You are on page 1of 36

6.

( 8 )
. 293/2551

2552 .1-.6 , .1 , .4 1. 2.
2553 .1-.6 , .1 , .2 ,.4 , .5 3. 4.
2554 5. 6.
7. 8.
2553 .1-.6 , .1 , .4 7. 8 67
2554 .1-.6 , .1 , .2 ,.4 , .5
2555
11 .. 2551 8 ( .)
1. 5 , 5 2. 6 , 14
3. 8 , 13 4. 5 , 11
2.
5. 5 , 6 6. 3 , 6

7. 4 , 4 8. 4 , 8



3. ( 6 )

1.
//
2. /

3.

4. 8. ( 2 )
5.
6.

4. ( 5 )


1. = ( .1 .3 )
1. 2. = ( .4 .6 )
1.1 .1/2
2. 1.1 1 1
.1/2 .1 2
3. 2.2 .4-6/2
4. 2.2 2 2
5. .4 .6/2 . 2
9. ( 3 )
5. ( 5 )

1. =
1. =
2. =
2. =
3. =
2.1
4. =
2.2
5. = 3. =

10. ( 3 ) 12.
1. ( 1 6 ) 1. =


2. ( 1 3 ) 2. =


3. =
3. ( 4 6 )

4.
11.
- -
8 - - ,
- - /
- -
1. ( 1 6 ) - -
5 -
2. ( 1 3 ) -
6 13.
40 ./ 1 ()
3. ( 4 6 )
6
40 ./ 1 ()
1.
2.
o 3.
4.
o 5.
6.
14.
o

.1 .3 =


/ =

15.
840 6
(.1-.6) 40 ./ 60 . 1
. 1,000 2
120 . ./
3
840 3
4
(.1-.3) 200 ./ 45 .
. (66 .) 1,200 5
./ 16.
1,640 3 3 3
(.4-.6) 1,600 ./ 360 . 60 .
. (41 .) ,
3,600
1. 2.
40 . 3. 4. ()
40 . ( 1 .) 5.
80 . ( 2 .)
17. 20.

1. =

2. = /
/
3.
4.
18. ( 4 ) 1
21. ( 6 )
4
1. =
1 2 3 4 5 6
2. = / ,
, ,
1 0 01-99

2
3. = 3 1

( Las .2 , .5 , .2 , .5 ) 1
4. = .1,.1 ,.4
.3 , .6 , .3 , .6
2
19. ( 2 ) .2,.2,.5
1.
1.1 ( .1 ) 3 2
.3, .3, .6

.1 3 4
.4
.1 : = ( 6)
.1 : = ( 3) 5
.1 : = ( 6) .5
1.2 ( .2 )
6
.6
.2 2
.2 : = ( 3)
.2 : = ( 6) 22.
1.3 ( .3 )

.3 3
.3 : = ( 6)
.3 : = ( 3) . .
.3 : = ( 6) .. .
2.
1.


2.
..
..
3.

4.

12
23. 27.
Curiculum Currere 1. Subject Curriculum


o =

o = 2. Correlated Curriculum

o =

o = 3. Broad Field Curriculum

o =
4.
o = ,

o =

24. 5.
1. = PBL

2. =
6. Core Curriculum

7. Integrated Curriculum

25.
2551
o = , , 8.
,
o = ,
, 28.
o = , , , - -
- -
o = , , , - -
-

29.
1. Objectives
2. Content
3. Curriculum Implementation o 4
4. Evaluation 1. 2.
3. 4.
26. o grass root approach 8
1. 2. 1. 2.
3. 4. 3. 4.
5. 6. 5. 6.
7. 8. 7. 8.
26. ( 5 ) 30. 2
1. 1.
2. 2.
3.
4.
5.
Analyzing



2542



1.

2.

3.


1.
. 2.
. 3.
. 4.
.
. 1.
2.
3.
. 4.
5.
. 6.

. 1.
2.
. 3.
4.
5.
.
1.
2.
. 3.

1.

2.
2.1
2.2

3.
4.

5.

() 6.









2.3 Concept Based
Instruction


3.
3.1 Experiential learning



Active participation
3.2 Service Learning
4

1. Physical




3.3 Authentic Learning
2. Intellectual






4.
3. Emotional
4.1 Problem

Based Instruction




4. Social


4.2 Project -

Based Instruction


2 5.
1. 5.1 Inquiry -
Based Instruction
2.

5.2 thinking -
1. Student Based Instruction
Center Instruction
1.
1.1 Individualized 5.3 Group
Instruction Process - Based Instruction
/ //

5.4 Research -
1.2 Self Directed Based Instruction
Learning

5.5
Instruction Emphasizing learning Process

2.
2.1 Mastery learning 6.



2.2 Verification
Teaching



2. Instruction without Teacher teaching Principle
2.1 Programmed
Instruction

3 1.
2. Learning by doing
1. 3.
2. 4.
3. 5.
6.
2.2 C0mputer 7.
Assisted Instruction 8.
9.
10.
11.
2.3 Distance Instruction



2.4 WWW Web - Based Instruction 1. Learner =
2. Stimulus =
3. Response =

www 1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
/ /
// Learning Ecology
/
/ /
Klein =

1. = / / / =
2. =

Learning Theory
3. =


3

1. Behaviorism

2. Cognitivism
o 2
3. Constructivism
1. =
6
2. = 1. Knowledge
2. Comprehension
o 3 3. Application
1. Cognitive Domain 4. Analysis
5. Synthesis
2. Psychoinotor Domain 6. Evaluation
Mayor
3. Effective Domain 3
1.
2.
3.



Continuity
Bruner
CIPPA Model
C construct =
I - Interaction =
Tyler P - Physical Partition =
1. Continuity
P Process Learning =

2. Sequence A Application =
PBL Problem Based Learning
3. Integration 1.
2. 3 5
4. 3.
Interaction 4.
5.
8 6.
1. = 7.
Project Based Learning
2. =

3. 1.
4. 2.
5. 3.
6. 4.
7. 5.
8. 6.
7.
o 4

1.

2.

2542 3.
1.
2. 4.
3.
4. o
5. 1.
6.
7. 2.
-
1. -
-
-
2. -
-
3. -
-
-
-
3.
4.

5.
Inquiry Instruction 5. =

5E .().
1. Engagement 6. =
2. Exploration
3. Explanation
4. Elaboration
5. Evaluation
Cooperative / Collaborative learning 4 MAT
1. WHY = //

GI = 2. WHAT = /
LT =
STAD = 3. HOW = //
TAI = 4. IF = /
TGI =
NHT = Story line Method
CIRC =
Inductive Method -
-
- Key question

-
-
Deductive Method -
-
6 Experiential
Activities Planning : EPA
CAI 1.

2. Problem Identification
4
1. Information 3.
2. Individualization //
3. Interaction 4.
4. Immediate feedback
6 5.

6.
1. =

Scientific Method
1. /
2. = 2.
3.
4.
5.
3. = 4 Buddhas Method
1. =
2. =
3. =
4. =
4. =




. ( Howard Gardner )
1. 2
2. 1.
8

1. 2.


2. 3
1.
3.
2.
3.

1. Progressivism John Dewey
2. Cognitive Constructivism
Approach 1 - - - /
3. Ausubel - - -
4. Transfer of learning - -
- - -
- -
1.
- - -
- -
2. 2 - - -
-
- - -
3. ()
-
- - -

4. () -
3 - - -
Learning Integration 2 -
- - -
1. Intradisciplinary = -
- - -
- -
2. Interdisciplinary = 4 - - -
2 Theme -
2 - -
4 - -
1. Infusion Instruction - -
- -

2. Parallel Instruction
2 5 - - -
-
3. - - -
2 -
- -
// -
4. 6 - - -
-
Team - -
-
- -
-

7 - - -
-
- - -
-

8 - - -
-
-


Inquiry Method
Discovery Method
Discussion Method
Deductive Method
Inductive Method
Demonstration Method
Role Playing
Dramatization
Simulation



1


2



3



4



Behavior =

o Overt Behavior
Molar
Molecular 1.
o Covert Behavior = 2.
3.
Psychology = 2 4.
o Psyche = 5.
o Logos = , , 6.
7.
8.


John B Watson =
=
William James =

Hilgard =
=
=


=

o

1. ( Introspection ) =

5
2. ( Observation ) = 1.
2 2.
2.1 Formal () 3.
2.2 Informal () 4.
3. (Case Study ) = 5.

1. ( .)
4. ( Interview ) = 2 2. ()
2.1

2.2
5. ( Testing ) = 2.3
2.4
6. ( Experiment ) = 2.5

=
2 =
General Psychology =
Applied Psychology
=

=
o =
=
o = =
o = =
Defense mechamnism
o = 1. Rationalization =
2. Projection =
o = 3. Repression =
4. Compensation =
o = 5. Sublimation
6. Decrease
o =

6
1. Structulism 5. Gestalt Psychology
/( Gestal
,)/(,)
:
2. Functionalism
,
(Darwinian Theory) ,
(Pragmatic Philosophy ) , :

6. Humanism
= //
/()/ 1.

, Learning by doing 2.
: , ,
3.
3. Behaviorism
4.
, 5.
3
1. : ,

2. 5
1. Psysidogical
3. 2. Security
: 3. Affillation
4. Psychoanalysis 4. Exteem
(), 5.
, Selfactualization
3
1. =
2. = 1.
3. = 2.
3 3.
1. (Id) = , 3
1. Stimulus S
2. (Ego) = 2. Oganism O
(Id) , 3. Response - R
3. Super Ego = Dollard and Miller 4
1. 2.
5 3. 5.
1. Oral Stage 1 2 =

Maturity =


2. Anal Stage 2 3 =
Readiness =
3. Phallic Stage 3 5 =
(Odepus) Motivation =
(Penis) 2
4. Latency Stage 6 - 12 =
Reinforcement
5. Genital Stage 13 18 = Tranfer of learning


:


2
1. Cognitive Theories
2. Associative Theories

2.1 Conditioning Theories
- Operent Coditioning
-
2.2 Connectionism Theories
-
- , ,
,
=
Classsical
condition 4
1. Law of extination 6

2. Law of spontaneous 1.
2.
3. Law of generalization , 3.
4.
4. Law of discrimination 5.
() Insight ()


Conditionning
1. UCS () UCR () life
() space
2. CS () + UCS () UCR
()
3. CS () CR ()
Development
( 11 =
)
1. = =

2. = =
Counter Conditioning
=
3 1. 2. 3.



1. Maturity
Law of readiness 2. Learning
Law of effect
-
Connectionlism -
-



4
1. 2.
3. 4.
8
1. =
2.
2.1 , = 2
2.2 = 2 - 6 3 6
2.3 = (7-12) , (6-10) 1. Pre Conventional ( 2-10 )
2.4 = (13-15), (12-13)
2.5 = (14-17), 1.1
(17-20)
2.6 = 18 40 1.2
2.7 = 40 60
2.8 = 60 2. Conventional ( 10-16 )

2.1

Ego 8 2.2
1. 0 2 = 3. Post Conventional ( 16
2. 2 3 = )
3.1
3. 3 6 = 3.2
, ()
4. 6 12 =
Guidance =
5. 12 20 =

6. 20 40 =

7. 40 60 =

8. 60 = , ,
, ,
1.
2.
4 3.
1. Sensorimotor 2 = 4.
, 5.
2. Preoperational 2 7 = 6.
,
1.
3. Concrete 7 11 = 2.
3.
4. Formal 11 15 = 4.
5.
3 6.
1. Enactive = 7.

2. Ikonic = 1.
2. 3 5
3. Symbotic = 3.

4.
5.
3
1. = =
=
2. = IQ 140 170 1
120 139 11
3. = 110 119 18
90 109 47
5 80 89 15
1. = 70 79 6
, , 70 2
2. = =

3. = 5 1. + , -
2. =
3.1 3.2 3. =
3.3 , 3.4 4. =
3.5 = 3
4. =

5.




()
=
= Supervizer ,
Counselur , Co-ordinator

-
- ( 11
)

Plan =

Do =
Check =
Action =

// //




4. 4.5 =


4.6 =

1. 1 3 =



1.1 = ,
1.2 = 1 3 =
1.3 = 4 6 =
1.4 = 1 3 =
2 4 6 =
1.4.1 = , , ,
1.4.2 = =
=
1.5 = =
1.6 = =

2. 4 6 =


2.1 =

2.2 =

2.3 =
2.4 = 8
2.4.1 = , , , 1. 2.
2.4.2 = 3. 4.
5. 6.
2.5 = 7. 8.

2.6 = 1.

3. 1 3 = 2.
2.1

3.1 =
2.2
3.2 = 2.3
-
3.3 = 8
-
3.4 =
-
3.5 =
4. 4 6 = -
()
2.4
4.1 = 2.5
2.6
4.2 =
2.7
4.3 =

4.4 =

1. = 5. =

1.1 5.1


5.2
1.2





1.3
6. =


6.1
1.4
6.2

2. =
7. =


2.1 7.1


2.2
7.2





7.3

3. =


3.1
8. =

8.1



8.2

4. =


4.1


4.2





1. 8
2.
1 1.
3.

4.



1. 1 3 120
2.
2. 4 6 3 360
3.
3
4.
5. 1.

2 1.

2. /

3.

4.

5.

3 1.
1.
2.
2.
3. 5
3.
4.
2
5.
1. =
4 1. 2. =
2. 2.
3.
4.
5 1.
2.
3.
4. 1.
6 1. 2.
2. 3.
7 1. 4.
2.
3. 1. .
8 1. 1.1 =
2.
3. 1.
4. 2.
3.
4.
5.
1. 4
2. 1. ( .1 .3 )
3. 1 2 3 2 6 4 6 ( 6 - 10 )
4. 2. ( .4 .6 )
2 6 6 8 ( 11 -
16 )
5 2. ( .1 .3 )
8 2 6 4 8
( 14 - 18 )
2. ( .4 .6 )
1. 2 6
2. 4 6 ( 16 25 )
3. 3 (, , )
4.

5.
1.2 =

1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3.
4 4. 4.
1. 1 .1 .3 5. 5.
2. 2 .4 .6
2. 3 .1 .3
2. 4 .4 .6
1.3 = 1. =

2. =
4
1. 1 1 3
2. 2 .1 6 1.
2. 3 .1 3 30
2. 1 .4 6 2.
1.4 =
1 .
1 .
1. 1 , 2 1 .
2. 3
2. 3.


1. = 1
2. =
3.


30

2
1. =
2. =

1
2
3
4 3
5

.1 .6 60 . 10 .
.1 .3 45 . 15 .
.4 .6 60 . 20 . 4


1.
2.
5
3.




Learning style
( Self concept ) =
Learn how to learn
3
1. () Visual percepters
( .1 .3 ) ( 6 9 )
o =

Visual percepters 60 -65 %
o = 2. Aduditory percepters

o =

o =

Aduditory percepters 30 -35 %
3. kinesthetic percepters
( .4 .6 ) ( 9 12 )

o =


.




o =
kinesthetic percepters 5 10%

o =

5
1.
o = - - SDQ
- -
- -
( .1 .3 ) ( 12 15 ) 2.
o = -
3.
o = - -
4.
-
o = - (
)
o = -
-
5.
1. (.) 1
( .4 .6 ) ( 15 18 ) 2. (.)1
o = 3.()1
o =
1.
o = 2.



3. 4.
o =



5. (
)
5.
Classroom management


Moore =


Kauchak , Eggen =
1.

2.

3.
2
4.
o 1.
5.

6.

o 2.


Profee =
6
1. (Challenge) =
2. (Freedom) =
Berden =
3. (Respect) =

4. (warmth) =
=
5. (Control) =
>>>> 6. (Success) =
m
2
1. Physical =

1. 1.1
2.
3.
4.
5. T U O
4
1. ( Specifying Desirable condition ) 3
= 1.2
2 ()
1.1
1.2 1.3
2.
( Analyzing Existing Classroom Conditions )
3.
(Selecting and Utilizing Managerial Strategies )
4. o
( Assessing Managerial Effectiveness ) 3.1 ,
3.2
1. Weber 3.3 ()
1. 2. 3.4
3. 4. 3.5
5. 6. 3.6
7. 8. 3.7
2. 1.4
1. 4.1 4.2
4.3 4.4
2. 1.5
3. 5.1 , 5.2
5.3 5.4
5.5 5.6
2. Phychological =
1.
2.1 2.
3.
2.2 4.
5.
( )
2

1. =

2.3 2. =

4


1.

2.4 ( Interaction )
2.
2 2 3
3.
1.
4.
2.
5.
3.
6.

7.
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6

1.
2.
3.
4.
5. Child - Centered
6.
-
- 1
-
7.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. 2



2

1.





2.
3





3.
2
800 2557 3.1

-
-
1. -
2. ( -
) -
3. -
-
4. -
3.2
3 3.3
1. -
1.1 -
- -
-
-
-

-

-

3.4
-

-



-

-

1.2

- ()
-
-

- /
-
1.3
-

-
-

-

1.4

-
-
-
- /
2.
2.1
2.2

2.3 1 20
6.
6. 2

1. Quantitive research =
=
2. Qualitative research =
=

= 1. Case Study

2. Survey Design

3. Experimental Design
1.
2.
3. 1.
4.
5. 2.
3.
1. 3 5
1. Basic or pure research 1. Problem

2. Applied research 2. Hypothesis

3. Action research 3. Experimental and data Collection

2. 5 4. Data analysis
1. Exploration research 3

2. Descriptive research 5. Conclusion
4 1
3. Explanatory research
1. Correctness =
4. Predictive research 2. Cogency =
3. Clarity =
5. Diagnostic research
4. Completeness =
3. 3
1. Experimental research 5. Concise
6. Consistency
2. Quasi experimental research 7. Correspondence

3. Naturalistic research

4. 3 1.
1. History research
2.
2. Descriptive research 3.
4.
3. Experimental research

5. 6
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.

1. -
1.5 , Multi Stage
- sampling
Independent -
Dependent
- -

2. Non probability sampling
-
() - Judgement sampling
-
2. - - Quota sampling
3.
- Variable =
2 2
4. - 3
5. - 1. , Independent

6. - 2. Dependent
7.
8. - 3.
9.

10. - Hypothesis =
2
11. -
Population 1.
2.
1.
2. () 1.
3. 2.
4. 3.
4.
2 5.
1. Probability Sampling 6.
1.1 Simple random sampling 7.
-
Data 2
- 1.
- 2.
2
1. Primary
1.2 , Stratified random 2. Secondary
sampling
- Stratum Tool or Instrument =
-
=
1.3 , Systematic sampling
-
- 1. Validity =
2. Reliability =
3. Efficiency
1.4 Area or Cluster sampling 4. Discrimination =
-


1. IOC 0.5 1. , , , , ,
2. 0.8 2. 1
3. Difficulty -
P 0.2 0.8 -
P 0.4 0.6 -
4. ( r ) 0.2 1.0 -
-
1. -
2. -
3. 2
4. 3
5. -
6. -
4 -
1. -
2. -
3. 4
4. 5
4 3.
1. =
2. =
3. =
4. = 1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
1. =
7.
/ /
2. = 5
/// 1.
2.
3.
1. = 4.
2. = 5.
*** 6.
7.
8.
9.
1.
2.

3.

4.



1.
2. 1.
3. 2.
3.
/ 4

1.

2.
2
3.
1.
4.
2.
7.
2. Willbure young
1. Visual Materials =
( Instruction Media )
2. Audio Materials =

3 3. Audio visual materials =
1.
4. Equipments =
2.
5. Activities =
3.
3. Louis Shores
1. Printed Materials =
1.
2. 2. = Charts , Graph ,
3. Diagram
4. 3. =
5. 4. Transmission =
6. 4.
1. Hardware
7. 2. Software
8. 3. Techinques or Methods
3
1. = // 3 =
/ 3 =
2. = / 4 =
/
3. = 1. =

4 2. =
1. = 3. =
4. =
2. = 5. =
6. =
3. = 7. =
8. / =
4. = CAI computer 9. =
Internet E-mail www. 10. =
11. =
1. = 12. =

()() 10 1. =
Cone of experience
1 Direct experience = - - -
- - / -
2 Verbal Symbals = 2.
3 Dramatic = =
=
4 Demonstration =
5 Field Trip =
6 Exhibts =
7 Television and motion picture 3.
8 Still Picture - 32 1
9 Visual Symbol - 4
10 Verbal Sysbols = - 1 : 20
-


1. 2.
3. 4.

1. Education
2. Innovation
3.
4. () =
5. ()
=

= =
60 3 m 3
1. Innovation
= 2 3 , 2 4 2. Development
= 61 22 . 3.
=
1. Efficiency =
2. Productivity =
= 3. Economy
=
= 1. /
2.
= 3. 3
3.1
3.2
= 3.3
= 4.
= Education Innovation =
=

= 4
= 35 3
= 2 2 1. Individual different
150 500 CAI
= Programmed Text Book
Teaching Machine
Team Teaching
1. Non-Graded School
2. 2. Readiness
3. Learning center
4.
5.
3.
6.


1.
2. 4.
3.





1.
= 2.
3.
= 4.

=

=

= 3 PMOC =
1. = MOC =
2. = DOC = .
3. = AOC = .
SOC =


ID PLAN =
E Content =

E Office =

E Filling =

=


3
1.

2.


3.


1. Computer Assisted Instruction CAI


2. Mutimedia


3. Tele Conference
Computer

4. Programed Instruction


5. Leraning Packeg



6. E Book
7. E Learning



1.
2.
Measurement = 3.
4.
5.
Evaluation =
1. =
2. =
3. =
= = 4. =


5. =



1 . 1. = 1. Observation =
2. Interview =

3. Questionnaire =
2. 2. 3.1 Open ended Form =

3.2 Closed ended form =
3.
40 kg 160 cm 4. Rank Order =
100 5. Authentic Assessment =
= 3. =

-
-
= -


-

-
6. Performance Assessment =
Bloom 3
1. = () 7. Portfolio
2. = () 8. Test
3. = ()
1. Validity
1.
2. Reliability
2.
( 3. Difficulty
)
3. 4. Discrimination

2
4. 5. objectivity


5. 3
1. Content Validity
6. 2. Construct Validity
3. Criteria
1. Concurrent
2. Predictive

1. 1. Nominal Scale
1.1 27%
1.2 35%
2.
2.1 P 0.00 1.00 2. Ordinal Scale
P 0.2 0.8
P = 1.00 (1,2,3)
P = 0.00
P 3. Interval Scale
0.80 < 1.00
0.60 0.80
0.40 0.60
0.20 0.40 4. Ratio Scale
0.00 0.20
2.2 r -1.00 - +1.00
2.00
0
P
0.40 1.00 1.
0.30 0.39 2.
0.20 0.29 3.
1.00 0.19
4.
1.
1.1 5.
IOC
1.2 1.
1.2.1 IOC = 0.5 -1.00 2.
1.2.2 IOC 0.5 3.
4.
2. 5.
2.1 IOC 6.
2.2 , 7.
2.3 , 8.
2.4 , 9.
3. 10.
3.1 = , , 2
3.2 1. =
4. 2. 4 ,
4.1 = , , , ,
4.2 ***
4.3

1.
1.
2. Pre Assessment =
3.
4. Formative test =
5.
6. Summative test =
7.
( ) 2.
1. = 100 2.1 () =
2. = 10
3. = 4 2.2 () =


2551 2551
2 1.
1. 2.
4
1. = //

2. = /
/ 1 1
// 80
3. = 80

4. = .3 2 2

.6 .3 .6
O net ( Ordinary National Education test ) 3 3
.
.6 = 4 8 (,) , (,,) 4 4
, (,) , E
.3 = 4 8 (,) , (,,)
, (,) , E
.6 = 6 8 , , ,, ,
E , (,,)
LAS (Local Assessment System)
LAS
.2, .5, .2 .5
8
, , , , ,
, ,
NT (National Test)
NT .
O-NET NT 2.1
. .6 .3 .6
. O-NET .3 .6 ///

1. 2551
- ()
- ()
2. -
-
3.
2.2

4. ///

5.
()
8 ()

3.



1


4.
=
3
=

=
1 /
=
2 1

3
1.
4
=
5 2.
= ,
3. /
=


1 2551 2
81 81 1.
66 41 1.1 (.1)
=
2
77 77
66 41
36 1.2 (.2)
11 =
(.3 , .6)
3
1.3 (.3)

= (.6 ,

.3 , .6)

2.
4 2.1
=

5 2.2
=


/// 2.3
= =

= 2.4
=
=
12
= / /
/ 50
=
80
=

9.




... 0206.3/ 17 21

2548



1.



2.

3.
4.
5.


1. ...

2.
















1.

2.

3.
4.

5.

6.

7.

1. 8.

1. ...

2. 2

... ...
3.

.1

... . 2 . 3
. 4 . 5
2.
















1.
... 1
...
2. ...
. 3

1.



2.


3.











1.
... 3
...

2. 5
...
3. ...
. 4

You might also like