1.

Ability to molt
2. Takes about 2 days to reach reproductive maturity a. C. elegans
3. Takes 4 days to reach reproductive maturity b. zebrafish
4. Start of visible segmentation at ~2.5 days
5. Time of hatching or birth similar to xenopus

6. Model organism (among the six) with the fastest rate

of development to reach adult stage a. drossophila
7. Model organism (among the 6) with the slowest rate of b. xenopus
development to reach adult stage
8. Can yield high numbers of embryos for genetic manipulation
9. Fertilization is external
10. Microsurgery from eggs is possible

11. Shorter time period (bet 2 model org.) to start the

formation of germ layers
a. Chick
12. Takes about 3.5 months to reach sexual maturity
13. Takes about 5 months to reach sexual maturity b. Mouse
14. Takes about 9 months to reach sexual maturity
15. Capable of molting/metamorphosis

16. Beginning of Balbiani body assembly a. Oogenesis

17. Reduction of pigmentation at the animal hemisphere b. Cleavage
18. Accumulation of pigment granules at the vegetal pole
19. Convergent extension
20. Beginning of axis specification

21. Convergent extension takes place

a. Gastrulation
22. Involves the non-canonical wnt signaling pathway
23. High gene expression of sox2 and N-CAM b. Neurulation
24. Dependent on the formation of the Spemann organizer
25. Requires high concentration of BMP4

26. Region expressing high concentration of BMP inhibitors a. Nieuwkoop centre

27. Regional specification formed immediately after cortical rotation b. Spemann’s organzer
28. Formation is favoured at low vegT expression
29. Formation is favoured at high vegT expression
30. Expresses high concentration of xnrs

31. High expression of BMP4

32. High expression of follistatin
a. Epidermis formation
33. Default fate of the dorsal-ventral region near the
Spemann organizer b. Brain formation
34. Fate of ectodermal cells
35. Fate of yolky endoderm
 36. Regulates convergent extension during gastrulation
37. Wnt5a as the dominant ligand a. Wnt “canonical” pathway
38. Leads to the stabilization of beta-catenin b. Wnt planar polarity
39. Involves the phosphoprotein dishevelled
40. Leads to the activation of RhoA and Rac
pathway
41. Requires the frizzled receptor

Sequencing:

Oogonium maturation into primary oocyte

42. Expression and association of VegT and Veg1 within the Balbiani body
43. Cdc25 phosphorylation
44. Activation of MPF
45. Release of progesterone from ovarian follicle cells
46. c-Mos activation

Fertilization

47. secondary oocytes arrested in metaphase II

48. release of second polar body
49. rise in intracellular Ca+
50. secondary oocyte fertilized by sperm
51. destruction of c-mos nd Cdk2 complex

Cleavage

52. transcription of zygotic genome commence

53. cytoplasmic rearrangement
54. accumulation of beta catenin in the region of blastoporal lip
55. secretion of dorsalizing factors
56. formation Spemann organizer
57.

a. dorsalizing factor a. Endoderm

b. ventralizing factor b. Neural plate formation region of the brain
c. c. dorsal mesoderm c. Primordial germ cells
d. ventral mesoderm d. Highly expressed in gut tissues
e. ectoderm

58. noggin 67. vent1

59. chordin 68. vent2
60. goosecoid 69. sox2
61. BMP4 70. Cat2
62. BMP4 71. N-CAM
63. vegT 72. Krox20
64. vg1 73. pdx1
65. xnr1 74. cdx
66. siamois 75. brachyury
67. not 76. mix1