F i D

Footing Design
i
 Types of Footing

Wall footings are used to

support structural walls that
carry loads for other floors
or to support nonstructural
walls.
 Types of Footing

Isolated or single footings

are used to support single
columns. This is one of the
most economical types of
footings and is used when
columns are spaced at
relatively long distances.
 Types of Footing

Combined footings usually

support two columns, or
three columns not in a row.
Combined footings are used
when two columns are so
close that single footings
cannot be used or when one
col mn is located at or near
column
a property line.
 Types of Footing

Cantilever or strap footings

consist of two single
footings connected with a
beam or a strap and support
two single columns. This
type replaces a combined
footing and is more
economical.
economical
 Types of Footing

Continuous footings
support a row of three or
more columns. They have
limited width and continue
under all columns.
 Types of Footing
Rafted or mat foundation
consists of one footing
usually placed under the
entire building area. They
are used, when soil bearing
capacity
it is
i low,
l column
l
loads are heavy single
footings cannot be used,
piles are not used and
differential settlement must
be reduced.
 Types of Footing

Pile caps are thick slabs

used to tie a group of piles
together to support and
transmit column loads to the
piles.
 Distribution of Soil Pressure

When the column load P is applied

on the centroid of the footing, a
uniform
if pressure is
i assumedd to
develop on the soil surface below the
footing area.
area However the actual
distribution of the soil is not
uniform,
f but depends
p on mayy
factors especially the composition of
the soil and degree of flexibility of
the footing.
 Distribution of Soil Pressure

Soil pressure distribution in Soil pressure distribution in cohesive

cohesionless soil. soil.
Eccentrically loaded footings
 Eccentrically loaded footings Example
M
Isolated Footing
D.L = 900 kN
L.L = 450 kN
Ms = 150kN.m
Mu=200kN.m
qall =200kpa
 Area required approximated
qall ( net ) = 20t / m 2 = 200kPa
Ps (900 + 450) ×103
Ag = = = 6.75m 2

qall ( net ) 200 ×103

use (3.5m × 2.5m )
183 7
183.7
A = 8.75m 2
124.7

I = 3.512×2.5 = 8.9m 4
3

Check stress
M 150
e= = = 0.111 < L6 = 36.5 = 0.583
P 1350
Ps M s C 1350 150 × 32.5
+ = + = 183.7 kPa
A I 8.75 8 .9
Ps M s C 1350 150 × 32.5
− = − = 124.7 kPa
A I 8.75 8.9
 Ultimate p
pressure under footingg
Pu = 1.2(900 ) + 1.6(450) = 1800kN
M u = 200kN .m
Pu M u C 1800 200 × 32.5
+ = + ≈ 245kPa
A I 8.75 8 .9
Pu M u C 1800 200 × 32.5
− = − ≈ 166kPa
A I 8.75 8 .9

245
166

245
 Check Punchingg Shear

bo = 4[(530 + 400)] = 3720cm

F square column
For l the it bl φVC equation
th suitable ti isi :
fc ' 25
φ VC = φ bo d = 0.75 × × 530 × 3720 / 1000 = 2464.5kN
3 3

VU ≈ (166 + 245 +166 + 245 )

4
(3.5 × 2.5) = 1798kN
 Check Beam Shear
25
φ VC = 0.75 × × 530 × 2500 / 1000 = 828.13kN
6

VU at d from column face ⇒

⎛ 223 + 245 ⎞
VU = ⎜ ⎟ * (1.5 − 0.53)* 2.5
⎝ 2 ⎠
= 567.5kN
VU < φVC
 3.5m
Bendingg moment design
g
Long direction
245
M U at d from column face ⇒ 166

P1 = 211(1.5)(2.5) = 791.25kN 245

P2 = 12 (245 − 211)(1.5)(2.5) = 63.75kN
M U = P1 (0.75) + P2 (1) = 791.25(0.75) + 63.75(1) = 657.2kN .m
b = 2500, d = 530mm
25 ⎡ 2 ×106 * 657.2
657 2 ⎤
ρ = 0.85 * ⎢1 - 1 - ⎥ = 0.00254
420 ⎢⎣ 0.9(0.85)25 * 530 * 2500 ⎦⎥
2

AS = 0.00254 × 530 ×1000 = 1346mm 2 ≈ 13.5cm 2 use 7φ16 / m long

g direction
 Bendingg moment design
g 2 5m
2.5m
Short direction

M U at d from column face ⇒ 245

166
⎛ (245 + 166)
MU = ⎜ (1× 3.5)⎞⎟0.5 = 719.25kN .m 245
⎝ 2 ⎠
b = 3500, d = 530mm
25 ⎡ 2 ×106 * 719.25 ⎤
ρ = 0.85 * ⎢1 - 1 - ⎥ = 0.002
420 ⎢⎣ 0.9(0.85
0 85)25 * 530 * 3500 ⎥⎦
2

AS = 0.002 × 530 ×1000 = 1060mm 2 ≈ 10.1cm 2 short direction

Central band ratio =

3.5
β= = 1.4
2.5
2 2
= = 0.83
β + 1 2.4
Central band of short direction = 0.83 As = 0.83 (10.1)=8.6cm2
 2φ14 7φ14/m 2φ14

7φ16/m
Footing Design
Part II
C bi d ffooting
Combined ti
 Example 1
Design a combined footing As shown

qall ( net ) = 20t / m 2 = 200kPa f c′ = 25 N mm 2 f y = 420 N mm 2

 Dimension calculation
Th base
The b dimension
di i to get uniform
if di
distributed
ib d lload
d
2000kN
800 kN 1200 kN

A
x1=0.2m
x2=6.2m

x
800(0.2)+1200(6.2)=2000(x)
x = 3.8m

800 kN 1200 kN

Try thickness
=80cm
2x =7.6 m
 Area required
qall ( net ) = 20t / m 2 = 200kPa,
Pu = 1.3( Ps ) = 1.3(2000) = 2600kN
Ps 2000 ×103
Ag = = = 10 m 2
≈ 7.6 *1.8
qall ( net ) 200 ×10 3

Pu (2600)×103
qu = = = 190 ×103 Pa = 190kPa
A 7.6 *1.8
 Check for punching Shear
d = 730 mm

1.13m

0.765
A
bo = 2(765) + 1130 = 2260mm
fc ' 25
φ VC = φ bo d = 0.75 × × 730 × 2260 / 1000 = 2062.3kN
3 3
⎛ α d ⎞ fc ' ⎛ 30 × 730 ⎞ 25
φ VC = φ ⎜ 2 + s bo d = 0.75⎜ 2 + × × 730 × 2260 / 1000 = 6027 kN
⎝ b ⎠ 12 ⎝ 2260 ⎠ 12

VU = 800(1.3) − 1.13 * 0.765 *190 = 875.8kN < φVc oK

K
 B
bo = 4[(730 + 400)] = 4520mm
fc ' 25
φ VC = φ bo d = 0.75 × × 730 × 4520 / 1000 = 4124.4kN
3 3
⎛ α s d ⎞ fc ' ⎛ 40 × 730 ⎞ 25
φ VC = φ ⎜ 2 + bo d = 0.75⎜ 2 + × × 730 × 4520 / 1000 = 13322.5kN
⎝ b ⎠ 12 ⎝ 4520 ⎠ 12

VU = 1200(1.3) − 1.13 *1.13 *190 = 1317.4kN < φVc oK

Draw S.F.D & B.M.D

Stress under footing

f g
= 190 *1.8 = 342 kN/m
Check for beam shear
b = 1800mm, d = 730mm

25
φ VC = 0.75 × × 730 × 1800 / 1000 = 821.25kN
6
Max. → VU at d from column face = 762.34kN
VU < φVC
 Bending moment Long direction
− ve M = 1366kN .m
b = 1800mm, d = 730mm
25 ⎡ 2 ×106 *1366 ⎤
ρ = 0.85 * ⎢1 - 1 - ⎥ = 0.0039
420 ⎢⎣ 0.9(0.85)25 * 730 *1800 ⎥⎦
2

AS = 0.0039 × 730 ×1000 = 2847mm 2 = 28.5cm 2 use 9φ 20 / m Top

+ ve M = 246.7kN .m
b = 1800mm, d = 730mm
25 ⎡ 2 ×106 * 246.7 ⎤
ρ = 0.85 * ⎢1 - 1 - ⎥ = 0.0007 < ρ min
420 ⎢⎣ 0.9(0.85)25 * 730 *1800 ⎥⎦
2

AS min = 0.0018 × 800 ×1000 = 1440mm 2 = 14.4cm 2 use 7φ16 / m Bottom

B tt
 Bending moment Short direction

Under Column A

0.765 ⎛ 1.8 − 0.4 ⎞

2
1040
M= × ⎜ ⎟ = 141.6
(1.8 * 0.765) 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
b = 765mm, d = 730mm
25 ⎡ 2 ×106 *141.6 ⎤
ρ = 0.85 * ⎢1 - 1 - ⎥ < ρ min
420 ⎢⎣ 0.9(0.85)25 * 730 * 765 ⎥⎦
2

AS min = 0.0018 × 800 × 765 = 1101.6mm 2 = 11cm 2 use 7φ14 / m

 Under Column B

1.13 ⎛ 1.8 − 0.4 ⎞

2
1560
M= × ⎜ ⎟ = 212.33
(1.8 *1.13) 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
b = 1130mm, d = 730mm
25 ⎡ 2 ×106 * 212.33 ⎤
ρ = 0.85 * ⎢1 - 1 - ⎥ < ρ min
420 ⎢⎣ 0.9(0.85)25 * 730 *1130 ⎥⎦
2

AS min = 0.0018 × 800 × 765 = 1101.6mm 2 = 11cm 2 use 7φ14 / m

Shrinkage Reinforcement in short direction

AS min = 0.0018 × 800 × 765 = 1101.6mm 2 = 11cm 2 use 7φ14 / m
 Footing g Design g
Part III
Combined footing, strip footing, & Mat foundation
 Example 2
Design a combined footing As shown

qall ( net ) = 18 t / m 2 = 180kPa f c′ = 25 N mm 2 f y = 420 N mm 2

 Dimension calculation
The base dimension to get uniform distributed load
1950kN
1200 kN 750 kN
750(4.2)+1200(0.2)
750(4 2)+1200(0 2)=1950
1950 (x)
A x = 1.75m
x1=0.2m
x2=4.2
m
x

⎛ B1 + 2 B2 ⎞ L
x = ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ B1 + B2 ⎠ 3
Area required
qall ( net ) = 20t / m 2 = 200kPa,
Ps 1950 × 103
Ag = = = 10.8 m 2

qall ( net ) 180 ×103

⎛ B1 + B2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ L = 10.8
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ B1 + B2 ⎞
⎜ 4.35 = 10.8
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ B1 + B2 ⎞
⎜ = 2.5
⎝ 2 ⎠
B1 + B2 = 5
⎛ B + 2 B2 ⎞ L ⎛ 5 + B2 ⎞ 4.35
x = ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟ =⎜
⎝ B1 + B2 ⎠ 3 ⎝ 5 ⎠ 3
1.75 = 1.45 + 0.29 B2
B2 = 1m Pu 1.3(1950 )× 103
qu = = = 235 × 103 Pa = 235kPa
B1 = 4 m A 10.8
 Check for punching Shear
h= 750mm
h 750
d = 732 mm

A B2 1
B2=1m

bo = 2(732) + 1065 = 2590mm B1=4m

fc ' 25
φ VC = φ bo d = 0.75 × × 665 × 2590 / 1000 = 2160.4kN
3 3
⎛ α d ⎞ fc ' ⎛ 30 × 665 ⎞ 25
φ VC = φ ⎜ 2 + s bo d = 0.75⎜ 2 + × × 665 × 2590 / 1000 = 5222kN
⎝ b ⎠ 12 ⎝ 2590 ⎠ 12

VU = 1200(1.3) − 1.065 * 0.733 * 235 = 1376.6kN < φVc oK

K
 B

bo = 2(633) + 965 = 2231 mm

fc ' 25
φ VC = φ bo d = 0.75 × × 665 × 2231 / 1000 = 1854.5kN
3 3
⎛ α sd ⎞ fc ' ⎛ 30 × 665 ⎞ 25
φ VC = φ ⎜ 2 + bo d = 0.75⎜ 2 + × × 665 × 2231 / 1000 = 5273kN
⎝ b ⎠ 12 ⎝ 2231 ⎠ 12

VU = 800(1.3) − 0.965 * 0.633 * 235 = 896.5kN < φVc oK

Draw S
S.F.D
FD & B
B.M.D
MD
 Empirical S.F.D & B.M.D

975 × 0.70 = 682

Convert trapezoidal load to rectangle

1560 × (0.70) = 1092
wave = 235 + 23 (940 − 235) = 705
Mmax
705(3.65)
2 2
wl
− M max = = = 1174 kN .m
8 8

Clear distance between column

B in moment design = ave. width = 2.5m
 Check for beam shear
d = 665mm
b = 1 + 2( Lx ) × y
at x = 0.815 + 0.15
1 + 2( 04.965
.35 ) × 1.5 = 1.7 m = 1700 mm

25
φ VC = 0.75 × × 665 × 1700 / 1000 = 696kN
6
Max. → VU at d from column B face ( the most critical) = 668kN
VU < φVC
Y=1.5m b

x 1m

4m
 Bending moment Long direction
Top
b = 1 + 2( 24..25
35 ) × 1.5 = 2.60m = 2600
− ve M = 1260kN .m
d = 730mm
25 ⎡ 2 ×106 *1260 ⎤
ρ = 0.85 * ⎢1 - 1 - ⎥ = 0.003
420 ⎢⎣ 0.9(0.85)25 * 665 * 2600 ⎥⎦
2

AS = 0.003 × 665 ×1000 = 1995mm 2 = 20cm 2 use 10φ16 / m Top

Bottom

AS min = 0.0018 × 750 ×1000 = 1350mm 2 = 13.5cm 2 use 9φ14 / m Bottom

 Bending moment Short direction
Under Column A

b' = 1 + 2( 34..62
35 ) × 1.5 = 3.5m = 3500mm

b' = 1 + 2( 04.633
.35 ) × 1.5 = 1.44m = 1440mm

3.5 + 4
b= m = 3.75m = 3750mm
2
0.733 ⎛ 3.75 − 0.4 ⎞
2
1560
M= × ⎜ ⎟ = 583.6
(3.75 * 0.733) 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
d = 665mm
25 ⎡ 2 ×106 * 583.57 ⎤
ρ = 0.85 * ⎢1 - 1 - ⎥ = 0.005
420 ⎢⎣ 0.9(0.85)25 * 665 * 733 ⎥⎦
2

AS = 0.005 × 665 × 733 = 3325mm 2 = 33cm 2 use 10φ 20

 Under Column B

1.44 + 1
b= m = 1.22m = 1220mm
2

0.633 ⎛ 1.22 − 0.3 ⎞

2
975
M= × ⎜ ⎟ = 84.6
(1.22 * 0.633) 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
b = 633mm, d = 665mm
25 ⎡ 2 ×106 * 84.6 ⎤
ρ = 0.85 * ⎢1 - 1 - ⎥ < ρ min
420 ⎣⎢ 0.9(0.85)25 * 665 * 633 ⎥⎦
2

AS min = 0.0018 × 750 × 633 = 854.6mm 2 = 8.6cm 2 use 6φ14

Shrinkage Reinforcement in short direction

AS min = 0.0018 × 1000 × 750 = 1350mm 2 = 13.5cm 2 use 9φ14 / m
Reinforcement details
 Example 3 (Strip footing)
Design a combined footing As shown

qall ( net ) = 20t / m 2 = 200kPa f c′ = 25 N mm 2 f y = 420 N mm 2

 Dimension calculation
The base dimension to get uniform distributed load
3040kN
800 kN 1280 kN 960 kN

A
Assume
L1=0.6 x1=5.2m L2
x2=10 7m
x2=10.7m
x

800(0.6)+1280(5.1)+960(10.6)=
800(0 6)+1280(5 1)+960(10 6)
3040 (x)
x = 5.65m,
2(x)=11.3m
L2=11.3 - (10.6)=0.7
qall ( net ) = 188t / m 2 = 180
80kkPaa,
Ps 3040 × 103
Ag = = = 16. 9 m 2
≈ 11.3m × 1.8m
qall ( net ) 180 ×10 3

Pu 1.3(3040 )×103
qu = = = 195 ×103 Pa = 195kPa
A 11.3 ×1.8
 Check for punching Shear
h = 700 mm
d=630mm

Example

B
bo = 4(630 + 400)) = 4120mm
fc ' 25
φ VC = φ bo d = 0.75 × × 630 × 4120 / 1000 = 3244.5kN
3 3
⎛ α s d ⎞ fc ' ⎛ 40 × 630 ⎞ 25
φ VC = φ ⎜ 2 + bo d = 0.75⎜ 2 + × × 630 × 4120 / 1000 = 6584kN
⎝ b ⎠ 12 ⎝ 4120 ⎠ 12

VU = 1280(1.3) − 1.032 *195 = 1457.1kN < φVc oK

You can check other columns

Draw S.F.D & B.M.D Stress under footing
= 195 *1.8 = 351 kN/m
 Check for beam shear
b = 1800mm, d = 630mm

25
φ VC = 0.75 × × 630 × 1800 / 1000 = 708.75kN
6
Max. → VU at d from column face ≈ 0.7(1009) = 706.3kN
VU < φVC
 Bending moment Long direction
− ve M = 1366kN .m
b = 1800mm, d = 730mm
25 ⎡ 2 ×106 *1365 ⎤
ρ = 0.85 * ⎢1 - 1 - ⎥ = 0.0053
420 ⎢⎣ 0.9(0.85)25 * 630 *1800 ⎥⎦
2

AS = 0.0053 × 630 ×1000 = 3362mm 2 = 33.6cm 2 use 9φ 22 / m Top

+ ve M = 246.7 kN .m
b = 1800mm, d = 730mm
25 ⎡ 2 ×106 * 81 ⎤
ρ = 0.85 * ⎢1 - 1 - ⎥ < ρ mini
420 ⎢⎣ 0.9(0.85)25 * 730 *1800 ⎥⎦
2

AS min = 0.0018 × 700 ×1000 = 1260mm 2 = 12.6cm 2 use 8φ14 / m Bottom

Design Short direction as example 1 (lecture 11)

Reinforcement details
Mat Foundation
Check for punching Shear
G
General l Ref.
l Example,
E Rf 2

Modified load
General reinforcement details