Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GEOGRAPHY/GEOLOGY PALACES
3 Zones: Came with or without a ziggurat,
-Deserts of the Arab peninsula hypostyle hall, monumental
-Grasslands,steppes, river plains of the entrances
Fertile Crescent
-Mountains and Plateaus from west to east Palace of Nebuchadnezzar,
Khorsabad
Early Mesopotamian
(5000BC – 2000BC) Palace of Sargon
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Apartments:
Massiveness Seraglio
Monumentality (king’s residence)
Grandeur Haram
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM (private chamber)
Arctuated Khan
(service chamber)
MATERIALS
No stone, clay bricks, soil Persian
COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS
Persians introduced the use of columns Aegean
(3000 BC to 1100B)
EXAMPLES -rough and massive
Influences EXAMPLES
HISTORY
-Aegean MEGARON
-Mycenean or Single storeyed house of deep plan,
Helladic columned entrance porch, anteroom
-Hellenic with central doorway, living
-Hellenistic apartment or megaron proper,
central hearth, columns supporting
RELIGION roof, thalamus/sleeping room
Nature worship
Greek gods PALACES
Palace of King Minos, Knossos
GEOGRAPHY/GEOLOGY
Mainland Palace at Tyrins
-mountainous Lion Gate, Mycenae
-separated people into
groups, clans, states TOMBS
Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae
Archipelago and islands
-sea was inevitable means of Hellenic
trade and communications (650 BC to 323 BC)
-mostly religious
CLIMATE -carpentry in marble
-Between rigorous cold and (timber forms imitated in tone with
relaxing heat remarkable exactness)
-Clear atmosphere and
intense light CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
Columnar and trabeated
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Simplicity and Harmony
MATERIALS Mouldings – architectural device,
Timber, stone, terra cotta with which light and shade, produce
a definition to a building
COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS
-First columns and entablature were Examples:
made of timber with terra cotta
decorations Cyma recta
Cyma reversa
-Stone columns started in 600BC Ovolo
The Fillet
GREEK ORDER: Astragal or bead
-capital Cavetto
-base Scotia
-column shaft Torus
-horizontal entablature Bird’s beak
(architrave, frieze, cornice) Corona
-Doric ORIENTATION
-Ionic -Entire groups of buildings laid out
-Corinthian symmetrically and orderly
-Doors oriented towards east
DECORATION
-Refinements used to correct optical EXAMPLES
illusions such as Entasis Temenos
-Sculptures, colors, murals -Sacred enclosure built on the
highest part of a settlement, allowing
EXAMPLES it to be a citadel or acropolis
Column Episcenium
-base and shaft resembled Ionic -raised background to the 2-storey
-more slender skene building
H= 10X column diameter
Theater of Dionysus
Capital -Prototype of all greek theatres
-much deeper than Ionic
H = 1 1/6 column diameters Theater of Epidauros
-invented by Callimachus, inspired -Most beautiful Greek theatre
by basket over root of acanthus -designed by Polycleitos
plant
Agora
Entablature -marketplace or town square and center of
-same as Ionic social and business life
-3 parts:
o Architrave Stoa
o Frieze -Long colonnaded building by the public as
o Cornice a shelter and also as a religious shrine
Parados Palaestra
-passageway to skene -wrestling school
Gymnasium -earth for making terra cotta and bricks
-used for all types of physical exercise -first use of concrete (300 AD to 400 AD)
(prototype of Roman Thermae) with stone or brock rubble and mortar or
pozzolana, a thick volcanic earth material
Tombs
Nereid Monument at Xanthos COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS
Sarcophagus, Cridos -new Tuscan order
Mausoleum, Halicarnassos
-most famous of all tombs EXAMPLES
-one of seven wonders of the world
-for King Mausolos from his widow, Tombs
Artemisia -existed in great numbers outside city walls
in special necropolis sites
Roman
Drainage
Influences -Cloaca Mazima, Rome
HISTORY
-centrally located on the Mediterranean, Arches
was able to serve as intermediary in -Arch of Augustus, Perugia
spreading art and civilization in Europe,
West Asia, and North Africa Temples
-Temple of Juno Sospita, Lanuvium
-Etruscan
(750 BC to 146 BC) Roman
-Roman (300 BC to 365 AD)
(146 BC to 365 AD) -utilitarian, practical, economic use of materials
-complex, of great constructive ability
RELIGION
-Roman mythology slowly derived attributes CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
from those of Greek gods -Greek orders of architecture used as
decorative features which could be omitted
GEOGRAPHY/GEOLOGY
-Italian Peninsula -adopted columnar and trabeated style of
-Central and commanding position on Greeks
Mediterranean sea
-developed arch and vault system started by
CLIMATE Etruscans
-temperate climate in the North
-sunny in central Italy -combined used of column, beam, and arch
-almost tropical in south
MATERIALS
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER -marble, mostly white
-vastness and magnificence -concrete, to build vaults of a magnitude
-ostentation and ornateness never equalled until 19th century steel
construction
Etruscan
(750 BC to 100 BC) COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS
-great builders -4th and 5th orders:
Tuscan
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM -simplified version of Doric
-earliest use of true or radiating arch order
H= 7x col. Diameter
MATERIALS Base, unfluted shaft,
-stone: tufa, peperino, travertine, lava stone, moulded capital, plain
sand, and gravel entablature
Composite Basilicas
-combines prominent volutes -venues for commercial exchange or halls of
of Ionic with acanthus leaves justice
of Corinthian -usual plan:
Plan length is twice the plan width
ROOF AND CEILING
-wagon barrel / tunnel vault Trajan’s Basilica, Rome
-wagon vault with intersecting vault Basilica in the Forum, Pompeii
-cross vault Basilica of Septimius Sevenus, Lepcis
-hemispherical dome / cupola Magna
WALLS Thermae
Opus Incertum -palatial baths
-small stones, loose pattern -3 parts:
resembling polygonal walling Open Space
Outer ring of aprtments
Opus Quadratum Main building
-rectangular blocks with or without -dominant central hall, symmetrically
mortar joints arranged rooms
-tepidarium (warm)
Opus Reticulatum -calidarium (hot)
-net-like effect, with fine joints -sudatorium /
running diagonally laconicum (dry)
-frigidarium (cold)
Opus Testaceum -apodyteria (dressing)
-brick facing -unctuaria (oils)
Triumphal Arches
-erected to emperors and generals for
victorious campaigns
Dwellings
Domus – private house
Villa – country house
Insula – apartment block
Aqueducts
-Pont du Gard, Nimes, France
-Segovia aqueduct
Bridges (Pons)
-Bridge of Augustus, Rimini
Rostral Column
-erected to commemorate Naval victories