Application 1 Application 2

Reduction to seperable form Exact differential equations

Find the general solution of the following Solve the below equation.
equation.
2x y 2 − 3x2
(2 x − 4 y + 5) y '+ x − 2 y + 3 = 0 dx + dy = 0
y3 y4
Solution
Solution
y − 3x
2 2
2x
(2 x − 4 y + 5) y '+ x − 2 y + 3 = 0 3
dx + 4
dy = 0
y y
x−v 1
Write down, v = x − 2y → y = → y' = (1 − v ') ↓ ↓
2 2
into the equation. P(x,y) Q(x,y)
∂P −6 x ∂Q −6 xy −6 x
4
1 = 2 x.( −3).( y ) =
−4
= =
(2v + 5). (1 − v ') + v + 3 = 0 ,
∂y ∂x
4 8 4
2 y y y
(2v + 5).(1 − v ') + 2v + 6 = 0 ∂P ∂Q
→ = (Exact dif.)
2v + 5 − v '.(2v + 5) + 2v + 6 = 0 ∂y ∂x

4v + 11 = v '(2v + 5) ∂u ∂u
u= ∫ ∂x dx + ∫ ∂y dy
4v + 11 dv 4v + 11
v' = → =
2v + 5 dx 2v + 5 We remember from calculus that if a function u ( x , y )

 2v + 5  has continuous partial derivatives, its differential is

dx =   dv
 4v + 11  du =
∂u
dx +
∂u
dy
Let's multiply each side by 2, ∂x ∂y

 4v + 10  From this it follows that if u ( x , y ) = c = constant then du = 0.

2dx =   dv
 4v + 11  ∂u ∂u
dx + dy = 0 (Like our dif. equ. in the question)
 4v + 11 − 1  ∂x ∂y
2dx =   dv
 4v + 11  ∂u ∂u y − 3x
2 2
2x
= , =
∂x ∂y
3 4
1 y y
2dx = dv − dv
4v + 11 ∂u
= P ( x, y )
1 ∂x
∫ 2dx = ∫ dv − ∫ 4v + 11 dv ∫ ∂u = ∫ P ( x, y )∂x → ∫ du = ∫ P( x, y )dx
1
2 x + c = v − In 4v + 11
2
2x x
4 u ( x, y ) = ∫y 3
dx =
y
3
+ R( y )
Re place it as, v = x − 2 y 2 2 2
∂u 2 −4
−3 x y − 3x
1 = x .( −3). y + R '( y ) = + R '( y ) =
2 x + c = x − 2 y − In 4( x − 2 y ) + 11 ∂y y
4
y
4

4
1 −1
8 x + c = 4 x − 8 y − In 4 x − 8 y + 11 → R '( y ) = 2
→ R( y) = +c
y y
c = 4 x + 8 y + In 4 x − 8 y + 11 2
x −1
u ( x, y ) = 3
+ +c
y y

1
Application 3 Application 4

Integrating factors Linear differential equations

Solve the following initial value problem. Find the general solution of the following
equation.
(2 x.e x − y 2 )dx + 2 ydy = 0
y ' = y.cot x + sin x
y (0) = 2
Solution
Solution
y ' = y.cot x + sin x → y '− y.cot x = sin x
→ y '+ P( x ). y = Q ( x)
dy dy
− y.cot x = 0 → = y.cot x
dx dx
dy
→ = cot xdx
y
dy
→∫
y ∫
= cot xdx

dy cos x
∫ y = ∫ sin x dx → t = sin x
The equation must be multiplied by F = e − x → dt = cos xdx
 y2  2y dt
 2 x − e x  dx + e x dy = 0
 
∫ t = In t = In sin x
↓ ↓ In y = In sin x + In c → y = c.sin x
P ( x, y ) Q(x,y) y ' = c '.sin x + c.cos x
∂P −2 y ∂Q −2 y cos x
= , = → ( Exact dif.) y ' = y.cot x + sin x = c.sin x. + sin x
∂y e x
∂x e x
sin x
∂u y 2
∂u 2y y ' = c.cos x + sin x
= 2x − , = y ' = c.cos x + sin x = c '.sin x + c.cos x → c ' = 1
∂x ex ∂y ex
 y2 
dc
u ( x, y ) = ∫  2 x −
y2 = 1 → ∫ dc = ∫ dx → c = x + k
+ R( y)  dx = x +
2
dx
ex   ex
y = ( x + k ).sin x
∂u 2 y 2y
= x + R '( y ) = x → R '( y ) = 0
∂y e e
→ R ( y ) = c*
2
y
u ( x, y ) = x +
2
x
+c
*
=c
e
*
x = 0 and y = 2 → 2+c = c → c − c
*
=2
2
y
x + =2
2
x
e