Pipe flow in water supply

Flow in pipes

A lecture by
Gilberto E. Urroz
March 2006

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Pipe flow in irrigation Pipe flow in dams

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Pipe flow in dams Pipes and pumps

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Pipes over rivers Pipes in industrial setups

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 Laminar & Turbulent Flows Flow films
LaminarTurbulentFaucetFlow.MOV
Laminar flow: orderly, in layers LaminarPipeFlow.MOV
Turbulent flow: disorderly, eddies TurbulentPipeFlow.MOV
Transitional: intermittently turbulent TransitionalPipeFlow.MOV
Criteria: Reynolds number LaminarTurbulentCombo.MOV
Critical Re = 2000 TurbulentFlowAroundUs.MOV

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Laminar & turbulent flow out of a faucet Laminar flow in a pipe

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 Turbulent flow in a pipe Transitional flow in a pipe

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Laminar and turbulent flow visualization Hydraulic Radius - 1

A = cross-sectional area
P = wetted perimeter (length of boundary
in contact with water)

Hydraulic Radius: Rh = A/P

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 Example
Hydraulic Radius - 2
FOR PIPE FLOW
A = D2/4 , P = D2, Rh = A/P = D/4

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Analysis of motion of pipe flow Head losses and shear stress

hf = head loss in length L
o= wall shear stress
= specific weight
o L
Rh = hydraulic radius
hf =
Applies to:
Any x-section
R h
Laminar or turbulent flow

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 Smooth and rough walls Dimensional Analysis of Pipe Flow -1

Examples:
Glass
Plexiglass
PVC

Examples:
Copper
Concrete

Rough walls characterized by an absolute roughness (e) 21 22

Dimensional Analysis of Pipe Flow -2 Head Losses in Pipe Flow

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 Head losses in circular conduits
Analysis of motion of pipe flow
2
L V
Start from hf = C f
Rh 2 g
For a circular pipe, Rh = D/4
Replace Cf = f/4
Darcy-Weisbach equation:
L V2
hf = f
D 2g
f = Darcy-Weisbach friction factor
Cf = 4f = Fanning friction factor (used in
gas flow) 25 26

Head losses and shear stress Shear stress distribution

hf = head loss in length L Equilibrium of forces
o= wall shear stress on an element of Fx = ma x , a x = 0
o L
= specific weight radius r , steady flow.
Rh = hydraulic radius
hf =
Applies to:
Any x-section
R h
Laminar or turbulent flow

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Shear stress linear distribution Wall shear stress and friction factor
L o L o L
From an ealier result: hf = o Combine the result hf = =
R h Rh (D / 4)
Also, 2 (r ) L
hf = L V2
r With Darcy-Weisbach hf = f
With Rh = D/4 = ro/2 D 2g

r
(r ) = o
f
o = V 2
8
ro
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Friction in non-circular conduits Laminar flow in a circular pipe

Use D = 4Rh in Darcy-Weisbach

L V2 L V2
hf = f = f
D 2g 4 Rh 2 g
With

VD V 4 Rh
Re = =

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 Centerline and mean velocities
Velocity and shear stress distributions
discharge and head losses

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Combining Hagen-Poiseuille with

Hagen-Poiseuille law for laminar flow
Darcy-Weisbach

32LV
hf =
gD 2
1. hf ~ V
2. Equation involves no empirical coefficient
3. Equation involves only fluid properties, g, and
V

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Exercises - 1 Exercises - 2

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Exercises - 3

Rounded entrance produces uniform flow (inviscid flow behavior)

Velocities at the wall are zero (no-slip condition)
A viscous boundary layer develops, but an inviscid core remains
before flow is fully developed

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Exercise in flow development

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