A8TPR – environmental technology

Name: Joseph Soliman

Date: 02/07/2018

1. Outer climatic conditions

Parameters, quantities, symbols, units and basic values:

- Barometric pressure;
Parameters: Altitude, temperature, and density.

Units (symbols)= quantities Pascal (pa) =n/m2 or kg·m−1·s−2

Bar= 100000 pa.
Inch of mercury (inhg)= inch
Atmospheric pressure (atm)= 101325 pa

Basic values Atmospheric pressure at sea level at 15◦c= 101,325

kPa

Dry air partial pressure Pa = ρa * 286.9 * t=

Kg
∗
J(kg∗M2 ∗⋅S−2 )
∗ K= n/m2
m3 Kg∗K

Kg J(kg∗M2 ∗⋅S−2 )
Vapor partial pressure Pw= ρw *461.5 * t= ∗ ∗ K= n/m2
m3 Kg∗K

- Composition of air;
Gas Symbol Molecular weight(g/mol) Volume %
Nitrogen (N2) 32 78.08%
Oxygen (O2) 28.016 20.95%
Water (Varies) (H2O) 18.015 0 to 4%
Argon (Ar) 39.444 0.93%
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 44.01 0.04%
Neon (Ne) 20.179 0.00%
Helium (He) 4.002 0.00%
Methane (CH4) 16.042 0.00%
Krypton 83.8 0.00%

- Temperature;
Parameters: Sensible heat, and latent heat.

Units (symbols)= quantities Celsius (◦c), kelvin(k) = ◦c+273.15◦

Fahrenheit(◦f), Rankine(◦r) =◦r+ 459.67◦

Basic values Water triple point= 0.01 °c

Water boiling point @ (1 atm) = 100 ◦c
Water freezing point @ (1 atm) = 0 ◦c

Dry bulb temperature: Temperature @ 0% relative humidity (rh)

Wet bulb temperature: Temperature @ sensible heat -latent heat
Dew point temperature: Temperature @ condensation
 - Wind;
Parameters: Speed, density, and orientation.

Units (symbols)= quantities 1

Wind pressure (pw)=PW= CP ∗ ρ ∗ V 2 (pa)
2
Cp: wind pressure coefficient
Ρ: Air Density
V: Air Velocity

- Solar radiation;
Parameters: Elevation angle (α), and azimuth angle (ψ)

Units (symbols)= quantities Irradiance(I)= W/m2

Basic values ID = IDN cos θ

ID: Direct solar radiation
IDN: normal incident irradiation
Θ: incidence angle

- Chemical agents and concentrations (NPK, PEL).

Contaminant PEL (mg/m²h) NPK (mg/m²h)
Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) 0.1 0.2

Formaldehyde 0.02 0.05

Ammonia 0.01 0.03

Carcinogenic compounds (IARC) 0.002 0.005

Odorous materials 10% Dissatisfaction 15% Dissatisfaction
2. Solar radiation
Explain solar geometry parameters:

Altitude, λ:

Sun’s elevation, or angle above the

horizon.

ω: hour angle

Attitude, φ

the angle between the horizontal

and the line to the sun at particular
latitude.

Tropic of Cancer:
latitude= 23°26′12.8″ North Equator

Equator:
Latitude= 0°

Tropic of Capricorn:
latitude= 23°26′12.8″ South Equato

Solar declination, δ: 360∘ ∗ (n + 10)

sin δ = − sin 23.45∘ ∗ cos
365.25
The angle between the rays of the Where:
Sun and the plane of the Earth's n: Day of Year
equator.

Summer δ= 23.45◦
Equinox δ= 0◦
Winter δ= -23.45◦
Solar time, τ tsol = tstd ± Lstd - Lloc + Et (mins)

The time used in solar angle where:

calculation is calculated in relation
with the solar noon.
Solar noon: the time when the sun
reaches the highest point in the sky
at the equator.
tstd: standard time.
Lstd: Time Zone Longitude
Lloc: Location Longitude.
Et (equation of time) = 9.87 *sin 2B - 7.53*cosB -1.5*sinB
(min)

Solar noon of local civil time 𝑛 − 81

B = 360∘ ∗
deviates from the standard solar 364
noon as function of the standard Where:
time, time zone’s longitude, local n: day of the year.
civil time’s longitude, and Equation
of time.

Equation of time: represents the

variation of earth’s angular velocity
due to the elliptic orbit of the earth.

Solar azimuth, 

the angle SOQ, on a horizontal

plane between the due-south
direction line and the horizontal
projection of the sun's rays.

Wall azimuth,  s Surface azimuth () is the angle POS, on a horizontal plane
between the normal to a vertical surface and the north-south
direction line.
3. Inner environment:
Parameters, quantities, symbols, units and basic values:
- Thermal comfort; Q+W= M*ASkin
Thermal comfort occurs when
the heat produced by the body’s Where:
metabolism equals the rate of
heat transfer between the body M: rate of metabolic energy production per surface area of skin
and the environment. (W/m2)

Cold: heat transfer rate to the Askin: (avg: 1.8m2) total surface area of skin.
environment is higher than heat
production rate. 1 MET= 58 W/m2

Hot: heat transfer rate to the

environment is lower than heat
production rate.
- Air temperature,
Inside room dry bulb
temperature.
𝑛𝐴 ∗ 𝑇𝑛
𝑛
𝑇𝑟 (℃) = ∑
- Surface temperature, 1 𝐴
The weighted average of the
surrounding surfaces
temperature.
1
0.6
- Globe temperature; 1.1 ∗ 108 ∗ 𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑟 4
𝑇𝑟 = [(𝑇𝑔𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑒 + 273)4 + 0.4
∗ (𝑇𝑔𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑒 − 𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟 ) ] − 273
mean radiant temperature (Tr): 𝜀∗𝐷
the temperature of an imaginary
uniform black box that results in Tr: Mean Radiative Temperature.
the same radiation heat loss to Tglobe: temperature inside globe (°C)
the occupant as the current Tair: air temperature (°C)
room. vair: air velocity (m/s)
D: globe diameter (m)
ε: emissivity of globe (-)
- Relative humidity;
qt = M = qconv + qrad + qevap + qresp,sens + qresp,latent
Relative humidity affects the
heat transfer rate due to
evaporation (sweating).

50% level is chosen as the

reference value because it is
considered to be the average
value over the acceptable range
of indoor humidity levels.
 - Air velocity; qt = M = qconv + qrad + qevap + qresp,sens + qresp,latent

Convection heat transfer rate

between a person and the
surrounding environment is a
function of air velocity.

Air velocity is recommended to

be around 0.2 m/s, to avoid
local draft effects.

Airspeed required to increase the air temperature above the

summer comfort zone.
- Eq. Of thermal Top,comf = 27.2 - 5.9*CLO - 3.0*(1.0 + CLO)*(MET + 1.2)°C
comfort; Top,comf = 17.8 + 0.31*To (°C)
- Energy production
(MET); Metabolic rate for seated person:
(1 MET) = 60 (W/m2).
Rate of metabolic energy
production per surface area of
skin (W/m2)
- Parametric clothing Clothing insulation value:
(CLO);
(1 CLO) = 0.155 (K*m2/W)
The thermal insulating effects of Trousers + long sleeve shirt and sweater.
clothes.
- Index PMV;
PMV = 0.303 ∗ e(−0.036∗M)+(0.028∗L)
Predictive mean vote:
an estimate of the mean value M: metabolic activity
that would be obtained if a large L: thermal load
number of people were asked to
vote on thermal comfort using a Recommended values are set be between (-0.5:0.5).
7-point scale.
4 +0.2179𝑃𝑀𝑉 2 )
- Index PPD; 𝑃𝑃𝐷 = 100 − 95 𝑒 −(0.03353𝑃𝑀𝑉

A nonlinear function of PMV

that can predict the percent of
people dissatisfaction.

Recommended values are set

be below 10%.

- Operative 𝑻𝒂 + 𝑻𝒓
𝑻𝑶 =
temperature; 𝟐
the average value between the
air temperature and the mean Where:
radiant temperature, adjusted Ta: Dry bulb Air Temperature.
for air velocity effects. Tr: Mean Radiant Temperature.
4. Calculation of operative temperature

D.:

- Air temperature, θi = 23 oc
- Surface temp.

Window Outer walls Inner walls

Area Aj [m2] 6,4 19,6 76
Temp Θri,j [oc] 10 14 21,5

- Air velocity v = 0,7 m/s.

U.:
- Operative temperature θo

W
𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 4.71
𝑚2 °C
W
ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 8.3 ∗ 𝑣 0.6 = 8.3 ∗ 0.70.6 = 6.7
𝑚2 °C

𝑛𝐴 ∗ 𝑇𝑛 (6.5 ∗ 10) + (19.6 ∗ 14) + (76 ∗ 21.5)

𝑛
𝑇𝑟 (℃) = ∑ = = 19.3℃
1 360 (6.5 + 19.6 + 76)

(𝑇𝑎 ∗ ℎ𝑐 ) + (𝑇𝑟 ∗ ℎ𝑟 ) (23 ∗ 6.7) + (19.3 ∗ 4.71)

𝑇𝑂 = = ≅ 21.4℃
ℎ𝑐+𝑟 (6.7 + 4.71)

5.calculation of fresh air

Calculate required fresh air flow, v [m3/h], from the point of view CO2 concentration in inner air, k2, if
D.:
- Breathing air volume v1 = 0,5 m3/h,
- concentration CO2, k1 = 4%
- CO2 concentration in the incoming air k3 = 0,035 %
U.:
- Required fresh air flow, v [m3/h]

Take: CO2 concentration in inner air, k2=700 (PPM) = 0.07%.

̇ ∗ 𝒌𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒉 ) + (𝒗𝒃𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈
(𝒗𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒉 ̇ ̇ ∗ 𝒌𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒕 )
∗ 𝒌𝒃𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈 ) = (𝒗𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒕

̇
(𝑣𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∗ 𝑘𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 ) 0.5 ∗ 4
𝑣𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ
̇ = = = 𝟓𝟕(𝒎𝟑 /𝒉)
(𝑘𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 − 𝑘𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ ) 0.07 − 0.035
6. Thermal parameters of building
Parameters, quantities, symbols, units and basic values:
- Thermal parameters of structures
(thermal insulation parameters, water vapor diffusion and condensation in structure).
Effective thermal conductivity;
(kapp)= (1/ Ru) = W/(m·K).
Heat transfer film coefficient;
(h)= W/(m2·K)
Thermal Bridges;
Thermal transmittance, U-factor;
(U)= (1/ R-value) =W/(m2·K)
Water vapor permeability;
(μ)= (1/ Z) = ng/(s·m·Pa)
Economic thickness;
Optimum insulation thickness for a
specific insulation, or (2) to
evaluate two or more insulation
materials for least cost for a given
thermal performance.
The time rate of heat flow through a unit area of 1 m thick
homogeneous material induced by a unit temperature gradient
in case of non-pure conduction (Porous materials) W/(m·K).
Heat transferred between a surface and a fluid per unit time
per unit area driven by a unit temperature difference between
the surface and the fluid in contact with it, W/(m2·K).
Heat flow develops two- or three-dimensionally. Heat loss and
gain through thermal bridges are higher than their share in
total surface may suggest.
The rate of heat flow per unit area under steady-state
conditions from the fluid on the warm side of a barrier to the
fluid on the cold side, per unit temperature difference between
the two fluids. The overall coefficient of heat transfer.
The rate of water vapor transmission by diffusion per unit area
of flat material of unit thickness induced by unit vapor
pressure difference between two surfaces, under specified
temperature and humidity conditions.
 - Thermal energy parameters of building.

Envelop Transmission; 𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∑ 𝑈𝐴(𝑇𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 )

̇ (𝑇𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 )
𝑄𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑉𝑂𝐴 ∗ 𝜌𝑂𝐴 ∗ 𝐶𝑝,𝑎𝑖𝑟

U: overall heat transfer coefficient for walls, roof,

ceiling, floor, glazing (W/m2k).
A: area of walls, roof, ceiling, floor, glazing (m2).
Tin: indoor air design temperature (K).
Tout: outdoor air design temperature (K).
VOA: volumetric flow rate of outdoor air (m3/s).
Ρoa: density of outdoor air (kg/m3)
Cp,air: specific heat capacity of air (J/kg).
Solar radiation; 𝑞𝑠𝑤,𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 𝛼 ∗ 𝐼𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟

ISoalr: direct solar radiation.

α: Absorptivity.
Internal loads; Heat gains from heat sources on the inside of
the
building (occupants, lights, and equipment)

𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑄𝑂𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 + 𝑄𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 𝑄𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

Infiltration;
The uncontrolled air-flow rate through
All the unintentional openings
𝐴𝐿
𝑉̇ = √𝐶 |𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 | + 𝐶𝑊 𝑈 2
1000 𝑠 𝑖𝑛
V: airflow rate, m3/s
AL: effective air leakage area, cm 2
Cs: stack coefficient, (L/s)2/(cm4K)
Cw: wind coefficient, (L/s)2/(cm4(m/s)2)
U: average wind speed measured at the local
weather station, m/s
Tout: outdoor air temperature, K
Tin: indoor air temperature, K
 - Thermal dynamical parameters of building.

Temperature gradient in three 𝜕𝑡 𝜕2𝑡 𝜕2𝑡 𝜕2𝑡

dimention; = 𝛼 [ 2 + 2 + 2]
𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

α: thermal diffusivity of solid.

τ: time.
Thermal mass; Capacity to to absorb and store heat energy for extended
periods of time.
Cth= (J/°C).

Heat capacity;

HC = ρLCp=(J/m2.K). The ability of a material to store energy under a temperature

difference.
ρ = density [kg/m3]
Cp = specific heat capacity [J/kgK]
L = thickness of material [m]
Thermal diffusivity; The rate of heat flow through an object. The time lag between
peak internal and external temperature is related to the
α = (k/ρ.Cp)=(m2/s). diffusivity of the walls.
7. Heat transfer through walls

D.:
- Outer air temperature, = - 15 oC
- Inner air temperature, = + 20 oC
- Inner surface heat transfer coefficient, = 8 w/m2. k
- Outer surface heat transfer coefficient., = 23 w/m2. k
- Wall layers parameters (from inner side of the wall)

Layer Material Thickness Thermal U R

Number [m] conductivity (unit thermal (Unit Thermal
[w/ (m*k)] conductance) Resistance)
hi Air 8 0.125
1 Plaster 0,015 0,65 43.3 0.023
2 Masonry 0,45 0,72 1.6 0.625
3 Foam polyester 0,1 0,035 0.35 2.857
4 Plaster 0,008 0,50 62.5 0.016
he Air 23 0.043

U.:

- U-Value;

1 1 𝑾
𝑼= = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕 𝟐
𝑅𝑇 3.69 𝒎 .𝑲

- Heat flow density;

𝑾
𝒒 = 𝑈(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑒 ) = 0.27 ∗ (20 + 15) = 𝟗. 𝟒𝟓
𝒎𝟐

- Surface temperatures of individual layers

𝑹𝒊:𝑷𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒓 0.125
𝒕𝑷𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝒕𝒊 − (𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑒 ) = 20 − (20 + 15) = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟖℃
𝑹𝒕 3.69
𝑹𝒊:𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒓𝒚 0.125 + 0.023
𝒕𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒓𝒚 = 𝒕𝒊 − (𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑒 ) = 20 − (20 + 15) = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟑℃
𝑹𝒕 3.69
𝑹𝒊:𝑭𝒐𝒂𝒎 0.125 + 0.023 + 0.625
𝒕𝑭𝒐𝒂𝒎 = 𝒕𝒊 − (𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑒 ) = 20 − (20 + 15) = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟔℃
𝑹𝒕 3.69
𝑹𝒊:𝑷𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒓 0.125 + 0.023 + 0.625 + 2.857
𝒕𝑷𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝒕𝒊 − (𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑒 ) = 20 − (20 + 15) = −𝟏𝟒. 𝟒℃
𝑹𝒕 3.69
𝑹𝒊:𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒊𝒓 0.125 + 0.023 + 0.625 + 2.857 + 0.016
𝒕𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒊𝒓 = 𝒕𝒊 − (𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑒 ) = 20 − (20 + 15) = −𝟏𝟒. 𝟔℃
𝑹𝒕 3.69
𝑹𝒊:𝒂𝒊𝒓 0.125 + 0.023 + 0.625 + 2.857 + 0.016 + 0.043
𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒓 = 𝒕𝒊 − (𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑒 ) = 20 − (20 + 15) = −𝟏𝟓℃
𝑹𝒕 3.69
8. Check the water vapor condensation in the structure
D.:
- One-layer structure
Parameters:
Thickness S = 0,5 m
Inner surface temperature θsi = +15 oc;
Outer surface temperature θse = -15 oc
- Inner air
Parameters:
Temperature θi = 20 oc;
Relative humidity φi = 65%
Saturated water vapor partial pressure of inner air ppi´´ = 2337 pa
- Outer air
Parameters:
Temperature θe = -18 oc;
Relative humidity φe = 85%
Saturated water vapor partial pressure of outer air ppe´´ = 125 pa
- Temperature in the middle of the structure θs = 0 oc
- and saturated water vapor partial pressure pp = 611 pa

U.:
- Examine the condensation occurrence

𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑝@𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑝 @𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒

=
∆𝑠𝑎𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑝 ∆𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑝

611 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑝 @𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒

=
2337 − 125 (0.65 ∗ 2237) − (0.85 ∗ 125)

𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑝 @𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 = 366 𝑃𝑎

𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑝 @𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 < 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑝@𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒

Then, no condensation.

Side Note:

0.62
𝑚𝑣 = ∗ 𝑚𝑎 ∗ 𝑝𝑃𝑊
𝑝𝑎

ma: air flux

p: partial water vapor pressure in air
Pa: atmospheric air pressure

Surface film coefficient:

1 1
∆𝑡 4 20 − 15 4 𝑊
ℎ𝑖 = 1.33 ( ) = 1.33 ∗ ( ) = 11 2
𝑙 . 001 𝑚 ∗𝐾
1
−15 + 18 4 𝑊
ℎ𝑒 = 1.33 ∗ ( ) = 9.8 2
. 001 𝑚 ∗𝐾
9. Heating loss calculation

D.:

Room with the parameters

- Multi story building in Zlin
- Conference hall in the middle story
- Air volume of the room v = 30 x 15 x 3,6 m
- Outer wall surfaces a = 30,6 x 2,8 m direction n
- Windows of area a = 15 x1,6 m
- Outer air temperature, θe = - 15 oC
- Inner air temperature, θi = + 20 oC
- Inner surface heat transfer coefficient., hi = 8 w/ (m2. k)
- Outer surface heat transfer coefficient. he = 23 w/ (m2. k)
- Layers parameters (from inner surface)
Layer Material Thickness Thermal U R
Number [m] conductivity (unit thermal (Unit Thermal
[w/ (m*k)] conductance) Resistance)
hi Air 8 0.125
1 Plaster 0,015 0,65 43.3 0.023
2 Masonry 0,45 0,72 1.6 0.625
3 Foam polyester 0,1 0,035 0.35 2.857
4 Plaster 0,008 0,50 62.5 0.016
he Air 23 0.043

- Windows u-value u= 1,4 w/ (m2. k)

- Add. To the thermal bridges – wall = 0,4 w/ (m2. k)
– window = 0,5 w/ (m2. k)

- Occupancy n = 30
- Air exchange rate λ = 1 [1/h]
- Reheating coefficient. Frh = 30 %

U.:
- Heating loss of the room

̇ ) = 𝑅𝑝 ∗ 𝑃𝑧 + 𝑅𝑎 ∗ 𝐴𝑧
𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 (𝑉𝑏𝑧 (Ashrae 62.1, Table 6-1)

̇ ) = [2.5 ∗ 30] + [0.3 ∗ (30 ∗ 15)] = 210 (𝑙/𝑠) = 𝟕𝟓𝟔 (𝑚3 /ℎ)
(𝑉𝑏𝑧

𝑉̇
𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝐸𝑥𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝜆) =
𝑉
̇ = 𝑉 ∗ 1 = 30 ∗ 15 ∗ 3.6 = 𝟏𝟔𝟐𝟎(𝑚3 /ℎ) = 0.45(𝑚3 /𝑠)) > (𝑉𝑏𝑧
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒((𝑉) ̇ )

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎(𝐴𝑡𝑏 ) = 0.05 ∗ 𝐿𝑡𝑏 (ISO-10211)

𝐴𝑡𝑏−𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤 = 0.05 ∗ (15 + 1.6) ∗ 2 = 1.66 𝑚2
𝐴𝑡𝑏−𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 0.05 ∗ (30.6 + 2.8) ∗ 2 = 3.4 𝑚2

1 1 𝑊
𝑼= = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕 2
𝑅𝑇 3.69 𝑚 .𝐾
∑ 𝑈𝐴 = 0.27 ∗ (30.6 ∗ 2.8 − (15 ∗ 1.6)) + 1.4 ∗ (15 ∗ 1.6) + (3.4 ∗ 0.4) + (1.66 ∗ 0.5) = 52.5(𝑊/𝐾)

𝐾 = ∑ 𝑈𝐴 + 𝑉𝑂𝐴 ∗ 𝜌𝑂𝐴̇ ∗ 𝐶𝑝,𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 52.5 + (0.45 ∗ 1.2 ∗ 1) = 53 (𝑊/𝐾)

𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝑲 ∗ (𝑻𝒊𝒏 − 𝑻𝒐𝒖𝒕 ) = 𝟓𝟑 ∗ (𝟐𝟎 + 𝟏𝟓) = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟓 𝑲𝑾

10. Acoustics
Parameters, quantities, symbols, units and basic values and its evaluations:

Sound pressure level Lp;

Logarithm of a ratio of the root mean square (RMS) value
𝑃
2
𝑃 of acoustic pressure to reference pressure pref (20 µpa).
𝐿𝑝 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) = 20𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) [𝑑𝐵]
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓
Frequency;

𝑃(𝑡, 𝑓) = 𝑃𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑡) [𝑃𝑎] Frequency is the number of oscillations completed per

second by a vibrating object (Hz).
po: the maximum amplitude of oscillating
pressure. Audible frequency range 20 Hz to 20 kHz.

t: time in seconds.
Wavelength;

𝐶 The distance between successive maxima or minima of a

𝜆= [𝑚]
𝑓 simple harmonic disturbance propagating in that medium
λ: wavelength, m at a single instant in time.
c: speed of sound, (340) m/s
f: frequency, Hz
Sound power level Lw; Logarithm of a ratio of sound power of a source (rate of
emission of acoustical energy in watts) to power
𝑤 reference (1 picowatt).
𝐿𝑤 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 [𝑑𝐵]
10−12
Sound power emitted by a source is not the same as the
W: sound power of a source in watts. power consumed by the source.
Sound Intensity Level;
Logarithm of a ratio of sound intensity I (the rate of flow
𝐼 of sound energy through unit area) to reference intensity
𝐿𝐼 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔( −12 )
10 (10-12 W/m2).
I: Sound intensity (I=pv)
Absorption coefficient α, The fraction of acoustic intensity incident on the surface
that is absorbed.
𝐼𝑎𝑏𝑠
𝛼=
𝐼𝑖𝑛𝑐
Iabs: The intensity of absorbed sound. 𝑉
Iinc: The intensity of sound incident. 𝑇60 = 0.161 ( ) [s]
𝐴
T60: Reverberation time (time required for average sound
𝐴 = ∑ 𝑆𝑖 𝛼𝑖 pressure level in room to decay by 60 dB), s
𝑖 A: Total absorption in room.
Si: Surface area for ith surface, m2. V: Volume of room, m 3.
αi: Absorption coefficient for ith surface.
Octave;
A frequency band with an upper frequency limit twice that
𝑓𝑐 = √𝑓𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 ∗ 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 [Hz] of its lower frequency limit.

fupper: Frequency band upper limit.
flower: Frequency band lowe limit.
Directivity of sound source Q;
Q= f (frequency, direction).
Octave bands are identified by their respective center
frequencies.
The ratio of the squared sound pressure at a given angle
from the sound source to the squared sound pressure
that would be produced by the same source radiating
uniformly in all directions.
Sound Powe to Sound Pressur; LP: Sound pressure level, dB.
Lw: Sound power level, dB.
𝐿𝑃 = 𝐿𝑤 + 10𝑙𝑜𝑔(
𝑄 4
+ ) [dB] Q: Directivity of sound source.
4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑅
r: Distance from source, m.
R: Room constant, Sa /( 1 - α)
Q=1 (sphere).
S: Sum of all surface areas, m 2.
Q=2 (Hemisphere).
α: Average absorption coefficient of room surfaces.
Q= 8 (quadrant).
Noise Limits; Day time: 45 [dB].
Night time: 35 [dB].

11. Calculate acc. Pressure level (la)

D.: measured levels of acc. Pressure levels lp, in octaves

F (Hz) Lpi [dB] A-Weighting, 𝐿𝑃

1010
dB kai [dB]
63 85 -26.2 108.5 + 10−2.62
= 0.32 ∗ 109
125 90 -16.1 1.0 ∗ 109
250 92 -8.6 1.6 ∗ 109
500 87 -3.2 0.5 ∗ 109
1000 82 0 0.16 ∗ 109
2000 78 1.2 0.06 ∗ 109
4000 65 1 0.003 ∗ 109
8000 54 -1.1 0.0002 ∗ 109
∑ 3.6432 ∗ 109

U.: total acc. Pressure level la [dB(a)]

Pressure level 𝐥a = 10 ∗ log(3.6432 ∗ 109 ) = 𝟗𝟔 𝒅𝑩

12.lighting
Parameters, quantities, symbols, units and basic values:
- Artificial lighting

Luminous Flux Φ; The measure of the perceived power of light. Derived from the
adjusted radiant flux to reflect the varying sensitivity of the human
∞
𝑑𝜙𝑒 (𝜆) eye to different wavelengths of light.
𝜙 = 𝐾𝑚 ∫ ( ) ∗ 𝑉(𝜆)𝑑𝜆 [𝐿𝑀 ]
𝑑𝜆 𝑑𝜙 (𝜆)
0 ( 𝑒 ): The spectral distribution of the radiant flux.
𝑑𝜆
Φ: the luminous flux.
V(λ): The spectral luminous efficiency function.
Luminous Intensity I; A measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light
source in a particular direction per unit solid angle.
𝑑𝜙
𝐼= [LM/Sr-1]
𝑑Ω
I: The luminous intensity of a source in a given direction.
dΦ: The luminous flux leaving the source.
dΩ: The solid angle.
Luminance L; Luminous flux per unit solid angle per unit projected source area.

𝑑𝜙 𝐿𝑀 dA: The area of a section of that beam containing the given point.
𝐿= [ −1 ] ϑ: The angle between the normal to that section and the direction
𝑑𝐴 ∗ cos(ϑ) ∗ 𝑑Ω 𝑆𝑟 ∗ 𝑚2
of the beam.
Illuminance E; The total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area.

𝑑𝜙 Sr: Steradian (Solid angle).

𝐸= = ∫ 𝐿 cos ϑ 𝑑Ω [𝐿𝑀/𝑚2 ]
𝑑𝐴
2𝜋𝑆𝑟
Color rendering index CRI; Quantitative measure of the ability of a light source to reveal the
colors in comparison with a natural light source.
(20; 40; 60; 80; 90.)
Color Temperature Tc; Temperature of a Planckian radiator (Black Body) whose
radiation has the same chromaticity as that of a given stimulus
(unit: K).

- Natural lighting
Global Solar Radiation; Combined direct solar radiation and diffused sky radiation.

AM1.5G=1000(W).
Day light; Visible part of global solar radiation.
Day light Factor D; Ratio of the illuminance at a point on a given plane due to the
light received directly or indirectly from a sky to the illuminance on
a horizontal plane due to an unobstructed hemisphere of this sky,
excluding the contribution of direct sunlight to both illuminances

- Combined lighting
Daylight dependency factor FD;
Daylight time usage TD;
Lighting Power Density LPD;
[w/m2]
level of efficiency that a control system or control strategy exploits
the saving potential of daylight in a space.
Annual operating hours during the daylight time, measured in
hours (unit: h).

Office (LPD)= 11 The installed lighting power, in watt, in a building space divided
School/university (LPD)= 13 by the space area in square meters [w/m2]
Dining room (LPD)= 17
Hospital (LPD)= 13

Common Light Levels Outdoors Condition Illumination Lux

from Natural Sources;
Sunlight 107,527
Full Daylight 10,752
Overcast Day 1,075
Very Dark Day 107
Twilight 10.8
Deep Twilight 1.08
Full Moon 0.108
Quarter Moon 0.0108
Starlight 0.0011
Overcast Night 0.0001