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Geomatics Lab Report 1
Geomatics Lab Report 1
ECV3511
U N I V E R S I T I P U T R A M A LAY S I A
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN
Faculty of Engineering
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
MARKS
1. 190968 MUHAMAD JAZMEER BIN Front Page
MAD JAIS 5
2. 190019 MUHAMMAD SOLIHUDDIN Table of Content, List of
Figure, List of Table
BIN USRI 5
3. 188861 AMIRUL DANIAL BIN Work of schedule
SAMSUDIN 5
Abstract/Introduction
4. 188103 LOK SZE WEI 5
Objective
5. 188835 AIN SHUHADA BINTI 5
HUSNI Equipment/Apparatus
5
6. 189151 NURUL HIDAYAH BINTI Methodology/Procedure
CHE YAHYA 10
Result & Calculation
NAME OF LECTURER: PROF. MADYA DR. 15
HELMI ZULHAIDI MOHD SHAFRI Discussion
15
Recommendations
NAME OF TEACHING ASSISTANT: MDM. 10
NURUL SUHADA MOHAMAD BASIR Conclusions
5
Bibliography
NAME OF ASSISTANT ENGINEER: MR. WAN 5
ZAKARIA WAN YUSOFF Appendices
5
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 6 October 2016 Effort
5
Total
100
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TABLE OF CONTENT
CONTENT PAGES
Table of Contents, List of Figures, List of Tables 1
Work of schedule 2
Abstract / Introduction 3
Objective 4
Equipment / Apparatus 5-6
Methodology / Procedure 7-9
Result and Calculation 10-12
Discussion 13
Recommendations 14
Conclusions 15
Bibliography / References 16
Appendices 17-18
LIST OF TABLE
CONTENTS PAGES
Apparatus used for levelling 5-6
Results for levelling 10
LIST OF FIGURE
CONTENTS PAGES
Flow chart of route plan 9
Figure of during levelling 17-18
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WORK OF SCHEDULED
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INTRODUCTION
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OBJECTIVE
2. To find the elevation of the given point with respect to the given or assumed datum.
3. To establish a point at a given elevation with respect to the given or assumed datum.
4. To make sure the land is in level does not have much difference in gradient.
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APPARATUS
Name of equipments and images Function
1) 2 Staffs
2) Measuring tape
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3) 2 Bubble staffs
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METHODOLOGY
1. Choose a point from first temporary bench mark (TBM 1) and set up the tripod and
auto level (setup 1).
3. A person must hold a staff at the temporary benchmark (TBM 1) and another person
must read the height of the benchmark (mark as back sight) using the auto level at
the setup 1 and measure the distance.
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4. Then, move the staff to change point 1 (CP 1). Measure the distance from setup 1 to
change point 1 and get the height of setup 1 (fore sight).
5. Move the auto level to setup 2. Measure the distance from setup 2 to the change
point 1 and get the height of the change point 1 (back sight).
6. Hold the staff at temporary benchmark 2 (TBM 2). Measure and record the distance
from TBM 2 to the setup 2 and read the height of TBM 2 (fore sight).
7. Move the auto level and make setup 3. Read the staff and get the height of TBM 2
(back sight) and measure the distance.
8. Hold the staff at change point 2 (CP 2). Get the height of change point 2 (fore sight)
using setup 3 and measure the distance measurement from setup 3 to change point 2.
9. Make setup 4, get the height measurement of the change point 2 (back sight) using
setup 4 and get the distance.
10. Move the staff and hold it at the first temporary bench mark (first point). Read the
height of TBM 1 ( fore sight) using setup 4 and measure the distance between them.
Close the loop
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BS
TEMPORARY SETUP 2
BENCHMARK FS
2 SETUP 2
change point 2
SETUP 3
BS FS
BS
SETUP 4
FS
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Results
BS IS FS RISE FALL Reduced Appr. Remarks
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m) Level (m) Dist. (m)
1.38 40 20.0 BM
1.52 1.53 0.15 39.85 55.0 CP1
Misclosure Adjustment
Measured RL Point Adjustment Adjusted RL
(m) (m)
40 BM 0.00 40.00
39.85 CP1 0.003 39.847
40.09 TBM 0.005 40.085
39.99 CP2 0.008 39.982
40.01 BM 0.01 40.00
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Example
BS – FS = 1.38 – 1.53
= - 0.15m
When the value is negative, it will be written in the “fall” column.
BS – FS = 1.52 – 1.28
= 0.24m
When the value is positive, it will be written in the “rise” column.
Example
RL = Previous RL – Fall
RL = 40.00 – 0.15
RL = 39.85m
RL = Previous RL + Rise
RL = 39.85 + 0.24
RL = 40.09m
Misclosure
Misclosure = ƩBS – ƩFS
Misclosure = 5.54 – 5.53
= 0.01 m
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Example
RL of CP1 = 39.85
Adjustment value = 1(0.01/4)
= 0.003
Adjustment RL = 39.85 – 0.003
= 39.847m
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DISCUSSION
The Temporary Bench Mark (TBM) has been held fixed at a Reduced Level (RL) of
40m. From there the back sight (BS) and fore sight (FS) are observed and recorded. Then,
the amount of rise and fall is gained from subtracted of BS with FS.
From the results above, the reduced level is being calculated through subtracting or
adding the rise and fall, a new reduced level is obtained. This process is then repeated for
several times from different points at the site. However, the final reduced level which is
40.01m is slightly more than the initial reduced level which is 40m. The slight difference
between the final reduced level and initial reduced level is 0.01m which is defined as
misclosure. By using the formula of calculating the misclosure limit, the maximum
allowable error is 5.45mm. Thus, there are some errors occurred during the levelling
process. Generally, errors cannot be totally eliminated, but they can be contained within
acceptable tolerances.
The errors that we made during the survey can be divided into three groups which are
instrumental errors, personal errors and errors due to natural causes. The instrument like
the auto level is not focused properly. Misfocussing and parallax error in the eyepiece
create accidental errors that cannot be corrected.
The unbalanced back sight and fore sight distances are also one of the errors that
accumulated during the survey. It is caused by the effect of curvature and refraction
errors. Readings that taken at a long distance will have a greater error than those at a
short distance. This unbalance may not be critical on one setup but can be compounded
into a considerable error if the unbalance continues over several setups.
One of the errors obtained due to natural causes is the effect of high winds and a
shining sun may result in a wrong staff reading. When the distance of sight is long. the
curvature of the earth may affect the staff reading.
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RECOMMENDATIONS
There are basically many ways that we can improve or reduce our errors in levelling
process. Here are some of the recommendations on how we can make our reading or the
process of levelling much accurate and less errors:
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CONCLUSIONS
Based on our finding during the making of our temporary bench mark there are many
ways that we can reduce our errors and how we can make our reading more accurate.
Some of the ideas are already been stated in the recommendations section, there are ways
that we can improve our skills in levelling and how we manage to overcome the problems
that we face during the process.
This data that has been stated in the table consist of errors because there are no
accurate reading or measurements in levelling or surveying process. Therefore, there are
ways that can be done in order to calculate the errors and fix it. By using rise and fall
method, the misclosure can be obtained by subtracting and adding and calculations of the
data by using the misclosure formula. In the end of the process we manage to get the new
temporary bench mark (TBM).
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTERNET:
1. Retrieved from Surveying and Levelling,
http://www.civileblog.com/levelling/
2. Retrieved from Levelling Tutorial
http://www.levelling.uhi.ac.uk/
3. Retrieved from Geomatic Levelling
https://www.scribd.com/document/261201512/Geomatic-Levelling-Report
4. Retrieve from Geomatic Report
http://documentslide.com/documents/geomatic-levelling-report.html
BOOK:
1. W.SCHOFIELD , 2007 , Engineering Surveying , Edition Butterworth –
Heinemann : Linacre House , Jordan Hill , Oxford 2 8DP, UK
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APPENDICES
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Photo 4: Observing the reading on the staff through the auto level.
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