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ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ
2015–2014
1
ﺧــﺎﺹ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ
__________________________________________________________
P=Z
ﺍﻻﻳﻮﻥ :ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺫﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ +ﺍﻭ -ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻭ ﻛﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ .
ﺍﻻﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ :ﺫﺭﺓ ﻓﻘﺪﺕ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ) ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ (
ﺍﻻﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ :ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺒﺖ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ) ﻻﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ (
2
ﺧــﺎﺹ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
ﺍﻻﻣﺜﻠﺔ :
56
Fe2+26
27
AL13
23
11Na
16
O8
__________________________________________________________
ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ
ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻯ ) ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﻨﺪﻟﻴﻒ( ﻣﺆﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ.
ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻱ ) ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ(
ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ:
ﻫﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻻﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻟﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ) ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺼﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ،ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ،ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ(.
ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ :
ﻳﺤﺪﺕ ﻟﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ.
3
ﺧــﺎﺹ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
4
ﺧــﺎﺹ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻠﺰ – ﺷﺒﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ – ﻻﻓﻠﺰ
ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ 3
ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ
Mg
Na
Ar
Cl
Al
Si
P
S
ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻯ
ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻰ
ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ
2,8,1
2,8,2
2,8,3
2,8,4
2,8,5
2,8,6
2,8,7
2,8,8
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮﻥ
ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻤﻲ
ﺍﻻﻳﻮﻥ
Mg++
Al+++
Na+
-
ﻧﺸﻴﻂ ﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﺎ
ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﺸﻴﻂ
ﻧﺸﻂ ﺟﺪﺍ
ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ
ﻧﺸﻴﻂ
ﻧﺸﻴﻂ
ﺧﺎﻣﻞ
ﻧﺸﻂ
5
ﺧــﺎﺹ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
__________________________________________________________
ﻋﺪﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ
ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ
ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻓﻼﻙ
S
2 1
P
6 3
d
10 5
f
14 7
6
ﺧــﺎﺹ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
__________________________________________________________
ﻛﻞ ﻓﻠﻚ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﻋﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ
ﺯﻭﺟﻰ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ
ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻰ
ﺍﻻﻓﻼﻙn2
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ
ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻰ
ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ
ﻋﺪﺩ
ﻋﺪﺩ
2n2
1s
K
2
1
1
2s, 2p
L
8
4
2
3s, 3p,3d
M
18
8
3
4s,4p,4d ,4f
32
16
N
4
7
ﺧــﺎﺹ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
__________________________________________________________
ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻻﻏﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭّﻳﺔ ﻳَﺒْﺪﺃُ ﺑﺎﻻﻏﻠﻔﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔِ ﺍﻷﻗﻞِﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻏﻼﻓﺔ
ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔِ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ
8
ﺧــﺎﺹ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
ﺍﻟﻌﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ
ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻰ
1 K 1s
2 L 2s 2p
3 M 3s 3p 3d
4 N 4s 4p 4d 4f
5 O 5s 5p 5d 5f
6 P 6s 6p 6d 6f
7 Q 7s 7p 7d 7f
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s
9
ﺧــﺎﺹ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ
2,4
2,8,1
11Na
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 1
3
10
ﺧــﺎﺹ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
2He 1s2
30Zn
Cl17
15P
26Fe
28Ni
Cu29
Cr2
+
Na11
11
ﺧــﺎﺹ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
-
F9
++
26Fe
+++
26Fe
+
Cu29
++
Cu29
--
O8
---
N7
ﻏﺰﻝ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻭﺝ ) ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ( ﻏﺰﻝ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻭﺝ ) ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ (
12
ﺧــﺎﺹ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
13
ﺧــﺎﺹ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
14
ﺧــﺎﺹ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ
-3 ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻯ
ﺟﻢ ﺳﻢ
0.54 181 ﺭﺻﺎﺻﻰ ﻓﺎﺗﺢ 3 Li ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺜﻴﻮﻡ
15
ﺧــﺎﺹ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
16
ﺧــﺎﺹ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
17
ﺧــﺎﺹ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
ﺩﺭﺟﺔ
ﻗﻮﺓ ﺟﺬﺏ
ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻱ
ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ
I2+2KF
18
ﺧــﺎﺹ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ.
ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ .IIA ,IIIA
ﺗﺒﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻢ .4
ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ ﺑﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻰ .d
ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ -ﺻﻠﺒﺔ –ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ – ﻟﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ
ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ .
19
ﺧــﺎﺹ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺧﺎﻣﺲ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻓﺎﻧﺪﻳﻮﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺣﻤﺾ ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﻚ
)ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﺲ(
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﺰﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻰ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎ)ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻫﺎﺑﺮ(
MnO-4ﺑﺮﻣﻨﺠﺎﺕ
7.2 2100 1240 ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﻨﻴﺮMn
VII
ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ Fe
3+
Fe / Fe +2 7.9 3000 1535
ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ Ni
++
Ni 8.9 2730 1453
ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ Cu
2+ 1+
Cu/ Cu 8.9 2595 1083
20
ﺧــﺎﺹ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
ﻓﻠﺰ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻕ ﺓﺍﻟﺴﺴﺤﺐ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺳﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱCu
ﻓﻠﺰ ﺭﻣﺎﺩﻯ ﻳﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺯﺭﻕ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺟﻠﻔﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺻﻴﻦZn
ﻓﻠﺰ ﻗﻮﻯ ﻳﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻛﻞ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﻼﺻﺪﺅ ﻭﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﺕ
ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞNi
ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﺤﺎﺳﻮ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻀﻬﺮ ﺟﺬﺍﺏ
21
ﺧــﺎﺹ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
ﺍﻟﻼﻓﻠﺰ ﺍﻷﺧﻒ
ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ(0.08988) Hﺟﻢ/ﻟﺘﺮ
22
ﺧــﺎﺹ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
1
ﺻﺢ
2
ﺻﺢ
3
4
5
.
6
7
ﺻﺢ
. 8
ﺻﺢ
9
ﺻﺢ
10
ﺻﺢ.
11
ﺻﺢ
23
ﺧــﺎﺹ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
_____________________________________________________________________
a
b
c
a
b
c
d
a
b
c
Ne10 a
k19 b
Mg12 c
24
ﺧــﺎﺹ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
a
b
c
n=5 5
18 a
8 b
32 c
d
5 a
7 b
8 c
Br a
Hg b
Co c
Cu a
Zn b
Ni c
2,8,816
S2- a
S2+ b
16S c
18S d
25
ﺧــﺎﺹ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
–
MnMn2+Mn4+ a
Ne Ar Kr b
Na+ Ne N-3 c
F- Cl- Br - d
5s
4p a
3d b
4f c
d
25Mn
Kr36
18Ar
11Na
N 7
Br35
Cl17
F 19
Ne10
26