 Solution Steps:

• Consider a Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) system in the following figure.
Assume that the system is a purely reactive, a constant Pm and constant voltage
behind transient reactance.

Single machine infinite bus system.

The real power dispatched from the generator is given by:

𝑉1𝑉2
𝑃𝑒 = sin 𝛿 = 𝑃𝑚 a x sin δ
𝑋
Where:
𝑉1: The internal 𝑒. 𝑚. 𝑓 of the generator.
𝑋 : The reactance between the generator internal node and the infinite bus.
𝑃𝑚ax: The maximum electrical power output.
• Assume that a 3-phase fault occurs in the system and it is cleared by
opening one of the transmission lines. Therefore,

𝑃𝑃r𝑒−Fault = 𝑃𝑃r𝑒−𝑀ax sin 𝛿

𝑃During− Fault = 𝑃𝑑ur−𝑀ax sin 𝛿

𝑃Post−Fault = 𝑃Post−𝑀ax sin 𝛿

Where:

𝑃𝑃r𝑒−Fault : The pre-fault electrical power.

𝑃During− Fault : The during-fault electrical power.
𝑃During− Fault : The post-fault electrical power.
 Example 1: A power system shown in the following figure, the impedance of each
of the parallel transmission lines is j0.5 and the delivered power is 0.8 per unit when
both the terminal voltage of the machine and the voltage of the infinite bus are 1.0
per unit and H=5MJ/MVA. Determine the power – angle equation for the system
during the specified operating conditions? (Pre-fault)

Single machine infinite bus test system

𝑋 between 𝑉t and 𝑉 is:

𝑗0.5
𝑗0.1 + = 𝑗0.35 𝑃. 𝑢
2
If 𝑉t = 1.0∟α° 1.0 ∗ 1.0
sin α = 0.8 & α = 16.26°
0.35
Calculation of output current from generator:
1.0∟16.26° − 1.0∟0° =
𝐼= 0.8081∟8.13°
0.35∟90°
A
Calculation of machine internal voltage (transient internal voltage) :

𝐸 ′ = 1.0∟16.26° + 0.8081∟8.13° ∗ 0.2∟90° = 1.0352∟25.15°

The Power – Angle equation for the system:

𝐸′ 𝑉
𝑃𝑒 = sin 𝛿 = 𝑃𝑚𝑚𝑚sin δ
𝑋
1.0352 ∗ 1.0
𝑃𝑒 = sin δ = 1.882 sin δ
0.35 + 0.20

 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑒−𝐹𝑚𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 1.882 sinδ

 Example 2: If a three-phase fault occurs on the power system of problem 1
at a mid-point on the lower transmission line. Determine the power – angle
equation during the fault? (During-fault)

During-fault (Reactance)
 During-fault (admittance) During-fault (Reactance)
𝐘= [- j3.33 0.0 j3.33

0.0 -j6.0 j2.0

j3.33 j2.0 -j9.33]

 Eliminate node (3) due to no external source.

 After eliminate node (3) 𝐘during-fault = [- j2.14 j0.714

j0.714 -j5.57 ]

𝐸′ 𝑉
𝑃𝑒 = sin 𝛿 = 𝑃𝑚𝑚𝑚sin δ = 1.0352 ∗ 0.714 sin δ = 0.74 sin δ
𝑋

𝑃During−𝐹𝑚𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 0.74 sinδ

 Y Δ
Transformation

During-fault (Reactance)

𝑗0.3 ∗ 𝑗0.5
j0.3 + j0.5 + = j1.4
𝑗0.25

𝐸′ 𝑉 1.0352 ∗ 1.0
𝑃𝑒 = sin 𝛿 = 𝑃𝑚𝑚𝑚sin δ = sin δ = 0.74 sin δ
𝑋 1.4

𝑃During−𝐹𝑚𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 0.74 sinδ

 Example 3: the fault is cleared by opening of circuit breaker at each end of
the faulted line. Determine the power – angle equation after the fault
cleared? (Post-fault)

During-fault (Reactance)

Post-fault (Reactance)

𝑋 between 𝐸 ′ and 𝑉 is:

𝑗0.2 + 𝑗0.1 + 𝑗0.5 = 𝑗0.8 𝑃. 𝑢
 𝐸′ 𝑉
𝑃𝑒 = sin 𝛿 = 𝑃𝑚𝑚𝑚sin δ
𝑋

1.0352 ∗ 1.0
𝑃𝑒 = sin δ = 1.29 sin δ
0.8

 𝑃𝑃ost−𝐹𝑚𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 1.29 sinδ

𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑒−𝐹𝑚𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑒−𝑀𝑚𝑚 sin 𝛿 = 1.882 sinδ

𝑃𝐷𝐹𝑃𝐷𝐷𝐷−𝐹𝑚𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 𝑃𝑑𝐹𝑃−𝑀𝑚𝑚 sin 𝛿 = 0.74 sinδ

𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐹−𝐹𝑚𝐹𝐹𝐹= 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐹−𝑀𝑚𝑚 sin 𝛿 = 1.29 sinδ

 The swing equation in terms of per unit (P.u) is given by:

2𝐻 𝑑2𝛿
= 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒= 𝑃a 𝑝. 𝑢 & ω𝑃 = 2π𝑓
𝜔𝑃𝑑𝑡 2
 • The swing equation is nonlinear second order differential equation.

• The swing curve is graph between load angle (machine angel) and time.
• The swing equation can be written as two first-order differential equations as
follow:
𝐻 𝑑ω
= 𝑃 𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒
π𝑓 𝑑𝑡
𝑑δ
= ω − ω𝑃
𝑑𝑡

 The Critical Clearing Time (CCT):

• The critical time to clear the fault.

• Used to determine the correct speed of circuit breaker to isolate the faulted line.

• The critical clearing time corresponds to the Critical Clearing Angle (CCA).
• Constant : Sources

• Add : Math operation

• Mux: Signal routing

• Gain: Math operation

• Integrator: Continuous

• Scope: Sinks

• Clock: Sinks

• Switch: Signal routing

• Sin function: User defined functions

The rotor angle 𝜹
The rotor speed ω
 The plot of 𝛿 versus 𝑡 is called the swing curve. Once the swing curve is known, the
stability of the system can be assessed.

Swing curves for stable, critical and unstable situations.

• In Case 1, the rotor angle increases to a value below the maximum value, then
decreases. This case is considered transient stable.

• In Case 2, the rotor angle increases to a maximum value, then decreases. This case is
considered critical stable.

• In Case 3, the rotor angle continues to increase steadily until synchronism is lost. This
type of transient instability is referred to as first-swing instability.
The rotor angle 𝜹
The rotor speed ω