03-12-2017

IMPACT TYPE MACHINE

FOUNDATION
Dr. Ravi Kant Mittal
Associate Professor,
Dept. of Civil Engg,
BITS Pilani.

• Impact type machines

produce transient
dynamic loads of short
duration.
• Hammers are most typical
of impact machines.
• A hammer – foundation –
soil system consists of a
frame, a falling weight
known as ‘tup’, the anvil
and the foundation block.

1
 03-12-2017

• In medium capacity
hammer, a vibration
isolation layer is placed
between the anvil and the
foundation block. Usually
the isolation layer is an
elastic pad consisting of
rubber, felt, cork or
timber adequately
protected against water
and oil (Fig. a)

2
 03-12-2017

• In case of high capacity

hammers, special
elements such as coil
springs and dampers
may be used in place of
elastic pads

• The systems shown in Figs. (a) and (b) can be

modeled as two degrees freedom system as
shown

3
 03-12-2017

• The solution of the problem is usually

available neglecting the damping of the soil
and isolator/elastic pad

NOTATIONS
m2 = Mass of foundation and frame if the latter is mounted on
the foundation

m1 = Mass of anvil (with frame if the latter is mounted on the

anvil)

K2 = C'u . A2 = Equivalent spring constant of soil under

consideration

C'u =  Cu = Modified coefficient of elastic uniform compression,

to take into account impact condition which is different from
periodic loading

4
 03-12-2017

 = Multiplying factor that governs the relationship between Cu and Cu

'

usually 1-2, for impact depending upon the soil type

Cu = Coefficient of elastic uniform compression
K1 = (E1 / t1) x Aa = Equivalent spring constant of the pad under the
anvil
E1 = Elastic modulus of the pad material b/w anvil and foundation
t1 = Thickness of the pad
Ab = Area of foundation in contact with soil
Aa = Area of anvil base
Z2 = Displacement of foundation from the equilibrium position
Z1 = Displacement of anvil from the equilibrium position
C2 = Damping coefficient of soil, C2 = 2 2 K 2m2 
2 = Damping ratio of soil
C1 = Damping coefficient of elastic pad/isolator, C1 = 2 1 K1m1 
1 = Damping ratio of elastic pad/isolator

Wt = Weight of tup
Wa = Weight of anvil
Wf = Weight of frame
Wb = Weight of foundation block
h = Height of fall of tup
N blows/min = Frequency of impact
Ac = Net area of cylinder
r = Equivalent radius of the base of the foundation
G = Dynamic shear modulus of soil
Kp = Spring coefficient of pile foundation
Ep = Elastic modulus of pile material
Ap = cross sectional area of pile
L = Length of pile
Va= Velocity of anvil after impact
VTi= Initial velocity of tup
VTa= Velocity of tup after impact

5
 03-12-2017

m1 = Wa/g
m2 = Wb/g
• Wt will have to be added
to either Wa or to Wb
depending upon whether
the frame is attached to
anvil or to foundation
block
• The mass m1 is subjectd
to a velocity of vibration
of V1 and is calculated
based on the momentum
equation

V1= Va = Velocity of the anvil after impact

1 k
Va  VTi
W
1 a
Wt
Where,VTi   2gh for a freely falling tup hammer
( Wt  pA c ) for double acting steam
  2gh
Wt hammer

η= Efficiency of drop ≈ 0.65

6
 03-12-2017

Natural Frequencies
• The equations of motion in free vibration(without
damping) are
..
m1Z1 + + K1 (Z1– Z2) = 0 (1)
..
m2Z2 + K2 Z2 + K1 (Z2 – Z1) = 0 (2)
• The two circular natural frequencies ωn1 and ωn2 shall be
determined as roots of the following quadratic equation
in ωn2
n4  ( na2  nb
2
)( 1   )n2  ( 1   )na
2
nb
2
0
m1 k1 k2
 na 
m1
nb 
m1  m 2
m2

Amplitude of vibration

z1) max 
 2
 n21 
   n 2
na
2 2
Va Anvil
n1 n2

z2)max 
 2
na 
 n21 na
2
 n22 V Foundation
na2 n21  n22  n 2
a
block

ωn1 > ωn2

7
 03-12-2017

E1A a
k1  kg / cm
t1
• When the block is directly resting on soil:
k2=7.6 rG or Ab.Cu kg/cm
• When the block is supported on short bearing
piles: k p .k s
k2 
k p  ks

Where, ks=7.6 rG or Ab.Cu , and

n.E p . Ap
kp 
L

For loose soils k2 may be taken from settlement tests

• When springs are provided between the block

and soil: k 2  k sp .k s kg / cm
k sp  k s

Where, ksp is the spring coefficient of springs

8
 03-12-2017

Stresses
• Stress in pad
k1( z1 ) max  z 2 ) max )
p 
Aa

• Stress in soil

W1  W2  Z 2) max k2
s 
Ab

DESIGN CRITERIA
a) The design of the entire foundation system shall
be such that the centres of gravity of the anvil
and of the foundation block, as well as the
resultants of the forces in the elastic pad and the
foundation support, act as far as practicable so as
to coincide with the line of fall of the hammer
tup. While determining the centre of gravity of
the foundation block the weight of the frame and
of the tup shall also be considered.
b) The foundation shall be so designed that the
induced vibrations in the structures nearby are
within the safe limits fixed for them.

9
 03-12-2017

PERMISSIBLE STRESSES
• The total force acting on the pad and on the
foundation support shall be such that the
deformation of the elastic material in them
are within the allowable limits.
• The load intensity on the soil below the
foundation shall not be more than 80 percent
of the allowable bearing pressure of the soil or
material as the case may be.

PERMISSIBLE AMPLITUDES
• The permissible amplitudes which depend
upon the mass of the tup shall be as follows:

• In case any important structure exists near the

foundation, the amplitude of the foundation
should be adjusted so that the velocity of the
vibrations at the structure does not exceed 0.3
cm/s

10
 03-12-2017

DIMENSIONAL CRITERIA
• Area — The area of the foundation block at
the base shall be such that the safe loading
intensity of soil is never exceeded during the
operation of the hammer.
• Depth — The depth of the foundation block
shall be so designed that the block is safe both
in punching shear and bending. However, the
following minimum thickness of foundation
block below the anvil shall be provided :

11
 03-12-2017

• Mass — The mass of the anvil is generally 20

times the mass of the tup. The mass of the
foundation block ( Wb ) shall be at least 3 times
that of the anvil.
• For foundations resting on stiff clays or compact
sandy deposits, the mass of block should be from
4 to 5 times the mass of the anvil.
• For moderately firm to soft clays and for medium
dense to loose sandy deposits, the mass of the
block should be from 5 to 6 times the mass of the
anvil.

Reinforcement shall be arranged along the three axis and also

diagonally to prevent shear ( see Fig. 2 ). More reinforcement shall be
provided at the topside of the foundation block than at the other sides.

Reinforcement at the top

may be provided in the
form of layers of grills
made of 16 mm diameter
bars suitably spaced to
allow easy pouring of
concrete.
The topmost layers of
reinforcement shall be
provided with a cover of
at least 5 cm.
The reinforcement provided
shall be at least 25 kg/m3
of concrete.

24

12
 03-12-2017

EQUATION OF MOTION WITH DAMPING

C C1  C 2  3  K1  K 2 K 2 CC 
n4   2   n     1 2  n2
 m2 m1   m1 m2 m1m 2 

 K C  K 2C1 
 1 2  n  0
 m1m 2 

n1,2 = a  ib
n3,4 = c  id

13
 03-12-2017

THANK YOU

14