &^ ksTT eq y]
yMT< |e#T. yde+ { #\T ]swq eZsD m+ nedsy
*jTC| &. \+>D, +< |<X |uT \T q&T|Tq kw y s Y Vd
d+ M] |yTq {sTT+|\T @MT e. B m+ w|& |< s>
bdsTTH q $< y& e\e~>\ b{|&, Vd ed
eT<H y] #<Te bTq~. \+>D, +<|<X |uT\T +< |uT
dV jT+ #|{ q n+u< sY zedt +{ |< \ \ #+~q $<sT\ T
q{ sT L& sT . |{ H n\ d+U \ $<sT\ neX\T
n+<TH d<Tbj\T *+#*.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 33
eTq <X sj\T d+U \+| <s|& q&TdTHsTT. B b\
esZ sj\T n\ d+U \qT nd\T |]>Dq rdTe&+ <T. eTs
y| <[ sjTHjT\ d+U|s+> yTC]{ \ ys ne&+ M
deTd\ | y] d |{+| L& +&&+ <T. |{es \ qT+&
ysT yT+sT, ds +#T\T nsTTq ysT L& # e. nd+;, bsy T +T\
b<+ >T]+ #|qeds+ <T. s <s +{sT. ysT L& \
deTd\ #d+<MT <T. Hu |s+> e\\T, e~>\T n~+> +&+
ysT dsyd+ * >eT |]b\q u>keTT\e&+ dV+>H $<,
<>, d+eT, sjT s+>\ sC+>|s+> n+<TTq neX\ y]<
d+Vu>+ nsTT+~. n< C_ q|{ d+#s Jeq+, j# e
~q~q>+&+> T y BdTq nqT+< \T n~sT\ s +, ne>VH
sV+ n s+>q re nHj >TseTHsTT.
| , swH sT\ C L& M] re nHjTyT sT>TTq~.
## \ |\T HH n>#T |&TTHsT. c<q>sY, |]
s& |q q &* T+u\qT *dq|&T eTT sy @+&T> b++
>T&d\T ydT= TTHeT #bsT. mksT |uT n~sT\ $q
|\T H \<#Te& >T+&T C> L& #|&+ <
|THsT. |&T n d+eT |<\ nedseTeTq <sY sT b+<&+
L& # we TsTT+<, e] >T&d\ <>sZ T q +{ jTeqT\ n&dt #eT
*bsT. \+>D |uT+ |yX|{q & u& seTT <sUdT
#dTHeTHsT. C |uT X~ +f d\T, <[T\ eT&T
ms\ u$T, mdt.d s=swH sTD\ n\ d+U, d+#s <[
yTT<{ \_<sT\T y*. M] qT+& |<\T bs+u+ y*. |uT\T,
|uT n~sT\T |<|< \qT s+ #dH HsTT.
= # MsT }] es bd esT, |\ >T&d\T ydT= *
yk\T @sT #dT+THsT. &y], eT eTTK+> >]D d\
* @sT bD++> |]D$TdTHsTT. bd es, |\ y& n|&
|{q |\\T eT Ty |&TTHsT. B &T bwVs |+ e\ nH
s>\ u]q |&T THsT. nD>]q n\ d+U \ n+&> \&&,
y] deTd\qT |uT nC+&> es&, bs de+ y] deTd\qT
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 34
#s |& y]+ eT<s> esZ+, HjTy<T\T, s#sTT\T,
| $KsT\T sT. |*+> y] deTd\T, &e+&T y\T>T se&+ <T.
eT& +<|<X w&\T \ $<, <> s+>\ sC+>+
*+q ]swqqT e\+ \yT nqTu$k+< e~>\T m+.sY.|.mdt
<s+ \yTq <eT+ q&|+ es ]swq neT\T rsTqT |uT\T
|{+#T<T. <+&s |ue+H n\ d+U \T y\T>T e#sTT.
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s+ q $<H\qT |q'dMT+#T+f | \ yT\T s><T. eT&
+<|<X ]swq eZsD neT\sTTq H\T> \+ (2000-2004)
mdt.d |\ =+yTs HjT+ ]+~. n|&T L& Hu|s+>
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=+sTTH HjT+ ]> neX+ +~.
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n\ d+U \ yTT<{ b<q+ y*. \ $<_e ~ |yTq
<T\T {sTT+#*.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 35
mdt.d nqT+< \ deT> n_e ~ |]X<q +< @sT #j *.
mdt.d du bH <T\bT, ] dVs d+d # <T\ L& n\
d+U \ | { +& |uT+ #s\T #|{*. ||+NsD,
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sT\qT |uT+ <Ty*.
ke HjT+, sC~s+ |sT <e\T #dTq e\e~>\T k{
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k~+# ~X> w #j*.
V
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 36
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eqeV\ ss, V<su<
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<T\T +< b+ s*be&+, & |uT <> L& n&y
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H&T #s ]+~. n+<T \+>D sh+ @s& H\T>T H\\ (qe+sY
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j s q 21 |J\ \+>D b]X$T $<q | q +&dj T b\d |+ esY
|sY d{ |t +>D`2014 L& $&T<\sTT+~.
$<q |q y\Te& H{ qT+& eTTKeT+ esT&T .{. sese
||+ #eT+ sT>T \+>D |T&T\T |& seT b]X$Ty *
VdTH&T. mTe+{ +<T\T |+& y] u$T, sT, $<T#
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|< b]X$T ~>ZC\T b{ |&TTHjT, \\ <>\ \q s>u+<
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eqeV\ T{H`15 v 37
eT]+ deT>yT q qq b]X$T $<q+ sb+~+#&+ eTTUX n+u,
sH {{, nJyT |yTJ, n n+u, mH.sY. HsjTDeT] ~sT\T
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+| d++~+q |]XeT X+k|q #d {{ b]X$Ty
qq+> @s& \+>D sc |]XeT\ s+>+ u+& n+ud&sY>
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#+~q & b]X$Ty\T d.. _s, nX V+<TC, q+< eTV+<\T y[
eTTKeT+ *d sVd+> #s\T ]bsT. n+<T @+ e{&s me]
*jT<T $wj\ \+>D b]X$T $<q+ ~X, <X m{
+&uT+< e+ \T|THsTT. n+f |uT+ & b]X$Ty\
|P] nqTL\+> +&, |\ u$T, sT, s eqsT\qT y] u>
n|#| uT+<H~ e+ u>H ns+ ne+~. y+ @+ |]XeT\T |&sT ,
m <>\T *ksT nq~ + \bsTTH \+>D sh |jH\
H |< |T&<sT\ |jH\ b<q+ dTqT dw+>H \Tk+~.
jTTe <>\q, yqT&q b+\ n_e~ bV+, \ueTjT
eqsT\ $j>+, |\ keTs\qT, H| D\qT $j+#&+ +{ n+X\
b<q+ +T+< $<q |q |{++~ sT>TTq |]De\T
>eTd n+<T |P] _q+> ]> neX me> |dTHsTT. d&wt
|]#sY d+d j 600 sbjT\ |T& V<su< n |<
|]#sY, >V|sD\ $jT <TD+ |& @sT #dT+T+f |uT+
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JeHb~ HXqyTb T+< e&+>T\T, eT]y, s #eT\ y +<q
e+ #dTHsT. yys nH n+srjT ]jT md{ d+d V<su< q
se\T yTT<\T|&, y] nedsyTq ueTT\T =|& |uT+
|P] dVs+ n+~dTqT \Tk+~. k ]jT md{ +|\T, ueq
sD+ q H, |< d+d\T B |< |e<+> u$dTHsTT. \+>D
<eT deTjT+ Tb >Tsq \+>D #+~q q ]jT\sT sh+
@s& s |]d yTsT>T|&TT+<qTHsT. |&T < |P] _qyTq
|]d @s&+~.
n> qswH f\J, .{. s+>\ |T& # bV\T
*dTHeT, ||+#+ n|< .{. d+d\T s V<su< y{
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 38
s\b\qT $d] dTH jT, $<~ q jTTe\ \\ =B <>eX\T
suTHjT .{. eT+ | sp |q #dTHsT. sh $uq
eTT+< +< |uT+ V<su< H|swH f\J HdtyT+{ jTH
(.{..sY)qT |{+, < e\ nsTT<T d+es\ 15 \\ eT+~ |
<>\T, 35 \\ eT+~ |s <>\T ekjT #| +~. C V <su<
.{ |]XeT #+<uT \+ qT+& |{es, n+f 20 d+es\ 3 \\
yTs eyT <>\T *++~. |& nyT] &=H +|t dw+q
d+u+ qyH rddTH sT. C .{ d+d\ dTq ssTTr\T, *dTq
eT* ks\T = <>\qT *+#&+ n{ + sh <j
>+&=&jT $Xw\T u$dTHsT.
eT< d.., |, b| d+d\ duTq ybsy\ eTTKeT+
deyXyT |qT, $<T# $j>+ # ssTTr\T |{+#sT. \Tw
jT+D eT+&* jTe\qT L& (|\ s> |D+> |&) d&*kq
VMT #sT. ne #dH +|\T, b]X$Ty\T <> \q VMT\qT
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@sT |uT+ <& XjT+ qT \Tk+~. ~es Ww< |]XeT\T
@sfq J&yT, dqYq>sY, H#s+ #TT|\ >e\H \Tw+ e\
u>s \T \TwyT eekjT+ |P]> $<+dyTbsTT+~. |Xe\
ejTyTbjsTT. |\ s>+ |P]> <+~. # |]XeT\qT
eTdyjTe\d+~> k dT|+s <X*# ksTT |]d ~>C]+~.
s+>s& eTT#s <>sZ <X+ H n|< bsd{ 1250 ms\ n_e~
#dTHsT. 350 yT jTT, 120 &> jT |]XeT\T ekjT
#| #T +& 16 >e\ sT\ qT+& u dsD #dTHsT. n|wbq
dC b]X$T $<H |ejT+> yT (Hwq HydtyT+{ yTHCyT+{
CH) \qT |b~+#sT. eT& sh+ q|&T M{ sT, yT< \qT
m+| #XsT. \+>D @s& ~ s<e T+<qTH+. b]X$T n_e~
u>+> yT< H\, sasd+>+ eT+& 25,000 ms\ Ww<
|]XeT\T |& |uT+ nqTeTT\T k+~.
\+>D |uT+ eT< qb mH$T ne{\T y~ 2017 qT
|#T]++~. n+<T eTT |{+q b]X$T $<H nqT>TD+>
s|<\q b]X$T n_e~ >T]+ $es\T *jTCd+~. |{es 3327
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 39
|]XeT\ nqTeTT\T C njjT, ysT 51 y\ |T&T\T |&s,
<<| 2 \\ |> <>\T *ks y~ *|+~. yT& H
n~+> 727 jT nqTeTT\T \_+#jT, s esd s+>s&,
d+>s&, q\>=+&, es+> \THjT, n#{ # |]XeT\T
suTHjT |{++~.
\+>D <eT deTjT+ & UsTT|&, eT|& q, |< |]XeT\
$wjT+ L& #s e+~. sh+ @s& s =+{HH |qsT<]+#\H
+ \+> $|++~. |Hk yTs HjT\T VMT\T L&
>T|+#sT. \+>D \ H, *| 8618 UsTT |&
|]XeT\T+&>, nsTT n+<T 7% n+f 632 jT eyT #d
keTs+ +< shksTT u+s $T{ n_bjT|&+~. V<su< |]ds
b+H H&T 10 y\ < eT<, qsV |]XeT\T+&$. M{ #
|]XeT\T |_ s+> d+d\ nqT+<+ > +&$. qq ] $<H\ sD+>
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s >Tsq *H, b>, V#Y.myT.{., C+CV $T\T, &._.sY
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dsYd, n+sZ+ d+> $T, ~u< dyT+{ b e+{ nH |uT,
d+jTT, dV s s+> |]XeT\qT \+>D @s& s |qsT<] +# |jT \T
sT>TjT +#sT. = b]X$T $<q+ UsTT|&, eT|&
|]XeT\ d++~+q |keH <T.
2008 d+es+ 7537 s>s\T ]ds Y #jT &> 2014 H{ 12,000
|q ]dsY &jT |uT+ #|+~. +<T m yTT<\T
|{sTT, y{ m+eT+~ b~ \_++<q >D+\T |uT+ |{+#&+
<T. <<| 700 < q #H dVs d+|\ 90 y\ eT+~ < #H
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e\T> JeHb~ d+b~+#Te&+ d+ HH n>#T |&TTHsT.
e #+~q ys V\ b\&+ eTq+ >eTk+. es+>, d]d\
nbs bsY \T k|+ #H ]\ b~ *keT |q\T dTHsT
bsY\ #H ]\ | +T+< < nq~ d+<V d<yT . H\T>T
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@ss eT* ks\T *+#sT. w&T\T ]+#sT. =+\+ q q
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 40
>V|sD edTe\ L& n& ]>~. j+rsD |]> =B ne
eT|& +<\T ss\ y #T y[ eT&sTT. = +<\T
|P] ~ed HsTT. \+>D |uT+ M{ |j>+ e& @
#H #jT&+ <T. |&T ueTT |uTyT ]jT md{ ybs+ #d
|e<+ +< |]o\\T n+THsT.
V<su<, s+>s& 60 < | ] eT+& (SEZ)
HsTT. n+<T 10 jT eyT bs+uyT+~. q y{
|V >&\T, ss\ |s usT\T eyT |ksTT. sT|j>+> q
eT+&qT m{ y&+ y*, ueTT* = |]XeT\ {sTT+#
neX+ +< +{ $wj \ = b]X$T $<q+ #f <T . b]X$T
n_e~ nq>H udsD n+X+ MT<H |uT+ <w k]dTq~. dT\u+>
ueTT* kBq+ #dTe& = #{* rdTedTq~. |]XeT\T |{
meeT+~ b~ *+#&+ n{ +, u$T <s+> J$dTq <[T*,
\Vq esZ\qT b~ qT+& <s+ #k+~.
\+>D sh+ @s& $<q |q y\Te&TTq deTjT+H s+&T
|<q |]XeT\T ` es+> eT|PsY m.| sjH (|&T |PsY
+&ddt) s>s+, >Cq>sY dssY >C $T eT|&sTT. y~eT+~
]\T s&Tq|&sT. y HjT+> se\dq >T{, b$&+{ |+&
L& y |{< n+<<T. V+&yTq b]X$T $<q+ neT\T
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@MT nq&+ <T.
us< X + +{ <X+ \+>D +{ qq+> @s& sh+ b]X$T
n_e~ >T]+ $<q|syTq #q\T #d|&T |uT+ eT&T n+X\|
<w |{*+~. k+> \_+# eqsT\qT k |\ |jH\
$j+# = b]X$T $<q+ +&*. n|{ nd+ q k
] eed n<q| eqsT\qT |yX|{ eedqT |+ #dT>
+&*. k+> <>\ d+, b~ d+ n\&T Tq |\ <> \q
n~ && +&*. n{+& \+>D |uT + L& b n_e~ qeTHH
<s+> |T=+~. qeTH $<TY +<\T, z|H dt u>TZ>qT\T,
Ww<\ +|\ e+{y |eTTK+> |dTHsTT. $ JeHb~ *+#
$wjT+qT, |sesD|s+>qT L& eT+$ e. |\ n_e~ @ e+
<V<|&$ e.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 41
|sesD |]sD eT yTT<{
. dT<
eqeV\ ss, $XK|+
]q $HXq+ #\T u> n>T+&+> esueT n |uT\

||+# y~\| X|<\T #ksTT. ub Z+#& Xe+#q +&
w #keT y>H\T #ksTT. #\=#d] e+ |sesD |]sD
#{\qT, eed\qT |>T <+d+ #d bsTT. B ` # <X\
|sesD |]sD |sT sT>TTq | H+. |*+> d#yTq >*,
sT\ bT Xu\T> eT |<q JeH<s+> +Tq u$T| L&
|\T eT V\qT ={> THsT. |]De\ >T]+ +<q
#+<T n_e~ $HXq ~X qT+& dTds_e~ ~X> m eT[+# n
dTqy] |uT+ y| qT+& eTs |< |e<+ b+ +~. |&Tq
|sesD |]sD #{\qT d+ de]+ |\ q =~b{ sDqT
L& =\+# |jT\T sT>TTHsTT.
1980\ V<su< ys |{H#sT b++ skjTq |]XeT\T
\Tw+ y< \TT +f \Tw es y~, V\ d+| \ y+ < es+>
bs&+. sT\qT XsTT+#+. n$ |sesD dV \T>TTq =* sE\T.
B deTd n ||+#+ >T]dTq sTD+ 1984 ub >dt <Tsq
]+~. *|& #+. ~ L& V\ deTdq >T]+#+. ub >dt
<Tsq #*+bsTTq ddt |.mH u>e ({e eTsD+#sT) Te+{
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 42
b]X$T <Tsq\T d+u$d | me]~ nH~ #dT+& qw|]Vs+
rse\d+<q, &=+sT>T&T d+CsTTw\qT rd |q |{\ dT
rsT #sT. s <X\ qT+& HjTd\qT nsTe #T H eTq HjTeed
+<T e+ ||+# = HjTd n+<Cd+~.
sT dT\T ` = eT+ rsT\T
eT+<T\ |]XeT\T |{H#sTqT \Tw+ eTT+#qT>H skH
_N >eT+ V+<TkH > $T k<s b]X$T d+d\T $w+ yT
<e\qT M<T+, \+ b]+#sTT. ue\ <e\T> e]
Td\T =k>sTT. q >eT+ { s+&, @+> sT |]XeT\qT
k|+ >e jTeTL|+ essT. s>& >eTdT\| bdT\T 144e
dH $~+#sT. _N |\ >VyX\qT ns+ #dT>\q eTs HjTeT]
\Tw+ dw+q ys < Xu+ #j* nH d |yX|{sT. rsT
e\ _N >eT+ Xu|&+< < n~ = $\Te, HjTd
ls+ #T{+~.
$TH&T <T q<T\qT, #sT e\qT, +\qT eTTsT>T \\T>,
eTTsT>TZ+\T> jsT #d \T X~ s>s\qT eTsTT+#& b+
|\T M<T , sT #dq bs |* +> eT] = HjTd\T |T=#sTT.
#T \T \T |Te+ <T ysD d b{+#* nq |sesD
$\Te |T=+~. \Tw ysD #{\qT \+|T+q ys eTT Hs
b\&< sTEe #dTy* +T+< dT|+sT |T+{|<+> #|+~.
n+ <T, Te+{ dT dqT, k+ |]Cq+ H|D+ neds+ qT
dT\ $#sD =s ^H {TqqT @sT #j\ L& dT|+sT (20
@yT) rsT +~. < |*yT 2010 CrjT ^H {Tq k|q.
s +>eq+ nH >eT+ |]XeT skjTH\T, <e\qT
$#\$&> y<\TTH \Tw ysD eT+&* |{+#Te&+ < n&
|\T s VsT yTTs|THsT. dT rsT d |uT\T \Tw+
]q sTy yTe&+ <T #j*+~, |]XeT\T k|+# eTT+< |sesD
|ue n+#H y~\qT sb+~+#\, n> eTT+<dT> |C_bjTdsD
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eqeV\ T{H`15 v 43
|ue n+#H jTe\T, 1994 |T=#sTT. B eTq+ +>eq+ |C
<e \T #b*.
|\qT, |sesD b& Te+{ $\Te\qT $<H\T, #{\T, sT
rsT\T, jT+D eed\ s|+ $<+> eed+ #dTe& d+
40 @ |{+~. y k+| |\T eT ;\qT b&T>*>s+f >+
]q bs{\ |*q CrjT ^H n|{ n<]{, CrjT ^H {Tq
eed, |sesD |ue n+#H jTe\T, |C_bjT dsD $<H\T
<V<|&jTH~ eTq+ eT]bL&<T.
u<~, j<~ <s $<TY +<\ $wjT+ ^H {Tq @MT
#jTbsTTH eT J$\ #\>e& bC\ | | re es
+<, eTT+<T eTT+<T +{ bC\qT #|&+ n+ * < b\\
nseTjT +T+~.
eTq sh+q, s sc\q sdq re+> q # \Tw sy T q
= |]XeT\T eT|&TTHsTT. ={ y<+ \_+#&+ <T. =#
<TsTq |+<\qT d+ s<T #dT+THsT. $XK|+
ey]b+ H\=\<\q nHs n\$TH s>s k|q qT sh |uT +
sD+>H s<T #dT+~. eTsy| |\ sdq C\\ T bk
+{ VQC d+d\ T |uT \ <TsTq |+<\qT yT s<T #dT
y[bjsTT. |sesD sD $wjT+ j +|\T, |]XeT\qT yT<
#jT&+ k~+q = $j\T $. eTT+#T=dTq |<y ~ #sTT
n&+ |&+ +{ #s y=#T V]+#<>Z |jT+. e+ |C
||Tq L& b\\ $T+>T&T|&&+ <T. n+<T > 4 <Xu\T>
k~+#Tq #{\qT, sT rsT\qT, jT+D eed\qT s+ #jT&
|&T +< |uT+ |PqT+~.
|HH #+ <s esT\T
|HH #+, 2017 n+f @< <X <jT ej\T, & <d+ >T]+q
n+X\T +{jT nqT+{+. yT]d yT&|+ &T CrjT ^H {TqqT
(mH..{) ~>$T+> \THjTH~ #+ =+ #X nseTT+~.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 44
#+ mH..{ dsb |P]> esd+~. mH..{ #sY|sH, duT\
+&*q ns\qT deT\+> esd+~.
|{es dT|+sT HjTeTsT\T, dT|+sT $seT HjTeTsT\T,
< VsT |<q HjTeTsT\T eyT mH..{. #sY|sqT >*>ysT.
= |HH #+, 2017 |s+ VsT HjTeT] < VsT HjTeT]
e& ns q e < @< sT |< HjTeT]> |#dq e
d+ mH..{ #sY|sH e#T. n+f |< bT bdT #dq HjTy~ d+
mH..{. #s H e& nsT&. | , &> , < {Tq
HjTeTsT\ T> |#dq e\ T L& #s |Y s H nsTTbe#T. mH..{. #s |Y s H
V<qT dT|+sT HjTeT] ksTT qT+& du & ksTT Z+#XsT.
mH..{ m|sY yT+sY e& >\ ns\qT L& |P]> esksT.
~es $CqXg+ &s{ < +]+>, k+Xk edsY &^
+& < |sesD s+>+ nqTueeTTq ys m|sY yT+sY e&
nsT\T. |&T = jTe\ |s+ $Cq Xg+ &^ |P] #d <
|sesD s+>+ | #d #\T m|sY yT+sY nsTTbe#T.
mH..{ duT\qT m+| #d dH $T{ ds| duy\qT L&
2017 |HH #+ d+|Ps+> esd+~. |{es dT|+sT N|t ddt
jT$T+q dT|+sT HjTeT], mH..{ #sY|sH, m+.z..m|t d.d.
($Td |t msHyT+{ bsd n+& yT{ #+C) jT$T+q |DT\
L&q d\H $T{ mH..{ duT \qT m+#TH~. |&T = jTe\ |s+
+< |uT+ jT$T+q e mesH mH..{ duT\T e#T. n+f m|sY
yT+sY m+| $wjT+ HjT|syD nH~ +&<T. |uT s<sT
y] m+| #ksT.
eTq+ ns+ #dT y*+~ @$T+f mH..{ e# n~X + dT +<,
sh |uT\T, \Tw ysD eT+&, |uT s+> d+d <sT>
+{sT. n+f rsT #| HjTs\qT |<q <sTq |uT n~sT
m+#TH |]d edT+~. eTq+ HjTeed d+ >T]+, #<b\q
>T]+ e{&Te&+ eHj*q sE\T e#jTqTy*. |uT
sdu |P] yTC]{ <T qT B k<sD _\T> |yX |& sdu
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 45
y<+ b+<TT+< <qH ujT+ | $y<d< _\T eT _\T s|+
du |yX |{ >TT#| &T +& y~+|#d T e&+ {e\ n\yT>
e]bsTT+~. |H H #+ 2017qT L& n> eT _\T> |yX |{ y~+|CX sT.
1999 V<su<T b]X$T \Tw+| ydq dT < >T]+
q q k+ |]Cq+ <T { rsT #|q +<|<X VsT
HjTeT] sT #TjT> \Tw ysD eT+&* <| dT|+sT
n| <K\T #d+~. HjTeTsT\T & ~+#d m n dT|+sT
VsT n+\T yd dTqT CrjT ^H n|{ n<]{ (n|{ mH..{
@s&<T) n|++~.
nsTT |sesD |]sD $y<\ |]cs nedsy T q k+ |]Cq+
dT|+sT, VsT HjTeTsT\ < >T]+#&+ e\H s mH..{
|T=+~. n+ $y<\T d\yTqeH ueq qT+& <T. k+
n+X\ L&q {\yTq $y< eT e\ m& nHjT+ sT>TT+<qH
ueqH HjTeTsT\T ^H {Tq @sTqT bV+#sT. d#yTq
|]ds J$+#&+ J$+# V u>eT HjTkH\T d+<s + eq|&
eydH HsTT. $HXs n_e~ e\ |sesD+ <+f J$+# VqT
jT~ s <s <T nH y\, \\ eT+~. n+f n& ]>~ e>
V\ \+|Tq eyT <T, deTw V\ \+|Tq.
suTq eTs desD
1986 H{ |sesD |]sD #+ L& |uT+ = = esT\T
rdT su+~. |dT+ |sesD |ue n+#H (..m) y~\| \Tw
eT+&\T\T |C $#sD ]|q sTy m+.z..m|t bC\ k|q y<+
k+~. |\ nu+s\qT |]>Dq rdT bC\qT y~+#*q
|uT\ ~ sT+#&+ <T. eTT s=s{ s+> yT< |\
<T nH |< |&T |uT $<H\ s|\q sT>T+~. s ..m
y~\|, |C_bjT dsD |jT| L& yT|&qTq~.
&T #*d Hs+ e|
eTTksTT< _\T |s+ |uT + \Tw+ dw+ # y]| u ]eH\T
$~+#u+~. bC qT+& 5 .MT. | b++ |sesD u qw+
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 46
*d 5 qT+& 10 sbjT\T, 5 .MT qT+& 10 .MT. es 10 qT+& 15
sbjT\T, 10 .MT. $T+b 15 qT+& 20 sbjT\ ]eH
{* +T+~. ]eH $~+q sTy L& qw+ \>CdT+f sE 50
\\ sbjT\T (5 .MT |), 75 \\ sbjT\T (5`10 .MT es), 1 {
sbjT\T (10 .MT. $T+b) #*+#* +T+~. |+& k|+
]eH\qT n+<T eT#d |uT+ |sesD |]sD < y&TT+<.
<+ qeT<>Z $wjTyTH!
u mTq ]eH $~d b]X$Ty\T <>ZsT+#T=+{s b
$Tw+ qeTT<+. nsTT & nTq ]eH 20 T eyT. n+f
ub <Tsq e+{ <Tsq ]H ]eH 20 sbjT +T+~.
u ]eH\ eed |sT {s, q |]XeT\qT eT yd |e<eT
+~. & |]XeT\T e+ &T #*+#T+ >, { \Tc
jT<#> $&T<\ #dT+ be#T. s Xu+ #d u<
|uT <eT+~. |+ & eT njT ]eH\H <X d# usY #ks y!
\Tw+ y<\+& jT+D eedqT T~+ #j*+~ bsTT |uT+
XfwH H|sY b eV+#\qT+{+~.
qw+ : @~ n~+ @~ d\+?
bC e\ *> qc\qT desD _\T u qw+, yTqsY \+|Tq,
d\ qw+> eZ]++~ _\T eT&T s\ qc\ q s#q+
#~$ n H |ksTT. yTqsY \+|Tq\ b\& ysTT qT+& 10 y\
es ]eH $~+#e#T. n~ =qk sE 5 y\ es n<q| ]eH
|&T +T+~.
n< d\ qw+ * \ qT+& 5 sbjT\ es ]eH $~+#e#T.
\+|Tq =qkq+ \+ sE \ sbjT\ #=|q ]eH {*
+T+~.
\Tc y]+#>* > ..m eedq T |L* \Tw+ dw+ #T, &T
#*+#T nH $<H |uT+ |yX|u+~. |> u, d\ qc\T, yTqsY
\+|Tq s#H dw <T. < y&T u |]XeT\T d+ d\
qc\ n\y> u|&b>\e.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 47
eTs HjTs d+d
Hs\ b\& y]| $#sD ]|+<T eTs HjT s d+dqT
@sT #jTqTHsT. d+d q <X\| n|\T #dTy\+f mH..{
y*. HjT s d+d duT\T> +< |s=q ysT +&e#T.
1. &, >+ &> |#dq e, & e& ns\Tq
e <
2. |sesD n+X q nqTue+, HjTXg+| |T q +< |uT
&ssT V<>\ n~] <
3. HjTXg |u <T&T, |sesD d++~ n+X nqTue E&q sh |uT
CsTT+{ d V<>\ e
n+f = d+d duT\T e& & y*q neds+ L&
<T. MsT j +|\qT eT<Te> eT+<*+ =~b{ sTdTeTT {+#T
e~jTe#T. z|q ysT mH..{ y#T. n+f 40 @ + m&
jT\T<sy n& ] #sTuTHs. #\T yq s>&+ yTT<+~.
@+ #j eTq+ +#Ty*.
V
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 48
uT>] u ej ]sT\T!
|.mdt. njYT esY
sh ` qsY, sT ds y~
|]b\qqT yTsT>T|s& <T Xg k+ $CH, k<H\qT

y&TL&< mes nqsT. nsTT |yX |& eTT+< n D\ +,
rdTe*q C>\ rdTy*. n> s#sD ~q s m<TsjT
deTd\qT L& y+y+H |]w]+#T esT\T, #sT\T #dTy*.
m\ u$T ]sT\ sVD, jeq+ +<|<X eTTKeT+
#+<uT b| \ |P]> =se&+< #b*. n+<T jTq |yX |{q
MT +{ MT u $T nH m\ u $T ]sT\ sVD y[+{ eTq u $T>
e]+~. syq XK eeT\T>H n$ me. n+{~ yu+& nH
bs <s u$T ]sT\ sVDqT m.|. |uT+ yTT<\T|{q sTy n~
k n&T, n<T| +& bsTT+~.
k<sD bs deTd *> ns+ njT+<T = d+|Tq\qT
$e]kqT.
djTsT s*dT q e+Xbs+|s+> eq ueTT\qT
neTTe& n @sT #dTH&T. eTs s+&T sE\ m&& eq
s d++B \+<s ]dw H s\j sqTHsT. n uT>] yu+&
u$T ]sT\ bs >] \TdT. m+<TH eT+< s yud{ ]
u $T ]sT\ q m+{\qT #dT+f n+<T s +&T H+sT e >T]+#&T.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 49
n+ eTT+<T sE #dq|&T n$ eHsTT. nqT y+H =qT>\T<sT
bH #d s yq y ee\dq eeT #s < yT #k&T. ne*ysT
osTqT *d eTT&T| #*+#eT #bsT. MTsT >eT $.sY.yqT *ks?
n n&>&T s*dT. osTH *dq|&T $.sY.yqT m+<T y
eHksT. s*dT @+ ]+< nseTsTT+~. n d\V| =qT>\T<sT
>eT $.sY.y $&> eTs |~y\T (10,000) #*+#&+ ]dwH eTT+<T
sE ejTyTq s+&T ds H+sT +|PsT sMT< ] |eTjsTT.
eT]=+ $esD d> m\ u$T ]sT nH ej XsK
\\T ns+ e. $Tw+ m\ u$T ]sT ( qT+& MTsT yu+&
n #<T e>\sT) d+> eT]b+&. k<sD+> s T \ e< s +&T u $T ]sT\ T
e+{sTT. y{ |{<sT bdT |d\T n+{sT. n$ @$T+f...
1. |{<sT bdT |d+ (||_) 2. f{ && bdT |d+ ({&_)
|{<sT bdT |d+
~ u+ qT+& TTD\T #Te& |]dT+~. B|q eT+&\
osT s\jT+ seTT<, d++ e+{sTT.
f{ && bdT |d+
~ d<s T u eTT\ |{<sTqT jTe < V<sT> *jTCdT + ~.
B| eT+&\ osT s\jT+ seTT<, d++bT syq &$q
|d s Y (sY.&.y) s\jT| eTT<, d++ L& e+{sTT. ~ d neT&,
<Te |& |j>|&TT+~.
||_, {&_ \ eq $es\T eT+&\ syq s\jT+ 1_ ]dsT
L& e+{sTT. eTs #b\+f eT+&\ syq s\jT+ 1_ ]dsT
e+& de#syT ||_, {&_\ e+T+~. |rk] 1_ ]dsT qK\T
rdTe&+ weT sT\ s+&T bdT |d\T e&sTT.
1_ ]dsT, < <s+> bdT |d\T # |jT sD+ 1971
n|{ sh |uT+ q +<|<X u$T eT]jTT |{<sT bdT |d\
#+ (BH d+|+> sY..sY #+ n n+{sT). #{ 1989 >
|uT + deT>yT q jTe\qT sb+~+#< T . n< H +< |<X , \+>D
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 50
sc\ sT\ e< H&T eTq |+# bdT |d\ (||_, {&_) #+
<s eq$.
|&T eTq+ eTT+<T #|q s*dT < <>Zs ] e<+. s*dT
e< eq ||_, {&_ \ eq ds H+s s+&T H+sT #+<uT yu+&
qT+& nkT> ejT+ nsTTbjjT #bqT <! n+f bdT |d\ 7
ds H+sT e+f, yu+& 1_ ]ds T 5 H+s eHjTqe. n+|&T
7 H+sL ]dwH neT+< n+f yu+& s+&T H+s ]dwH
ne<T.
s T e< eq bdT |d \ de#s+, #+<uT yu+& de#s+
ys yTT<{~ #\TuT <T.
|&T su <eTT&T nH |<sT $wjT+ #<+
su <eTT&T $XK|+ , s\T>T+ eT+&\+, =+\+ >eT yd.
#* e #dT+Tq sT|<. |H eq n&ks+ nH >eT+ n ds
H+sT 82/2 60 d+ yT u$T e+~. < n |{ H+sT 487
2013H d 635501 H+sT >\ ||_ , {&_ \T eHsTT. uT>] yu+&
$es\T e. qT 2014 qT+& n u+\T |+ TTD+ e+ <T.
n+<T VQ<VQ< TbqT deTjT+ L& n qw|]Vs+ e<T.
n|{qT+& nqT eT+&\ syq s\jT+ #T sT>TH eH&T. n+f
#+ <s e&q bdT |d\qT eTs #+ <s s<T #jT+&H
y{ |j> |Xs+ #k&T +<|<X Vf eTTKeT+. u$T ]sT\
de#s +|Ps m\ de#s+> e], de#s #<
*+, ]ksT s\j\, u+\ nqTd+<q+ #k&T <e\
qeTjT deTd\qT |{+#T+& nHeT+~ sT\qT +<T\ b\T
#dTH&T.
|&T sT q bdT |d+ |T= u+ < ]ksT |dT
y y yu+& eyT s #ksT. n+<T eq de#s+, MT bdT
|d\ eq de#s+ ys eT+&\ syq s\j y[ d]#dT=
seT+{sT. su <eTT&T $wjT+ > nd\T $es b MT u$T
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 51
<T beT+{sT. n+f m\ u$T ]sT\ de#syT #\TT+~> sT
# eq bdT |d+ <T.
eT qsE nH eTs q sT d+> $+<+. qsE, HuT\T
nq<eTT\T. y] |{ H+sT 1255 <s = ds H+s eT&T ms\
es u$T e+~. 14`7`2016q #dq|&T L& yu+& 1_ ]dsT
q de#s+ bdT |d+ eq de#s+ d]bsTT+~. H\T>T
sE\ sT y nq> ~ 18`7`2016q #d yu+& |s+ nq<eTT\
d+T u $T L& <T . \u~ueT yTTT e&+ d|{ eT yu+&
y ueTT\T +#sTT. s+&T sE\ s &H& #dTq 1_ |s+
M] ds H+sT 14`2, m2 57 d+T |+#<T. 94`3_ 98 d+T
u$T |+#<T. e~ eyT e+~. << k+ |<+ <T. ~
yu+& ejC\+.
& <s yu+& k|tysY y[ ]sT\qT es n~s+
osT +~. eT+&\ syq s\jT+ +|PsT $u>+ |#d
+|PsT |ssT dVjT+ eT+&\ syq n~sT\T u$T ]sT\qT
D\ esjT>\sT. <e\ @eTe+<+f u+ < ]ksT |dT
y+ es sT @$T ]+< *d neX+ +& bsTT+~. $wjTyT
s T \ qT+& edTq nd+UyT q |s <T\qT +~ $<+ > eTq+ eZ] +#e#T.
1. sT e< eq bdT |d\, f{ && $\Te +& bsTT+~.
2. ds H+sT, du`&$H H+sT e]bTHsTT.
3. $ds\T e]bTHsTT.
4. +{|sT, ujTeqT\ |sT esdTHsT.
5. |{ H+sT e]bTHsTT.
6. nd\T |{<sT |s +& b+~.
7. n~sT\ \+#\T yu+& ]sTqT d]#dTH n~ e]<
n> +T+<q >s+{ <T.
8. eTT+<T> |+{ rdT= |T+f | (HqT eTT+<T #|q <
s*dT, eT qsE\T n #ksT) ]sT esdq $wjT+
s|+#TH neXyT <T.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 52
#+<uTHjTT&T bs+_+q Vf m\ u$T ]sT\ |<+
\T<sT, k>T<s V\qT m =\dTH j, n b #+~q u e|j

m es|k<+> esj |&T #<+.
>=sb{ seTD, n <T>TsT nq<eTT\T sT ><e] , sT\|P&
eT+&\+ ub\|+ #+~q \T sT\T. MsT 14 ms\ 96 d+
u$T ss\T> \T rdT k>T#dTHsT. d| (jT+.m) *swH
b y] dV s+ <$T+ |V D/n&+> k>T<sT> eT |sq T qy<T
#sTT+#T>*>sT. 2011`2012 d+es+ s |VD 13e \yT L&
nqTue<sT> y] |s eHsTT. n< d+es+ yu+& |VD #d
y] |sT e. 2013`14 qT+& nd\T s n&+> / |VD *|yksT. n+f
MT +{ MT u$T yu+& |VD |s+ 2011`2012 qT+& ukeTT
k>T<sT\T. eT |sT m\ |VD sj\ >=sb{ y] T++
<sUdT\T |&TH eq~ |*+ <T.
eTs <++. $XK|+ q|* eT+&\+ y+b&T >eT+
|{ $T ]&sT |sT |uT+ udsD #|{+~. = udsD
#+ (2013) |s+ &`|{ (eD/&{ |{ ` nq> |uT+ |<\ #
|{) u eTT\ L& |{ u eTT\ deq+> qw| ] Vs+ edT+ < >V +q
k \T>T<X+ b HjT\T syq n~sT\ #T\T *| ds H+sT
375/3 48 ms\ =+&bs+u u$T Hwq (*) |{ H+s
eTw ms 60 d+T qT+& ms 50 d+T es nT&
(&`|{) eqT> _HMT |s yu+& 1_ ]dsT esksT. nsTT
|] MT&j B jT|&+ (k+> y{\T <s sD+>) y
b bs<qT+&.
eTdt u$T ]sT\qT D\ sTesT #jT&
#+<uT>] MT +{ MT u $T yu+& |< + u e|j
, s yq e|j

M\T *++<H~ eTq+ & >T]+#*.
|&T sT>TTq u$T ]sT\ j, sVD, jeH\
d++~+q <X\ +<|<X u$T V\T, |{<sT bdT |d\ #+
1971, 1989 jTe\ sD+> e#jT eTq+ eTT+<T #| H+. ]sT\
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 53
m+{ esT\T #j\H #+ <s+>H s>*. 2016 es m\
u$T ]sT\ m+{ #< <T. nsTTH 2014 qT+& 2016 es m+{
#< +&H uT |uT+ m\ u$T ]sT\ <s+>H ub\q
eeVs\qT sV+#&+ yTT<\T|{+~. 2016H #{ desD
(desD #+ 10/2016) m\ u$T ]sT\ #< *+#sT.
s 1989 jTe\ desD |b~d eTTksTT< jTe\| |C_bjT+
sT ~ 18`6`2016q +^wt |uT yud{ e+#sT. |\
n_bj 12 sE\ >&Te eyT #sT. M{H ~ 1`7`2016q Jy
m+.mdt. H+. 271 > |{+#sT.
yu+& m+q u$T ]sT\ de#s #<, k~s
#eTT+<T s +&+{ d]b | #jT <T . |> s T \ e< eq de#s,
yu+& de#s eT< & e+f < d]#dTe\dq u< sT<
> |> qy<T #dq |uT~ < ssTT+#sT. & +f sT\T
`de +<\ y[ q><T #*+ eT |s<TqT qy<T #sTT+#Ty\
#bsT. s desD d+ $.sY.y qT+& osT es n+<] eTT&T|\T
#*+#Ty\ ` y #|<T > sT>TTq~ n<. n #*+ ]sT
e]+#TH e] es nH e+T+<q VMT <T, @ DyTH MT ]sT
e]be#T. y+sb[ |<beTT $T+ MTsT eT `de #H
yTT<\y*+<.
#eT+~ os +|PsT |]Cq+ n++ e+. <+ ysT
eT s\j\ +|PsT n|ssT MT< <s|& |<T. osT
& d++, s+& |ssT #H e+{sTT. y] # J\T
HeTe+. osT \+#+ rdT= { eseT+f +|PsT |ssT |~
es>\sT.
#+<uT>] MT +{ MT u$T bsqT se>H MT sT|<
sT K<q |t{|t q ueTT* #dT+TqT> b{c|t ueT
(uT>] neTse eTVq>s+ n+ b{c| <!) dT+~. C ~
me] |j>+ n+f $<X\ ds|&q u jTeqT\, u e|j.
B |]cs+ @$T{ n+f HqT +~ D, XX |]cs\qT
ddTHqT.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 54
1. yu+& u $T ]sT\ q # < , k~s\ qT D + s<T #j *
< \T|<\ #j*.
2. yu+& de#s+ e\+ de#s+ #dTe& |]$T+ #j*.
3. sT\ e< q ||_, {&_\ k~s, #< e+&*.
4. eT e< eq ||_, {&_\ _q+> yu+& de#s+ e+< sT\T
|s<T #d m+{ sTdTeTT ed\T #jT+& |uT+ q KsT <
|]w]+#*.
5. s\jT| ]sT yu+& ]sTqT d]b* s+& d]>ZH eHjT
CsTT+{ sY ksTT n~] * |Ps+> s]+q sTy eyT
yu+& ]sT de#s #< y*.
6. sh+ yTT+ u$T deT>yTq `ds d{yT+{ sV+ u$T
]sT\qT |q #j*.
V
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 55
s<V+ nesyTqTq
fs]dT #+
>=sb{ e<ese
eqeV\ ss, Ceu<
y+jTHjTT&T <X |sh| eTT+<T qs+<yB _H{ djTsY

eT+. 2017 e] 2e Bq +&j T& #q jT +s #d+~.
#s eVsY HVA $X$<\jT+ 2016 | e], e], yT H\ $<sT\ T
#dq CB H<\ y| eT[+#&T < m&sY sVQ. CB nH e
$q>H djTsY eT+ |+ qk+~. CB H<+ e&+ <X <VeT
|{+#&T. n+<T CB H<+ e&+ <X<V+ b eTs~
<X <VeTeT +< q *jT<H&T (<=ef jTq CsTTr> |+~!).
C.jTH.jTT. $<] d+|T n<D, n& dV<jTT\q s<V Hs+ +<
C\T |&+ deT+dyTq L& nH&T. s<V d++~+ |&Tq
#+ ndeT>+> +<, eT]+ ]q+> +& +<|uT+ = #{
sb+~dT+< #b&T. |]b\q dCe> k>\+f ]q #{\T neds+ n
s+s+ y~+# _.C.| y+jT \ H. n+<Te\ y+jT e\qT
cew> rdT+. s<sTTbsTTq fs]dT, $qs sb\ (s<)
#{ <X<V+ Hs+ |sjT |yX+ #sTT+# eT~ H |k+~.
|&Tq ndeT> @$T{?
<X<V Hs d++~+ |&Tq #+ ndeT>+> +< _.C.|.
ueq. .|.d. 124 m dqT s<V Hs sdT+~. qT L&
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 56
|b~dT+~. _{wy \+ qT+ |{es $$< VsT\, dT|+s
dH q T yUdH HsTT. = V sT\ sTT dH q T sC+> $sT<e T
L& |{+#sTT. dT|+sT e nq<T > dH +< yj\+f
sTEe #j*q n+X\ |yX|{+~. e, s, d+\ <s
< <X e<eT+ <s |uT+ | <c < ~s *+H, n
*+# |jT+ #dH, < nqqTs s#>={H, s#>=f |jT+ #dH
n~ s<V+ neT+< Hs s+#sT. n+f |uT+ MT< <w+
*+#* < ~s ueqqT *+#* < nqqTs *+#*. | eT&+{
*+#bsTTq|{, d+ *+# |jT+ #d +&*. n|&~ s<V+
neT+~. |jT+ $|\yT+~ nH~ Hs reHMT Z+#<T. n+f #q,
< esD eTTKeTqe. eTss+> #b\+f ue|H Hs+. n+<TH
1947 eTT+<T | yk\T sdq+<T u\>+><s \, >+B s<V
Hs+ +< +#sT.
1947 s _{wy & qT+ y[bsTTq s eTq <X eTqyT
|]b*+#Te& >qT sC+> sdT+<eT sC+> |]wT
mqTH+. sC+>+ V\ d+ z n<jH {sTT+#sT. 1947 @|
29q b<$ T d#\ n+X dssY e\u jYT |f sC+> |]wY |yX |{&T .
n|& ue |H d#qT L& b<$T V\ #ssT. nsTT V
d+|Ps V <, <| = jT+D\qT |e#Tq z $TqVsTT+|qT
sd+~ s#H $T{. $TqVsTT+| s<V|P] (d&wjTdt) ue|q
L&<T n +~. <| |< #s ]+~. q MT< s<V Hs $#sD
sT>TTq|&T >+B nq e\qT #s d+<s+> #eT+~ >TsT
#dTHsT. >+B @eTH&+f ...#+ <s nqTs dw+#q sT,
eTB]+#q sT. |&Tq |uT es+> nqqTs |u~+#&+
H= |q (Passion). me]H e MT< >, eed MT< > nqTs
b q nqqTs d+|Ps+> e]+#>*> d# e +&*.
1948 &d+sY 2q b<$T d#\| #s eTTd+~. s<V|P] nH
|<+< sC+> |]wT sd]++~. n+f ue|H d#qT
|j +#Te&+ MT< $~+# jT+D\ C_ B #T +& bsTT+~.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 57
$T> @@ $wj\ d++~+ jT+D\T $~+#e#TH sC+>+
] 19(2) #| +~. nyeT+f ` <X ksueT+, b< deT>, su <,
$<o sC\ dV d++<\T, |CX+, du, H, sT ~s+, |sTe
qw+ , Hs+ #jT & |s |+#&+ . s<V+ nH~ jT+D> sC+>+
#=s&& |jT + $|\ yTH n~ us d e+ n> =qk>T
e+~.
|uT\T es+& m|{ |uT+ +f n~ |CkeT+ m
neT+~? b |uT+ MT< nqTs>+ =qk>T +f = |uT+ se&+
k<+ <T ><! #du n~ kH\T b+~q sjT b @s]#< ><
|uT+. b |uT+| <cH, ~sH |eT sVH | b~
#dH >< = |uT + e#~. +>dT |uT <w+# +&H |\T \T>T<X+
|uT #T Hs? +>dT |uT es+# +&H |\T \+>D
sd |uT, +< \T>T<X+ |uT #THs? b |uT+|
ndV , <c s #>={ y{ z esT >< = |uT \T @sjT~.
s<V Hs me]|q nsTTH y| sT <s +|CjT&+ |&T
C n+ * <T. 1962 eTT+<T dT|+sT, n\Vu< VsT ue
|H d#qT V]+# #{\T sC+> $sT<eT |{+#sTT. 1962
dT|+sT q =* H{ $qT sTT+~. <sYH< d+>, ;VsY sh
|uT eT< ]q dT s<V+ Hs+> d =qk>&
dT|+sT nu+s |<T. b |uT+| <c, ~s, nqqTs
s#>=&yT n~ V+d <]rdH s<V+ neT+~ n #|+~.
s#>=&, #\sq V+dL n$Hue d++<+ +&\qe.
n+<T y+jTHjTT& s<V Hs d++~+q #+ ndeT>+>
++~. Crj<eT+ @H& bZq swj T djT+ de d+|T + duT &T
y+jT . >+B #+|q >&, q d+d #+~qysT. |\TesT Crj<eT
HjT\T s<V+ Hss|D >Tse&yT \qT L& nqTu$+#sT.
\y & |H e nq d+|Tt |]ysY >{ | |&T +<+ n~s+
q \ H\+. |> Ms+ VsYqT eTVH> s~+q y, HJ
ddqT s~+# y.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 58
|\T d#> +&& jT+\T w|&sT. d# ~s <]rdT+<
nqT+{sT > eT nDy ~s dwdT+< nqTsT. jT+\qT,
jT+\ wyTq V\qT s~d |]q y] CB sT+#<T. e
$+fH + S, CsT\ bqT> +T+~. n+<T euc\
b\&TTHsT.
b\q dCe> k>\+f ]qsyTq #{\T +&\H~ jT+\ ueq.
n+<T 1995 dV eTsD+ b+~q fs]dT, $qs sb\ s<
#+ ({&) kq+ 2001 fs]+ s< #{ (b{) rdT=+~ H{
_C| |uT+. #{ n&+ |TH ndeT nDyd+~.
|&T +<|uT + rdTs<\q = s<V #+ dT|+sT rsTqT
s\+ #jTujT #+ neT+~. = #+ @eTT+&\ y] ]? C
es H<\T H, s\T sdH, d# d+ H<*H, d# sT
sdH, e{&H Hs+ n |{+# dH\T +&\ +< |uT+ eTqdT
+< eTq+ nqTy*. n+<T CB H<\T <X<V |P]yTq$ b
eTs~ <X<Vy H ns+ e&+ <T nH&T y+jT.
H<\T s<V nsyTq Hs+ y\ +< |uT+ |&T
nqT+{+~ |&T (1995) dT|+sT K*kH +<u<, sC s>
K +{ H<\T q \e+Y d+> |H , n $TT&|H |{q s<V+
dTqT =fd+~. e\+ H<\T s<V Hs+ |]~ se #|+~. CB
H<\T q y s<V+ Hs+ +< ysTT<eT+f ~s <H
e] H<H Hs+> #| #+ # |jT+ #dTHsT.
+ C.mH.jTT $<sT\T m+{ d#qT (CB) sTHsT? <X+
qT+ $&bjT d#qT <T. <X+H d#qT sTHsT. <H eTT+<T
y nd\T @ sD\ e\ <X+ d# <qTHsT? y{ qT+ d#qT
sTHsT?
* qT+...CB ` d#
|<]+ qT+ ` CB ` d#
ukeT $<q+ qT+ ` CB ` d#
|T&< $<q+ qT+ ` CB ` d#
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 59
\y<+ qT+ ` CB ` d#
uVD y<+ qT+ ` CB ` d#
eTqTy<+ qT+ ` CB ` d#
|&q qT+ ` CB ` d#
nDy qT+ ` CB ` d#
yB qT+ ` CB ` d#
V Ve ` CB ` d#
CHdb ` CB ` d#
kH e+> ` CB ` d#
eTpsY e+> ` CB ` d#
<X $u + +#TTq$ y { y{ qT+& d# y\ sTHsT.
+<T |$T{? _C| ~ m+<T ||dTq<+f $u+ +#TTq
y{ =qk+#&+ y neds+ {. y{ m+\+ =qkd
jT<<y <T\T n+\+ s+ #jT >\sT. \y<+, uVDy<+, eTqTy<+,
|&q, nDy...e es<s. M{ b&&yT bNq s<s+. n+<T
esXeT <s+ d+s+ #+<+& |]b\q #jT&yT s<s+ n #T&T
;w &T <s sE. bNq s<s H sY.jTdt.jTdt. |&T k|+ #\qT+{+~.
y+jT ueC\| eTw. <T |CkeT ueqq d#, deq+,
k<s uy\qT s<s+ }V+#qT L& }V+#<T. qj <sy<
] , bNq s <s eT< ]q |{ bTL, sC+> \\
fq kw*dT us k|qL nd\T bd><T.
s<sTTq {& s+&T s\ Hs\qT |s=+~. { fs]dT #s > eTs{
$qs #s . e, s us ksueT >, b< deT>q T
> | +H, $ q + # d H , $ q + # j T & < +H <
$q s|+ nH=# nHsT. @<H b++ us<X+
+&\qT=+{+< < nH~ |C_bjT+ <s ssTT+#* n y~+H,
y<qqT deT]+H L& $qs #s. (n+f <: osY |C_bjT
dsD sT|eT HVA \+ qT+ }]dH edTHsT >< n<< s|+&
u n y~+H, y<qqT deT]+H n~ $qs #s neT+<qe.)
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 60
$<sT\T n|>TsT es+ 2016 |e] 9q C.jTH.jTT. ]bsT.
n| |_dTqT sT= +&=#T. n+f $qsT&T. n+{ y& es+
s|& + n+f n n_bj\qT deT]+qfq +< |uT |<\ n_bjT+.
n+> ]q T es+#& n< d+<s + n ns+ #dT >*> +{ $X\
V<jT+ |uT |<\ <T.
+ `
us ksue~s, b< deT> b&q mesesT |eD+
#j\ sC+>+ sk+< n+{ y] mesH #+|s >, ysT
HXqyT bs > }V+H, Cd+ #|H L& $qs s|yT.
y+jT >] d\V<s z d+<V+ e +T+~. C.mH.jTT. $<sT\
d# H<\ ks+X+ @$T{? u keT $<q+, |T&< $<q+, \y<+,
uVDy<+, eTqTy<+ ne HXqyTbH < y{ qT+ d# \_+#~.
n+f n$ HXqyTby\ sTqf ><! yB mesT? bsyT+T duT&T.
|< qeT+. |uT H. us sC+>+ |s+ us ksueT, b<
deT>q b&q |eD+ #j*q $~ jTq| +~ ><! n+{
yB qT+ d# n+f ns+ @$T{? +{ <Tw #qqT Ts |TH
CB H<yT <X<V|P]+. n< <X<V+ b eTse~ n s.$.
Xd #| q C.C. (C.C. n+f E\T+ n+& sd )t dH eTq MT< |j dTH &T
y+jT.
|{ # <X\T <X<V+ nH Hs y{ y{ $Tq #{\ qT+
=\+#THsTT. n+<T _H L& {. eTq+ L& eTq sC+> |]wT
sd]+q < eTq $Tq #+ =qk+#&+ @ e+ H <T.
n #{\ sC+> & +&\H ks jTe d&wH (s<V
Hs+ ) ++. ++ .|.d =qkq+ \+ us< X |CkeT+
jT+D\ +B nsTTq |CkeTyT. n+<T jT+D\ qT+&, |]$TT\
qT+& us |Cke CB y*.
V
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 61
me]d+ |+\ ;e?
_. =+&, sY. qMH
sT ds y~
;e nH |<+ ydy eTw m+ Be ee\dq |<+... J$H,

edTeH, |+H ` e |+\ ;e *+#+& n s&T me\dq
sT\T e |+\ ;e e<T, e u+\T # |+ sTD\ |$TjT+
&T\T |Te<T n s&| edTHs+f |+ m& +~?
V #dTq sT\ T+u\ >T]+ n<jTq+ #jT& <<|
d+es+ + eTVuq>sY y[q|&T eT& eTVuq>sY u>yTq
uVD|*, ]H, e&T>T\ ~s >e\ sT\T |+ sTD+ rdTe{
u+ <>sZ y +&&+ |++~. yTeTT n& y d] u+ n~sT\,
sT\ eT< q >=&e sT>T+~. u+ # |+ sTD\ ;e |$TjT+
|Te< s T \, ;e |$TjT+ + < |+ sTD+ eeT u+ n~sT\
>=&e|&TTHsT. ;e e wyT &+ <+f <T \e++> ;e
|$TjT+ |Te{ u+ n~sT\T mes |d sT\T s&T|
ussTT+#sT. sT\T n+> yTT+&ks+f < yq >{ sDyT +&e#T
n|++~. qT+f > 5 d+es\T> ;e |$TjT+ yT ;e
s TTyT k] L& s< *d+~. 5 d+es\ 3 ksT |+ qwb sTTH
;e sTTyT L& sq|&T |+\ ;e + < y] |X.
k eekjT n~] y] |+\ ;e >T]+, n+<T q deTd\ >T]+
$e]+ >=&eqT =+ d<T e TD+#&T nd\T deTd nH +&bsTT+~.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 62
nd |+ ;e m |#dT+~? Be\q q u$T{? B q
TbT @$T{? e eTq+ ns+ #dTe&+, |+ ;e |jq+ sT\
< #jT&+ nedsyTq |.
|+ ;e ` b<$T $wj\T
;e jT{ : |+ ;e k<sD+> @]jqT (b++) jT{>
rdT #jT&TT+~. n~ >eT+ e#T, eT+&\+ e#T, =
>e\T *dq b++ e#T. nsTT >eT+ < eT+&\+ q
sT\+<] qw+ *q|& sT\ ;e #*+| edT+~. n+f d>Tq
sT\+<] qw+ *H n~ sT\ # sD+ e\q ]+<
s]dT+~ ;e |<+.
;e yTT+ < dyT qsT (Sum Insured) : | |+ ms+
< VsT e]+# d |t |HqT <s+> ;e yTT+ ssTTksT.
|+ njT k>T KsT <s+> d |t |HqT esTT+~ {, <
<s+> ;e yTT+ L& esTT+~.
;e #*+| < sTTyT : ;e jT{ yde ~>T& s]+q
s n~ d ~>T& +f e> +f n|&T ;e #*+ | \_dT + ~.
< s TTyT n+{sT. |+ ~>T& m+ T e+< < <s+>
#*+| +T+~. < bsT ~:
;e #*+| R (d ~>T& ` yde ~>T&) I ;e yTT+
d ~>T&
<VsD: yTTCq >eT+ jT{ ;e yTT+ ms 20,000
sbjT\T nqT+&. k<sD+> >eT+ d>T ~>T& 10 +{
edT+<qT+&. |dT |+ \+ yde ~>T& 7 +{ e+<qT+&.
>e ssTT+#& d ~>T& 6 +{ nqT+&. n|&T >eT
sT\ mTe+{ sTTyT s<T. n> yde ~>T& 4.5 +{
e+<qT+&. n|&T 6 yTqdt 4.5, n+f 1.5 +{ |+T eqT.
< 1.5/6I20,000, n+f 5,000 sbjT\ #*+| edT+~.
d ~>T& m+ ssTT+#sT nH~ # eTTK+ n B e\q ns+
ne+~. n+<Te\ d ~>T& (c ) m ss TTks \TdT+<+.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 63
Bs* d>T ~>T& : yTT< ;e jT{ > @&T d+es\T>
eq d>T ~>T& rdTy*. B | d+es+ n& ]|q |+
|jT eq ~>T& y&sT. nsTT > @&T d+es\ n e
~>T& eq { < s+&T d+es\qT $TqVsTT+#e#T. $<+>
ydq|&T eTq Bs* d>T ~>T& edT+~.
+&$T{ e (Indemnity level) n+f >s+{ ~>T& X+ : Bs*
d>T ~>T& | d+es+ edT+< ;e +| >s+{ #jT<T. <
d+ 60 < 70 X+ e+ | edT+< e ssTTksT. n<
+&$T{ e, n+f >s+{ ~>T& X+. d ~>T& $<+ > ss TTksT .
d ~>T& R (Bs* d>T ~>T& I +&$T{ e)
|q #|q <VsD Bs* d>T ~>T& 10 +{ { B
+&$T{ e 60 X+ +f d ~>T& 6 +{. n|&T yde ~>T&
7 +{ eH jT{ #*+| @MT s<T. nsTT +&$T{ y 80
X+ +f d ~>T& 8 +{ neT+~. n|&T 7 +{ yde
~>T& eq jT{ sT\ (8 yTqdt 7) 1 +{ |+T eqT.
< #*+| edT+~.
| dH | |+ | ;e jT{ d ~>T& | bsT |s+
ssTT+#&TT+~.
sT\ y{ |$TjT+ sT : Vs |+\ sT y{ >]w+> K|t 2
X+, s; 1.5 X+ eyT +T+~. $Ts|, |dT| e+{ yD |+
>]w+> 5 X+ +T+~. yde |$TjT+ sT <+f me +f &
+<, sh |uT\T d>+ d>+ #=|q ;e +|\ HsT> #*ksTT.
HH` (u+ TTD+ rdT) sT\ ;e : u+ qT+& |+
TTD+ rdTqy] |d]> ;e |$TjT+ u+ eT #dT+~. nsTT
|+ sTD\T rdT sT\ L& ;e *+#&+| | <w |{\q~
|< + +~. |$TjT+ s { +Z #sT { s T \T L& eTT+<T e# neX+
+~. HH` sT\qT qy<T #sTT+#eT eekjT n~sT\ (m.z.\)
{sZT L& #sT.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 64
;e |$TjT+ & ]wyTq {|t (KsT) B\T : | b+
( < dsY), | |+ ]wyTq {|t B #sT. <| sT\T
u+ sTD\T rdTq|& y] ;e |$TjT+ qy<T neT+~. HH`
sT\T L& B >H ;e <sUdT/&swH bs+ +| |$TjT+ {*.
$H\T H |]d ed < #*+| : ;e rdTq s yesD
|]dT\ sD+> $H\T Hb, < L& =+ #*+| +T+~.
nsTT |]d ;e jT{ |+ qy<T nsTTq ueTT 75
X+ u$T m<TssTT +&*. $wj sh |uT+ s]+ H{|wH
y*. B dH yTT<{H {|t B sh |uT + |{ d T + ~. k<sD+>
|+ ;e |$TjT+ & q {|t B 15 sE\ s B {|t
+T+~.
dH eT< |< y|+ ed ds #*+| : dH eT< |< y|+
e |<mTq |+ qw+ * < y+H ;e yTT+ 25 X+ <
#*+| \_+# neX+ +~. es<\T , re esue+, sTe e+{ y{ e\q
d ~>T& 50 X+ +f me T *> |]dTH ~ neT\T
edT+~. Te+{ |]d e+< s]+#& sh|uT+ eT]jTT ;e
+| L&q eT& $T{ | @sT #jT&TT+~. MsT
esb+, yesD ]bsT\T, X{{ \ <s+> 50 X+ |> qw+
sT>TT+<q n+#H ]bsT jsT #j*. ]bsY | y|+ eq
7 sE\> y*. < <s+> 15 sE\> ;e +| ysT, |uT
n~sT\T *d eT& $#sD #j*. #*+| #j\q sjT+ ] H\
sE\> sT\ n+{ eT#j*.
|+ s qw+ ] #*+| : |+ dq 14 sE\ |\ |+
+ b\+ d |sq d q|& TbqT, u es\T < n\
es\ e\q qw+ ] #*+| e# neX+ +T+~. qw+ ]q 48
>+\> sT |d]> ;e +| < d<sT u+ < eekjT
n~] < {`| H+sT bH #jT&+ <s |s<T #j*. qc
d++~+q <s\T (b{\T, yTTu \T, ||sY ]bsY) #j*. |~
sE> +| dsjTsY, eT+&\ eekjT n~] sT *d |+ u$T
#d qc s]ksT.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 65
k+> eq deTd e\q *q qc\T : k+> eq |]dT\
(e&> |&+, #sTe < \Te >+& |&+ e\q u$T eTTq>&+,
=+&#]jT $] |&be&+ e>s) e\q sT < =+<sT sT\ eyT
qw+ ]q|&T L& #*+| e# neX+ +~. |q #|q $<+>H sT
48 >+\> |s<T #j*, <s\T #j*. +| dsjTsY, eT+&\
eekjT n~] sT *d |+ u$T #d qc s]ksT. |]d
;e jT{ ;e #jT&q yTT+ u$T 25 X+ +f e
$ds+ ]q|&T | sT $<+> e>+> qc s]ksT. 25
X+ +f me $ds+ qw+ ]q|&T yTT+ $ds+ k] ssD
#d, < |s+ qwbsTTq sT\+<] #*+| #ksT.
yesD <] |+ ;e (Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme):
|+ ~>T& <s+> +& esb+, c>, >* eT e+{ y{
<w |T= yesD <] |+ ;e eT~+| #ksT . yesD |]d T \T
|L\+> es&+ e\q |+\ *> qc\ B+< |]Vs+ #*ksT.
;e #dq b++ yesD +<\ qy<T nsTTq de#s+ <s+>
;e #*+#&TT+~. ~ sh+ \ y> j \ qy<T nsTTq
esb+, c>, esue |]dT\ <s+> #*+#&TT+~.
<VsD $su< yesD <] |+ ;e | |+
d+ rdTq esb, c> $es\T $<+> HsTT.
yTT<{ <X ` (16 p ` 15 >dT 2017) 130 $T.MT. +f e
s +&e <X (16 >dT ` 15 d|+ sY 2017) 100 $T.MT. +f e
esb |]eD+ eT&e <X (16 d|+ sY ` 31 nsY 2017) 175 $T.MT. +f e
esTd> 18 sE\ 2.5 $T.MT.
es+ |& sE\T yTT<{ <X (16 p ` 15 d|+ sY 2017) +f me es+ b
yTT<{ <X (1 >dT ` 31 >dT 2017) 200 $T.MT. +f me
s +&e <X (1 d|+ sY ` 31 d|+ sY 2017) 150 $T.MT. +f me
n~ esb+ eT&e <X (1 nsY ` 31 nsY 2017) 150 $T.MT. +f me
n\ c> 15 qe+sY ` 15 qe] 2018 15 C +f e
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 66
|q *|q yesD +<q\T $su< n+{ e]+q|{ j
eT+&\ q yesD +<\ (Automatic Weather Stations) qy<T
nsTTq yesD |]dT\ <s+> eT+&\+ | sT\ ;e #*ksT.
B |+ |jT\T #jTe\dq neds+ <T. ;e deT+>
neT\T y\+f yesD +<\T d]> |#j*. > d+es+ ]q
n<jTq+ yesD +<\T #es +<q\ |s+ |#jT+
< *d+~. |> |dT+ q yesD qy<T +<\T (eT+& {)
eT+&\+ n >e\ yesD |]dT\qT |_+_+#e. {
| 5 >e\ |]~ yesD qy<T +<+ +&&+ neds+. n>,
+<\ qy<T nsTTq de#s+ sT\ HsT> n+<TuT +&*.
B+ yesD esT\| s T \ L& d |sT>TT+~. <q T>TD+> |+\
>T esT\T #dT H+<T M\T \T>TT+~. n~sT\qT eT e\dq |+\
;e >T]+ |+# #q+ |sT>TT+~. > d+es+ ]q |+ qw+
;e sTTyT >T]+ sE es sjT+ s><+f T sT\, nT
n~sT\ ;e| ne>Vq =se&yT |<q sD+.
|+ sT #*+#e\dq ;e
|$TjT+ (ms)
| yT& | $T>
n \ 1650
sTT byT KeT+, u<~ 1500
sTT qZ+&, ds|, j<~ 1750
qZ+&, ds|, KeT+
u<~, es+> ss,
es+> nsH, jTX+sY,
q>+, eTVuu<,
><, \, s,
eT+s\, eq|], H>sY
$Ts| s\T 2100
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 67
@ bJ ;e |<+ (unified package insurance scheme) : |<+
|.m+.m|t._.y./&T.._.d..mdt. +< qy<T #dTq sT\+<] e]dT+~.
BbT 1. sT e> |e< ;e, 2. J$ ;e, 3. {sY ;e, 4.
eekjT jT+\ ;e, 5. >V|sD\ qw+ y{*H, n> 6. sT
T++ #<TeH |\\ L& ;e u< +T+~. B @<sTTH
s+&{ m+#TH neX+ +~. M{ \|]$T d+es+ +T+~
(|+ qc e+ s;/K|t dH eyT +T+~).
2016 K|t Ceu< |\{ bC +< @ bJ
;e |< neT\T #XsT. d+es+ K|t ~u<, d~ |, jTX+s,Y
es&, j<~, q>eT, ds|, eTVuq>sY \qT |b~+#sT.
<+ u>H +~ eT] |+ ;e #*+|\T (sTTyT) sT\ m+<T
sef<T?
ksTT |]d @$T+f <<| sT\+<s |$TjT+ &TTH+
e #*+|\T @MT sef<T n+THsT. < sD\T # +&e#T. @~
ndq sD+ nH~ =+#+ T> $Xw<+.
H{|wH yTT<\T : ;e |<\T @ , @ |+\ e]ksTT, y{
sT\T |$TjT+ m+ #*+#*, ;e |$TjT+ #*+#{ e] B\T m|&T,
;e u< \qT @ +|\ n|+#sT e+{ $wj \ |uT + | d+es+
H{|wH C #jTe\d +T+~. ~ # \d+> #jT+ e\
#eT+~ sT\T ;e |]~ se+ <T. d+es+ pH 8e Bq
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|+ sTD\T rdTbe+ e\q sh |uT+ |$TjT+ #*+#{ KsT
B p 31 es b&++~. esTqT y~+#*q +<|uT+
|{es @ sjT+ rdT<T. p, >dT H\\ esb+ k<sD+ +f
e qy<T nsTTq|{, = eT+&\ & d qy<T nsTTq|{ |
sT\ yesD <] ;e e]dT+< < #| |]d H\=q~.
=se&q |#s+ : ;e H{|wH y\Te&q y+H n+<T n+X\|
, eT+&\ m+ |#s+ s>e\d +~. eekjT XK >,
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 68
u+ n~sT\ > <| |P]ksTT ne>Vq +&+ <T. sT\qT
;e #sTT+#TeT bV+#*q eekjT XK, ;e +|\T b
sV+#+ <T . ;e >T]+ s| \ eTT<D es n$ |]$T+ neTHsTT.
n$ sT es #s+ <T. eTq \+>D ` eTq eekjT+, sT #q
j +{ se\ ;e >T]+ $d+> |#s+ #d meeT+~
sT\T ;e |]~ e# neX+ +~.
u+\ s+ : d |t |HH |s+ @ |+ me TTD+ ed
sT\T |+qT qy<T #dTe+ =ksT sT>T+~. u+ n~sT\T
L& #ksT sqe d+ y[q|&T > d+es+ @ |+ nsTT yX&
n< |+ ;e |$TjT+ |T+{sT. ydy |+e]& sT>T
+T+~ (<: 2015 \+>D eTTKeT+. q | |+ yjTT<T nH
|\T| n+<T= #eT+~ sT\T +~, kj e+{ |+\y| ysT. n>
sT ksTT @ |+ yX&T nq~ u+ | n~sT\T b\+ <>Z] y[
ssD #dTy*. +<Td+ sT U qT+& d+es 500 sbjT\T
L& ed\T #ksT. , yMT #jT+& syq, eekjT n~sT\ qT+&
|+ ssD |\T rdTseT e& #ksT. rs sT\T |+ qwbsTT ;e
d+ m<TsT#d deTj u+ sTD+ b+~q |+L, yde +> qwb sTTq
|+L d++<+ be+ e\ y] ;e #*+| se&+ <T.
b++ @<sTTH |+ |+&+#{ m+ KsT neT+~ nH~
ksTT k+ $T{ #dq dbsT <s+>H @ |+ @ yTs |+
sTD+ y sjT+ rdT+{sT. BH d |t |HH (Scale of Finance)
n+{sT. u+\T #ksT d |t |HH |s+ +& e |+
sTD\T ksTT. n+{ d+<s\ |+ ;e |$TjT+ L& |P] ksTT
+& q |+ sTD+ yTs { #dT +{sT. B e\q |+ qwb sTTq|&T
;e sTTyT L& |P]ksTT +& b+> eyT \_dT+~.
u+ ysT eT dTq |+ sTD+ qT+ |+ ;e |$TjT+ d+
=+ yTT rdT+THsq $wjT+ #ksT sT\ *jT+ <T.
;e |$TjT+ rdTqT sT u+ n~sT\ qT+& mTe+{ so<T\T
n+<+ <T. =ksT sT\ qT+& ed\T#dq |$TjT+ yTT u+
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 69
n~sT\T ;e +|\ #*+ # +& eTe<H +#THsH s|D\T L&
HsTT. B dss TTq deTjT+ ;e +|\ #*+ #b s T \ s TTyT\T
se.
u+ ysT sT\ |+\ ;e d++~+ n+~dTq de\>qT
;e +|\T |$TjT+ yTT+ 4 X+ u+\ #*dTHsTT. n+<Te\q
u+\| dssTTq deTj |+ sTD\T d, ;e +|\ deTqjT+
#dT+ eT]+eT+~ sT\ ;e |\T n+<T #jTe\dq u<
+~.
2017 K|t dH \+>D sT #*+#e\dq ;e |$TjT+
|+ sT #*+#e\dq
;e |$TjT+
(ms)
$TqTeTT\T n \ 220
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ysTXq> C>T+ 580
ysTXq> n \ 400
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yTTCq n \ 500
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kj &T n \ 300
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|dT| $su<, eTVuu<,
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eqeV\ T{H`15 v 70
2017 K|t dH \+>D >eT jT{> ydq |+\T
>eT+ jT{> ydq |+
d~|, s+>s&, H>sY s,
eTVuq>sY, $su< yTTCq
es&, j<~, |<|*, jTX+sY,
q>+, +q>sY, KeT+, eT+s\,
Ceu<, qZ+&, ds|, yT<,
yT&, u<~, eTVuu<, eq|], e]
C>T+ ><\, \, sq
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eekjTXK s+ : es<\T, re esue+, sTe, e&> |&+,

#sT e < \Te >+&|& + e\q u $T eTTq>&+ , =+& #]jT $] |&b e&+
e>s deTd\ e\q |+ qw+ * sT\T deTdqT me] *jT#j
dw <T. ;e|q ne>Vq *q =+eT+~ sT\T eT eT+&\+
eekjT n~], >eT syq n~] *jT#dTHsT. n~sT\T |+
qw+| y] ksTT ssD edTHsT, =ksT qc *>
rdT+THsT | H{|wH #|q deTjT+ |\ ;e +|\
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;eqT neT\T#d +|\T | d+es+ es neX+ +&+ e\
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= H+sY +& sc H+sY +& n~ b+rjT uw +f
sT\ |j>s+> +T+~.
|+ |jT < d.d. (crop cutting experiments) : >eT+
b m+| #d < # <T #<s| >C\ $ds+ |+qT d,
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 71
+yd < <s+> >eT+ < b++ j |+\ ~>T& >D+\
XKysT n+#H yksT. BH |+ |jT < d.d. (crop cutting
experiments) n+{sT. sh+ @ |+ m+ $ds+ k>sTT+~, m+
nsTT+~ e+{ $es\T |+ |j>\ <sH \Td +{sTT.
de#s\ <s+>H |+ ;e |]Vs+| sjT+ sT>TT+~.
ydy |<q |+\T m +f n+{ >eT qsH
jT{ #j*. f |+qT >eT+ jT{> #d $T> |+\qT
eT+&\+ jTT> #dTHsT. n> >eT jT{> ssTT+q |+\ yde
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|+ |j>\qT sV+#*. |j>\qT sV+#{ >D+
XK e< eTqTw\T sT. Be\q >D+ XK n~sT\T |+ $ds \ e
#| >eT jTqT >eT deTV\T>, eT+&\ jTqT eT+&\ deTV\T>
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n~ #Ls&+ <T.
;e jT{ eT |<> +&+: eT+&\+ < = eT+&\T ;e
jT{> #dq|&T d>T yde ~>T& me> se#T. n|&T =
>e |+ u> <H #*+| s<T.
d ~>T& < c (Threshold Yield) : | ;e jT{ |
|+ d ~>T& ssTT+#&TT+~. d ~>T& +f e ~>T&
eq|& |+ ;e qT+ #*+| edT+~. # |+\ d ~>T&
# e> ssTT+#& +&=#T. n|&T <+f J me ~>T&
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 72
eH #*+| s<T. Bs* d>T ~>T& d]>Z s]dTHs < nH~
|]o*+#*q neds+ +~. n< $<+> +&$T{ y (X+) |+#eT
L& &e+& #j*.
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L& sT\T eT] n&+\T m<Tsy* ek+~. +<, sh |uT\T eT
e+T #*+ #*q |$TjT+ d_& ;e +|\ #*+ #b e+ e\q, u+
ysT |$TjT+ #*+q sT\ C_qT ;e +|\ >&T||
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#*+ |\qT L& s yK ] s T \ U\ eT#jT + <T . = d+<s\
500 sbjT ysTT sbjT y] u+ m+T eT nsTT, <
u+ y] |+ TTD+ #*+| Z+H y] *jTbe#T. *dH
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V
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 73
|sesD |CkeT+
. use
eqeV\ ss, V<su<
ub $c<+ sy eTq <X+ |sesD |]sD nH~ nC+&

MT< e+~. deT>yTq #+ s|~<T+~. sy }|+<Tq
qq ] $<H\T, b]X$T n_e ~ |sesD $<+k, |\ $k|q
|< mTq sbsTT. |C+<q\T, <e\ |*+> #{\T esT
eq|&T n+<s+ d+w+#+. |sesD, n&e\ eT+XK 2006
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n$ |]o\q, |]~ ssD, |\ d+|~+|\T, eT~+|. M{ eTTKyTq$
|C_bjT dsD, |sesD |ue eT~+|.
|sesD |u e eT~+| (m) : |sesD eT+XK qT+& bC nqTeT
s|&T y~qT |d]> deT]+#*. y~qT jsT #dysT
bC b+ y[ ksTT n<jTq+ #j*. |]XeTqT k|+#&+ e\
|sesD+ MT<, k |\ MT< mTe+{ |ue+ \>>\< n+#H yj*.
yde |]d n s>f<T. $wj\ | |<> nqTue+ ysT
y~\qT yTT&> jsT #dTHsT. k] # |sTq d+d\T jsT
#dq y~\T L& | \ & > e+THsTT. eTTK+> ysT |s=H >D+\T
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eqeV\ T{H`15 v 74
y{ u> b+q e+&<T. <VsD eTVsw s] <>Zs u{
e+ d+ X|s yTHyT *$Tf& nH +| deT]+q |sesD |ue
eT~+| y~ yTT+ swH u{ +| y~ |. swH eT+#T
|s ed+# |\T, # |sT d+ jT<<+> e+#ksT! nsTTH 11
eT+~ |sesD |DT\ $T{ bC y<eTT< ydd+~! s CrjT
V] {Tq B +&seT+ jT|&+~.
|C_bjT dsD : 2006 m H{| wH = bC \ qT |C_bjT dsD
qT+& $TqVsTT++~. { bsT<\ <TsD, s&T, Vy\ $dsD,
b+rj_e ~ bC \ T, u < |sy T q bC \ $TqVsTT+| #sT. n$>
$T>y{ |\ n_bjT+ rdTy*. Vs+> $#sD B 30 sE\
eTT+< $#sD ]| B, d | eTTK+> |{+#*. m y~
ks+X +> uwH k uw L& n+<TuT +#*. eTTK+>
sY s\jT+, \Tw jT+D usT s\jT+, k |]wY <
eTTb*{ s\jT+ +#*.
\T>T sc\ 2006 eTT+<, sT y ]q = |C_bjT dsD \T
|]o*<+.
V<su<T n+srjT $eHXjT+: X+cu< n+srjT $eHXjT
sD |b<q d+ 2002 |C_bjT dsD ]bsT. < d+
jsT#dq |sesD |ue n+#H y~ |P] |usTTw+> +~. q>s
|\T < #~$ d+~+q <K\T e. |C_bjT dsD duqT
s T < s+ sV+#sT. yTT<> |#s |Hd & du bs+_+
ns>+|> n |d+>+ k+#sT. |sesD |uy\ @MT d++<+
+& X+cu< n+srjT |+ mT+<+ }<+|&T k+#&T.
< &T c+>, HjTeT]> eeV]+#e\dq sT n< |+<
bC b>T&T e{&&T. + ueTT\T q sT\T y~ eTT+<T
#] \& eT ueTT\# |]Vs+ |+#\ duqT k>e<T. bC|
#s s>H <T.
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eqeV\ T{H`15 v 75
=&+ n+<|<X |uT+ |+<+ #dT |C_bjT dsD +&
d+ $+& <s nqTeTT\T b+<\ |jT+#sT. ~ s&
|]XeT, |sesD nqTeTT\T |ds \&+ |sesD |ue n+#H
y~ |P] eTT+< |C_bjT dsD B |{ + n+#\+#\T> y~qT
|\ eTT+<T #sT. s> |P]#jT&+ d+ s y~\ qT+& |
#jT&+ $TH&T >e\ |sT n> +&bjsTT. w|+ |]ds >eT
|\T yTsT q n< +| |$d b+T d+<]+, k
|\ +<T\T \TdT < m<Tsy\H sjT+ rdTHsT. b\ |+
| $T*q b\ es+#\ ssTT+#THsTT. n|{ k d+d\
|<T\T, eTT>TZsT H$THf& |<\ bH y~| e+&~. < 2006
s<T #XsT. |C_bjT dsD |\T |<d+K s* e#sT. <<|
H\T>T y\ eT+~ e#sT. n+<s eTT +s+ bC sd]+#sT. bH
duT\T L& sd]+#sT. sT L& deyX $es\ |\+<s
@ê+>, re+> es+#s sXsT. H \Tw jT+D eT+&* k+
$T{ yTT< nqTeT e& ssTT++~. |C esqT >T]+
eTT+<&T>T yjT<T. + k<sD m\T e#sTT. |\T bC |
b e zHsT. || b y>q$T m\ >*+~. nsTTH
n~s+ eq sTy bC nqTeT # |jT\T k>TT+f
<eTsT\T MT y>q+ d+>$T \BXsT. n|&T nqTeT |XsT.
CrjT V] {Tq: 2006 s bC \ { |C_bjT dsD | d]
#dH n$ yTT&> e]bjsTT. 2010 CrjT V] {Tq @sT
nq+s+ m |jT neT\T| < w |]+~. n+eTT+<T nH+>
q mH nqTeTT\qT NGT s<T #d+~. n+ <T m y~\qT jsT
#d |<, y{ |\qT re+> $eT]++~. < VQ =~
b]X$T ; NGT ++|> e]+~. |sesD eT+XKqT s&
u $Td n eTT< yksT. |sesD eT+ e] eT nqTL\yTq
y& #THsT.
2014 _C| |uT+ @s&q sy L& NGT dT\ y\Te
=qk+~. d jTe\T b{+# +&, |C_bjT+ +&, m y~\T
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 76
L& +& #dq nqTeTT\qT NGT re+> | |{+ ~. y{ eTTKyTq $
b\es+ &+, HsY &+ q nqTeTT\T. |dT |uT+ NGT s\T
| < s+ #d | e+~. n+<Td+ #d e sD\ L& b\&T+~.
mH bC \ qT 2014 sT y |sesD |u e n+#H |]~ qT+& =\k+~.
|C es ydq |{H bdT \>\qT |< d+K ~+| |\qT
ujTu+T\T #jT&+, e{& y] |q bdT\T \& eTT+#eT &
#jT &+, k] | >jT&+ L& sT>T+~. = ksT |\T bZq+&
n&Te&eT sT>T+~.
mH.{. {.|.mdt, V+|+: <s $<TY +<+ $dsD 10 qe]
2014 q |C_bjT dsD sT>TT+< |{+#sT. bZq{ eq
|\ +f +| <>T\T, bdT me HsT. sTy sjT b\
*d }s+|> e y~ eTT+<T ussTT+ du ysTT< yj\ nHsTT.
|\ d++<+ +& sjT b\ HjT\, +| n~sT\ eT<H
#s\T ]>sTT. eT&T >+\ bT du s>+& #d +| m+.& 36 T
d.mdt.nsY se\ {sTTkeT |{+#>H e n+^syTq b\T
|{+#sTT. |\ eT n_bj\T \T|H neX+ e+&H du
eTT+#ksT. |C_bjT dsD du b\ n_bjT dsD du> eTTd+~.
e sTT KeT+ eTDT>sT <>Zs \|{q u<~ <s +<+
$wjT+ |uT+ m+> ]++< #<+.
u<~ <s +<+, seqTes+: eeT\T>H |C_bjT dsD
+T>HH sT|sT. \+>D |uT+ n&T>T eTT+<T yd |\qT
d+|~+#+&, m y~ }d +&, nd\T +< |sesDXK qT+&
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#$sT<eT, |sesD |]sD #+, s #{\qT, +<q\qT n|Vd+
#jT&yTq eqeV\ y~ Vs+>+> m #|q|{ bC |qT\qT
|<T. eqeV\ y~ NGT XsTTd y<|y<\ sy n& sD
|qT\qT |d jT<< d =qk+#eT s T \T C #d+ ~. B| \+>D
{.CH m+.&. |usse d+~d |qT\| d $~+q e ydeyT>
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 77
s |sesD nqTeTT\qT #T+{eT |eTTK+> |s=HsT. n+f
mTe+{ nqTeTT\T +&H |qT\T #|{qT |s+> n+^]+#sT.
ysT n+{ ><T.NGT sT\qT |P]> uUsT #d bC |qT\qT
=qk+#sT. B| eqeV\ y~ k\ dV eT NGT |s<T
#jT> ysT p 11,2016 q yT\TssTT+{ eTs rsT#sT. mTe+{
+<q\q b{+# {. CH n~sT\| #|syTq #s\qT #|eT NGT
<++~. |sesD nqTeTT\T y=# < |]o*+#& |sesD
eT+XK #+~q |DT\ $T{ |]o\q s|eT+~. n|{ yTq
|uT+ V&e&> |C_bjT dsDqT ]|+~. eqeV\ y~
HjT*<] bdT n~sT\T +& <jT+ qT+& kjT++ esL
+#T du bZq+& #d e~*|{sT . eqeV\ y~ sw n<
+{*CH n~] bqT #d MTsT |C_bjT dsD bZq& edTHs,
ed $TeT* du se+& & > dtV dt +#eT <X+ e+< #b&T.
|C_bjT +T n eTTd nqTeTT\ +T n+<T _q+> @MT
<T. ~ 4 x 270 MW keTs+ du { k+ |b~+q <s
$<TY +<+. us |uT+ 12 e |+#es |D[ \+H du {
k+ $<TY +<\T ]+#s< |{+q sTy #dq |b<q.
&d+sT 2015 |{+q, qe] 1, 2017 qT+& neT\T eq \Tw
jTe\T b+T b{+#&+ nk<+. H bC sw |uT+
bV++~. |DT\ $T{ ksTT |]o\q ]|q sy |sesD
nqTeTT\qT L& k~+#T+~. NGT <X\ yTs {.CH n~sT\|
e+ +es mTe+{ #s\ e.
eT< \+ + n&T>T eTT+<Td esksqTH y] +{H
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deTjT+ m+<]H sE eTT+<T>H +{ qT+& jT s+& bdT\qT
| |{sT. u>|s+ $eHXjT+ $wjT+q ueTT\T sTTq sT
H\ qT +{H +~+ du bZq+& n&T HsT. eTq sC+>+ n&e\,
q<T\, eqbDT\ L&q dV |sesD b&&+, yTsT>T |s#&+,
Je\ | sTD+ eeV]+#&+ | bsT se+> s++~.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 78
J$+ |sesD b&TH |jT+ |e<s+> esT+~. |&T
dT\T HsTT+ C\T |+|&+ qT+&, V\T #sTT+#&+ esL yHsT.
\T>T sc\ |sesD V\ Vqq+

sT>TTq rsT qT\T
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eqeV\ T{H`15 v 87
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C >eT+ sE\, |\T, HsT uVDT\T, X{ *\T yTT<q
\ eT< ~| bsT s#T> sT>TH +&~. nsTTH <[T\ MT<
$w |#s+ #d $T*q n \qT y] | d>=\&+ sE\T d|+
njsT. |{ <[ | q sJy >+B $>V+ e< <[T\T
>=&e\T #dTHs, |& n+u<sY $>V >eT+ eT< |& <[T\T
n& L& >=&e #ks ydt |d&+{ nsTTq s+&e eTT<sTT eTT<Tq]
seTsE $T*q \qT V#]+#&T. <[ | yTT<{ q sJy >+B
$>V+ e< <[T\T \T MT< \T ydT LsT+{s, sE\T s MT<
u\ MT< nTy|> yTq|&T >se+> \&s, |&T n+u<sY
$>V + >eT+ eT< |& #jT q+ >eT+ eT< L& |qse+
neT+< $T*q \qT V#]+#&+ e\ ysT L& <[T\qT XTe\T>
#&k>sT.
<[T\T ys+ sE\T z| |{sT n ny dsTbsTTeT.
n|{ y] | |\ebe&+ | d+ | }s ysT. n& L&
y] #<T nqTue+ m<TssTT+~. eT }] <[T\ | y=< >s>|sT
n> \ |+ <sT\T | >eq >=\\b&T, dd* q n> \ |+ <sT\
de#s+ n+~+#sT. B #TT| \ >e\ d + <[T\ | <=s +&
bsTT+~.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 91
M] \ nV+s n<+ |f d+|Tq >T]+ #b*. =|\ y\eT
#+~q sY.jT+.| &sT seTT >eT+ eT< |\ #+~q s+&T
><T\qT n< rdT > s+&T d+es\T> dT| q&T|+TH&T.
k+|T VwsD yTT<q 20 sE\ s nqT <[T\ #k&H
|+ ys sD\T #| jT n& qT+ y>={sT.
s+&T |<qyTq &e+& <[T\T <eT+ yTT<\T|{sT. {, eT
k+|T VwsD sDyTq \ |<\qT mdt.d, mdt.{ n#s s<
#+ +< nsdt #d <[T\ T+u s+&T \\ #=|q qw|]Vs+
y\. s +&e~, b~ e&+ e\ T+u s +&T ms\ u $T y\.
yT 12e B qT+ yT 22 B es <[T\T eT+&\ syq n~], mdt.,
sY *d eT sT>TTq nHj $e]+#sT. jT+.sY.y, jTdt.
eT]jTT jT+.&.y L&q du $T{ CC\T >TZ \eT sY
<+#sT. nsTT jT+.m.m eseTsE &| ysT >eT+ m+{
k+|T VwsD s>< sY ]bsT #sT. m # d
<[T\T {&| #+~q +& XdqduT\T yTL] eseTsE \e&
|jT+#> jTq s]+#sT. nT n~sT\T T sjT HjT\T
mes dV]+#be&+ <[T\T \ $e bs d+|T+, e\ eTVH&T
e+{ |C d+| \ *d <e <+ #d eT+ nH <s \T, @\sT
sY s\jT+ eTT+<T |{+>T\T sV+#sT. nsTTH <[T\ &e+&T
@M Hsys<T.
+ sT>TTH pH 22e KT es $wjT+ |ks e<e
m& |+#<T. yTTyTT<> pH 23e Bq 10 {M nH \T>T {M
#q dw T{H |ks+ #X $T> {M #H, ys |\T
nys+> ysqT |#T]+#* e+~. sE\ ys jT{ s+&
k $s &T\T =Hks <[T\ s|D. eTT k |+|H n~s
b HjT\ & sD+> n~ |\ |#T ]+|&< =+eT+~ $s T
#bsT. @yT H + \yTq |C <e =qk+#&+ <s ysT sh |uT +|
& |{ deTd sDyTq eTT>TZsT |<qyTq e\qT pH 24e Bq
mdt.d, mdt.{ n#s s< #+ +< nsdt #sTT+#>* >sT. dT b\&sT
bdT dwH 77/17 m|t..sY H+sY | qy<sTT+~. nsdt nsTTq y]
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 92
sE\ #+~q \seTsE, eTT<Tq] seTsE |
#+~q >{=|\ lydse HsT. nsTT eTsTd{ sE qT+# M] nsdt\
sdq> n>\ ysT sVsB\T yTT<{sT.
sVsB _s+ <>Zs 14 \ uqsT q|& d+|T VwsD
d<sTq sE\T, |\T eyT |+#sT. $T*q \ | b
eVd +&bjsTT. C >eT+ eT&T msT\, eT&T e~>\ T+u\T
eyT HsTT. y eT |sT y&T nsdt nsTTq y e<\eT sVsB
#dTHs L& *jT<T.
pH 23e B sTy m|& >s>|sT k+|T VwsD sheT+
|#s+ nsTT+< $$< sjT b\ #+~q HjT\+<s }] usT\T
rssT. sh |uT+ s|q mdt.d, mdt.{ $TwH #sH s+ yJ, k+|T
d+eT XK eT+ q q+<uT >e e deTdqT =+<s |]cs+
#keT, q qw|]Vs+ n+<#keT <[T\ e ysT. >eT+
~ |]d T \T =\>& sT esZ\ #+~q =+eT+~ >eTdT\ n~sT\T
|dt $T{ yksT. deyX\ <[T\T VsT <T. sVsB
#dTq n>\ ysT sVsB\T |H d+~ <TsT+{+ n #bsT
y.
>eT+ |]dT\T
>s>|sT >eT+ ;eTes+`&|*>&+ sV<]| ;eTes =$T~
MTs <s+ +T+~. >eT+ q&u&Tq sV<] qT |<
#sTe +~. #sTe qTH H <=s, eTV>+B, b{ lseTT\T,
n\] dseTsE $>V\T, y{ |H >T&, < m<TsT>T+& dtk|t
+{sTT. s&T ne* y| b |+#jTr s\jT+, < qT q
dyT+{ s& b&eH sE\T, |\T eT]jTT s n>\ |ksTT.
;eTes+ qT+ edTq |&T e\|f eTT+<T edT+ ~. e\|qT jTqeT<TsT
eTT] \Te s+&T \\T> $&>=&TT+~. +eTT+<T jTqeT<TsT \Te
k>T{ \Te. & w>sY, s ||sY b\T y{ es |<s\qT
\Te e~* k>T{ \Te eTT] \Te> essTT. \Te s&T
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 93
eT< +& b| dTesT 140 <[ T+u\T eddTHsTT. \Te
ne\ +& n+u<sY \ dTesT 180 T+u\T eddTHsTT. |uT+
60 @ + y] |{\T e&+ ysT n& T eT \
ysT n+u<sY \ n |sT |THsT.
s+&T \\T *| 1200 Hu +T+~. M] <<|> n+<s nsTT
\T sT\T, b sEy L\T. s& &=&<T. k+ u$T q
<[ T+u\qT y MT< |e#T. >eT+ jTT 9000 ms\T
+&> n+<T 5000`6000 ms\ es sE\ # +T+< n+#H.
eTs 1000 ms\T |\ #, $T>~ VQq \ # +T<
n+#H. n e\ T+u\ *| 10 ms\ $T+ +&e.
c ><e] & ## qT>H >s>|sT L& #|\ #sTe\T
<+&>H |ksTT. jTT dTesT be e+T #|\ #sTe\ +&
+{sTT. $T*q eTTbe e+T me> e] |+&ksT. & \T sT
s+&T |+\ *| ms 26 k\T. = k sTe 75 \T. eekjT
L\ sEy L* 300 sbjT\T.
|dT |]d
p e] ys+ eT+T\T q q+< uT, | dHsjTD,
mdt.d,mdt.{ $TwH #sH s+ yJ, p|P& |usse deT+ s+&T
esZ\ eT< d+~ ~]qT sTesZ\ ysT s#\q+ #dT+Tq b{qT
ys|\T |eTTK+> |#T]+#sTT. C\T ysT> HsTT. ~ deTd
|]csyT + < ||+ # q$T+#& q&|+ q eeVs+. =+eT+~ <[T\qT
be\T> y&T y n>\ y] s#\q+ #sTT+ <[T\ &e+&
>T]+ @MT e{&+& eT+T\T y[bjsT.
~ +&> nsdt nsTTq eTT>TZ] >eT+ s+&T H\\T yL&<T
nq +<q L&q usTT eT+psT #dq sC <e HjT + eVdTq
jT nH <[T&T nqTeHd< |]dT eT #+<&T. b<$T <s|
bdT\T B s&T |e<+> >T]+#sT. B| deT> $#sD ]|keT, 10
\\ qw |]Vs+ keT VMT q |uT+ |{es bdtesyT ]bsY
jT |<T. <[T\T e+ ~ eTssY n #|HsT. jT |jDdTq
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 94
MT&j m+<T eTq+> +~?
sh s< neTse 100 MTs <s+ + |TsyTq
d+|T VwsD neT\eT+f d+ ys | , qdt
#q s+&T H\\ es B >T]+ sjT<T, e{&<T.
yT 5e B yTT<q k+|T VwsD pH 22 es sh+
q $T*q |C *jT<+f MT&j| \+ |T m+
+< d&\ < nse Te+~. n<$T =+eT+~ $s q T |d
\ eT< y s T < \T |]bj T y n sj T <
de<q$T#sT!
H&T $] (X{ * #+~qy&T) n< >e
#+~qy&T. @| 23e KTq ]q <s >T]+ sk&
dT yTT<{ eTT<sTT nsTTq \seTsE n, n +&
u~]+#&. <+ s ]q k+|T VwsD >T]+
nqT nd\T sjT<T. <[Tq +<C, k $sT sdH
|j>+ bsTT+~. sjT & e\ |\ ys
s<T. H&T, +<C {&| es+> q ys\
#+|kjTq $wjT+ n+<] *dq $wjTyT. {&| MT<
es dw+#& @ neX+ e<\ k | L& ysqT
|#T]+#be&+ n+<] Xs >T] #d+~. n|&T s
rd *dq $wjT+ @$T+f k @\sT s V& sE\
#+~qy&, nqT jT+.m.m, $T> \ |<\
\e+#* e+<. $wj yTTyTT<{k] jT rdT
eq 10 {M eT]jTT |CX $s MT< n>\ y <&
#jT& |jT+#> bdT\ dVjT+ ysT {
|+#THsT.
+& ^ L& |&be&+ y nqTeq+ eT]+ |]+~. s&T
\|q ={ s&T |e<+ dTHs <[T\T s|dTHsT. <X
sE\ yy<+ ]q|&T jT sE\qT T\T {&, n+<Te\
jT |q n>\ysT |>|{s <[T\T s|dTHsT.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 95
deTd |]csyT+< #TTq sh |uT+ C q VMT\ <
|P]> neT\T |s# < T . <[T\T qw| ] Vs+> T+u s +&T \\ T &e+&
#d \ sbjT\T +~. nB yTT+ 320 T+u\ +& 260 T+u\
+~. $T*q 60 T+u\ s wH sT <H sD+ n~sT\T qw| ] Vs
eT+psT #jT<T. n<$T |d MT VMT\T +~ eT+T\T, sjT
HjT\T < y n&>+& n #bs sY udsY.
<[T\T |{ k+|T VwsD nqTu$dH HsT. b~ sTTq
60 eT+~ <[ \T sT\ ] L& u$T ] e<T. eekjT
]\qT |{ mes | |\ef<T. |*+> <[T\T eT <e
< + #ksT. >dT 28e B qT+ sE 50`60 eT+~ <[T\T ] sVsB
#dTHsT. | T+u s+&T \\ qw|]Vs+ bT s+&T ms\ u$T
y\, e\|qT ys |+#jTr> >T]+ eT L& n>\ \
> dyT+{ s&T yj\, jT eT| deT> $#sD ]|+#\, VMT
qT n T+u 10 \\ qw| ] Vs+ y\ ysT &e+& #dT H sT.
V
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 96
sTeqT >T]+#sT
kjT+ eT]#sT
jTdt.jT+. uc,
eqeV\ ss, nq+|s+
> d+es+ nsY ed+H |uT+ nq+|s+ yTT+ 63

eT+&\qT sTe eT+&\T> |{++~. d+es+ L& y{ |]d
n<. n+{ H\=q sT eqT >T]+ me $#]+#, sT e eT+&\T>
|{+ 11 H\\T >&H dVjT #s\ }d < me $#]+# ns+
e&+ <T. | y| sT\T V\T #dT+H eHsT. eTsy|
e\d\T =qk>TH eHsTT. sTe |]dT\T @s&q|&T |\ eHq
|\qT e~* yjT&+ +& |uT+ @yT+ #jTe#, #j #| sTe
dVjT jTee[ { +< |uT+ eT]bsTTqT+~. < >T]+#
yd+.
sTe dVjT jTee[ (Famine Code)
sTe\+ sT\qT <Te& yTT<{ b$TH & sb+~+qy&T
& b*+q 14e X+ sE eTV< _H T>. sTy 1833 _{wt
|uT + k++> eTs b$TH &qT sb+~++~. k++ eq sT y
1950 us |uT+ eTs b$TH &qT sb+~++~. d>T esb+
+f 25 X+ e ]dq|&T b+ sT e b++> |{ + #e#Tq
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 97
#|+~. < bT +~ $wj\qT L& |]>Dq rdTy\
d++~.
|\ n|\T |be&+
|\ ndVq+ n~+ e&+, Hs|P] d+|Tq\T |#]\&+
yTd+ |Xe\T, Jy\T nk<sD+> y+|s&&+
k<sD Vs |<s\ <s\T Xq+&+
s |jD\T, rsj\T u> Zbe&+
#jT& |qT\T k<sD+ +f me> |\T U> e+&&+
sT\T eT e< eq +>sT, y+& q>\qT m|{+f me> <Te
|&+ < nsTTq & neT&+.
sE 2.5 $T.MT, n++f me es+ ]d < es|
~q+> |]>DksT. 750 $T.MT. +f e ]d b+\ 15 X+, 750
$T.MT. qT+ 1000 $T.MT. ]d b+\ 20 X+, 1000 $T.MT |q
]d b+\ 25 X+ e> esb+ qy<sTT b+\qT sTe
eT+&\T> |{+#\ 1995 +<|<X |uT+ sb+~+q &{
eqTe #TT+~. +< |uT+ | 4`5 d+es\ =k] sTe dVjT
se\ &{ eqTeqT $&T<\ #dT+~. 2016 +< |uT+ $&T<\
#dq &{ eqTe @+ #|+< k] |]o*<+.
n XU~|T\ sh ksTT $T{
eTT+<T> sTe |]dT\qT n+#H yjT&+ d+ sh |uT\T &{
e]+> d+sqT @sT #j*. +<T yesD XK, yTk>T
eeVs\qT #d XK, \eqsT\ XK |DT\T, k, ]y{ d+> +<\
ysT duT\T> e+{sT. y] dbsT yTs sTe b+\qT |{+
b+\ dV jT #s \T neT\T #jT & nedsy T q <T \ d+ sh |uT \T
+< |uT |b<q\T |+b*. @ ssTT sTe eT+&\qT |{ks
n|{ qT+& ys+ |\ ysT eT |b<q\T deT]+#\ &{ eqTe
deTjT sX+ #d+~.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 98
ksTT dVjT se\T neT\T
sT e eT+&\qT |{ + q y+H sT e dV jT se\ neT\T d+
s T n XU~| T \qT deTqjT+ #d $T{ @sT #j *. +<T
n~sT +& d#+< d+d\ |<T\T, bs de |<T\T
+&*. dVjT se\ neT\T $T{ nedsyTq d#q\T, d\V\T
dT+~.
1. |\ |~H\T *+#&+
sTe \+ eekjT |qT\T T+ bwDs+ s b+\
e\d y |\qT |& |uT+ y+H = |qT\T *+#* e+T+~.
n+f 2005 eq eTV>+B b~ VMT |< (MGNREGS) deTse ++>
neT\T sb*. nq+|s+ > m$T~ d+es\T> nk<sD
sTe |]dT\T H\= q sD+> <<| H\T>T \\ eT+~ b~ d+
|{ s b+\ e\dbjsT. |qT\T *+ y] yq s|keT
n~sT\T n|&| & | q\T e&+ qysTTr> e]+~ +es
mes e+B <T. e\d\T >q <T.
=> b~ |qT\T *d <Ty*q |uT+ > d+es+ #dq
|qT\ yH\T #*+#<+f sTe b+ |\ | y] s+ @b{<
nseTeT+~. |qT\T #dq 14 sE\ | yH\T #*+#\, \deTsTT
e& dV #*+#\ +<q\T H |uT NeT{qT> L& <T.
+{ |Tqs\T k~+q+<T u\T |uT+ ~| y[q sT
>], |dT bC &s s T >] nysT\ T |{ + d ]++~. u>yT $T{
s |J u #~$ \TdT+&.
70 sbjT\ |& ~es sTT |&q |uT+, |&T => @
$<+> |qT\T *+#>\< y] *j*. sTT\T #*+#\ n~sT\
#T s>&+, n~sT\T $dTe&+, es u+\ e< y[ ysT L&
dTsTe&+ |\ nqTue+. L* &T\T m|&=kj, me] n&>
L& *jT |]d y~. L* &T\ d+ n~sT\ #T ] $d
yk]q |qT=+& eT+&\+ n&<\|* #+~q >$+<| (35) nH L
@&~ @| 3q VosT s\jT+ esD +{MT< & bdT=
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 99
n+{+#T V b\&&T. nsTTH n~sT\ NeT {qT L&
<T. u+\ <sY qy<T <q sDq #eT+~ yH\qT \T|<\
#XsT. m+<T qy<T < #&*q u< n~sT\~ <? y] u< \
e. eqe+ n+H <T. dT|+sT <sY beD+ < V#]dTH
n~sT\ rsT es&+ <T.
eT+psT #dq CusT\T 6,54,133
<sY nqTd+<q+ nsTTq$ 4,59,281
<sY nqTd+<q+ $ 1,94,852
|uT+ | *+qysT 2,76,259
n+f Cu sT\TH |qT\T \_+#ysT 3,77,874 eT+~
| *+q d>T ~H\T 62 sE\T
n+f e+< sE\ | *+#* +&> eTw
38 sE\ #=|q | ~H\T >ZsTT.
2016`17 d+es (> d+es+) 61,31,91,516 s

|uT+ + #*+#*q~
2017`18 d+es (|{<) 9,13,59,643 s
#*+#*q~
yTT+ #*+#*q~ 70,45,90,858 s
100 sE\T | *+q~ :

2014`15 15.22%
2015`16 31.92%
2016`17 26.06%
d>Tq TuT ~qd] yq+ sE 60/` qT+& 120/` es
b~ yH\ sTT\ #*+|\ d+ |uT s\j\ e< sdq\T,
<s\T sT>TH eHsTT. n~sT\ rsT <s\, X+jTT sdq\
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 100

\+ #*bsTT+<qT> +~. ]<sT ed e{&sT. 10 eT+~, |q ed
bdT\ # ]$TksT. n~s b HjT\ e< eyT n~sT\ ,
#e\T |#kjT H= d+|Tq #T+~. eT< q >T{
|< |b<q\T d<+ #j *+~> n~s b XdqduT &T n~sT\qT
s&T. |* + qT+~. >V +q XdqduT &T +<+ <s #kq
|{ + #&T. y+H d<s T n~sT\T XdqduT +{ y[ |b<q\T qT
ys | e+~. XdqduT\ <s u~]+|\ $\Te +~ keqT\
<s \, sdq \ $\Te m&T+~? n+<T qT+ b~ L\T @ b+
#+~qysT b++ |C|~ e< eT sdq\T *jTCd, mes
|C|~ <jT\ <s #jTT#T. < #kq u~]+#=#T. n|&H
b~ L\ sTT\ #*+|\T sT>TjTyq X.
2. >e\ eT+{ ks\T *+#&+
&{ eqTe |s+ eTT+<T> eTqTw\, |X e\ nedsy T q eT+{
ds|s d+ jTT<b|~q #s\T #|{*. sTe eT+&\T> |{+q
y+H n|{ n+<TuT eq { eqsT\ keTs eTT+<T> >{*.
sTy yTT+ |\ <q+~q J$ nedseTjT { >] n+#H\T
sb+~+#*. \ueTjT n |y{, |uT { eqsT\qT
jT++>+ q kBq+ rdTy*. k<eTsTTq+ es >e\ ||\
<sH { ds|s #jT& b<q+ y*. k<+ |]dT\ eyT
reqT { s&T, s\T esZ\ >T+& { ds|sqT #|{*.
ydy |dT+ H\= q >T{ m<& }V+#<+ <T.
| d+es+ |]dT\T <|]dH HsTT. Te+{ |]dT\ @ e+
#q *q |uT H XX |]cs\ y| ksTT. eTTKeT+ 2015
H nq+|s+ | >e ysY & <s eT+{ ks+
*keTHsT. m+<TH y>H # dT\u+> eTsbjsT.
|&+<s * u\ d+ #dTHs | XX |]cs\ y| mes
+#&+ <T.
C #sTe>, +> >eTyT <T. e >=\TdTT
|< nqTd+<qyT HsTT. n~sT\ n+&<+&\ sjT HjT\T,
&uT\T $T+#Tq #sTe\, +\, d|jYT #q $eTT \_d,
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 101
y{ |]\ { +| >T{ ]sjTsT> |j >|& sTT. |uT
|<> KsT L& e+&<T.
3. Vs u<
sT e |{ b+\ Vs u < >T]+ &{ eqTe H= #TT+~.
CrjT Vs u< #+ 2013 |s+ >MTD b+ |\ 75 X,
|D b+ |\ 50 X Vs u <q T deTLs*q u< |uT <.
>e\ Vs u< #+ |]~ e# n T+u\qT jT++>+
>T]+#*. |C |+|D |<+ <s Vs |<s\qT |\ n+<TuT
y*. @ T++ L& +~ |&+& |uT+ seT+ #|{*.
y me]H swHsT b y+H e& @sT #j*.
\deTeT+<qT+f s <s\qT |]>Dq rdT= Vs |<s\T
|+|D #j *. s wH sT\ =+<] T+ duT \ |sT qy<T b n~s
jT++>+ >T]+ y+H y{ de]+#*. dsT\T nH++ +&,
|<sT\T |+& sT C>\T b{+#*.
yTT+ qT sTe eT+&\+> |{+ 11 H\\T nsTTH #{
>T]+ |uT+ >, jT++>+ > |{+#T<T. >e\ d+
ds\T sV+qT L& ys\T se&+ <T. bsyT+{ #dq #{\ |f
|uT\T, n~sT\T m+ s<> ee]dTHs ~ #d nseTeT+~.
4. bwVs |+|D
&{ eqTe d+q eTs= b<q+X+ 0 qT+& 6 d+es\
|\\ bw Vs ds| s . +<TdyT 1975 .d.&.jTdt |< |yX |{sT .
bsX\ |\\ bT sTe |]dT\T q|&T e<T\, $+>T\,
eTV\, dVjT d q y] d+ Vs+ n+~+#& ke
e+ +<\qT bs+_+#\ &{ eqTe sd +~. |P]> |uT+
<s >, d#+ < d+d\ dV jT dV s\ > e+ +<\qT H\=*.
sTe |]dT\T |P]> bjT esL M{ =qk+#*.
bsX\ |\\ X\e\ L& eT<V uq |<+ =qk+# |<+
u>+> |uT+ sTeTe |sT _jT+ e>s kq+{+~. sTe
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 102
Te sTH |\\+<s <sYsT H+sT <sUdT #dTy\ #|+~.
yd$ X\e\ <] y[bsTTq b<jTT\T, |\\T *d<q&T? |\\
|sT |+|<q&T? |&< d&*+|\T qTHsT. e] |\\ d++<+
+&H y] |s y~\T d<eTesTT. bsTTH&~ < +T q&+~.
>e\T, +&\ qT+ #eT+~ e\d y& + e\q e<T\ T, |\\ T \Hb\H
+& HsT. y] uq d<Tbj\ $T+ L& ke e+X\\T
< >++<\qT |uT+ @sT #j*.
5. dVjTT\ ]dVjT+
sTe eqTe |s+ sTe eT+&\T> |{+q y+H sT
>e\qT ds #sTT+#*. | >eT+q @ <se dVjT T+u\
>T]+ $es\T d]+#*. >eT+ e<T\qT, $+>T\qT, dVjTT\qT
>T]+ sh |uT| esZ<s\qT nqTd]+ y] q><T s|+ >,
Vs |<s\ s|+ > dVjT+ n+<Cj*. esTeT\ >e\ d+
+&+\ u+\qT (Grain Banks) @sT #j *. +<T nedsy T q <T \T
| y|\ <T\ qT+& rdTy*.
6. sTe \+ sTDe|\T ` ssTTr\T
sTe b+\T> |{+q y+H sh |uT\T sTe reqT, eT
] |]d |]>Dq rdT= +~ dVjT se\T sb+~+#*.
u$T dT\T e| #j*.
sT\T #*+#*q $, { rsTy, s+T #\T, eekjT s+>
#+~q s #*+ |\qT ysTT< yj *. s T \ qT+& \e+| ed
b\&s< |uT+ dwyTq sT*y*.
s T \T u+\, s d+d\ #*+ #*q d\\ ee~ sTD\T, Bs \
ee~ sTD\qT ysTT< yj*. sTD\qT `w&\T #j*.
sTe b+\ $<sT\ wH / | |E\qT s<T #j*.
2017`18 d+es |+sTD\ `w& yTT<\T |{qT |uT+
ysyT |{ + +~. nsTT u+\T $eTTK #|T+&&+ s T \T <s \T,
+<q\T #dTHsT.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 103
d+ sTe |]dT\HH sT\ H|{ d_& >, ;e > e&+
<T . 20.04.2017q |s q eq|&T eTTKeT+ 1030 sbjT\
yTs |+ qw|]Vs+ #*keT |{+#sT. |{es |jT yTT<\T
<T . |{es ;e, H| { d_& <={ d++<+ +& #*+ #ysT.
yTT<{k]> k] |uT+ s+&+{ *| keT |{++~. n~
L& ms 6 y kq+~. ysTXq> |+ d |t |HH ms 20
y\T e+~. u+ sTD+ rdTq | sT qT+& d |t |HH |syT
sT\T 270 |$TjT+ #*+#sT. y] ;e yTTyT eT&T y\ T
sy*. e+~ e\+ 360 T eyT. CC n\jT+C +|
qT+ ;e yTT ed\T #jT&+ |uT+ m+<T yqT+ ydTq<
*jT<T. |+ qw|]Vs+ / ;e e] ]$T+q y\>|+&T> nsTT+~.
7. |Xe\ +|\T ` yT ds|s
>MTD] s+>+ |Xd+|< # |<qyTq~. <<| 80 X+> eq
dq qsT s+> |Xd+|< |< \+q. sTe \+ |Xd+|<qT
b&& nedsyTq n #s\ rdTy\ &{ eqTe esZ<s\T
ddTHsTT. sTe eT+&\qT |{+q y+H sT m+
|X >d+ n+<TuT +<, m+ yTs nedse TT+< n+#H\T sb+~+#*.
$es\ sh |uT y~\T |+b*. y+H sh |uT + s T
|Xe\ +|\T sV+#&, |Xe\ yT =qT>\T #jT& |P]
d# y*. |X e\ yT d]V<T\ T <{b+& #s \T rdTy*.
sTe eT+&\T> |{+q sTy L& nq+|s+ qT+&
s++> |Xe\ yT s b+\ s*bH +&&+ n~sT\
<dq |sw.
eTsy| jT++>+ 6 y\ qT\ e>T&T >& (dC) ~>TeT
#dT+~. |uT+ e>T&T >& 6.80 =qT>\T #d d_&| sT
s2/` \T e+Tq ds|s #k+~ >& =qT>\T #dq sT\T re+>
qwbjsT. >&eT\T $| #d >& [bsTT <Tsdq yk+< sT\T
#bsT. >& +f |Xe\ eTT+ s+ s&+ bT, nJ] s>\T
L& ekjT =+eT+~ |Xy<T #|qT |\ ys#sTT. nsTTH
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 104
n~sT\T sT\ qT+& m+{ |s<T\T s< #TTHsT. sTe dVjT
se\T $<+> L& k>TsTT!
8. y< ks\T
sTe b+\ { <] T\T e# neX+ me> +~ >qT
|uT + y{| | <w k]+#\ &{ eqTe dk+~. { eqsT\qT
s#T> ]HwH #d e+&*. n+Ty<T\T | neX+ e+~ >qT |
y< {eTT\qT @sT #j *. sT e b+\ nedse TjT eT+<T\qT d]+
+<+ \e e+#*. nyMT s>&+ <T.
m+<T+f # nded+> eq XK s>XK L& {. >MTD
b+\ eq |.V#Y.d \ eT+<T\ ds|s e+&<T. eT+<T\T+f d+~
+&sT . |\ Td |y { y< + MT< <s|& *+<. |y { y< + >MTD
b+\ |\ eT\T>T* |* ||#dTq~. m+ w|& y<+ d+
+< ed n& y<T\T s\T, u+>TSsT, V<su< beT+{sT. y<+
e|j> e]bsTT+~. # +&\ e< e<T\T, |\\T
eyT e+{sT. y] q s+ eH <T=H H<T&T &T. ydy
y|+ > 5`6 yTTu yT& yqT\T ys sE | >eT+ bsTTe#
$<+> |uT+ @sT #j* e+&+~. n+{ @sfMT s><T.
eTT+|
|uT+ qT sb+~+q #{\T, esZ<s\qT H \+|Tk+<H~
dwyT. sTe \+q V |\ e+~, |uT kjT+ b+< V
L& +~. < >T]+#be&+ ~sT<+> q&T#Te&+ ~ eqe V\
\+|Tq. sTe |]dT\ |\qT, sT\qT <Te&+ |uT+ #|dTq
s+ $T+#s~.
V
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 105

<>Zsq s\j\T...
<syTq b\q
w nV<
eqeV\ ss, yT<
= \ @sT e\ \+>D |]b\H eed |P]> >& |+~. H\T

]q \T #j \q V+ sD+> =\TeB]q ksTT s\j\
d+es+ <{H + u]c\qT m<Ts=+H HsTT. s\j\T
u+> |\ #sTyq # L& <>T\T, n~sT\ =s b\q e+
<syT+~. |Ps d+~H $u+ eT&T, H\T>T \
{sTT+#&+ <>T\ d+K ~+#TbsTT. s\j\ udbTHsTT.
syq $u>+ dV eekjT, >MTD_e~, |+#jTr, d+eT XK\
s\j\T y{ q <>T\T b e&+ |\T HH +<T\T |&T THsT.
|< |qT\T \d+> sT>TTHjT TH |\ q \
s\j\ |]d #d eTTq yd T H |]d e+~. 10 \ \+>DqT
@+> 31 \ |+#T |uT+ sjTyT rdT+~ ksTT
|]dT\qT, deTd\qT n+#H yjT&+ |P]> $|\yT+~. deTd\qT <s+
#d esZ\T, #s \T d + |uT + y| qT+& qse&+ <T . |* +> \+>D
sh |]b\H eed d+dsD\T = \ @sT |]$TyT + q+
m<Ts=H deTd\ |]cs+ #|bTHsTT.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 106
eTq <T\T, eTq , eTq <>\T, eTq >se+ nH H<+
@s&q sh+ \+>D. @&~ n deTd\L {sYmdt |]cs+
#|>\T>TT+< |\ ueT\T *+#sT. d\ qT\ ds +{ $q
se\ d+eT sC k|dTqT> |uT+ q+ X\T s++~.
q+ deTd\qT \TdTy\+f, |]cs\qT qT>=H\+f eTT+<T> |uT+
e< | de#s+ +&\ {sYmdt |uT+ >{> y~++~. s
\+>D |]b\q yTT |q #j\, <d+ = \qT @sT
#j\ n+~. y+H sjT H\T eT<q X* sbjsT. = \T
@s& yqT& b+\T Xsy>+> n_e~ #+<TjTq X nH #
|\T eT b+ +<+> >T]+#\+ +<q\ d+ ~>sT.
|uT+ XdjT+> +& sjT &e+&\ me b<q+~.
]q y] ]q \T nq sV eeV]++< #|e#T. 10 \qT
k] 31 |+#d+~. <ds |+&T> Xu eTTVAsq = sT,
CsTT+{ s T , mdt.|\T =\TeBssT $$< XK\ ksTT n~sT\T
e+ nH |+#<T. m+<T+f n~] s+&T < eT&d
\ *| +#\T> jT$TT\jsT. +~ksTT d+~ d+ eT&T
< H\T>T \ {sTT+#sT. n<$T{ = L& |P] ksTT
n~sT\T, d+~ +&*> q d+~H |+#d |]b\qqT m |\
<>Zs #ksq |X |uT+ e< |{ yT <T.
\ @sT nee\T
=# eT ks\T, neds\T >T]+# +& \ |q]u q s>& +
q+ HrHsT u<T +<q\T #dH H\T |&#$q |{sT. |H =
+<+ H =# 60`70 MTs <s+ eTs y]
eT+&\qT #ssT. XdjT <T< |\ D+ nd\T < #b*. yT<,
Ceu< \ |q]uqqT #d $wjT+ # dw+> nseTeT+~.
+q>sY, es+> \ = b+\qT yT<, Ceu< \ *|
<T \T> $u+#sT. n$ ` yT<, d+>s&, d~|, es&, Ceu<
\T. <s T eT+T\T, |\TesT {sYmdt myT\T |q]u q d< sT\T.
|\ neds\T y] b|~ <T. <VsD yT< |D qT
(e\+ 15 MTs <s+) q |Ps Ceu< Hs&|
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 107
eT+& 70 MTs <s+ es& *|XsT. Hs& | |\T
es& |D y\+f dTesT 3 >+\ deTjT+ |&yT <T s+&T
dT\T e] y*. $wjT+ n& (ms&) myT @qT>T sM+<sYs&
jT+ eeV]+#sT. mesH Hs&|qT yT< \b\ &e+&
#d q sT +< yd q*|kq Vs+>+>H u~]+#sT. |dT+ es&
q |+, E, _#T+< eT+&\T C Ceu< |D
<>Zs> +{sTT. y{ Ceu< +#+& 100 MTs <s+
es& *|XsT. B+ eT+&\ |\ deTd\T s{+|jsTT.
<>ZsTq +<+ <syTbe&+ me]H deTd <! deTd \+>D
y|+> ## +~.
n~sT\T`<>T\T sT
|q]uq s n s <>T\ d+KqT u> ~+#sT.
s\j dqqT d+ u> Z+#XsT. ksTT q |\T
XK\ s\j\ |sT L& esXsT. >+ q &.sY.&.m (>MTD_e~
bC &s s )Y qT &.sY.&.z>, &.mdt.zqT ( bs ds| s \ XK) &.d.mdt.z>
nH XK n~sT\ HeTsD+ e]bsTT+~. n< >+<s>+. >+
sY.$.m+. &.sY.&.m, &e, |]wY d..z, |+#jTr XK\
&|P{ sY ksTT n~] jT$T+#ysT. |dT+ ys+ =
CsTT+{ sT> |<q b+<>, j XK pjTsY n~sT\qT
ksTT n~sT\T> jT$T+#sT. B&T dVjT d+~ L& u>
Z+#XsT. = XKH ksTT n~], eTs <sT dVjT d+~
eyT HsT. eTTK+> _.d d+eT, ~yd d+eT, mdt.d d+eT XK
|]d |k+~. eT]= XK\H |P]> mXsT. bsX\ eT*
d<Tbj\ \q d+ >+ &|P{ sY ksTT n~] sJy $<
$TwH (sY.$.m+) bC n~]> jT$T+#ysT. = sY.$.m+ XKqT
$< XK $q+ #d $<XK n~] |]~ +#sT. n> &e
( { jeq d+d) , mdt.d s=swH, mdt.{ s=swH, _.d s=swH\ qT
md y{ j d+eT XK\ n~sT\ s\j dH> eyT
$TsT. M{ d+~ L& {sTT+#<T. B+ s=swH sTD\ d+
< s U d T # d T y\H, s T D\T b+<\H # d e Td > e]+~.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 108
<>T\ ned\qT #d <sUdT<sT C*|& |]d @s&+~. M{ |]cs+
>T]+ sT eTTKeT+>] esYc|t |k$+q|{ |*+ <T.
jeT\ |jTL n&+
14 m|t s<T #j \+ \+>D ]q <eT+ H |{ >TsT+ &
+T+~. | CH <Ts... V<su< e~s... n+ 14 m|t qT s<T
#j*+<q eT*<X \+>D <e s|+~ {sYmdt n~H ds
nq $wj & eTses<T. V<su< bdT <> jeT e\+
V<suB\ neX+ +T+<, | y] +<T #T < <>
d+|\ H\ *d b <e\T sV+ ] 371 (&) |s 14
m|tqT sh| sT <s s<T #sTT++~. \ |q]uq 5, 6 Cq
|]~ \ d]V<T\T e]bjsTT. 6e CH |]~ es+>, +q>sY
= eT+&\qT |dT+ 5e CH |]~ d~| *|XsT.
|*+> <> jeT\ H{|wqT, <>T\ ~, ddt s n{qT
nH deTd\T sTT. |dT |Ps \T, Cq <s+>H jeT\T,
~\T +{jT |uT + #TTq|{ Bs \+ deTd # {\eTjT
neX\T dTH sTT. nd\T 371 (&) s<T #j \ L& |uT + u$dTq T
ys\ T edTH sTT. n+f bs& #T q 14 m|t s<T L& sT|j >eTeT+~.
< ] u> n_e~ #+~q es+>, +q>sY \ nusT\ yqT&
yT<, eTVuq>sY, s+>s& \ nusT\T b{ |&* edT+<, n+<Te\
Cq eedqT s<T #jTe< <> d+|\ H\T &e+& #dTHsT.
|q]uq e\ s\ deTd\T H |uT+ == |<\T,
$<H\T |{ + #T+ b+~ | deTd\qT |]w]+# |jT + e+
#jT&+ <T. n~ s>b |q]uq \yT <+T+~. \T |<y
qy nH~ <T #&*+~. b\q <>ZssTT+< < n #&*.
V
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 109

w>dt <+ds#q
jT&< sCwt, He& l<sY
eqeV\ ss\T, sT><e]
w>dt |sesD, |Cs> nbsyTq qw+ *dT+< >T]+#

# <X\T w>dt *|yXsTT. eTq <X+ mHd |\
nu+s\qT |{+#T+& w>dtqT #dH +~. +<|<X
d+d w>dt d+ nsTT<T ue\ e\T #| q T+~. n$ c eT+&e*
eT+&\+ y<T>TeT&, yqT eT+&\+ =eT\|P& |eT ><e]
Msyds+ eT+&\+ n+&\sT, eT+&\+ sT ><e]
\eTsT eT+&\+ \#s.
w>dt < w #eTTsT n+f...
u $T|\ s +&T qT+ H\T>T MTs T w sbs\ | y T q
>dt/#eTTsTqT w>dt/#eTTsT n+{sT. sbs\T 25 qT+ 30
d+es\ |Ps+ @s&jT Xgy\ n+#H. |{es #eTTsT b\qT
deTT< >s+ qT+# y*rd j es\qT L& deTT<+H *|ydTHsT.
w>dt e\T b\, Hyk\ eT< m&H s|e#T.
m y* rksT?
w>dtqT V&b+> |jT <s y*rksT. b+> n+f eTs+
<T. b]+>. eTq uw #b\+f |>\>=&+. w>dt \_+# b++
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 110

s+&T qT+ H\T>T MTs T u$ esT. <|* n~ e&
b+> $TXe |+|ksT. n~ w sbs\qT |>\>=&TT+~. B n&
| y T q >dt u$qT+ jT{ edT+ ~. >dt bT =+ b+> $TXeT+
L& jT{ edT+~. =+ |\ $T*bT+~. b+> $TXeT+ 700 \
|> skjTH\T, dT, ds$T |Pd\T +{sTT. skjTH\ 650 |>
$w|P]\T.
m+<T e<T
b+> y\Te& es\T |sesD, |Cs> V #kjT
||+#y|+> nH |]X<q\T s]+#sTT. n+<T b+> e\ j
b+ u+b\T meeTqT jTTHf& d{ |t nyT] jT
ds d+d |{++~.
{ MT< |ue+
u$ k] b+> #jT& eT&T qT+ sT s eT+sT
nedseTeT+~. u$ J$\+ nsTT<T qT+ 25 d+es\T +T+~.
| u$qT nHksT b+> #jTe\d +T+~. deTT< >s+ +&
k<sD #eTTsT u$ |~ #<s| MTs $ds+ q #eTTsT
jT rjT>\<T. w #eTTsT + n< $ds = e+<\ ue\T
nedseTesTT. |{ |H+&> w>dtqT y*rdTq nyT]
|j sh+ esdt w |~y\ |> ue\qT, HsY &{
uH w 15 y\ |> ue\qT ysT. M{ nyT] #eTTsT +|\T
2005`2014 eT< _*jTH L_ MTs (_dmyT) { y&sTT. <
=+#+ e> 0.84 _dmyT es \qT $&T<\ #XsTT. eT+{ $#\$&>
y&&+ e\ *b]j sh+ re sTe |]dT\T H\=HsTT.
eTq <X+ \ eqsT\ |]d
||+# Hu 18 X+ Hu q eTq <X+ { eqsT\T e+
H\T>T X+ eyT HsTT. |dT + n eqsT\ qT+ eTq+ $j+#< q
sT 1123 _dmyT ( _dmyT 35.31 {.m+.d\ deq+) > 2025 H{
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 111
1093 _dmyT nedseTeT+< d+ ysY $TwH \T #TTHsTT.
{ 40 X+ u>s\+. ~ ] |P]> u <T. 2025 s eTqq
eqsT\ +f n~+> sT e\d +T+~. |]d nys+> sTe
<]rdT+~. 2015 eTq sh neds\ e\dq { d>+ eyT
\u eTsTT+~. |< q+> eekjTs+>yT { T >TssTT+~. (|uT >D+\
|{ `1 #&+&).
|{ `1
&e+& $j>+ T
yTT+ 59.22 29.18 30.04
eekjT s+>+ 57.56 28.11 29.45
|]XeT\T 0.184 0.17 0.015
>Veds\T 1.48 0.91 0.57
* n+\ _dmyT ` _*jTH L_ MTsT
>* MT< |ue+

w>dt y*rd eT+ yjTT \Tw+ >DjT+> |sT>TT+~. w>dt
ue\ qT+ dqT 34 >eTT\ $T<H eT+<, *|ydq ue\
qT+ d + yjTTe y\Te&TH +T+< k nyT]H Hwq n&MT
|t dH dt #| +~. ~ <X+ |sesD |]sD d+d nqTeT+q |]$T
+f nH sT me. ||+#y|+> yesD+ nyT] qT+# 60 X+
$T<H yjTTe $&T<\eT+~. B sD+ n& q w>dt ue. $T<H
u| keTs+ sH&j& +f 86 sT me> +T+~. b+>
y\Te& eTs= |e<s yjTTe nDT<] s&H. qsY s yjTTe
{qT, >*qT L& *dbT+~. b+> ]> b+\ >* zCH,
d* <[, u+JH, bs*V& |e<ksTT\qT <{ HjT $ >sd
Xe\qT, q |\qT XdX y<T\qT *kjT |]X<q\
sTEesTT+~. nyT] b+> b+ qsY\T, >s ky\T, |T b\T
me |{ sTEy+~.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 112

es |<s\T
b+> es |<s\qT d #d k+ |]Cq+ |{es ||+ #+
@ +| <T. es\qT j +| Vs, |e<s es\T>
|]>DksTT. b+> $TXeT+ skjTH\ $es\qT ybs sVk\T>
<|&TTq|{ y{ u+JH, < u+JH, {*H, *H, H|*H, $T<H,
bs*V&, <*H >sTT, V&] jd&, k&jT+ V&&, *~jTyT,
&jTyT, ], yTsT yTT<q$ HjTH~ n+<] \TdT. M{ nH+
qsY s skjTH\T.
b+> $TXeT+ skjTH\T e\+ s+&T XyTq #eTTsT d+d\T
eTu|&sTT = s b+> $TXe\qT y&TTq|&T yTT+>
#d 80 qT+ 330 qT\ es skjTH\T +{sTT. es\qT b*~H
qsY ydq >T+\ \ +#TsT. =+\+ s $ eT+> u>s
+be&y, es\+ nsTT |]\ \ eqsT *dbe&y
sT>TT+~. |s ekq+> >TsT, k>TsT L& $w|P ]eTeT+~. u $T
$T*bsTTq es\T =+ nDT<] |+b~+#T eT]+
|e<s+> jsesTT.
nqs\T +&&+ e\H w>dt y*r ||+#y|+> bH,
]Z j, sTyTj, s, ~s <X\T w~+#sTT. nyT] |\T sc\T
d + w e\| w<+ $~+#sTT. eTq <X+ e+ w>dt y*r
nyT] #+~q =H=|*|t, w+sZsY +|\ |+<+ <TsT+~.
eTq <X+ w>dt \\T
$$< d+d\ n+#H\ |s+ eTq <X+ w b \T 95 {dm |t ({*jTH
L_ |{) qT+ 2100 {dm|t es HsTT. (|{ `2 #&+&). nsTT
b\ |~ X+ es eyT y*rjT>\sT. n~ eTq <X >dt neds\qT
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eqeV\ T{H`15 v 115
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y<T>TeT& qT+ 14 MTsT. w>dt >T]+ |C_bjT dsD
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eqeV\ T{H`15 v 117

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eqeV\ T{H`15 v 118

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d+d\ neds\ u$T y\+f nu+s|sT. neTT&TbsTTq HjT\T
uj |+ bwksT. |uT jT++>+ L& n> eeV]dT+~.
sT><e] q>s+ >eT+ 2014 pH ]q >sTT >dt||
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|\T&T sD+ dsq nqTeTT\T +&, jTe\ $sT<+> ||qT
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d+|Tq\ |< |< sTEeeH +~.
V
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 119

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eqeV\ T{H`15 v 120
d|+sY eT& ys+ n |\qT b{ |eTTK+> e+~.
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eqeV\ T{H`15 v 121

e#sT. n+{y] | eTq nMXK m+ <sTD+> |e]dTq< #|+<T
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eqeV\ T{H`15 v 122
mTysT. <& e L& #bsTT+~. (\+>D n&e
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+C+ T<s+\ #s+ NsTbsTT re ske+ nsTT+~.
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eqeV\ T{H`15 v 123

< &sTT eT+&\+ jT| >eT ysT eTTd\eT|+
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jesZ Xdq duT&T> q eTsT\T, n nqT#sT\T
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eqeV\ T{H`15 v 134

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V
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yT #| &+ nT+#+& |X \T n&q Hs eqe V\ y~ ss\
bT eTs q\T>T]| eT $<c\qT s#>=&TTHs + s& w{ ]#sT.
+ #<+> |#dT+~ eTq bdT eed!
eT |TsD\ H|<+
< |D + 2011 $HjT eTq+ d+<s + > eT |T sD\T ]>sTT.
eT |TsD\T n+f V\T e. s sTee&+. d+es+ d|+sY 5q
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 136
eTBH eTd<T <>Zs eT<V+ s+&T >+\ deTjT+ s+&T eT\ (V+<,
eTTd+ ) #+~q ysT |sd s+ eT&T >+\bT s ydT HsT. < |D +
n|{ eTT| @ qT+ V+< eTTd+\ eT< nq~s |+<+ neT\T
+~. = | deTj\ = = <sT\ }s+|\T, |<sq\T e+{$
#jTL&< |+<+ ks+X+. nsTT |+< ds 2011
eT|s + > dTyT q b+\ sV <sT\ >T+& $HjT eTH bdT\T
nqTeT #sT. |+< \+|Td n\sT ]> neX+ +T+<H d
ne>Vq L& bdT\ =se&+~. nqTeT #sT ds, d+ eTT+<T
C> #syTH #|{s n+f nB <T. nqTeT\qT n<T| rdTe&+
>, n<q| d+~ deTLsTe&+ > #jT<T. <+ =+eT+~
bdT\ >j\e&yT sE kjT+ |< c eTV s&T es
n\sT bsTT. n& eTd q 35 <TD\ =+{ b + >, eT] =+{
|P]> <+d+ #ksT. < sE s |D+ s $~+#* e+~.
d|+sY 6 q bdT |Vs =qk>TT+&>H ||>\T ju nsy eT+~
<T+&>T\T s+&T +<\T> $&bsTT |D+ T&, CeTTBH \,
#eT b+\ |< eTTd+\ | <& #d \{ #ksT. u~T\T |s<T
#dH bdT\T |{+#T<T. mdt.| <X\ yTs sTeT\ #+~q
416 eT+~ | $Tq dT\T qy<T #ksT. n neTdT. |TsD\
d++<+ nHeT+~ nejT\qT nsdT #d \ #eu<sT. yTT+
|<=+&T sE\T s $~+#sT. s deTjT+ ~qd] L\qT, ||sY
ujYT\q, b\yq n+< $|+> y~+#sT. +<+ qT+& eq
s*dT\qT d+ bdT\T nqTeT+#<T. |]dT\ eqeV\ y~
bT 22 |Cd+|\T *d eTkeTsd $T{> @s& ssD #XsTT.
bdT\ y~+|\qT sw |uT+ < w rdTbjsTT.
n|{qT+& n|&| &T =+eT+~ eTTd+ \qT, ujT\qT dw H |*|+#T=
bdT\T y~+#k>sT. eTsk] n\sT ] MTs u< eV+#\
u~]+#ysT. =+eT+~ V+< |+&>\ eTT+<T nsdT #dysT. k]
nsdT #d <<| H\sE\T C. y~+|\ >Tsq y #eT+~
n\s d++<yT <T. d++<+ be&yT <T, #eT+~ n\s u~T\T
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 137
L&. | V+< |+&> eTT+<T < +T. |+&>=+<+f eTTd+ \T, ujT\T
bdT dwH VsT ysTT+#Ty*+<.
y~+|\T =qk>TT+&>H 2016 < deTjT+ q
|TsD ]+~. eTTd+\T =qT= #Tq H\T>T m<T\qT > s\T
\e++> rdT[be&+ |TsD sD+. k sjT HjT&T C+
#dT= = m<T @&Ty\ sbjT\T |+#&+ $y<+ d<TeTD+~
|XeqT K<T #dq <s +f # e yTT+ |+q+<T >V+
eTTd+ jTTe\T $.V#Y.| |dT MT< <& #XsT. < |rs+> V+<Te\T
=+<sT eTd<T | <& #XsT. <+ bdTdwH 50 >C\ <s+H
]+~. B k> rdT= 2011 n\s $Tq dT\T q ys+<]MT<
s& w{ ]#sT.
nsTT m+eT+~ MT< s& w{ ]#s, mese] MT< ]#s bdT\T
|{q #|<T. d+ u~T\T n&H C_ e<T. V\ d+|\T
n&H e<T. < &.mdt.|, s\T mdt.|, sw de#s $Twqs
de#s V #+ +< C_ d+ <sUdT #dTH |*+ bsTT+~.
C_ eb>, eT $<c\qT s#>=&+ dyT eTqT de#s+
n&T>TTHs eqeV\ y~ u<T\ MT< L& < &.mdt.| s&w{
]#sT.
n\s yqT, s&wT se&+ yqT V+< X\ |yTjT+, sjT
HjT\ k~+| #s\T HjT eqeV\ y~ u$k+~. 2009
m\ < jes+Z \T>T<X+ b nu ]> MTH HjTT&T > *#&T.
s 2014 m\ y.mdt.sY.d.| qT+& ksTT|k< s& >*#&T.
MTH HjTT&T >*q|&T sw+ +>dt b n~s+ +~. n&T
2014 \T>T<X+ n~s eH n&T z&bj&T. { s +&T |sj\
n~s <s+>H H&T. 2014 z&be& eTTd+ sDeT y]MT<
|+#TH&T. 2014 es < |D+ eTTd+\T |<q+> \T>T<X+
eT<T<sT. 2014 m\ eTTd+\T y.mdt.sY.d.| yT yXs, n+<T
z&bjq u$+q MTH HjTT&T eTTd+\ MT< k~+| #s\
|PqTH&T. $T> |<q sjT b\T L& eTTd+\ eT<T e<T.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 138
n+<T < |<q sjT b\ eT< q 60:40 |+<+ sDeT
#TsT (n+f sjT+> ]> n y<M\ n~s b 60 X+,
|| 40 X+ y{ nqe). <e eTeT&> 416 eT+~ MT<
s& w{ ]H |<q sjT bM |{+#T<T. B&T 2011 sy
< m+..m+ b\+ |]+~. b < eTT| m\ 5
s=ssY kH\qT L& >\T#T+~. ~ d+|tT |]ysY X\T \|&{,
$<w sj\T eT]+ |+#& <V<|&+~.
n~s b eT| k~+| ~>TT+f - nT |< q ||+ e{& ,
T ys @ sjT b n+& < eTTd+\T HH n># |&TTHsT.
+{ |]dT\ |C d+|\ *d s#sD $T{> @s&sTT.
bdT\T n\s |sT #| nejT\qT y~dTHs $T{ sw eqeV\
$TwH #sHL, sw |uT < sY.&.y <s 12.01.2007 H&T
$q |+ +~. y~+|\qT |& q #s\T rdTy\ ]+~.
sw |uT+ d+~+# sD+> 5.2.2017q |D+ .._ |+H
V Vs+>du sb\ s#sD $T{ ssTT++~. Vs+>du
d+ y\Te]+q s|+, bdsqT 30.1.2017q $w]+#T= |#s
seT+ bs+_++~. seT+ sT>TT+&> Vs+>du nqTeT
rdTy\ bdT\T #bsT. Vs+>du nqTeT <sUdT |T+f <
|D+ dH 30 neT\T +< nqTeT s]+#sT. C n+
eTT+<| & dH 30 & neT\T <T . \T>T<X+ HjT\ &, b<\+H
bdT\T nqTeT s]+#sT. duqT u>+ #jT& y*q n |<T\
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|jT + #ksT. MT{+> V <>sZ {q uqsT =\+#sT. V\T jTe
seT |*d nqT |D+ $T> |+H V jTeqT\qT &T
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syq ueH yTHsY H{dT\T #sT. B Vs+>du s><T. bdT\T
Vs+>duqT u>+ #dq $wjT+ |\ |#s+ e&+ J]+#T <
&.mdt.| | |Cd+| \ u<T \ MT< | &T s|D\T #X&T. | q
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 139

| &T s|D\qT K+&d s#sD $T{ K+&q H |\ s<T .
$KsT\qT L& u~]+# +{sT. u~]+#b K+&q ys\T e +&y
<!
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dwH $Tq dT qy<T #ksT. jTT..oydT\T MT< n<q+> s& w{
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L& |s<T #XeTT. VsT wt |{wH $#sD d+<s+q,
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<T dT\ H\T>T skjTq |]XeT\ n~| {..y+fwt b<\+
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qT+ e | #dTq eTT>TZsT ]\T eT #+<sT. s skjTq
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+<q eqeV\ y~ jo\ b bw++~. H&T {.. y+fwt
|{+q |&T dT <T dT\T. n+<T { mdt.d, mdt.{ n#s\
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mdt.d, mdt.{ n#s\ s< #+ +< qy<T nsTTq dTqT n|{ mdt.|
s|TTs$Ts& b dT> s|sY #dq|{ < L& s& w{ se&
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b eT es+> |{q du bZq+<T |{q dT. e]~,
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eqeV\ T{H`15 v 140
eT |TsD\ sq y] MT< $Tq dT\T myj\ , y]
+ #e< eqeV\ y~ m& nq<T . +~T\+<] MT< >+|>T >
s& w{ se& eyT es++~. |<q+> ke esZ #+~q
416 eT+~| s& w{ se&+ bdT\ |b T~ |++~. b\
b\ k~+| #s\qT, d+|tT |]ysY $<w sj\qT es++~.
bdT\ y~+|\q, n|Ck$T #s\q |uT+ < w, sT\ < w,
eqeV\ $TwH < w rdTbsTT+~. e H>], |Ck$T
de+ |\ +& |Ck$T V\T. +<T s&q + @$T{ bdT
ys #b*.
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eqTy\, V\ ss\ MT< |{q |&T dT\q, s& wq
|d+V]+#Ty\ eqeV\ y~ &e+& #k+~.
V
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 141

eqeV\ T{H`15 v 142
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 143
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 144
|Ck$T d+d
b&T+<+ s+&
s +& + m\T ] +<+, sh+ = |uT \T @s&q|&T

@< sT>TT+< }V+#y, uj T |&y , +<q #+<y |&T
n< sT>T+~. > s+& |CkeT d+d |, |Ck$T s
$\Te\ | |uT\, |uT\ n+& >\ X\ |]q ndVH |
k] >TsT #dT+&. _H_bj\ MT<, n_bj\T *qy]
MT< ysT #dTq u~, u <&T\qT >eT+#+&. jTe]{\

qT+& < <Xu |sT MT< ysT mese] <X<VQ\T> +
r]dTHs T> + ns+ #dT+&. >sD H|+ ysT
#dTq sj\T me] <rjT& ne>Vq #dT+&.
eT+, CrjT, <Xu |<\ ysT |\qT eqd+>
uyTsTT #dTHsT. < |*+> d]V<TH <T <X+q
jTT<H< $<w |#s+ H+ #k+~|&T. y b s|H
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< +f eTq+ me +<q #+<e\d+B, eTq #q\ |<TqT
|{ m<Tse\d+B |CkeT $\Te\ m<TseTq |e<H.
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eqeV\ T{H`15 v 145
|\TTq $<] +<q n+{ |jT {. bsyT+T #dq udsD
#{ |q |{ nHjTyTq Jy { C#d |+ b* kBq+
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n+{ |jT {. >+ q VMT\ T+> = +<|<X
|uT+ eT u{ yT+> #j\ \|{q|&T $XK @C ~ydT\T
|<mTq *|q sdq n+{ |jT {. & eVsY HVA
jTe]{qT, >TsY HqT, #\+> osYqT, #rdt>&qT
sT>TTq +<q\ L& |uT\ n|Ck$T <sDT\ es+>
sT>TTq <e.
j deTV\, |\ sdq\qT, +<q\qT CrjT ksTT d+|T{+
#jT>\ XM y eTq be&+ # |< T. nsTTH yses
eTq+> +&+& eT esqT b\\ dw+> *jTCjT&+, m+
s+<H H sj T +> m<Tse&+ # XqyT q |]DeT+. M{ jTTe
me> bZq&+ u$ wY| qeT |+#T+~. V\ HjT&T u\>b
M] #d +f m+ d+w+#ys! y] <e\qT q #q\ m+
|<T H +#ys! jTq @& es+ d+<s + > n+{ = +<q\ bZq
e\qT e\T> V+#+.
osY @+ sT>T+~?
p 8q TsH y (22) mH+sY s osY m+> s*bsTT+<
> eT&T H\\T> #dH H+. 60 sE\ s, 88 eT+~ eT, |{
>j\ = e+<\eT+~ +{# | e&+... + ]H us sC,
bs deC osY uu>+ | eTqTw\T q&&+ <T. |C +\
yTs d]V<T\T @s&*, deTdby* nH d |Ck$T $\Te >T]+
e{&y sTejsT. e e{&&yT s<VyT LsT+~. sd
jTTe MT< |{ sd +{# |qT b>=f+ Ls us s+ |<] +H
us bs de+ qT+& sy*q+ es, >V+ sbe& m ns+
#dTy*?
osYqT m|{ d]V<T ><>H #<e? n<= HT s &TTq >jT+
eTq m|&T |dT+~? eTq+ HsT ] |+#q+\+ us |uT+
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 146
y] < $<+> nDyd bT+<q&+ d+<V+ <T. |dT+
os @+ sT>TT+< #|& du sy*q C..d.d.mdt
HjT&T KTs+ |sCqT nHjT+> nsdT #d C |&yT B
C <VsD. jTq kq+ n< d+d #+~q MTsY nV< osY
|]d MT< e{&sT.
dsY > esD+&
m.{.{. eTT|{\ 2008`2009 d+es\ ||+#+
>+\T { \~ eT+~ bsT\qT s+< _s\ s*+,
y\ d+K d\ | + V+d b\&, dTesT 7 y\ eT+~ bsT\qT
}# dq s| usY, #rdt>& |uT\ |&T
<sbjTT&j&T. eysTTdT\ nDy |sT ysT #rdt>&
n< #j\qT+THsT. dT|+sT dE&T+, jT e+&\qT
s<T #d y] kq+ => \ bsTqT @s]#sT. sT\qT
C<VQ\ eTT<\T yd |uT \T #r d >t & eTT u sc\

yT<e\qT ]$T={ s| bsTqT neT\T |s#\ #dTHsTT. s
u sc\ HjTy<T\T n& y~+#L&<T. u sc\ $KsT\T |
n& +& ys\T sjTL&<T. bdT\T k|+q n d+d
eysTTdT\ es+> \sY j\T rdT+ ~. k k] eTT
s+> j rjTL&<T. <TsZèTVcdTsT <| eT >T~|+
+
qT < ys uw+ #|q yeT| ~yd <eTsT&T eTwt
++| dT |{+ ~. n+TsT< yesD+ n\TeTTq \ #r d >t &
|dT+ @$T sT>TTq< eTwt ++ eTq |+#T+{sT.
jTe]{\| <&
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osY >T]+ e{& L &<T . #r d >t & >T]+ e{& L &<T . eTT|s qY >sY
>T]+, n& dV jT _s #bTq |\\ >T]+ e{& L &<T .
nU V >T]+ nd e{&L&<T. e{& sVY yeTT\qT
H{qf eTTe H{ H&sT. # uukVu |{ eTs
# |\qT |T yq ] #dT+ sVY s\qT
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 147

yT+ y[bj&T. sVY qeT\qT |+#Tq eTq+ s~>] &T|
qT #d u<|&TTH+ $.d. nbse <>Zs qT+& +<eT+T\ es
] | #keTq n|s< ue+ <T. n>\ ~| eed, sjT
b\H eed *d &T>T\qT m nDydTHj, y] n_bjT d#qT m
eTT|&TTHj V#Y.d.jTT., C.mH.jTT $<sT\| <&T\ <s dwyT+~.
<[T\|, yTH]{\|, ~ydT\|, |<y]|, d\|, | nD>]q esZ+|
sT>TTq E\T+ es+> V u n+Tq C.mH.jTT <eT $Xc\T
eTq |+#Te& u>Yd+>, n+u<sY $<] d+|T+ (k) ss nsTTq
C.mH.jTT $<] eTsY U*< edTH sT. $X$<\j\qT \+, eT+, b++
e+{ d+ uy\ |]$T+ #d uy\ d+ yd $T~ ujT+
f. |eT, u<, J$+, eTTe e+{ $wj\ d+ eTV yTTsT>
eeV]+# \eed $w|]w+>+ LsTbsTTq $X$<\j\qT
d+d]+#*+<> V <su< d+ jTe]{ b|d s Y .y. s + #TsT.
V+<y<+ eTq yT< #T&TTq ]{ +# |jT+
#<+. |{ }|] d\|&+ <T. u\>b 7e es+ d+<s+> n+<s+
\T<+. $+<+. @+ #d |]dT\T yTsT>Tej <+. n+<s |
s+&.
sh $T{
4.10.2016
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 148

$XK 7e H+sT \Tw V#]
$TTs,
q>seTsTT+~ ?
z y| qTd, eTsy| b>...
<X e<eT+ <eTbH es+> e# |qqT s
n+<s #d +{sT. |
<eTbq+ >T]+ ds. \Tw+ sD+> eTq q>s+ H&T d]>Z
n+{ <TdH m<Ts=+{+~. +
z y| bsY y] u>TZ qTd, eTs y| $$< |]XeT\T y\Te]dTq
\Tw+ e\ q>s, q>s |]ds\L s>L&~ sT>T+~.
|&T eH{H, CH|s+ b+\ |]$TeTsTTq bsY u>TZ
<[ yT\> q>s+ yTT [k+~. eH{HqT u>TZ<[ qT+
$eTT+ #d q+<qeq+ #keT VMT e+& b+ myT>
HZq ysT s sT. n~ q+<qeq+ e&+ e nT+ <[
s\Ts\T> H&T q>s+ je +~.
H+{ +H ` >Ey sV <] | q q $$< |]XeT\ qT+
$&T<\eTq \TweT+ y q>s+H w ydT LsT+{+~.
yd$ <[, o\+, es |fq ydq q>s y~dTHsTT.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 149

yTTq s+ bs d{ z eT+<T\ +| y&T }] #sTe >Tq
|e<s skjTq es\qT s+> e~d y[bj&T. <TsZ+<+ ds, ne
yq { #sTe bjsTT. u>s+ + +{sTT. s+ bsd{
|]ds b+ |\T |&TTq nH c\ <={. bs +|\T dwdTq
\, yjTT \Tc\ &T n& |]XeT\ sT>TTq |e<\T |\qT
ujTu+T\qT #dTHsTT.
m|d |esY b+{ y] &< #sTe eT\ djT+ues+, < |]ds
>e\ dwdTq nHs>\T n+ + <T. n& u>s \T @H&
\Twe TsTTbjsTT. V+<C |esY b+{ #+~q dTesT H\T>sTT<T e+<\
u>TZ \T \b >eT |<q M~ >T+& b m+{ \Tw+ dwdTH
+| NeT {qT L& <T. jT++>+ L& @ #s rdTe&+
<T.
>+>es+ bsY <[ \Tw+ b+ |\qT \es |&+ eyT
<T, eTddq + +| d =qTq<q ys >EyydT\qT
n++f me ksTT ujT|&T+~. d\+ >+>es+ bsY y] u>TZ, s
dsT\ \ +<+ uT+< n+THsT.
|]d e+f q>s m+{ Vu #keT eTq sh |uT+ |<
|< |q\T #k+~. q |]XeT\T #dTq s+ >T]+ mes e{&sT.
|]XeT\ nqTL*+# eTq q>s u>[ ds|+, b n+X\ >T]+
|DT\T m+ #TTH |uT |<T. |]XeT\ $dsD nqTeTT\T
#dTH sT. = |]XeT\T m&|& e#dTH sTT. @+ #d M{ \Te]+#>\ y
*jT&+ <T.
q>s |\T m<Ts=+Tq \Tw deTd MT< eqeV\ y~
(V#YsYm|t) $XK 7e H+sT \Tw V#] |sT y~qT |\
|q y\Te]++~. y~ $&T<\ du n+<s s+&. eTq sdq >
eTs=k] |uT $|<+ s+&.
$XK|+
16.10.2016
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 150

<[T\ bD++>
e]q >sD
sT><e] neT|s+ Cq| yd y{ mc

(57) e~> \dT&T. e+Xbs+|s+> #d #ss e
=qk>TTH&T. k {+sY &b jTe s>jT\ ns$+< s
#+~q d& e 2016 >dT 8 eT<V+ $<T<| + #bsTT+~. |
< s rdTyeT ns$+< mcqT s&T.

n< sE s mc dMT| >eTyTq d<b+ (|\>T|+
eT+&\+) dXqy{ e s*+#&T. n|{ n&
+
>T$TL&q =+<sT e\T e >T]+ s rXsT. yTTu bH
b{\T rdTHsT. mc m|{ q k<sT &T y+fX sse (50)
*d e #s+ e\e&+ yTT<\T|{&T. &esY des| \DYesY
(23), n e TT& T d e s | |y T esY ( 15)\T L & |
b\T|+#T=HsT. + VsT> nHeT+~ e\T y] MT~
<&=#sT. q e #+|THs s|+#sT. jT<s+>
#bsTTq eH rdTe#eT, eT e qeTeT nq<eTT*<s
y] $T&sT. n|{| &T e jTe bH e{&+ #sT.
nsTTHds ysT qeT<T. \|syTq <wD\ eTeT&> <&
|PqT=HsT. nq<eTT*, &esY # { s, s\T, q|
}#\ #e>={sT.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 151
m+d|{ mc, y+fX se\T +{ ] sbe&+ y] esT\T
d<b+ ysT. n|{ n& #]q bdT\T ` &* @&T=+&\T, #>+{
|k<\T y] | L& neqTw+> |e]+#sT. q e #+| #s+
e\TdTHeT |+f MT nq<eTT*<] e~*ykeT < #+|eT
u~]+#sT. nsTTH mc n<+ #|<T. bdT\T >T\qT n+TH
dT| rdTy<T d]< e s+ q H y] m+
neT|s+ bdtdwH s*+#sT. e] eT<sy myTsY|mdt ss\
|PNT| y{ mc, y{ y+fXsse, des| \DY esY\qT
|uTdT| #ssT.
eT&T e\ <
d+|Tq #bsTTq e +f q eT&T e\T \b
bw+#jT <q+. n<>+f neT|s+ eT+&\+ eTq>sTe
+{&T M]q lydse nH e. nqT >& \dT& T . qsT s T . f+{V dt
sV&T. eqeV\ ss\ nqT #|q <q+ $<+> +~.
=H qT+ n e$T& yTT* sT>T bsT>T sT\ #+~q
e\T HXq+ #dTHsTT. n~ >eT+ jTq >dT 8 kjT++ e\qT
q bsT >$+<T *d d<b+ >e \T= bj&T (eTq>sTe
qT+ d<b+ 8 MTsT). n& dXqy{ MTsT <s+
|*~+& #+{ e n|+#&T. >+<+ y] b+ #y\ ksTTuT
Bq+ $T> s+&T e* +#&T. N{ MT< q |sT, }sT, bH H+sY
sd y]#&T. e\ d+ mes=H q d+|~+#eT |sesTT+#&T.
> e\ jTeqT\T eT]=+<] *d y{ y<&+ bs+_+#sT.
ksTTuT Bq+ s +&T e\T y] <=]sTT. eT& e d+ >*dTq |&T
dXq+ e~>\T sd|&sT. < eT eH ysT <=+*+#sqTHsT.
y q e e~dTHsqTHsT. n+<T #TT|\ q+ L&
#sTT yXsT. n+<s *d d|j H\ d+ >s+ deTd =+&+ #Xs
M]q lydse n_bjT+. nsTT <q + |P] qeTX +> <T . m+<T+f`
<sT\ d<byT #sj?
e$T& yTT* b&T#dTq e { lydse +<Te ]+
HsjTDse~. s+& e sE\|P& >+><sse~. eT& e u|sE
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 152
y+dTsE~. yTT<{ <s eTq>sT e >eTdT . eT& kMT~
dMT|>eT+ eH+\|P&. |+b yT d+ |X e\T #=s&+
=MT <T. nTe+{ d+<s sT\T j |Xe\ jTeqT\
e #| #ksT . nsTTH & #jT b eT H +{<> sZ
e* {yksT. n+| }sT }sT MTs <s+
s*+#T= ysT. |Xe |+#b @ jTe nsTTH eTT+<T>
>eT+ q\T>T] yT #k&T. n+> eT&T e* y<&
eTT|sTT eT+~ b>dT s|P bsT>sT y&T. |> HsT>
dT|&s T .
eTeT&> <& b\&sT.
#ss e Hse?
e~>\T { y] <=+>\T> eT{sT. n+f & #ss
eH Hs+ > |]>D+ #sT. n+<TH |X e s+ qT+ #s + e\TdT+ f
#e>={sT . Bq+ e e\T m e#jT #y\ ksTTuT s
|+q|& yde+ *d +T+~ <! s+&T e\T <=]q s |
eT& e # qT>=q&+ nk<e? nd\T n|{es M]q
lydse y] bH e{& +&H H&? ]q d+> yTT+
nqT $e]+# +& H&? =~b{ deTjT+H y] nqTeq+
+
eTT+#T=+<? nbV |&q + eq nejT\ MT< neqTw+>
<& ~>Ts?
e s+ qT+ n|{ =+yTs eyT #s+ e*#sT
{ e me]< jTeqT\T dT\u+>H b\T>\sT. |>
#bsTTq e jTe ns$+< L& y] bH dw+>H #b&T
e q<. \deTsTT e [bT+<H q|+> sy
s*+#eTH&T. + d+<V+ @$T{? }], | y{
mc =y&T L& <T. n& n ueeT]~ js>& @dTuT
+{&T. nqT {&esY. neds+ yTs \e L& #k&T. y
nqT dT| y&+ e\ | u>k$T <T. y]<s n<
dXqy{ =H> #bsTTq |Xe\ #s e\TdTHsT.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 153
d+> }s+{ $~yT. @ #ssT& e+d+ dy, #s+ dy q
|Xe e~+#&T. e+ +Cq+ sT +&&T. nsTTH nbV
@$T{?
sT q e >T]+#&?
dXqy{ n+ N{ L& y] e~>\T |+#sT. e
|++~. #T |+#sTT. & |+#sTT. =& s,
s\T |+#sTT. e eT< < e+ *jT<! e eT~
q|&T yqT~] y[by* <! ><& eTTf { e qT+ d+es\
s & b\T |T =+{sT. n< e #b e+ n+<s eTT eTdT+{sT.
mHbT < y&Tq|{ @ s <]<|\ ssT. s
#s sT\ n|+#+ es <bsT. nTe+{ |]d T @ <TsT<X + +&H
sT \T dXqy{ |sT >T |sT >Tq #sT Hs? b++ e\ n|V sD
>Tsq |Tq\T + eTT+<|& e. nTe+{ |s<TM bdTdwq
qy<q <K\T e. y{ mc, n T+ duT\ MT< @ $<yTq
s|D\T e. nsTTH <+ ]+~. | |#T >dT 8e B s +{>+
u~T\T bdTdwH q deTjT+H eTq>sTe qT+ =+<sT e\T
e#sT. mes eT e* <=+*+#s bdT\ |s<T #XsT. \ys>H
eT&T e\ < |#s+ e+~ !
j< d+|Tq> |#s+
d+|T q j<+ > ]+~ | _C|, sYmdtmdt, $V#Y|, >d+sD
d$T ~ d+d\ +~T\ mTe+{ d++<+ < bdT jT++>+
|<| < |{ + +~. n|V ]+#&q eT e* #s sT\T e~dT H sH nbV
y]| sT\T <& #Xs |#s+ #d+~. B =+<sT k bjTT\T
L& e+ |*sT. dV +> |\T L& n< eTqTHsT. V\ d+| \T,
<[, |C d+|\T #|{q sdq se\ s yde+ HeT~>
ne>e TsTT+~. nsTTH bs de+ eTq+>H +&bsTT+~. =\T d+|T q
| e\\T d+~+#<T. <Xy|+> #sj+XeTj nys |]dH
~*e#sT. e\e~>\ eT< sEq eZsD $y<+ w\+ d+
y] nes<+> e]+~.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 154

>/|X e< w~+#\ sTTq d+d, seed\ T yde +|
eTq+ eVdTHsTT. #bsTTq e\T, s |Xe\ s\qT
=\+#&+, bsyjT&+ yTT<q |qT\T #dysT <<|> n+<s
n&T>T esZ\ys. <[T\T, ~ydT\T, eTTd+\T $TqV eTs
\+ysT L& eT>e\, |Xe\ s\qT bsyjT&
n+^]+#sT. eT >e\T, |Xe\ d++~+q sb
bZH 25 \\ eT+~ 45 X+ eT+~ <[T\T >, 55 X+
eT+~ eTTd+ \T. MsT eyT |X s\qT =\+#&+ , bsyj T &+,
y{ #s\qT \e&+, X~ #jT &+ yTT<q |qT\T #ksT . Te+{
|qT bZHy] <jT+ n e > us<X| $d]dTq
#sT\T, e+kT\ |]XeT\ qT+ n|]$T u\H]dTq
ys+<s n>\ys e&+ usrjT de+ u<s
ysT<+.
` &sY k>] sY syT<dt
|Xy< Xgy s
|
#T\T *| $ +
& eTs nqTeHd< $wjT+ L& +~. >dT 8 kjT++ +
eTq>sTe qT+ d<b+ >e e* \Ty[q M]q
lydse s neT|s+ y&T. n& s>jT\ ns$+<
{+sY &b <>Zs #bsTTq e #ssT\T #s&+ #Xq
L& #b&T. n|& dMT|+ eT<+ <TD+ |#d |*y\
T, \DY\T L& #bsTTq eqT #Xs, nsTTH s ]q
<& <s bZHs, bdT\T y] +~T\T> #|<
u~T\T |s=HsT. n+<T eTq>sTe >eTdTq eTT>TZ]
e s mc d<b+ dXqy{ s*dTH&H d+>
eTT+<T>H \TdTq ysT nHsT. #T\ *| $ +
@s&qT $&$& $wj\{ &]d d<b+ |Tq
|<+ |syT ]+< nseTeT+~.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 155

d+|T q m$T~ eT+~ +~T* bdT\T nsdT #XsT. M]| mdt.d,
mdt.{ n#s s< #+ bT us d |s+ re+> ={ >jT|],
VjT b\&qT> Hss|D ybsT. M] @&T>TsT >& ,
sT | #+~qysT. nsTT<T>TsT eTq>sT e, eTT>TsZ T deTqd >eTdT\ T.
nsTT y]bT <& ]q #, s bdTdwHqT L& bdT\T
y+q, &* @&T=+&\T eT | neqTw+> |e]+#sT { y]
<>+ qT+ dd+& #j\ mdt.d, mdt.{ n#s s< #+ +<
y]| L& dT qy<T #j\ u~T\T &e+& #XsT. <& bZq
|*y\ T, \DY\ dV <& |<+ sb+~+q eT+#+ sese
L& nsdt #j\ ssT. e$T&|* HsjTDeT] (jTsT+& nT\T)
m7 qT+ m1 es\ ssT. $#sD deTyTq |< #|&+ <,
MT&j de#s+ *jT|s#&+ < ysT +<q e+ #XsT.
>dT 9q d yTeTT u~T\ e{&T, MT ss\ \e
Te+{ d+|T q mq&H m<Ts=Hs n n&>eTT. <T n mc y+H
<T*#&T. |&+<T ]+<qT+THsT nq>H n =&T,
b<jTT&T nsTTq #+{uT *+#T= yB >d+sD H<+ Te+{
eTH<, |&T #H q]bk+~ n #b&T. |Tq sdq>
s| @ |Xe s+ C* #ssT\T yb @eTeT+~ nH |X +~
e. VQX n|&T Jey\ d+<V+ e neT+~. sTDes sdq
= #|\T < >TsT=k+~. 1936 H{ < m<T s eTT+&
e~>\T sdq e+ #dq rsT jTq >=|> +#sT. b |y]
< + n+u< sY ke sD+ n|]Xuy T q |qT* ud\H #sTTksT
n nHsT. n+<TH <[T\T n|]Xu eT* e~*|{\ jTq |T|{ sT .
+>H y{ mc e+{ysT n|]XuyTq eT \e e~*|{qsTT
s>jT\ ns$+< me] bH #de+&y&T?
> = <Xu\T> eekjTs+>+ |X e\ $j>+ >T eZ TTK+ |{+ ~.
q, dqsT s T \ y{ bwD us+> j ssTT+~. B |\TesT e~>\T
ss |qT <TsT=HsT. n> \e ysT |P]> e<T\T<T.
|{ <s\qT { e < >< s+ qT+ #s+ e* n$T sT e+<\
sbjT\T eksTT. d\+ e+k d]d H\T>T T+u\ysT Ls
e+&T= +{sT. =+ u>+ m+&u{ u<|s#T=+{sT. +<Td+ q\T>TsT
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 156

e\T sE XeT #ksT. yTT+ |jT #ssT\T eT
qV>qT, se+>qT u$ks | u| #&sT.
e\+f bD+, <[T\+f <w+
M]q lydse ~sT\ qT+ yTeTT de#s+ d]+#|&T
y] | eqT <[T\+f #T\q ue+ eeTe&+ >eT+#+.
e~>\T \ \T ydT e&+ d + dV +# y] <wu y Xs+
yd+~. e n+f eT bDeT #| L& e s+ qT+
#s+ e\e&+, e+d+ q&+ Hs+> |]>D+# y] n$y e
H e s+& bsTT+~.
u~T\ |uT+ DkjT+, qw|]Vs+, <>+, u$T
|{++~ +es DkjT+, 25 X+ yTs qw|]Vs+
eyT n+<sTT. e\e~>\T *d |Xe s sTeTT|{q
\+ H{ y&T mc <=]q|&T e+d+qT, q|&T
{|qT &T| +|qy&T. #ss e T+u
<T=qy&T. #eT{& =&T* #~$+qy&T. |&T |<+
|s+ ]q <& jTq \Ty \yd+~.
s
<[T\ e]*
|
<X+ V+<y<T\ <Ts>\ =qk+|>H d+|Tq

]+< u<|&T+~. s|<X TsY H +
MT<T> +<|<X d<b+ es eTH<+ #=#Te+~.
nsTT & yTC]{ eTH< \ <TsV+s+ &sTT+~. >=&T
e+d+ +TH&H nqTeq+ eTw Ves d qT+ |Xe
s+ qT+ #s+ e*# \e Hs+> |]>D+# <X m>u+~.
{e* |]De\qT \TdT=H+<T $TT\+ eTsk] Cq|
y[q|&T H{ neeq+ qT qTeTd+es >TsT+&bT+<
mc |T=H&T. e sT>T |jD+ jTq >T&d #sT
>Tq <[T\ e]* nH | sY y| =+d| #dT+ & bjeTT.
MD+ | |#T]+#&q .>. eqeV\ y~
n<\T He& l<sY yd+ s s|+> n#sTT+~.
nsY 2016
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 157
<[ >=+T dT<sY
eqeV\ ss, <[ yT<$ #s |d\ dT<sY |e] 7e Bq re

nHs>+ eTsD+#sT. <[, V\ <e\ dTesT s+&Tqs <Xu\
bT n+&> *q e dT<sY. keq T++ qT+& $X$<\jT
n#sT&> m~q nsT<q e. m+ m~H q eT\qT @H&T $d]+#< T .
<[, V\ <e\ y|, y{ | s+s+ w #k&T.
eT<q|* _.{. C #<T e dT<sY e , <s +~. CsTTr
H]+~. &es $\Te\ =s J$+#&T. 1980 eq <[ <eT+
n|{ + $<]> eq dT<sY +{ jTTe\qT u> |u$+ #d+~.
u<, n+u<sY d+|\ se\ u>eTj&T. nH b+ <eT
y| du\T deyX\T sV+#&T. yT| |Cd+|\T, <e\T, yeT|
sj\T dT<sY #q\qT Xe++ #ksTT. \ qT+& yTq
yT<e\T eks, ||+# ns+ #dT= es>\ X y] e+T+< >{>
qeT&yT ~| \ n<| \ y~+ |+#&+ dT<sY n\yT.
$X$<\jT+ eq d yesD #~ +#&T. <[T\ | e+& q#|qT,
#T\q uy\qT, <dq yKsT\qT D]+| #jT>*>&T. <[ >sy
V+> \&&T . $X$<\jT+ @ s esZ\ +f yT<d T >, deTd\
| ] cs + >, >\> < [ T \T y q & s s | + #& T .
$X$<\j CrjT n+srjT yT<e\qT |]#jT+ #k&T. n+u<sY
jT+T\T, es+T\T, |P du\T deyX\T ]| y{ z = ns,
+&TH rdT=#&T. <[ $<sT\ n+&> e+&yT y]
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 158

$Xk rdTse+ d]<jT b bw+#&T. eT
HjTyTq +\ z sb e&+ $<] d+|\T jTq qT+&
HsT=HsTT. $X$<\jT+ \yTq <[ >=+T> y] bs{\
k~s k~+#&+ dT<sY k<eTsTT+~.
1990 +<|<X bsV\ d+|T+ duT& s \+
nq+| s+ bsV \ d+|T + n< &> =qk>&T. eqeV\
y~ @sT j o\+> |#k&T. sT y y~ n< &>
dTBs \+ =qk>&T. \|sy T q V+k sb\qT V\ \+|T q
u>+> #&\H #s \yTq y<q\qT $|+#&T. #T+&sT,
k+|, b|*, +>qeT\, \eTsT, se\T&, V+<|s
<[T\| ]q <&T\qT, V\qT sd+ #&+ q, ssD $T{
u>+> s>&+q \b eV+#&T. s|\T sjT&+q,
bdsT n+#&+q, }s+|\T, b<j\T, du\T, deyX
bZq&+q |<qb eV+#&T. $X$<\j V\

<e\ #TqT d+b~+#>* >&T. k+|T Xk\ $< |]sD s
<e |#s +<+> eH&T. nHeT+~ n<|\qT |
<e\ |]#jT+ #jT&+ dT<sY~ |TqyTq b. sE
nHeT+~ $<sT\T V\ d+| ss\T> e+&{ dT<sY +
eyT sD+. s+&T <Xu\ bT nq+|s+ V\
<eTy| nedsyTq de\T #X&T. nHs>+ sD+> > 5
d+es\T> jo\+> eeV]+# neX+ bsTTH <e
yq+f eH&T.
#] n<|&> <[, d, yqT&q esZ\ #] s#q d+
reyTq w #k&T. dTesT @&T &s > & > eeV]+#&T. ne
|& esZ\ n+X\|H +B]+ e+&&+ j<+ <T. yTq
<w #] s#q #j\ d+*+#&T. dT<sY eTsD+ w
$| + *++~. jTq sdq dTesT 60 yk\T |]X<q |
|#T]+#&sTT. n u<+|q, n+u<sY #q\|q, d, <[
<e\|q sdqy. |]X<q w sD+>H +<|<X #]
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 159
+>dt |<q s<]> eT&T |sj\T mqT&&T. n+ \yTq
<X #] +>dt d+dqT |+ #jT&+, <[T\, d\ d+d
deTT kH k~+#&+ L& dT<sY e\H k<yT+~.
dT Vd|jTT&T. d+^+, k+<s+, bjT, nqTs>+, n{
$T+ dV, |eT $\Te q e\ |P\qT |PsTT+qy&T dT<sY.
$TT\qT, V\ ss\qT, <[T\qT, T+ duT\qT m+>H |u$+
#dqy&T. q ns+s weTD n+< sX|]#&T.
neTsY V dT<sY
nq+|s+ $T{
17.2.2017
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 160

<[T\| <&T\
#seT^+ b&<|&T?
s+#&T, #T+&sT, |~]|+, \+|... |&T M{ |q

neeqs+> eTs }sT, n< |\b&T. nq+|s+ eTT~>T
eT+&\+ >eT+ CrjT sV<] e\+ 4 .MT. <s+

e+~. |]wY q bsX\ q|{ n+sq+ n&T>&T>TH s
+&$d +T+~. \ $e qT#|yTs+ sd| & T H +T+~. |
{ m& s &T ed, <[T\T \& dT e+ +{ #s\T
>eT+ =\\T. $$< \ #+~q zsT dTesT 900 eT+~ +
q >eT+ <[T\ T+u\T 50 +f, s & T+u\T n++ f
# my +{sTT. ke+>, ]+>, sjT+> n $<
|#sTT, |q+ s& ke esZ<.
|X n*jdt @T 25 d+es\ sT|< e~> jTTe&T.
}s mesT | |*H <q+& yy&T. & <sT eTqTw\
| #dy&T. <#T+& u> w|& |eT+T&T. s\T>
|X T++ k>T #dT +Tq u $T }s s & yd|P ]+>
q |sT MT< |{ #sTT+#T=, <sq+> q Bq+ #TH&T.
JeH<syTq u$T nH++ e+ e\q |X, n nq\T
L* |qT\T #dT+ Jeq+ kdTHsT. eT+ k]
seTdTus& nH jTq q b\+ |#d |X L* &T\T
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 161
|P]> e+& u~]+#&T. &T|eT+&q |X seTdTus& {sY u
mT=#&T. eT&T sE\ s |X nq u ] #k&T. nsTTH
q @<H V \|&s yqH uj
T + |X y+H }sT e~* y[bj&T.
es eTT+<T sE }s ] edT+&> }sT y* <>Zs |XqT #dq
seTdTus& n &T +~+#\ #X&T. |X |+#T=H&T.
s |X eT >&yeTT >\u{& seTdTus& |sT |{+#&T.
s|P b\ y+ n&<] |X }s edTq $wjT+ *d
u }] #T |dq seTdTus& esZ+ sjTT<T&q |XqT $#D
sV+> ={, V+d\T |{ keTV+> V #ksT. s Xy
>Hd+ {sY {\sY| ydT=, }sT y* nsT>T <>Zs |&ksT.
eT $u<\qT |q|{ n b\ s&T @yT V+&
b\T|+#THsT. bD; |X T+ duT\T>, +<Te\T>, $T>
<[Tes> esD+&qT n&TH kVd+ #jT<T. d+ Xy
#&& L& y <s + #\<T . me] <sH V >T]+ \TdTq
bdT\T, y+H >e e $wj s rksT. e <T, yTeTT
#&<T n+ yTT<{ ujT+ n+<s H fdTH, s
{qT $e]d, |>y& L& n+{ #e sL&<+ $\|+#sT.
|X k<sT &T q |s <T yTs eTT~>T jTdt. k \qT $#]+ .|.d
dH 147, 148,149, 302 sY/& eT]jTT mdt.d, mdt.{ n#s\ s<
#+ 1989 dH 3-II-V +< dT qy<T #dT= seTdTus& eT]jTT
n +<T$TT\T m$T~ eT+~ nsdt #d ]e+& s*+#&T. >eT+
# ~ yesD+ H\=+~. + dT\T |{sH }s eT+
{+ <>Z] se+&, eT b <[T* se+&, y] {\qT
s>jT+& s&T y] k+|T VwsD >T]#ksT. <+ <[T\T,
m|&T @+ sT>TT+<q __eT+ bD\T ns# |T=
TTHsT.
|&|& & <[T\T _.m&, b*f +{ #<Te\ ke+>
# q e+T\eTHsT. sY.&.{ +{ d#+ < d+d\ T n+~+# #jT b<T|
d+|\T |T=, {\T`yT\T =qT=, ~| \ <j<D\|
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 162
<s|&+& TTHsT. jT+.sY.|.jTdt +{ |C d+|\
e\ sjT+> #qe+T\e, n#s\ es+> >=+T
de]+#T+THsT. B zs ~| \ ysT neX+ d+
m<TsT #dTqTHsT. |X s|+ neX+ <=]d] #
<Tss+Z >, neqTw+>, du de+ \~+#TH dVjTT&q
+] <[T&| & >T+| <&#d $ Hj neT\T|]#sT.
u <=+>q+, >&yeTT >\u&+ nH$ #{ #T rdT=
bD\T rd+ |< Hs\T e. n$ e\+ eT bX$ #s\qT
deT]+#Te& V+ \T #|dT q +{k\T eyT . ydy
~| \ eTqdT <[T\ MT< ss\T> e y# +<
qy, e y{ |#dq ud\T, yT+ |&d m+*
yTT\ T+ +&# #dqy, sE e edTe
mTs? c q ||\+ y\ ks? e eTT+<
eT+ \T, #|\T ydT=, +& sT>Ts? nH #T\q ueq
\+> +~. ss\T> eTT #sTTdTq ~|+ m& ;\T s
ysTT+< nH nu< ue+ <[T\ $Xk < rj* |
nH |<q <X+H |XqT ysT eTeT&> eTTu{sT.

qT #+b\qT+f |<H eTT< yj* n+{sT <! <
{\ eT <TssZ\qT m~]+#y] >=+T H={ ~| \
+
ysT |jdTHsT. |X eqd d d]> <T, |e<s+>
|e]dTH&T nH |sT |{+#&+ | | d+ neT\T
u>yT.
V+ \ |+ &T e ssD $T{ y ` MTsesT?
@ {.$.? m+<T=#sT? yTeTT }] <+&+#eTT. @+ b? y&
H=&T #+| e MT< dT |{sT. \+.... =&T\T n+ #
ndu +>, b>sT >, <usTTd e{&&T. +&T bD nHjT+>
*>=H y] @e+ |X|+ <T. |> @yy T<\T #|
|XqT d+|T $<V X> , eqd s>, n+{ y& #+|H
| <T n d>TZ> deT]+#T+ e+#q +&, de
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 163

e+#q L& d<|&TTHsT. @ X\T M] yqT |#dTHsTT? @ esZ\T
M] =eTTdTHsTT? @ eed\T M] n+&> \TdTHsTT? +#+&.
+ |Ts+> <[T&T #+|&, $wjT+ e\+ {s+&T ys
| m&wH \ m+<T |]$TyT + ~? d+|T qqT $X\ |C+
rdT[ sh y|+> #sj+X+ #d, b\\T d+ +{T&T| #sH
rdTH y]| & rdT=se+ |\T m+<T yqT+ yksTT? <
d+|T q <X s<H, $<X\H ], MT&j m+ V+>e #dT + <,
m+ n> d+~dT+< eTq+<] $~yT. m+<T |b+, @$T{ B yqq
sjT+ +#+&.
\ de+ | yT MT< qysT <T nqT>TD+>
eqd |]esq #+~, eTw eTw> #&+ nH $X\ deT<w
n\esTy*. HjT\T, n~sT\T, HjTeTsT\T <[T\ sD d+ @s&
#{\qT, sC+>+ b+<T|]q V\qT d]>Z neT\jT X~ w
#j*. n> |&\ |\+<s | eTw $\Te d+
|CkeT<+ > s+s+ n\T|sT> bs{\T #dq |& <[T\| <&T\
|sH+{> |k|t |&TT+~.
&e+&
1. |X * \eT mdt.d, mdt.{, n#s\ s< #+ |s+, ]
dVjT+ n+~+ |qsyd+ *+#*.
2. >eT+ X+jTT yesD+ H\=H es bdt |{+> +#*.
3. Hs |]X<q s> |P] #d, eTT<sTT\ ]q \T |& q #s\T
rdTy*.
4. ddt |qjT $TwH dbsT\qT y+H neT\T#d, de+ <[T\
q neX\T *+, n+<] deq+> m~> bV+#*.
5. <[T\| sT>TTq +{ esD+&\qT bs de+, |Ck$T
y<T\+<s eTT+s+ K+&+#*.
nq+|s+ $T{
28.2.2017
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 164
|t VqT sT V>
r]ks?
e] 26e Bq essT bdtdwH ]q eHwt |t V
<q +s |]De\T +<q *dTH sTT. e] 22e Bq $&|q
>e #+~q eHwt, ]uT, Mswt\qT essT bdT\T eT
dwH n<T| +#T &T d+ re+> V+dd eTsejTy\ s
e< \yTq < * eHwt eTsD+#&T. ]+~ |t V >
< | |#Te& n~s b HjT\T, bdT\T eT
|
sT V> +#&+ d>TZ#fq $wjT+.
eTT&T eHwt sT|< ujT \dT&T. \T, u$T+{$ @M +
e. >se |<+ > J$+#>\ e <T . e\+ se=+& jes+Z
zsT eyT. zsT $\Te m\|&T | s ]yb
+{< eTq+<] *dq $wjT yT. eHwt n~s b kqTu |sT &
|<y&T e&+ e\q n bD $\Te +& bsTT+~.
n+<Te\H me] q ysT n |t V sT
ssTTdTHsT. <s|] >eT+ ]q >=s <=+>q+ dT
eHwt, ]uT, Mswt\T nqTeT\T. B| m+{ dT qy<T <T ,
|s <T eyT e&+~. es sT jTdt. HsH HjTT&T, m.mdt.
uc\ <q <V M eT&T sE\ bT L& V +d\T
nqTu$+#sT. | s 15 y\ sbjT\T #*+#\, &T
#< dwqTH +#T+{eT #bsT. bdT\T ={q \yTq
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 165
<\ eHwt eTsDd < | |#TH < + #T sj\
|jT+, $|\yT b] f bd ysT +|# y&Bd V
#dTH& s> |#s+ #dTHsT.
eHwt us dT+eT 26e Bq essT bdtdwH jTdt. CHsH
HjTT&T, m.jTdt. uc\| |s<T #d+~. |\T, +<Te\T d#+<+>
s+&T>+\ bT sks #XsT. n~s b HjT\T, bdT\T eT
eHwt us \u* TsT #| bdT\ qT+& @&T \\T, sT V
|] 5 \\T &T |keT q$T+ yT q |s<TqT +|ysTT+#sT.
s q us \T eekjT+ #dTH&, $Ts| |+ TuT <s
n|\b\j&, y{ #*+# V #dTH& |s<T ssTT+#sT.
s essT bdT\T V+> d.sY.|.d. 174 +< nqTeHd<
eT> yT H+sT 26/2017 dT qy<T #XsT. bdT\ d>+ >+&+
>& jT|&qsTT+~. ]uT, Mswt\qT 26e B <jT+ y*eTT<\T,
d+\T rdT e~XsT.
& qT+& eTs nHjTyTq |jT bs+uyT+~. yTT<> |+#He
>j\T qy<T +& #dTHsT. s+&e~ &s q##| bdtesyT
y~ >j\T e ssTT+#sT. sT V { HyTs bdTesyT
m> #jTsT. #e sDyTq \yTq >j\T +f #\T. n|\
yqT |{+#&+, \T u$T q y] |{+#&+ sjT b\ |<
deTd <T. |> Hs|]X<q #d~ essT bdT { <s| Xsy>+
|P] #XsT. V Hs+ qT+& jT|&{ syq, y<, s>, bdT
XK\T yTT+ ssV eed\qT s+ #jT&+, nB sC+>< |<e\T
sVdTq y] qTdq\ s>&+ |Cke V #jT&+ +{~.
>eTksTT HjT& bsTTq y&T m bj&T, yTeTT @< |\T |& sT
V> #|+#T eHwt us dT+eT HjT+ #<eTqT+f MTsT
e nqeds+> #&>=&TTHs V\ d+|\ e{& ++
e{&>\+? +{ |Ts sjT b\T, eTTK+> |<q ||+ d+
K+&+#b e&+, u~T n+&> \&b e&+ eTq sjT <s> + <?
eHwt +{ y] T+u\ HjT+ s>\+f |Ck$Ty<T\T q&T+
_+#*+<.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 166

&e+&
1. essT jTdt.. HsH HjTT&T, m.jTdt. uc eT]jTT
dT nX, e\| .|.d dH |s+ VdT qy<T
#j*.
2. eHwt us dT+eT 20 \\ qw|]Vs+ #*+#*. dT|+sT
<X\ |s+ &TqT essT bdT\ Ju\ qT+&
#*+ #*. dT+eT \T {+ 5 ms\ eekjT u $T y*.
3. sY #=se rdT Xy bdtesyT sV+#*.
bsV\ d+|T+, |CkeT V\ |]ssD d+d,
eqeV\ y~\ eT& s|+
nq+|s+ $T{
9.4.2017

s
|

+
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 167

ndeT |Cke jTTe|T
yTT< u$T \|sT|> +<HsT. de+ deT++~. sVQeP, TeP

e dsTD, #+<TD $T+>TjTHsT. >V X+T\T #dH T, +f
n+ n\ \yTqHsT. $we uT d+<\| u $T \&+<HsT V+<Te\T.
<T, VsT\dt uTC\| nHsT ^\T. me] uTC\sTTH+ de+ <<|
n+<s y{ deT+#sT. n~> jT #&+&. B |e&
d<+ > &T . f*k| &T+TH&T. m+<T f*k|qT #+<T&y| b&T.
ns.... >eTT... n& =+&\, >T\ q&sTT. f*k|qT + +
b&T. q eT+&\+, >V\T n sT>T q|&sTT.
|be&yT ndeT. ndeT |s >*j. ndeT K>Xg
$sy sDeTsTT+~. >V\, >VD\ nd\T < y\&+~. n+f |>
kbq+ ndeT.
dw s m+ >=|y&T. m+ y$ < u] yT q | , JeC dw+ #&T.
nH <eTTqT, neqT ~jT+<T dw+#qT. e\ L& de+
deT++~. e nqTeq+ e+~. nqT deT+#<T. |]X<q
n& |]DeTy<+ y| rdTbsTT+~. JeC\eT+ |]DeT |*yT >
dw s eTVT < *bsTT+~. u> e +T& |Xs y T b sTT+~. dw s q T
eTyT dw+ +< nse TsTT+~. ndeT |s &]H. Je |]DeT d<+
&]H ndeT kbqeTsTT+~.
sC~s+ <e<eT, sE <y+X d+uT&, sE @ |P #jT&,
sC XdqeT, sC ~sD <e<wD deqeT, |[ dsZ+H
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 168
sj T eTejT ]q |#s de+ deT *|+~. +<T
@< sdT +<|++~ z jTsT. deT #jT&q
deT ++~. , >q | $dsd n&$u |{&T.
$\ Jeq $<H |]o*+#&T. y$esd\ T d++<\ qT+&
d |sTw d++<\T <+|reed m~>jT >T]+#&T. ndeT
|s V ysZH. ysZH ndeT |> kbqeTsTT+~. k+|T
Xg+ $wyT+~.
ysZH ndeT eTs ndeT &sTT+~. d+b~+q d
ys d T \qT s ] +# & $yV eed q T d s | ] #s , d
b&Te& s+ e+< XdjT+> sTEe #d+~
s +& ndeT. d\ |Cy<+, \|j >+ nH s +&T nk\ kjT+
s+ eTqT>& kdT+<, s+ <e<eTH ueq, sE <y+X
d+uT&H ueq |Cy< b+<& b\\T *+qe
ndeT |{++~. ndeT |s |&] @+>. B+ d]=
s d<++ $wyT+~. s
eekj nedsyTq |Xe\qT qeT], <eqT d+| |
|s# & + dyT j>\T n #| q yB +| z >=+T ndeT |{ + +~.
nV+k eT+ |]++~. <T'K ysD esZ |b~++~. +
ndeT |s >eT T<T&T.
_{w |q + q&q # m& b<T> ~ <T. n K+&\q
y& e\d\THsTT. n>& e\db\q | ndeT |{++~ z
>=+T. \y&T |&#$q |{&T n $qT. { +&j n
n]+~ >=+T. \\ >=+T\ H<yT+~ n~. _{wy&T +&j
e~X&T. ns ~>+s |sT n H&T _{wy& Vq >Tsq
ndeTy~ C| nj&T. jTH >+B.
>+B y<+ esXeT <s & eyT |#dT+<, es
<syT |\qT \T> $&Bd+<, \ $uq k~] *dTq
<sXk\qT >+By<+ |HTe L& nq&+<, \ $uq
n+yT > ke |> k< + <, #qyT \ de+
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 169
n&T >Tq q <[T\T n~s+ sy\+f y] | @sT nedse T+
>]++~ eTs ndeT ds+. >+B dTq k++ <[T\ #f&
n n&+~ ndeT ds+. <[T\ | @sT ]swq s|+
uf+ esL $X$T+#<T ndeT. < |s _. sY. n+u<sY.
>+B y<+ d+|q esZ\ n~s+ u{ jT<< d eTs s|+
=qkdT+~ >, XeT<|& eedqT, eTw eTs eTw <#Te&
neX+ |ejT eedqT @ssC\<, >+By<+ X$T\
|jq+ *Z+#~ @MT < eTs ndeT >=+T >=+ n]+~. \y&
>+By<+ sJ|&T+~ n+~ >=+T. $qe\dq y $qqT q{k+f
d+ nd+; me] V \> u+T\T |* <eTT e~*++~.
+u +<u< n+ q~++~. >+B y< |ejT+
kw*yTq+~. H J$ #]qT #<e&+ eTT+ ]+yTq ndeT
|s u>Yd+>.
<X+ meTs $~+q|&T J$+# V dV @ b<$T Vq
nqTu$+#jT+& |\qT jT++#e#TqqT+~ |uT+. jT+
b\q q&TdTq 1975`77 d+es\ eT< \+ n~. J$+# V L&
sC+>+ q Vq+~ |uT+. $dTbsTT+~ ndeT. dy\T #d+~
dT|+sT. dT|+sT |uT y<q deT++~. BH V_jTdt sdt
dT n+{sT. <sdq+ >=+T ndeT |{++~. J$+# V
sC+>+ q V <+~ ndeT. |T d+$T+q VqT
sC+>+ q #sT qqT qT >s$+#T+~ n #| +~. + \+<T\T
e#T>, J$+# V e+ d< J$+# +T+~ n+~ ndeT.
ndeT |s ddt V#Y.sY. KH. KH n_bjTyT sC+> 44e desD>
#s|+ rdT+~.
V\ <eT+ ndeT>, nd+, $X\ due sV+, #sD
ndeTT\\T re yT< eT<H <]rksTT. V\ <eT+ @ sjT
n_bj |]$T+ L&<T nq< ndeT ds+. <e\T |C+
$\Te\ T& e+&\ nq~ ndeT. V\ <eT ne>Vqq
#sD q ys T < eTT+&L &< +~. V\ <eT+ | s <e\ e#+>
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 170

|#jT &+ <, < d+ #sD , <<e T +&\+~
ndeT. ndeT |s u\>b. ndeT s|yT eqeV\
y~.
$TTs!
eqy[ |s>eTq+ | <X q ndeT #] |s>eTH
<V<|&+~. ndeT |]X<qq, dHwDq bV++~. |
#] ndeTr #]qT n&T>T eTT+<T rd[+~. |\ =
#qqT n+~++~. n|{esL >\ qeT\ VTsV
m+&>{+~.
eT] ndeTy<T\qT s+ @MT nq<? >*jqT +{H
+~+ +{H eTsD+#T #d+~. nsTTH ndeT >. d
u~+# V +~ nq+<T k{dt eTsD $~++~. nsTTH
ndeT deTe. u< m<Ts T<T& <Xes D
#ksT. u>Yd+>qT ]rXsT. nsTTH ndeT >. Ms+ ndeT s
|qT deTTq+> \u{q y. ndeT \b*q # ndeT
\|b n~ Hs+ deq+. ndeT V eyT <T n~ eTq
|
$~ n qeTTT+~ eqeV\ y~. ndeT VqT eTq+
b&Ty*. n+<T <TssZ| V+< sj\ qT+ $<+ds +
n_e~ qeTH es n n|Ck$T, nHjT #s \|H e ndeT
\T|TH+. e ndeT MT deT \b*+~> sTTH+. s+s
C>s d# eTq+ #*+# eT\+.
Ceu< $T{
29.7.2017
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 171

y|* eTV\
HjT bs{ |<
HjTkq+ \T|\T f neX+ me]sTTH, m|&sTTH +T+<q e
yT. V >V+& bdT\# n#s >TssTTq ~yd
eTV\ HjT+ #L s |jT \ re |+< + > es&e TH~ u<s
d+<s+.
|keq m& sT>TTq HjT bs+ >T]+ <T. eTq H
d]>Z |< + . e&T>T\ eT+&\+ y|* >eT+ 11 eT+~ ~yd
eTV\| >V+& bdT\T b\& n#s es+> sT>TTq dTBs
HjT bs+ >T]+. eT eTTK+> +~T\ yjT&+ >T]+ ,
nd\T y]| dT =qk+# < nq $wjT+| eTV\T dT|+sT
< ye\dq |]d >T]+.
@+ ]+~?
. e&T>T\ eT+&\+ qTs |+#jTr #+~q y|* >eT+
2007 >dt 20e B <jT+ 11 eT+~ +<T ~yd d\| >V+& bdT\T
n#s b\&sT. >eT+| |& $<+d+ dw+#sT.
y|* eTV\T b&sT bdT\ e eeV]+#sT. yTT+ eeVs+|q
eTV, ~yd, V\ d+|\ qT+ sh y|+> sdq |\T_+~.
n#s+ #dq >V+& bdT\qT DyT nsdT #j\ &e+&T #XsT.
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 172
+~T\T bdT qT $#sDqT k bdT < d_d&\ #T
|+& d_ n|+#\ n d+|\T yTT<T+N &e+&T
#XsTT. n< deTjT+ +< ]q d+eT $TwqsY y|* >e
d+<]+ >eTdT\ y+> rdTHsT. +~T\sTTq 21 eT+~
>V+& bdT\q $#]+#sT. s jTq q y~
k bdT\T nd+ $#sDqT #|&+ < #T Hs $#sDqT
d+ |]X<H d+d # ]|+#\ dbsT #XsT.
nsTT +< |<X ]q deK V sT y &+ dT <s|q T
d_d& #sTT+#\ sh |uT d<s T sT <++~. |* +>
|uT+ dTqT d& mdt.| n|++~. ysT d+|Tq ]q 40
sE\ eTV\ y+> rdTHsT. 56 sE\ s Hs+
]q |<X d+<]+ |+#He #ksT. +#d n#s+ ]q
#jT\T MT Xs\| e qT n#s+ qeTX+> <H ssD
e#sT. nqTqf d_d& mdt.| eTV\ |s<T n<eT
s]+#k&T. s
n#s > T s s TTq eTV \ T d _ d & mdt . | y ~ q T |
| \& > $eT]d b&sT yTd{ sT 16 @| 2008q bfdT
|{w H <K\T #XsT. mdt.| q ]bsTq T sd ]+#\, eT |s <TqT
|yT +|+{> d]+#\ |s~<sT\T ssT. b&sT sT +
|s <TqT d]++~. dTqT ={y j \ 21 eT+~ +~T\T
V sT |{w H yd ys+ s +&H * d s T \T #T HsT.
y<|y<\T $q sTy 21 eT+~ 13 eT+~| b&sT yTd{
sT $#sD =qk+#\ 2012 @| VsT rsT +~.
rsT es+> 13 eT+~ +~T\ dT|+sT bsTT * d
sT\T #THsT. us nTq HjTkq+ dT T~
rsTqT + y\&+# e+~. + sT *+~ 13 eT+B
sT\T neH < nq~ <T, y] |q dT =qk+# <
nq $wj eyT! $wjT+ \& HjTkH\ |<
L& d]b<+f @eTqTy*? y <w\T neH < nq~
m|{ \Tks!
eqeV\ T{H`15 v 173

+~T\T 2012 dT|+sTqT XsTT+q =H <X s<
sj T d+|T q ]+~. |T q y\Ty q sdq \ H|< + H{ |uT +
es $TwHqT jT$T++~. $TwH #dq dbsT\T n{ |]>Dq
rdTbsTTH s|t qT |uT+ eT]+ T~+ #d+~. sjT >jT+
d\T|T+&> s|t esT\T #T #dT +Tq sT D+ y|* eTV\T
dT|+sT 2013 |e] +~T\T <K\T #dq |{wH| +sT |{wH
<K\T #XsT. sjT dT e~]>H eT dT L& ds HjT+
#LsTT+<q y] X n&jX nsTT+~. y] HjT bs+ H{ =*
s<T.
y+sb[ y|* eTV\T = yT m>uH eHsT.
|< \+ y] <sT eTsD+#sT L&. sV dT\ ,
uj, |u\ >TssTT u~T\T eT<H dT qT+ y<=\q d+<s\T
yMT <T. y|* eTV\T B _q+> n s\ q,
u~]+|\q T \&sT. yTT<{ qT+N y]~ f e.... e|
n#s+ #dq bdT\ |&*.
|uT\T n~s+ b+<~ |\ qT+&. nsTTH eT n~s+ u{q
|\| eT suT + <&T\ b\&TT+f |uT\T | b
eV+ }sTe&yT <T edT |\TTHsTT. e yT< <T
beT+THsTT. n~ s>eeT y|* eTV\T > |<> yTT+&> >TsT
#dH HsT. >V+& nsTTH, eTs=ssTTH #+ eTT+<T n+<s deqyT
n \BdTHsT.
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eTq l+ qT
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+ =qk>TH +~.
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deTd\| +<q #jT&+ |uT+ <w Hs+. dT|]b\q
n+f |\T HsT $|+& +& dH 30, dH 144 $~+#&e?
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eqeV\ T{H`15 v 179

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eqeV\ T{H`15 v 181

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