Weld Joint Preparation

(ISO 9692)
Edge Preparation - Need
Poor penetration
Poor strength

Good penetration
Good strength
(100% joint
efficiency)
 Edge Preparation
Factors which influence choice of edge preparation

- Thickness
- Material
- Welding process
- Extent of penetration required
- Welding distortion
- Cost
 Basic Joint Types

butt

lap
tee

corner
edge
 Basic Weld Types
Groove welds

Fillet weld
Plug / slot weld

Spot / seam weld

 Applicable Welds for Butt joint
Square Groove weld V Groove weld

Bevel Groove weld U Groove weld

J Groove weld
 Applicable Welds for Butt joint

Double V Groove weld Double Bevel Groove weld

Double U Groove weld Double J Groove weld

Applicable Welds for Tee joint
Applicable Welds for Lap joint

Fillet weld

Plug / slot weld

Spot / seam weld
Applicable Welds for Corner Joint
Applicable Welds for Edge Joint

Edge weld
 Butt joint
Square Groove weld

Root gap
 Butt joint
Single V Groove weld
Groove angle α

Root face

Root gap
 Weld Reinforcement

Correct Excess Under

reinforcement reinforcement reinforcement
Minimum cost High cost
Good joint Poor joint strength Poor joint strength
strength
Butt joint – Complete Joint penetration

Weld from face side

Back gouging

Back weld
Butt joint – Complete Joint penetration

Backing weld

Back gouging
Butt joint – Complete Joint penetration
(welding from one side)

TIG / SMAW
welding

Consumable
guide
 Butt Joint – Double V groove
Double V groove Less weld metal
Less distortion
Higher edge preparation cost
Better for thickness > 20 mm
Single V groove
More weld metal
More distortion
Lower edge preparation cost
Better for thickness < 20 mm
 Butt Joint – U groove
Groove angle

Root radius
Root face
Root gap

Good access at the root

Less weld metal
Higher edge preparation cost
Better for thickness > 40 mm
 Butt Joint – Bevel groove
Single bevel groove
Bevel angle 40 to 50°
Difficult to approach
the root
Weld defects

Double bevel groove Back gouging to

remove root defects
Good weld quality
 Butt Joint – J groove

Good access at the root

Back gouging and back welding to get good weld quality
Less weld metal
Higher edge preparation cost
Better for thickness > 40 mm
 Tee Joint – Full strength joint

throat = 0.707 x leg In a full strength

joint, leg = 0.75 x
leg = 1.414 x throat thickness

leg throat

leg
Tee Joint – Full penetration joint

45° or 60°

leg = throat leg = throat

 Tee Joint

Actual throat
Theoretical throat

AWS D 1.1 recommendation when gap > 1.6 mm –

to increase leg size of fillet by the amount of gap
 Lap Joint

overlap
AWS D 1.1 recommendation
Overlap = 5 x thickness (1 inch minimum)
Gap between mating faces = 1.6 mm max
 Welding Position – Groove
1G

3G

2G
4G
Welding Position – Groove

1G 2G

5G 6G

45°
Welding Position – Fillet

1F

2F
3F

4F
 Welding Position – Fillet
1F

2F

5F
 Welding Positions – Groove
Position Inclination of axis Rotation of face
Flat 0° to 15° 150° to 210°
Horizontal 0° to 15° 80° to 150°
210° to 280°
Overhead 0° to 80° 0° to 80°
280° to 360°
Vertical 15° to 80° 80° to 280°
80° to 90° 0° to 360°
 Welding Positions – Fillet
Position Inclination of axis Rotation of face
Flat 0° to 15° 150° to 210°
Horizontal 0° to 15° 125° to 150°
210° to 235°
Overhead 0° to 80° 0° to 125°
235° to 360°
Vertical 15° to 80° 125° to 235°
80° to 90° 0° to 360°
 Joint preparation

According to ISO 9692

Welding and allied processes -Recommendations for joint preparation

Part 1: Manual metal-arc welding, gas shielded metal-arc welding, gas

welding, TIG welding and beam welding of steels