11/3/2016

Dr. Ravi Kant Mittal

Associate Professor,
Dept. of Civil Engg,
BITS Pilani.

 The demand for machines with higher ratings have

improved in the fast growing industrial and manufacturing
sectors.

 These machines give considerably higher dynamic forces

and thereby higher stresses.

 Very good interaction between the foundation designer and

the machine manufacturer is highly essential to come out
with the improved performance of the products of the
either.

1
 11/3/2016

 Principle is to transfer the dynamic forces of machines to

the soil through the foundation

 So, beside suitability of the foundations, the behavior is also

important.

 There arises the necessity of vibration analysis.

 Older method

 A simple thumb rule

 Total weight of foundation = 3 or 5 times weight of

machines

 Disadvantage
Increase in mass, decreases the resonant frequency
thereby, the damping is reduced.

2
 11/3/2016

 Vibration Analysis
 Responses taken into consideration

a)Vertical vibration –Translation along Z axis

b)Longitudinal or sliding vibration-Translation along Y axis

c)Lateral or sliding vibration – Translation along X axis

d)Rotation about Z axis – Yawing motion

e)Rotation about Y axis - Rocking vibration

f)Rotation about X axis - Pitching or rocking vibration

3
 11/3/2016

 Reciprocating machines
 It generates unbalanced periodic forces, which may be
considered to vary sinusoidal.

 Steam, diesel or gas engines, compressors and pumps are

some of the reciprocating type.

 Impact type machine foundations

 These machines produce impact forces.

 The dynamic loads generated attain a peak in a very short

time but quickly die out.

 Hammers are most typical impact machines.

 A hammer-foundation-soil system consists of a frame, a
falling weight known as tup, the anvil and the foundation
block.

 Rotary Machines

 The high speed machinery such as turbo generators or

rotary compressors are classified as rotary machines.

 The operating frequencies of such machines are of the order

3000 rpm to10000 rpm.

4
 11/3/2016

 The combined centre of gravity of the machine and foundation

should as far as possible be in the same vertical line as the centre
of gravity of the base plane.

 The amplitude of vibrations should be within permissible

limits

 No resonance should occur

 Resonance : The natural frequency of the machine-foundation
soil system should not coincide with the operating frequency of
the machine

No resonance, η<0.4 or η>1.5

5
 11/3/2016

For no resonance, η<0.4 or η>1.5

 Wherever possible the natural frequency of the foundation
soil-system shall be higher than the highest disturbing
frequency and the frequency ratios shall be normally less
than 0.4

 Where this is not possible, the natural frequency of the

foundation-soil system shall be kept lower than the lowest
disturbing frequency. The frequency ratios in such cases
shall be more than 1.50

6
 11/3/2016

 For most soil types, foundations for low speed machines

designed to limiting amplitude of 200 microns will not
suffer undue settlement due to dynamic loads.

 In case of some soils like loose sands and silts in

conjunction with high water table, there is a possibility of
significant settlement to occur.

 In all such cases, it shall be preferable to consolidate the

soil underneath the foundation.

7
 11/3/2016

 Operating speed or speed ranges

 Distance between axis of main shaft of the machine and the
top face of foundation
 For Dynamic Design
 Details of out of balance forces and couples shall be
given.
 Associated frequencies for all possible modes of
vibration for machines.
 a) External forces,
 b) External primary couples,
 c) External secondary couples, and
 d) Harmonic torques

8
 11/3/2016

 Centre of gravity
• The machine and body of foundation is divided into regular segments.

• The corordinates of the centre of gravity of each mass mi referred to some

arbitrary axes say(xi, yi, zi).
 mi x i  mi yi  mi z i
x i
y i
z i
 mi  mi  mi
i i i

 Moment of inertia of the base area for rectangular footing

LB3 BL3
Ix  Iy  Iz  Ix  I y
12 12
 Mass moment of inertia of machine and foundation about the axis of rotation
passing through base

Mmo = Mm+(m*z^2)

9
 11/3/2016

Mass Moment of Inertia

Rectangular Mmx Mmy Mmz

block
a-length along
x direction
b-length along m(b 2  h 2 ) m( a 2  h 2 ) m( a 2  b 2 )
y direction
12 12 12
h-depth pf the
block

 Linear weightless spring method

(Barkan’s method or IS code method)

 Elastic Half Space Method

(Lysmer and Richart’s method)
 Elastic half space method with embedment factor

The noteworthy difference between the two being the

damping consideration in the latter.

10
 11/3/2016

 This method is presented by Barkan (1962) where damping

is neglected .

 Soil is replaced by elastic springs

 Effects of damping and soil mass is neglected

 The error thus introduced is small and thereby stands

conservative being on the safe side.

 The soil is considered to be linear and elastic.

 The block foundation undergoing vertical oscillation,

horizontal translation, rocking, pitching motion and yawing
are subjected to:
 Uniform compression, Cu
 Uniform shear , C
 Non-uniform compression ,CΦ
 Non-uniform shear, C

11
 11/3/2016

 Barkan derived value of elastic constants based on theory of

elasticity
1.13 * E
 Cu= (1   2) * A

For analysis and design of machine foundations

 Cu=2C

 CΦ=2Cu
 C=1.5C

Linear elastic weightless Elastic half space method

spring method
Soil considered to be
replaced by elastic springs
Effect of damping is
neglected and hence
conservative
Ground considered to be an
elastic, homogenous,
isotropic, semi-infinite body
referred to as elastic half
space
Damping is considered

12
 11/3/2016

 G –Dynamic shear modulus kN/m3

  -total density of soil kN/m3
  -Poisson ratio
 Fz-vertical force of vibration kN
 Fx-Horizontal force of vibration kN
 My-exciting moment about y-y kN-m
  - operating frequency rad/sec
 m – mass of the system
(machine+foundation) kg
 h – height of embedment of
the foundation m
  - coefficients for rectangular foundations

13
 11/3/2016

Vertical Vibrations
natural frequency Cu .A
nz 
m
𝐹𝑧
Maximum amplitude of motion 𝐴𝑧 = 2
𝑚(𝜔𝑛𝑧 − 𝜔2)

where
Cu = Coefficient of elastic uniform compression
A = Base contact area of foundation
m = mass of machine and foundation
Fz = Exciting vertical force
ω = Forcing frequency of vibration

 Sliding Vibrations
 In practice, rocking and sliding occur simultaneously.
But if the vibration in the rocking can be neglected, then
only horizontal displacement of the foundation would
occur.
𝐶𝜏 𝐴
natural frequency 𝜔𝑛𝑥 =
𝑚

Maximum amplitude of motion

where
Cτ = Coefficient of elastic uniform shear
Fx = Exciting horizontal force

14
 11/3/2016

 Pure Rocking Vibrations

natural frequency C I  WZ
n 
M mo

Maximum amplitude of motion

Cϕ = Coefficient of elastic non-uniform compression

I = Moment of inertia of the foundation area in contact
with the soil with respect to the axis of rotation
W = Weight of machine and foundation
Z or L= Distance between the centre of gravity of block
and axis of rotation
Mmo = Moment of inertia of the mass of the foundation
and machine with respect to the axis of rotation i.e
point O

15
 11/3/2016

 Yawing Vibrations
𝐶𝜓 𝐽𝑧
natural frequency 𝜔𝑛𝑧 =
𝑀𝑚𝑧

𝑀𝑧
Maximum angular displacement 𝐴𝜓 = 2
𝑀𝑚𝑧 𝜔𝑛𝜓 − 𝜔2

Cψ = Coefficient of elastic non-uniform shear

Jz = Polar moment of inertia of foundation contact
area
Mmz = Mass moment of inertia of the machine and
foundation about Z-axis

16
 11/3/2016

THANK YOU

17