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1. tangent line
2. secant line
f (c + h ) − f ( c )
3.
h
4. average velocity
5–3
1. Slope = =4
2 – 32 Slope ≈ 1.5
6–4 5.
2. Slope = = –2
4–6
3.
5
Slope ≈
2
Slope ≈ −2 6.
3
Slope ≈ –
2
f (2 + h) – f (2)
e. mtan = lim
h →0 h
[(2 + h)3 – 1] – (23 − 1)
= lim
h →0 h
12h + 6h 2 + h3
= lim
h→0 h
h(12 + 6h + h 2 )
c. m tan = 2 = lim
h→0 h
(1.01)2 + 1.0 − 2 = 12
d. msec =
1.01 − 1 9. f (x) = x 2 – 1
0.0201
= f (c + h ) – f (c )
.01 mtan = lim
h→0 h
= 2.01
[(c + h)2 – 1] – (c 2 – 1)
= lim
f (1 + h) – f (1) h→0 h
e. mtan = lim
h →0 h c 2 + 2ch + h 2 – 1 – c 2 + 1
= lim
[(1 + h)2 + 1] – (12 + 1) h→0 h
= lim
h →0 h h(2c + h)
= lim = 2c
2 + 2h + h 2 − 2 h→0 h
= lim At x = –2, m tan = –4
h →0 h
h(2 + h) x = –1, m tan = –2
= lim x = 1, m tan = 2
h →0 h
= lim (2 + h) = 2 x = 2, m tan = 4
h →0
10. f (x) = x 3 – 3x
3
8. y = x – 1 f (c + h ) – f (c )
mtan = lim
h→0 h
a., b.
[(c + h)3 – 3(c + h)] – (c3 – 3c)
= lim
h→0 h
c3 + 3c 2 h + 3ch 2 + h3 – 3c – 3h – c3 + 3c
= lim
h→0 h
h(3c 2 + 3ch + h 2 − 3)
= lim = 3c 2 – 3
h→0 h
At x = –2, m tan = 9
x = –1, m tan = 0
x = 0, m tan = –3
x = 1, m tan = 0
c. m tan = 12 x = 2, m tan = 9
b. 16(22 ) –16(12 ) = 48 ft
144 – 64
c. Vave = = 80 ft/sec
3–2
16(3.01) 2 − 16(3)2
d. Vave =
3.01 − 3
0.9616
=
0.01
1 = 96.16 ft/s
f ( x) =
x +1
f (1 + h) – f (1) e. f (t ) = 16t 2 ; v = 32c
mtan = lim v = 32(3) = 96 ft/s
h→0 h
1− 1
= lim 2+ h 2 (32 + 1) – (22 + 1)
h →0 h 14. a. Vave = = 5 m/sec
3– 2
− 2(2h+ h)
= lim [(2.003)2 + 1] − (22 + 1)
h →0 h b. Vave =
1 2.003 − 2
= lim − 0.012009
h→0 2(2 + h) =
1 0.003
=– = 4.003 m/sec
4
1 1
y – = – ( x –1) [(2 + h) 2 + 1] – (22 + 1)
2 4 Vave =
2+h–2
1 4h + h 2
12. f (x) = c. =
x –1 h
f (0 + h) − f (0) = 4 +h
mtan = lim
h →0 h
1 +1 d. f (t ) = t2 + 1
= lim h −1 f (2 + h) – f (2)
h →0 h v = lim
h →0 h
h
h −1 [(2 + h)2 + 1] – (22 + 1)
= lim
h →0
h = lim
h →0 h
1
= lim 4h + h 2
h →0 h − 1 = lim
h →0 h
= −1
y + 1 = –1(x – 0); y = –x – 1 = lim (4 + h)
h →0
=4
1 1
b. =
2α + 1 2
2α + 1 = 2
3
2 α + 1= 4; α =
2
The object reaches a velocity of 1 ft/s when t = 3 .
2 2
1 2 b. f (x) = x 3
c. f (t ) = t +1
2 (3 + h)3 – 33
d = lim
⎡ 1 (2 + h)2 + 1⎤ – ⎡ 1 22 + 1⎤ h →0 h
r = lim ⎣ ⎦ ⎣2 ⎦
2
27 + 27h + 9h 2 + h3 – 27
h →0 h = lim
h→0 h
2 + 2h + 12 h 2 + 1 − 2 − 1
= lim h(27 + 9h + h 2 )
h→0 h = lim = 27 g/cm
h→0 h
= lim
(
h 2 + 12 h )=2
h→0 h
At t = 2, r = 2
= lim ⎣
1
3 ⎦ 3 (
⎡ ( c + h ) + (c + h ) ⎤ – 1 c 3 + c
3
) 2. f ′(c )
h→0 h
= lim
(
h c 2 + ch + 13 h 2 + 1 ) = c2 + 1 3. continuous; f ( x) = x
h→0 h dy
When t = 3, the current =10 4. f '( x);
dx
c 2 + 1 = 20
2
c = 19
Problem Set 2.2
c = 19 ≈ 4.4
A 20-amp fuse will blow at t = 4.4 s.
f (1 + h) – f (1)
1. f ′(1) = lim
h →0 h
29. A = πr 2 , r = 2t
(1 + h)2 – 12 2h + h 2
A = 4πt2 = lim = lim
h→0 h h →0 h
4π(3 + h)2 – 4π(3)2
rate = lim = lim (2 + h ) = 2
h →0 h h→0
h(24π + 4πh)
= lim = 24π km2/day f (2 + h) – f (2)
h→0 h 2. f ′(2) = lim
h →0 h
4 1 [2(2 + h)]2 – [2(2)]2
30. V = π r 3 , r = t = lim
3 4 h→0 h
1
V = π t3 16h + 4h 2
48 = lim = lim (16 + 4h) = 16
h→0 h h →0
1 (3 + h)3 − 33 27
rate = π lim = π f (3 + h) – f (3)
48 h→0 h 48 3. f ′(3) = lim
9 h →0 h
= π inch 3 / sec
16 [(3 + h)2 – (3 + h)] – (32 – 3)
= lim
h→0 h
31. y = f ( x) = x 3 – 2 x 2 + 1 5h + h 2
= lim = lim (5 + h) = 5
h→0 h h →0
a. m tan = 7 b. m tan = 0
f (4 + h) – f (4)
c. m tan = –1 d. m tan = 17. 92 4. f ′(4) = lim
h →0 h
3–(3+ h )
32. y = f ( x) = sin x sin 2 x 2 1
3+ h
1
– 4–1 3(3+ h ) –1
= lim = lim = lim
h →0 h h →0 h h →0 3(3 + h)
a. m tan = –1.125 b. m tan ≈ –1.0315
1
=–
c. m tan = 0 d. m tan ≈ 1.1891
9
s ( x + h) – s ( x )
33. s = f (t ) = t + t cos 2 t 5. s ′( x) = lim
h →0 h
At t = 3, v ≈ 2.818 [2( x + h) + 1] – (2 x + 1)
= lim
h →0 h
(t + 1)3
34. s = f (t ) = 2h
t+2 = lim =2
h →0 h
At t = 1.6, v ≈ 4.277
G ( x + h) – G ( x )
18. G ′( x ) = lim
h →0 h
⎡⎛ 2( x + h) 2x ⎞ 1 ⎤ ⎡ (2 x + 2h)( x 2 – x ) – 2 x( x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 – x – h) 1 ⎤
= lim ⎢⎜ – ⎟ ⋅ ⎥ = lim ⎢ ⋅ ⎥
h→0 ⎢⎝⎜ ( x + h) 2 – ( x + h) x 2 – x ⎠⎟ h ⎥ ( x 2 + 2hx + h 2 – x – h)( x 2 – x)
⎣ ⎦ h→0 ⎣⎢ h ⎦⎥
⎡ –2h 2 x – 2hx 2 1⎤
= lim ⎢ ⋅ ⎥
h→0 ⎣⎢ ( x + 2hx + h – x – h)( x – x ) h ⎦⎥
2 2 2
–2hx – 2 x 2
= lim
h→0 ( x 2 + 2hx + h 2 – x – h)( x 2 – x)
–2 x 2 2
= =–
2 2
( x – x) ( x – 1) 2
g ( x + h) – g ( x )
19. g ′( x) = lim
h →0 h
3( x + h) – 3x
= lim
h→0 h
( 3x + 3h – 3x )( 3x + 3h + 3 x )
= lim
h→0 h( 3 x + 3h + 3x )
3h 3 3
= lim = lim =
h→0 h( 3 x + 3h + 3 x ) h →0 3x + 3h + 3x 2 3x
g ( x + h) – g ( x )
20. g ′( x) = lim
h →0 h
⎡⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1⎤
= lim ⎢⎜ – ⎟⋅ ⎥
h→0 ⎢⎜⎝ 3( x + h) 3 x ⎟⎠ h ⎦⎥
⎣
⎡ 3x – 3x + 3h 1 ⎤
= lim ⎢ ⋅ ⎥
h→0 ⎣⎢ 9 x ( x + h) h ⎦⎥
⎡ ( 3 x – 3 x + 3h )( 3 x + 3 x + 3h ) 1 ⎤
= lim ⎢ ⋅ ⎥
h→0 ⎣⎢ 9 x( x + h)( 3x + 3x + 3h ) h ⎦⎥
–3h –3 1
= lim = =–
h→0 h 9 x( x + h)( 3x + 3x + 3h ) 3x ⋅ 2 3x 2 x 3x
H ( x + h) – H ( x )
22. H ′( x) = lim
h →0 h
( x + h) 2 + 4 – x 2 + 4
= lim
h→0 h
⎛ x 2 + 2hx + h 2 + 4 – x 2 + 4 ⎞ ⎛ x 2 + 2hx + h 2 + 4 + x 2 + 4 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
= lim ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
h →0 ⎛
h ⎜ x + 2hx + h + 4 + x + 4 ⎟
2 2 2 ⎞
⎝ ⎠
2hx + h 2
= lim
h→0
h ⎛⎜ x 2 + 2hx + h 2 + 4 + x 2 + 4 ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
2x + h
= lim
h →0 x 2 + 2hx + h 2 + 4 + x 2 + 4
2x x
= =
2 x +4
2
x +4
2
f (t ) – f ( x) f (t ) – f ( x)
23. f ′( x) = lim 24. f ′( x) = lim
t→x t–x t→x t–x
(t − 3t ) – ( x – 3 x)
2 2
(t + 5t ) – ( x3 + 5 x)
3
= lim = lim
t→x t–x t→x t–x
t 2 – x 2 – (3t – 3x) t 3 – x3 + 5t – 5 x
= lim = lim
t→x t–x t→x t–x
(t – x)(t + x) – 3(t – x) (t – x)(t 2 + tx + x 2 ) + 5(t – x)
= lim = lim
t→x t–x t→x t–x
(t – x)(t + x – 3) (t – x)(t 2 + tx + x 2 + 5)
= lim = lim (t + x – 3) = lim
t→x t–x t→x
t→x t–x
=2x–3
= lim (t 2 + tx + x 2 + 5) = 3x 2 + 5
t→x
f (t ) – f ( x)
26. f ′( x) = lim
t→x t–x
⎡⎛ t + 3 x + 3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎤
= lim ⎢⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
x ⎠ ⎝ t – x ⎠ ⎥⎦
–
t → x ⎣⎝ t
3x – 3t –3 3
= lim = lim =–
t → x xt (t – x ) t → x xt x2
40. The derivative is negative until x = 1 , then
27. f (x) = 2 x 3 at x = 5 becomes positive.
28. f (x) = x 2 + 2 x at x = 3
29. f (x) = x 2 at x = 2
30. f (x) = x 3 + x at x = 3
31. f (x) = x 2 at x
1 ⎛ 1⎞
1+ − ⎜1 + ⎟
44. The derivative is 1 except at x = −2, 0, 2 where Δy x + Δx ⎝ x ⎠
54. =
it is undefined. Δx Δx
1 1 −Δx
− x ( x + Δx )
= x + Δx x =
1
=−
Δx Δx x ( x + Δx )
dy 1 1
= lim − =− 2
dx Δx →0 x ( x + Δx ) x
55.
x + Δx − 1 x − 1
−
45. Δy = [3(1.5) + 2] – [3(1) + 2] = 1.5 Δy x + Δx + 1 x + 1
=
Δx Δx
46. Δy = [3(0.1) 2 + 2(0.1) + 1] – [3(0.0) 2 + 2(0.0) + 1] ( x + 1)( x + Δx − 1) − ( x − 1)( x + Δx + 1) 1
= ×
= 0.23 ( x + Δx + 1)( x + 1) Δx
59.
f (t ) − f ( x0 )
69. f ′( x0 ) = lim , so
t→x
0
t − x0
f (t ) − f (− x0 )
f ′(− x0 ) = lim
t →− x t − (− x0 )
0 8 ⎛ 8⎞
a. 0< x< ; ⎜ 0, ⎟
f (t ) − f (− x0 ) 3 ⎝ 3⎠
= lim
t →− x 0 t + x0
8 ⎡ 8⎤
b. 0≤ x≤ ; 0,
a. If f is an odd function, 3 ⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦
f (t ) − [− f (− x0 )]
f ′(− x0 ) = lim
t →− x0 t + x0 c. A function f(x) decreases as x increases when
f ′ ( x ) < 0.
f (t ) + f (− x0 )
= lim .
t →− x0 t + x0 72.
Let u = –t. As t → − x0 , u → x 0 and so
f (−u ) + f ( x0 )
f ′(− x0 ) = lim
u → x0 −u + x0
− f (u ) + f ( x0 ) −[ f (u ) − f ( x0 )]
= lim = lim
u → x0 − (u − x0 ) u → x0 −(u − x0 )
f (u ) − f ( x0 ) a. π < x < 6.8 b. π < x < 6.8
= lim = f ′( x0 ) = m.
u → x0 u − x0
c. A function f(x) increases as x increases when
f ′ ( x ) > 0.
n– 1 n –1
+ πDx ( x) + Dx (π2 )
3. nx h ; nx
= 3(4 x3 ) – 2(3 x 2 ) – 5(2 x) + π(1) + 0
4. kL(f); L(f) + L(g); Dx
= 12 x3 – 6 x 2 –10 x + π
⎛ 3 ⎞
6. Dx (–3 x –4 ) = –3Dx ( x –4 ) = –3(–4 x –5 ) = 12 x –5 17. Dx ⎜ + x –4 ⎟ = 3Dx ( x –3 ) + Dx ( x –4 )
3
⎝x ⎠
⎛π⎞ = 3(–3 x –4 ) + (–4 x –5 ) = –
9
– 4 x –5
7. Dx ⎜ ⎟ = πDx ( x –1 ) = π(–1x –2 ) = – πx –2
⎝x⎠ x4
π
=– 2
x 18. Dx (2 x –6 + x –1 ) = 2 Dx ( x –6 ) + Dx ( x –1 )
= 2(–6 x –7 ) + (–1x –2 ) = –12 x –7 – x –2
⎛α ⎞
8. Dx ⎜ ⎟ = α Dx ( x –3 ) = α (–3x –4 ) = –3α x –4
⎝ x3 ⎠ ⎛2 1 ⎞
19. Dx ⎜ – = 2 Dx ( x –1 ) – Dx ( x –2 )
3α 2⎟
=– ⎝ x x ⎠
x4 2 2
= 2(–1x –2 ) – (–2 x –3 ) = – +
2
x x3
⎛ 100 ⎞
9. Dx ⎜ = 100 Dx ( x –5 ) = 100(–5 x –6 )
5 ⎟
⎝ x ⎠ ⎛ 3 1 ⎞
⎟ = 3 Dx ( x ) – Dx ( x )
–3 –4
20. Dx ⎜ –
500 ⎝x 3
x4 ⎠
= –500 x –6 = –
x6 9 4
= 3(–3 x –4 ) – (–4 x –5 ) = – +
4
x x5
⎛ 3α ⎞ 3α 3α
10. Dx ⎜ = Dx ( x –5 ) = (–5 x –6 )
5⎟
⎝ 4x ⎠ 4 4 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
21. Dx ⎜ + 2 x ⎟ = Dx ( x –1 ) + 2 Dx ( x)
15α –6 15α ⎝ 2x ⎠ 2
=– x =–
4 4 x6 1 1
= (–1x –2 ) + 2(1) = – +2
2 2 x2
11. Dx ( x 2 + 2 x) = Dx ( x 2 ) + 2 Dx ( x ) = 2 x + 2
−8 x + 3
=
(4 x 2 – 3x + 9)2
⎛ 4 ⎞ (2 x3 – 3 x) Dx (4) – (4) Dx (2 x3 – 3 x)
36. Dx ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ 2 x3 – 3x ⎠ (2 x3 – 3 x)2
(2 x3 – 3 x)(0) – 4(6 x 2 – 3) –24 x 2 + 12
= =
(2 x3 – 3 x)2 (2 x3 – 3x) 2
⎛ x –1 ⎞ ( x + 1) Dx ( x –1) – ( x –1) Dx ( x + 1)
37. Dx ⎜ ⎟=
⎝ x +1⎠ ( x + 1)2
( x + 1)(1) – ( x –1)(1) 2
= =
( x + 1) 2
( x + 1)2
⎛ 2 x 2 – 1 ⎞ (3 x + 5) Dx (2 x 2 –1) – (2 x 2 –1) Dx (3 x + 5)
39. Dx ⎜ ⎟ =
⎜ 3x + 5 ⎟ (3 x + 5)2
⎝ ⎠
(3 x + 5)(4 x) – (2 x 2 – 1)(3)
=
(3x + 5) 2
6 x 2 + 20 x + 3
=
(3x + 5)2
⎛ 5 x – 4 ⎞ (3 x 2 + 1) Dx (5 x – 4) – (5 x – 4) Dx (3x 2 + 1)
40. Dx ⎜ ⎟=
⎝ 3x2 + 1 ⎠ (3 x 2 + 1) 2
(3 x 2 + 1)(5) – (5 x – 4)(6 x)
=
(3x 2 + 1)2
−15 x 2 + 24 x + 5
=
(3x 2 + 1)2
⎛ 2 x 2 – 3 x + 1 ⎞ (2 x + 1) Dx (2 x 2 – 3x + 1) – (2 x 2 – 3x + 1) Dx (2 x + 1)
41. Dx ⎜ ⎟ =
⎜ 2x +1 ⎟ (2 x + 1)2
⎝ ⎠
(2 x + 1)(4 x – 3) – (2 x 2 – 3 x + 1)(2)
=
(2 x + 1)2
4 x2 + 4 x – 5
=
(2 x + 1) 2
⎛ x 2 – x + 1 ⎞ ( x 2 + 1) Dx ( x 2 – x + 1) – ( x 2 – x + 1) Dx ( x 2 + 1)
43. Dx ⎜ ⎟ =
⎜ x2 + 1 ⎟ ( x 2 + 1)2
⎝ ⎠
( x 2 + 1)(2 x – 1) – ( x 2 – x + 1)(2 x)
=
( x 2 + 1)2
x2 – 1
=
( x 2 + 1)2
⎛ x 2 – 2 x + 5 ⎞ ( x 2 + 2 x – 3) Dx ( x 2 – 2 x + 5) – ( x 2 – 2 x + 5) Dx ( x 2 + 2 x – 3)
44. Dx ⎜ ⎟=
⎜ x2 + 2 x – 3 ⎟ ( x 2 + 2 x – 3) 2
⎝ ⎠
( x 2 + 2 x – 3)(2 x – 2) – ( x 2 – 2 x + 5)(2 x + 2)
=
( x 2 + 2 x – 3) 2
4 x 2 – 16 x – 4
=
( x 2 + 2 x – 3) 2
At x = 1: mtan = −
2(1)
=–
2
F '( x) = lim
[ f ( x + h) − g ( x + h) ] − [ f ( x ) − g ( x ) ]
(1 + 4) 2 2 25
h →0 h
1 2
Tangent line: y – = – ( x –1) ⎡ f ( x + h) − f ( x ) g ( x + h ) − g ( x ) ⎤
5 25 = lim ⎢ − ⎥
h →0 ⎣ h h ⎦
2 7 = f '( x) − g '( x)
y = – x+
25 25
⎝ cos x ⎠
cos x Dx (sin x) − sin x Dx (cos x) ⎛ sin 2 x sin x 1 ⎞⎛ cos 2 x ⎞
= = ⎜ sin x − − − ⎟⎜ ⎟
cos 2 x ⎝ cos x cos x cos x ⎠⎝ sin 2 x ⎠
2
⎛ cos x ⎞ 11. Dx ( sin x cos x ) = sin xDx [ cos x ] + cos xDx [sin x ]
8. Dx (cot x) = Dx ⎜ ⎟
⎝ sin x ⎠ = sin x ( − sin x ) + cos x ( cos x ) = cos 2 x − sin 2 x
sin x Dx (cos x) − cos x Dx (sin x)
=
sin 2 x 12. Dx ( sin x tan x ) = sin xDx [ tan x ] + tan xDx [sin x ]
− sin x – cos x –(sin x + cos x)
( )
2 2 2 2
= = = sin x sec2 x + tan x ( cos x )
2 2
sin x sin x
⎛ 1 ⎞ sin x
=–
1
= – csc2 x
= sin x ⎜ ⎟+ ( cos x )
2 ⎝ cos 2 x ⎠ cos x
sin x
= tan x sec x + sin x
⎛ sin x + cos x ⎞
9. Dx ⎜ ⎟ ⎛ sin x ⎞ xDx ( sin x ) − sin xDx ( x )
⎝ cos x ⎠ 13. Dx ⎜ ⎟=
cos x Dx (sin x + cos x) − (sin x + cos x) Dx (cos x) ⎝ x ⎠ x2
= x cos x − sin x
cos 2 x =
x2
cos x(cos x – sin x) – (– sin 2 x – sin x cos x)
=
cos 2 x ⎛ 1 − cos x ⎞ xDx (1 − cos x ) − (1 − cos x ) Dx ( x )
cos 2 x + sin 2 x
14. Dx ⎜ ⎟=
= =
1
= sec2 x ⎝ x ⎠ x2
cos2 x cos 2 x x sin x + cos x − 1
=
x2
⎛ x cos x + sin x ⎞
16. Dx ⎜ ⎟
⎝ x2 + 1 ⎠
( x 2 + 1) Dx ( x cos x + sin x) − ( x cos x + sin x) Dx ( x 2 + 1)
=
( x 2 + 1) 2
( x 2 + 1)(– x sin x + cos x + cos x) – 2 x( x cos x + sin x)
=
( x 2 + 1)2
– x3 sin x – 3 x sin x + 2 cos x
=
( x 2 + 1) 2
28. f ( x) = x − sin x
22. Dx cos 2 x = Dx (2 cos x − 1) = 2 Dx cos x − Dx 1
2 2
f '( x) = 1 − cos x
= −2sin x cos x f '( x) = 0 when cos x = 1 ; i.e. when x = 2kπ
where k is an integer.
23. Dt (30sin 2t ) = 30 Dt (2sin t cos t )
f '( x) = 2 when x = (2k + 1)π where k is an
(
= 30 −2sin 2 t + 2 cos 2 t ) integer.
= 60 cos 2t
29. The curves intersect when 2 sin x = 2 cos x,
30sin 2t = 15
sin x = cos x at x = π for 0 < x < π .
1 4 2
sin 2t =
2 π
Dx ( 2 sin x) = 2 cos x ; 2 cos = 1
π π 4
2t = → t=
6 12 π
Dx ( 2 cos x) = – 2 sin x ; − 2 sin = −1
π ⎛ π ⎞ 4
At t = ; 60 cos ⎜ 2 ⋅ ⎟ = 30 3 ft/sec 1(–1) = –1 so the curves intersect at right angles.
12 ⎝ 12 ⎠
The seat is moving to the left at the rate of 30 3 30. v = Dt (3sin 2t ) = 6 cos 2t
ft/s. At t = 0: v = 6 cm/s
π
24. The coordinates of the seat at time t are t = : v = −6 cm/s
2
(20 cos t, 20 sin t).
t = π : v = 6 cm/s
⎛ π π⎞
a. ⎜ 20 cos , 20sin ⎟ = (10 3, 10)
⎝ 6 6⎠
≈ (17.32, 10)
1. Dt u; f ′( g (t )) g ′(t )
2. Dv w; G ′( H ( s )) H ′( s )
3. ( f ( x)) 2 ;( f ( x)) 2
b. f(x) = 0 has 6 solutions on [π , 6π ]
f ′ (x) = 0 has 5 solutions on [π , 6π ]
4. 2 x cos( x );6(2 x + 1)
2 2
3. y = u5 and u = 3 – 2x
Dx y = Du y ⋅ Dx u
= (5u 4 )(–2) = –10(3 – 2 x) 4
3x 2
15. y = cos u and u =
x+2
( x + 2) Dx (3 x 2 ) – (3x 2 ) Dx ( x + 2)
Dx y = Du y ⋅ Dx u = (– sin u )
( x + 2) 2
⎛ 3x 2 ⎞ ( x + 2)(6 x) – (3x 2 )(1) 3 x 2 + 12 x ⎛ 3x 2 ⎞
= – sin ⎜ ⎟ =– sin ⎜ ⎟
⎜ x+2⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ( x + 2)2 ( x + 2)2 ⎝ x+2⎠
x2
16. y = u 3 , u = cos v, and v =
1– x
(1 – x) Dx ( x 2 ) – ( x 2 ) Dx (1 − x)
Dx y = Du y ⋅ Dv u ⋅ Dx v = (3u 2 )(− sin v)
(1 – x) 2
⎛ x 2 ⎞ ⎛ x 2 ⎞ (1 – x)(2 x) – ( x 2 )(–1) –3(2 x – x 2 ) ⎛ x2 ⎞ ⎛ x2 ⎞
= –3cos 2 ⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ ⎟ = cos 2 ⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ ⎟
⎜1– x ⎟ ⎜1– x ⎟ (1 – x)2 (1 – x)2 ⎜1– x ⎟ ⎜1– x ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎡ 2 x – 3 ⎤ ( x 2 + 4) 2 Dx (2 x – 3) – (2 x – 3) Dx ( x 2 + 4)2
20. Dx ⎢ ⎥=
⎣⎢ ( x + 4) ⎦⎥ ( x 2 + 4) 4
2 2
( ′
)( ) ( )
21. y ′ = 2 x 2 + 4 x 2 + 4 = 2 x 2 + 4 (2 x ) = 4 x x 2 + 4 ( )
22. y ′ = 2(x + sin x )(x + sin x )′ = 2(x + sin x )(1 + cos x )
3 2
⎛ 3t – 2 ⎞ ⎛ 3t – 2 ⎞ (t + 5) Dt (3t – 2) – (3t – 2) Dt (t + 5)
23. Dt ⎜ `⎟ = 3 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ t + 5 ⎠ ⎝ t +5 ⎠ (t + 5)2
2
⎛ 3t – 2 ⎞ (t + 5)(3) – (3t – 2)(1) 51(3t – 2)2
= 3⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ t +5 ⎠ (t + 5)2 (t + 5) 4
⎛ s 2 – 9 ⎞ ( s + 4) Ds ( s 2 – 9) – ( s 2 – 9) Ds ( s + 4) ( s + 4)(2s ) – ( s 2 – 9)(1) s 2 + 8s + 9
24. Ds ⎜ ⎟= = =
⎜ s+4 ⎟ ( s + 4)2 ( s + 4) 2 ( s + 4)2
⎝ ⎠
d d
(t + 5) (3t − 2)3 − (3t − 2)3 (t + 5)
d ⎛ (3t − 2)3 ⎞ dt dt (t + 5)(3)(3t – 2)2 (3) – (3t – 2)3 (1)
25. ⎜ ⎟= =
dt ⎜⎝ t + 5 ⎟⎠ (t + 5) 2 (t + 5)2
(6t + 47)(3t – 2)2
=
(t + 5) 2
d
26. (sin 3 θ ) = 3sin 2 θ cos θ
dθ
d d
3 2 2 (cos 2 x) (sin x) − (sin x) (cos 2 x)
dy d ⎛ sin x ⎞ ⎛ sin x ⎞ d sin x ⎛ sin x ⎞ dx dx
27. = ⎜ ⎟ = 3⎜ ⎟ ⋅ = 3⎜ ⎟ ⋅
dx dx ⎝ cos 2 x ⎠ ⎝ cos 2 x ⎠ dx cos 2 x ⎝ cos 2 x ⎠ cos 2 2 x
2
⎛ sin x ⎞ cos x cos 2 x + 2sin x sin 2 x 3sin x cos x cos 2 x + 6sin x sin 2 x
2 3
= 3⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ cos 2 x ⎠ cos 2 2 x cos 4 2 x
3(sin 2 x)(cos x cos 2 x + 2sin x sin 2 x)
=
cos 4 2 x
2 2
⎛ x 2 + 1 ⎞ ( x + 2) Dx ( x 2 + 1) – ( x 2 + 1) Dx ( x + 2) ⎛ x 2 + 1 ⎞ 2 x 2 + 4 x – x 2 – 1 3( x 2 + 1)2 ( x 2 + 4 x – 1)
29. f ′( x) = 3 ⎜ ⎟ = 3⎜ ⎟ =
⎜ x+2 ⎟ ( x + 2) 2 ⎜ x+2 ⎟ ( x + 2) 2 ( x + 2)4
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
f ′(3) = 9.6
30. G ′(t ) = (t 2 + 9)3 Dt (t 2 – 2)4 + (t 2 – 2) 4 Dt (t 2 + 9)3 = (t 2 + 9)3 (4)(t 2 – 2)3 (2t ) + (t 2 – 2) 4 (3)(t 2 + 9)2 (2t )
= 2t (7t 2 + 30)(t 2 + 9)2 (t 2 – 2)3
G ′(1) = –7400
32. g ′( s ) = (cos πs ) Ds (sin 2 πs ) + (sin 2 πs ) Ds (cos πs ) = (cos πs )(2sin πs )(cos πs )(π) + (sin 2 πs )(– sin πs )(π)
= π sin πs[2 cos 2 πs – sin 2 πs ]
⎛1⎞
g ′ ⎜ ⎟ = –π
⎝2⎠
34. Dt [cos5 (4t – 19)] = 5cos 4 (4t – 19) Dt cos(4t – 19) = 5cos 4 (4t – 19)[– sin(4t – 19)]Dt (4t – 19)
= –5cos 4 (4t – 19) sin(4t – 19)(4) = –20 cos (4t – 19) sin(4t – 19)
4
35. Dt [sin 3 (cos t )] = 3sin 2 (cos t ) Dt sin(cos t ) = 3sin 2 (cos t ) cos(cos t ) Dt (cos t )
= 3sin 2 (cos t ) cos(cos t )(– sin t ) = –3sin t sin (cos t ) cos(cos t )
2
37. Dθ [cos 4 (sin θ 2 )] = 4 cos3 (sin θ 2 ) Dθ cos(sin θ 2 ) = 4 cos3 (sin θ 2 )[– sin(sin θ 2 )]Dθ (sin θ 2 )
= –4 cos3 (sin θ 2 ) sin(sin θ 2 )(cosθ 2 ) Dθ (θ 2 ) = –8θ cos3 (sin θ 2 ) sin(sin θ 2 )(cos θ 2 )
38. Dx [ x sin 2 (2 x)] = x Dx sin 2 (2 x) + sin 2 (2 x) Dx x = x[2sin(2 x) Dx sin(2 x)] + sin 2 (2 x)(1)
= x[2sin(2 x ) cos(2 x) Dx (2 x)] + sin 2 (2 x) = x[4sin(2 x) cos(2 x)] + sin 2 (2 x) = 2 x sin(4 x) + sin 2 (2 x)
39. Dx {sin[cos(sin 2 x)]} = cos[cos(sin 2 x)]Dx cos(sin 2 x) = cos[cos(sin 2 x)][– sin(sin 2 x)]Dx (sin 2 x)
= – cos[cos(sin 2 x)]sin(sin 2 x)(cos 2 x) Dx (2 x) = –2 cos[cos(sin 2 x)]sin(sin 2 x)(cos 2 x)
40. Dt {cos 2 [cos(cos t )]} = 2 cos[cos(cos t )]Dt cos[cos(cos t )] = 2 cos[cos(cos t )]{– sin[cos(cos t )]}Dt cos(cos t )
= –2 cos[cos(cos t )]sin[cos(cos t )][– sin(cos t )]Dt (cos t ) = 2 cos[cos(cos t )]sin[cos(cos t )]sin(cos t )(– sin t )
= –2sin t cos[cos(cos t )]sin[cos(cos t )]sin(cos t )
′ ′
42. (f − 2g ) ( 2) = f ′ ( 2) − ( 2g ) ( 2) 54.
d
cos ( F ( x ) ) = − sin ( F ( x ) ) F ( x )
d
dx dx
= f ′ ( 2) − 2g′ ( 2)
= − F ′ ( x ) sin ( F ( x ) )
= 1 − 2 ( 0) = 1
55. Dx ⎣⎡ tan ( F ( 2 x ) ) ⎦⎤ = sec 2 ( F ( 2 x ) ) Dx ⎡⎣ F ( 2 x ) ⎤⎦
43. ( fg )′ (2 ) = ( fg ′ + gf ′)(2) = 2(0) + 1(1) = 1
= sec2 ( F ( 2 x ) ) × F ′ ( 2 x ) × Dx [ 2 x ]
44. ( f g )′(2) =
g (2) f ′(2) – f (2) g ′(2) = 2 F ′ ( 2 x ) sec2 ( F ( 2 x ) )
2
g (2)
d d
≈
(1)(1) – (3)(0)
=1 56. ⎡⎣ g ( tan 2 x ) ⎤⎦ = g ' ( tan 2 x ) ⋅ tan 2 x
(1) 2 dx dx
(
= g ' ( tan 2 x ) sec2 2 x ⋅ 2 )
45. ( f D g )′(6) = f ′( g (6)) g ′(6)
= 2 g ' ( tan 2 x ) sec2 2 x
= f ′(2) g ′(6) ≈ (1)(−1) = –1
( ) (1 + sec F ( 2 x ) )
2
2 yF ′ y 2
= 2 y − F ′ y2 ( ) dyd y 2
= 2y −
(1 + sec F ( 2 x ) ) − 2 xF ′ ( 2 x ) sec F ( 2 x ) tan F ( 2 x )
( F ( y ))
2
2
=
(1 + sec F ( 2 x ) )
2
⎛ ⎞
⎜
= 2 y ⎜1 −
F ′ y2 ( ) ⎟
G′ ( 0) =
1 + sec F ( 0 ) − 0
=
1 + sec F ( 0 )
2 ⎟
( ( )) (1 + sec F ( 0 ) ) (1 + sec F ( 0 ) )
2 2
⎜ F y2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
1 1
= = ≈ −0.713
1 + sec F ( 0 ) 1 + sec 2
( ) ( ) ( )
d [n] d [ n −1]
80. a. Dx L x 2 = L ' x 2 Dx x 2 =
1
⋅ 2x =
2 f ( x) = f '( f [ n −1] ( x)) ⋅ f ( x)
x 2 x dx dx
⎛ f ( x) ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
83. Dx ⎜ ⎟ = Dx ⎜ f ( x ) ⋅
⎝ g ( x) ⎠ ⎝ g ( x) ⎠
−1
( −1
) −1
⎟ = Dx f ( x) ⋅ ( g ( x)) = f ( x) Dx ( g ( x)) + ( g ( x)) Dx f ( x) ( )
= f ( x) ⋅ (−1)( g ( x)) −2 Dx g ( x) + ( g ( x)) −1 Dx f ( x) = − f ( x)( g ( x)) −2 Dx g ( x) + ( g ( x))−1 Dx f ( x)
− f ( x) Dx g ( x) Dx f ( x ) − f ( x ) Dx g ( x ) g ( x ) Dx f ( x ) − f ( x ) Dx g ( x ) g ( x ) Dx f ( x )
= 2
+ = + ⋅ = +
g ( x) g ( x) g 2 ( x) g ( x) g ( x) g 2 ( x) g 2 ( x)
g ( x) Dx f ( x) − f ( x) Dx g ( x)
=
g 2 ( x)
( (
84. g ′ ( x ) = f ′ f f ( f ( x ) ) )) f ′ ( f ( f ( x ))) f ′ ( f ( x )) f ′ ( x )
g ′ ( x ) = f ′ ( f ( f ( f ( x )))) f ′ ( f ( f ( x ))) f ′ ( f ( x )) f ′ ( x )
1 1 1 1 1
( )
= f ′ f ( f ( x2 ) ) f ′ ( f ( x2 ) ) f ′ ( x2 ) f ′ ( x1 ) = f ′ ( f ( x1 ) ) f ′ ( x1 ) f ′ ( x2 ) f ′ ( x1 )
= ⎡⎣ f ′ ( x1 ) ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ f ′ ( x2 ) ⎤⎦
2 2
( (
g ′ ( x2 ) = f ′ f f ( f ( x2 ) ) ) ) f ′ ( f ( f ( x2 ) ) ) f ′ ( f ( x2 ) ) f ′ ( x2 )
( )
= f ′ f ( f ( x1 ) ) f ′ ( f ( x1 ) ) f ′ ( x1 ) f ′ ( x2 ) = f ′ ( f ( x2 ) ) f ′ ( x2 ) f ′ ( x1 ) f ′ ( x2 )
= ⎡⎣ f ′ ( x1 ) ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ f ′ ( x2 ) ⎤⎦ = g ′ ( x1 )
2 2
f ′ (t ) > 0
dy
3. 4. = 5(3 – 5 x)4 (–5) = –25(3 – 5 x)4
dx
4. 0; < 0 d2y
= –100(3 – 5 x)3 (–5) = 500(3 – 5 x)3
dx 2
Problem Set 2.6 d3y
= 1500(3 – 5 x) 2 (–5) = –7500(3 – 5 x)2
3
dx
dy
1. = 3x2 + 6 x + 6
dx dy
2
5. = 7 cos(7 x)
d y dx
= 6x + 6
dx 2 d2y
= –7 2 sin(7 x)
d3y dx 2
=6
dx3 d3y
= –73 cos(7 x) = –343cos(7 x)
3
dx
dy
2. = 5 x 4 + 4 x3
dx
d2y
= 20x 3 +12 x 2
dx 2
d3y
= 60 x 2 + 24 x
3
dx
dy
6. = 3x 2 cos( x3 )
dx
d2y
= 3 x 2 [–3x 2 sin( x3 )] + 6 x cos( x3 ) = –9 x 4 sin( x3 ) + 6 x cos( x3 )
dx 2
d3y
= –9 x 4 cos( x3 )(3 x 2 ) + sin( x3 )(–36 x3 ) + 6 x[– sin( x3 )(3 x 2 )] + 6 cos( x3 )
3
dx
= –27 x 6 cos( x3 ) – 36 x3 sin( x3 ) –18 x3 sin( x3 ) + 6 cos( x3 ) = (6 – 27 x 6 ) cos( x3 ) – 54 x3 sin( x3 )
( x –1)2( x + 1) – ( x + 1)2 x2 – 2 x – 3
16. f ′( x) = =
( x –1)2 ( x –1)2
( x –1) 2 (2 x – 2) – ( x 2 – 2 x – 3)2( x –1) ( x –1)(2 x – 2) – ( x 2 – 2 x – 3)(2) 8
f ′′( x) = = =
4 3
( x –1) ( x –1) ( x –1)3
8
f ′′(2) = =8
13
21. f ′( x) = 3 x 2 + 6 x – 45 = 3( x + 5)( x − 3)
3(x + 5)(x – 3) = 0
x = –5, x = 3 ds
25. a. v(t ) = = 3t 2 –18t + 24
f ′′( x) = 6 x + 6 dt
f ′′(–5) = –24 d 2s
a(t ) = = 6t – 18
f ′′(3) = 24 dt 2
d. 12t < 0
t<0
ds The acceleration is negative for negative t.
24. a. v(t ) = = 3t 2 –12t
dt
d 2s
a(t ) = = 6t –12
dt 2
a. 4 – 6t = 2t – 2
8t = 6
ds 4
28. a. v(t ) = =1– 3
dt t2 t = sec
4
d 2s 8
a(t ) = =
dt 2
t3 b. 4 – 6t = 2t – 2 ; 4 – 6t = –2t + 2
1 3
4 t= sec and t = sec
b. 1– >0 2 4
t2
t2 – 4 c. 4t – 3t 2 = t 2 – 2t
> 0; (2, ∞)
t2 4t 2 – 6t = 0
2t(2t – 3) = 0
4 3
c. 1– < 0; (0, 2) t = 0 sec and t = sec
2 2
t
8 ds1
d. < 0; The acceleration is not negative for 32. v1 (t ) = = 9t 2 – 24t + 18
3 dt
t
any positive t. ds
v2 (t ) = 2 = –3t 2 + 18t –12
dt
e.
9t 2 – 24t + 18 = –3t 2 + 18t –12
12t 2 – 42t + 30 = 0
2t 2 – 7t + 5 = 0
(2t – 5)(t – 1) = 0
5
t = 1,
2
5. x(2 y ) Dx y + y 2 = 1
1 – y2
Dx y =
2 xy
42. a. Dx y (2 x 2 + 3 x) = –2 x – 4 xy – 3 y
–2 x – 4 xy – 3 y
Dx y =
2 x2 + 3x
7. 12 x 2 + 7 x(2 y ) Dx y + 7 y 2 = 6 y 2 Dx y
12 x 2 + 7 y 2 = 6 y 2 Dx y – 14 xyDx y
12 x 2 + 7 y 2
Dx y =
b. f ′′′(2.13) ≈ 0.0271 6 y 2 – 14 xy
8. x 2 Dx y + 2 xy = y 2 + x(2 y ) Dx y
2.7 Concepts Review
x 2 Dx y – 2 xyDx y = y 2 – 2 xy
9 y 2 – 2 xy
1.
3
x –3 Dx y =
x 2 – 2 xy
dy
2. 3 y 2 1
dx 9. ⋅ (5 x Dx y + 5 y ) + 2 Dx y
2 5 xy
3. x(2 y )
dy
+ y2 + 3y2
dy dy
– = 3x2 = 2 y Dx y + x(3 y 2 ) Dx y + y 3
dx dx dx 5x
Dx y + 2 Dx y – 2 y Dx y – 3 xy 2 Dx y
p p q –1 5 2 2 5 xy
4. x ; ( x – 5 x)2 / 3 (2 x – 5) 5y
q 3 = y3 –
2 5 xy
Problem Set 2.7 y3 –
5y
2 5 xy
1. 2 y Dx y – 2 x = 0 Dx y =
5x + 2 – 2 y – 3 xy 2
2 5 xy
2x x
Dx y = =
2y y
1
10. x Dx y + y + 1 = x Dx y + y
2. 18 x + 8 y Dx y = 0 2 y +1
–18 x 9x x
Dx y = =– Dx y – x Dx y = y – y + 1
8y 4y 2 y +1
y – y +1
3. x Dx y + y = 0 Dx y =
x –x
y 2 y +1
Dx y = –
x
y ′( x3 + 3xy 2 ) = –3 x 2 y – y 3 1
18. y ′ + 2 xyy ′ + y 2 = 0
2 3 2 y
–3 x y – y
y′ =
x3 + 3 xy 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞
y′ ⎜ + 2 xy ⎟ = – y 2
36 9 ⎜2 y ⎟
At (1, 3), y ′ = – =– ⎝ ⎠
28 7
– y2
9 y′ =
Tangent line: y – 3 = – ( x – 1) 1 + 2 xy
7 2 y
–1 2
At (4, 1), y ′ = =–
14. x 2 (2 y ) y ′ + 2 xy 2 + 4 xy ′ + 4 y = 12 y ′ 17 17
2
y ′(2 x 2 y + 4 x – 12) = –2 xy 2 – 4 y 2
Tangent line: y –1 = – ( x – 4)
–2 xy 2 – 4 y – xy 2 – 2 y 17
y′ = =
2 x 2 y + 4 x – 12 x 2 y + 2 x – 6
dy 1
At (2, 1), y ′ = –2 19. = 5x2 / 3 +
dx 2 x
Tangent line: y – 1 = –2( x – 2)
dy 1 –2 / 3 1
15. cos( xy )( xy ′ + y ) = y ′ 20. = x – 7 x5 / 2 = – 7 x5 / 2
dx 3 3 2
y ′[ x cos( xy ) – 1] = – y cos( xy ) 3 x
– y cos( xy ) y cos( xy )
y′ = = 21.
dy 1 –2 / 3 1 –4 / 3
= x – x =
1
–
1
x cos( xy ) – 1 1 – x cos( xy ) dx 3 3 3 3
3 x2 3 x4
⎛π ⎞
At ⎜ , 1⎟ , y ′ = 0
⎝2 ⎠ dy 1 1
22. = (2 x + 1) –3 / 4 (2) =
⎛ π⎞ dx 4
Tangent line: y – 1 = 0 ⎜ x – ⎟ 2 (2 x + 1)3
4
⎝ 2⎠
y=1 dy 1
23. = (3 x 2 – 4 x) –3 / 4 (6 x – 4)
dx 4
16. y ′ + [– sin( xy 2 )][2 xyy ′ + y 2 ] + 6 x = 0
6x – 4 3x – 2
= =
y ′[1 – 2 xy sin( xy 2 )] = y 2 sin( xy 2 ) – 6 x 2 3
4
4 (3 x – 4 x) 2 (3 x 2 – 4 x)3
4
y 2 sin( xy 2 ) – 6 x
y′ =
1 – 2 xy sin( xy 2 ) 24.
dy 1 3
= ( x – 2 x) –2 / 3 (3 x 2 – 2)
6 dx 3
At (1, 0), y ′ = – = –6
1
dy d
Tangent line: y – 0 = –6(x – 1) 25. = [( x3 + 2 x)−2 / 3 ]
dx dx
2 6 x2 + 4
= – ( x3 + 2 x) –5 / 3 (3 x 2 + 2) = −
3 3 3 ( x 3 + 2 x )5
dy 1
28. = [ x 2 (– sin x) + 2 x cos x]
dx 2 x 2 cos x −5 5 x
2 x cos x – x 2 sin x
=
2 x 2 cos x −5
dy d dy
29. = [( x 2 sin x) –1/ 3 ] 2x + 4 + 2 y =0
dx dx dx
1 dy 2x + 4 x+2
= – ( x 2 sin x) –4 / 3 ( x 2 cos x + 2 x sin x) =− =−
3 dx 2y y
x 2 cos x + 2 x sin x The tangent line at ( x0 , y0 ) has equation
=–
2
33 ( x sin x) 4 x +2
y – y0 = − 0 ( x – x0 ) which simplifies to
y0
dy 1 2 x0 – yy0 – 2 x – xx0 + y02 + x02 = 0. Since
30. = (1 + sin 5 x) –3 / 4 (cos 5 x)(5)
dx 4
( x0 , y0 ) is on the circle, x0 2 + y02 = –3 – 4 x0 ,
5cos 5 x
= so the equation of the tangent line is
4 4 (1 + sin 5 x)3 – yy0 – 2 x0 – 2 x – xx0 = 3.
3
dy [1 + cos( x 2 + 2 x)]–3 / 4 [– sin( x 2 + 2 x)(2 x + 2)] If (0, 0) is on the tangent line, then x0 = – .
31. = 2
dx 4 Solve for y0 in the equation of the circle to get
( x + 1) sin( x 2 + 2 x)
=− y0 = ±
3
. Put these values into the equation of
2 [1 + cos( x + 2 x )]
4 2 3
2
the tangent line to get that the tangent lines are
dy (tan 2 x + sin 2 x) –1/ 2 (2 tan x sec 2 x + 2 sin x cos x) 3 y + x = 0 and 3 y – x = 0.
32. =
dx 2
tan x sec2 x + sin x cos x 36. 16( x 2 + y 2 )(2 x + 2 yy ′) = 100(2 x – 2 yy ′)
=
tan 2 x + sin 2 x 32 x3 + 32 x 2 yy ′ + 32 xy 2 + 32 y 3 y ′ = 200 x – 200 yy ′
ds y ′(4 x 2 y + 4 y 3 + 25 y ) = 25 x – 4 x3 – 4 xy 2
33. s 2 + 2 st + 3t 2 = 0
dt 25 x – 4 x3 – 4 xy 2
ds – s – 3t 2
s + 3t
2 2 2 y′ =
= =− 4 x 2 y + 4 y 3 + 25 y
dt 2 st 2 st
1
dt dt The slope of the normal line = –
s 2 + 2st + 3t 2 =0 y′
ds ds
4 x 2 y + 4 y 3 + 25 y
dt 2
( s + 3t 2 ) = –2 st =
ds 4 x3 + 4 xy 2 – 25 x
dt 2 st 65 13
=− At (3, 1), slope = =
ds s + 3t 2
2 45 9
13
Normal line: y – 1 = ( x – 3)
9
⎛1 3⎞ 1 1
At ⎜⎜ , – ⎟⎟ : m1 = , m2 = –
⎝2 2 ⎠ 3 3
− −
1 1 − 2
tan θ = 3 3
= 3
=− 3
1+ 1
( )( )
3
– 1
3
2
3
2π
θ=
3
dV dh dr
8. = –4 ft3/h; V = πhr 2 ; = –0.0005 ft/h 13. A = πr 2 ; = 0.02
dt dt dt
V dA dV V dh dA dr
A = πr 2 = = Vh –1 , so = h –1 – . = 2πr
h dt dt h 2 dt dt dt
When h = 0.001 ft, V = π(0.001)(250) 2 = 62.5π When r = 8.1,
dA
= 2π(0.02)(8.1) = 0.324π
dA dt
and = 1000(–4) –1, 000, 000(62.5π)(–0.0005) ≈ 1.018 in.2/s
dt
= –4000 + 31,250 π ≈ 94,175 ft2/h. dx dy
(The height is decreasing due to the spreading of 14. s 2 = x 2 + ( y + 48) 2 ; = 30, = 24
dt dt
the oil rather than the bacteria.)
ds dx dy
2s = 2 x + 2( y + 48)
1 d r dt dt dt
9. V = πr 2 h; h = = , r = 2h
3 4 2 ds dx dy
s = x + ( y + 48)
1 4 dV dt dt dt
V = π(2h) 2 h = πh3 ; = 16
3 3 dt At 2:00 p.m., x = 3(30) = 90, y = 3(24) = 72,
dV dh so s = 150.
= 4πh 2 ds
dt dt (150) = 90(30) + (72 + 48)(24)
dt
dh
When h = 4, 16 = 4π(4) 2 ds 5580
dt = = 37.2 knots/h
dt 150
dh 1
= ≈ 0.0796 ft/s
dt 4π
dx
10. y 2 = x 2 + (90)2 ; =5
dt
dy dx
2y = 2x
dt dt
When y = 150, x = 120, so
dy x dx 120
= = (5) = 4 ft/s
dt y dt 150
23. Let P be the point on the ground where the ball 26. The amount of water used by Webster City can
hits. Then the distance from P to the bottom of be found by:
the light pole is 10 ft. Let s be the distance usage = beginning amount + added amount
between P and the shadow of the ball. The height − remaining amount
of the ball t seconds after it is dropped is
Thus the usage is
64 –16t 2 .
≈ π (20)2 (9) + 2400(12) − π (20)2 (10.5) ≈ 26,915 ft 3
over the 12 hour period.
dy 216(4 3)
When the ladder makes an angle of 60° with the ground, x = 4 3 and =– ⋅ 2 = –1.125 ft/s.
dt (144 + 48)3 / 2
d2y
⎡ –216(144 + x 2 )3 / 2 dx + 216 x 3
=⎢ dt 2 ( ) 144 + x 2 (2 x) dx ⎤
dt ⎥ dx
dt 2 ⎢ (144 + x )
2 3 ⎥ dt
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
2 2
–216(144 + x 2 ) + 648 x 2 ⎛ dx ⎞ 432 x 2 – 31,104 ⎛ dx ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
(144 + x 2 )5 / 2 ⎝ dt ⎠ (144 + x 2 )5 / 2 ⎝ dt ⎠
When the ladder makes an angle of 60° with the ground,
d 2 y 432 ⋅ 48 – 31,104 2
= (2) ≈ –0.08 ft/s2
dt 2 (144 + 48)5 / 2
31. Let l be the distance along the ground from the 4. dy = –2(3 x 2 + x + 1) –3 (6 x + 1)dx
brother to the tip of the shadow. The shadow is = –2(6 x + 1)(3x 2 + x + 1) –3 dx
3 5
controlled by both siblings when = or
l l+4
5. dy = 3(sin x + cos x)2 (cos x – sin x) dx
l = 6. Again using similar triangles, this occurs
y 6
when = , so y = 40. Thus, the girl controls 6. dy = 3(tan x + 1) 2 (sec2 x)dx
20 3
the tip of the shadow when y ≥ 40 and the boy = 3sec2 x(tan x + 1)2 dx
controls it when y < 40.
Let x be the distance along the ground from the 3
dx 7. dy = – (7 x 2 + 3x –1) –5 / 2 (14 x + 3)dx
light pole to the girl. = –4 2
dt 3
4 = − (14 x + 3)(7 x 2 + 3 x − 1) −5 2 dx
20 5 2
When y ≥ 40, = or y = x.
y y–x 3
1
When y < 40,
20
=
3
or y =
20
( x + 4). 8. dy = 2( x10 + sin 2 x )[10 x9 + ⋅ (cos 2 x )(2)]dx
y y – ( x + 4) 17 2 sin 2 x
x = 30 when y = 40. Thus, ⎛ cos 2 x ⎞ 10
= 2 ⎜ 10 x9 + ⎟ ( x + sin 2 x )dx
⎧ 4 ⎝ sin 2 x ⎠
⎪⎪ 3 x if x ≥ 30
y=⎨ 3 2
⎪ 20 ( x + 4) if x < 30 9. ds = (t – cot t + 2)1/ 2 (2t + csc2 t )dt
⎪⎩ 17 2
and 3
= (2t + csc2 t ) t 2 – cot t + 2dt
⎧ 4 dx 2
if x ≥ 30
dy ⎪⎪ 3 dt
=⎨ 10. a. dy = 3 x 2 dx = 3(0.5)2 (1) = 0.75
dt ⎪ 20 dx
if x < 30
⎪⎩ 17 dt
Hence, the tip of the shadow is moving at the rate b. dy = 3x 2 dx = 3(–1)2 (0.75) = 2.25
4 16
of (4) = ft/s when the girl is at least 30 feet 11.
3 3
from the light pole, and it is moving
20 80
(4) = ft/s when the girl is less than 30 ft
17 17
from the light pole.
1. f ′( x)dx
2. Δy; dy dx 0.5
12. a. dy = – =– = –0.5
2
x (1)2
3. Δx is small.
dx 0.75
4. larger ; smaller b. dy = – =– = –0.1875
2
x (–2)2
4 3
21. V = πr ; r = 5, dr = 0.125
3
dV = 4πr 2 dr = 4π(5)2 (0.125) ≈ 39.27 cm3
14. a. Δy = (1.5)3 – (0.5)3 = 3.25
22. V = x3 ; x = 3 40, dx = 0.5
b. Δy = (–0.25)3 – (–1)3 = 0.984375 dV = 3 x 2 dx = 3( 3 40)2 (0.5) ≈ 17.54 in.3
1 1 1 4 3
15. a. Δy = – =– 23. V = πr ; r = 6 ft = 72in., dr = –0.3
1.5 1 3 3
dV = 4πr 2 dr = 4π(72)2 (–0.3) ≈ –19,543
1 1
b. Δy = + = –0.3 4
–1.25 2 V≈ π(72)3 –19,543
3
16. a. Δy = [(2.5) 2 – 3] – [(2) 2 – 3] = 2.25 ≈ 1,543,915 in 3 ≈ 893 ft 3
dy = 2xdx = 2(2)(0.5) = 2
24. V = πr 2 h; r = 6 ft = 72in., dr = −0.05,
b. Δy = [(2.88) – 3] – [(3) – 3] = –0.7056
2 2
h = 8ft = 96in.
dy = 2xdx = 2(3)(–0.12) = –0.72 dV = 2πrhdr = 2π(72)(96)(−0.05) ≈ −2171in.3
About 9.4 gal of paint are needed.
17. a. Δy = [(3) 4 + 2(3)] – [(2)4 + 2(2)] = 67
dy = (4 x3 + 2)dx = [4(2)3 + 2](1) = 34 25. C = 2π r ; r = 4000 mi = 21,120,000 ft, dr = 2
dC = 2π dr = 2π (2) = 4π ≈ 12.6 ft
b. Δy = [(2.005)4 + 2(2.005)] – [(2)4 + 2(2)]
L
≈ 0.1706 26. T = 2π ; L = 4, dL = –0.03
32
dy = (4 x3 + 2)dx = [4(2)3 + 2](0.005) = 0.17
2π 1 π
dT = ⋅ ⋅ dL = dL
1 2 L 32 32 L
18. y = x ; dy = dx; x = 400, dx = 2 32
2 x π
1 dT = (–0.03) ≈ –0.0083
dy = (2) = 0.05 32(4)
2 400 The time change in 24 hours is
402 ≈ 400 + dy = 20 + 0.05 = 20.05 (0.0083)(60)(60)(24) ≈ 717 sec
1 4 3 4
19. y = x ; dy = dx; x = 36, dx = –0.1 27. V = πr = π(10)3 ≈ 4189
2 x 3 3
1 dV = 4πr 2 dr = 4π(10) 2 (0.05) ≈ 62.8 The
dy = (–0.1) ≈ –0.0083
2 36 volume is 4189 ± 62.8 cm3.
35.9 ≈ 36 + dy = 6 – 0.0083 = 5.9917 The absolute error is ≈ 62.8 while the relative
error is 62.8 / 4189 ≈ 0.015 or 1.5% .
1 1 4
30. A = ab sin θ = (151)(151) sin 0.53 ≈ 5763.33 35. V = πr 2 h + πr 3
2 2 3
22,801 4
A= sin θ ;θ = 0.53, dθ = 0.005 V = 100πr 2 + πr 3 ; r = 10, dr = 0.1
2 3
22,801 dV = (200πr + 4πr 2 )dr
dA = (cos θ )dθ
2 = (2000π + 400π)(0.1) = 240π ≈ 754 cm3
22,801
= (cos 0.53)(0.005) ≈ 49.18
2 dm
A ≈ 5763.33 ± 49.18 cm2 36. The percent increase in mass is
m
.
The absolute error is ≈ 49.18 while the relative –3 / 2
error is 49.18 / 5763.33 ≈ 0.0085 or 0.85% . m ⎛ v2 ⎞ ⎛ 2v ⎞
dm = – 0 ⎜ 1 – ⎟ ⎜ – 2 ⎟ dv
2 ⎜⎝ c 2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ c ⎠
31. y = 3 x 2 – 2 x + 11; x = 2, dx = 0.001 –3 / 2
dy = (6x – 2)dx = [6(2) – 2](0.001) = 0.01 m v ⎛ v2 ⎞
= 0 ⎜1 – ⎟ dv
d2y c 2 ⎜⎝ c 2 ⎟
⎠
= 6, so with Δx = 0.001,
dx 2 dm v ⎛ v 2 ⎞
–1
v ⎛ c2 ⎞
1 = ⎜ 1 – ⎟ dv = ⎜ ⎟ dv
Δy – dy ≤ (6)(0.001) 2 = 0.000003 m c 2 ⎜⎝ c 2 ⎟⎠ c 2 ⎜⎝ c 2 − v 2 ⎟⎠
2
v
= dv
32. Using the approximation c − v2
2
f ( x + Δx) ≈ f ( x) + f '( x)Δx v = 0.9c, dv = 0.02c
we let x = 1.02 and Δx = −0.02 . We can rewrite dm 0.9c 0.018
the above form as = (0.02c) = ≈ 0.095
m c 2 − 0.81c 2 0.19
f ( x) ≈ f ( x + Δx) − f '( x)Δx
The percent increase in mass is about 9.5.
which gives
f (1.02) ≈ f (1) − f '(1.02)( −0.02)
= 10 + 12(0.02) = 10.24
40. F ( x ) = 3x + 4; F '( x) = 3; a = 3
38. g ( x) = x cos x; g '( x) = − x sin x + 2 x cos x
2 2 The linear approximation is then
L( x) = 13 + 3( x − 3) = 13 + 3 x − 9
a =π /2
The linear approximation is then = 3x + 4
2
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞
L( x) = 0 + − ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ x − ⎟
⎝2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
π2 π3
=− x+
4 8
π ⎛
2
π⎞
L( x) = 0 + − ⎜x− ⎟
4 ⎝ 2⎠
π2 π3
=− x+
4 8
( )
2
x− a
= ≥0
2 a
48. f (x ) = (1 + x )α , f ′(x ) = α (1 + x )α −1 , a = 0
The linear approximation is then
L(x ) = 1 + α (x ) = αx + 1
y
−5
α = −2
y
−5
α = −1
ε (h) ⎡ f ( x + h) − f ( x) ⎤
b. lim = lim ⎢ − f ′ ( x )⎥
h→0 h
−5 5 x
⎣ h ⎦
= f ′( x) − f ′( x) = 0
−5
α = −0.5
y
2.10 Chapter Review
5 Concepts Test
8. False: f ( x) = ax 2 + b, g ( x) = ax 2 + c,
5
b ≠ c . Then f ′( x) = 2ax = g ′( x), but
f(x) ≠ g(x).
−5 5
9. True: Dx f ( g ( x)) = f ′( g ( x)) g ′( x); since
x
g(x) = x, g ′( x) = 1, so
Dx f ( g ( x)) = f ′( g ( x)).
−5
α =1 10. False: Dx y = 0 because π is a constant, not
y a variable.
5
11. True: Theorem 3.2.A
( π2 )
dV dr
= 4πr 2
⎛π⎞ sin x – sin
dt dt
22. True: f ′ ⎜ ⎟ = lim
⎝ 2 ⎠ x→ π x – π2 dV dr 3
2 If = 3, then = so
sin x –1 dt dt 4πr 2
= lim
x→ π x – π2 dr
> 0.
2 dt
d 2r 3 dr d 2r
23. True: D 2 (kf ) = kD 2 f and =– so <0
dt 2 2πr 3 dt dt 2
D2 ( f + g ) = D2 f + D2 g
d 2h
24. True: h′( x) = f ′( g ( x)) ⋅ g ′( x) 34. True: When h > r, then >0
dt 2
h′(c) = f ′( g (c)) ⋅ g ′(c) = 0
4 3
25. True: ( f D g )′(2) = f ′( g (2)) ⋅ g ′(2) 35. True: V= πr , S = 4πr 2
3
= f ′(2) ⋅ g ′(2) = 2 ⋅ 2 = 4
dV = 4πr 2 dr = S ⋅ dr
If Δr = dr, then dV = S ⋅ Δr
26. False: Consider f ( x) = x . The curve
always lies below the tangent. 36. False: dy = 5 x 4 dx, so dy > 0 when dx > 0,
27. False: The rate of volume change depends but dy < 0 when dx < 0.
on the radius of the sphere.
37. False: The slope of the linear approximation
dr is equal to
28. True: c = 2π r ; =4 f '(a ) = f '(0) = − sin(0) = 0 .
dt
dc dr
= 2π = 2π(4) = 8π
dt dt
1 – 31x
3( x + h ) ⎡ h ⎤1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
c. f ′( x) = lim = lim ⎢ – ⎥ = lim – ⎜ 3x( x + h) ⎟ = – 2
h →0 h h →0 ⎣ 3( x + h) x ⎦ h h →0 ⎝ ⎠ 3x
⎡⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1⎤ ⎡ 3x 2 + 2 – 3( x + h) 2 – 2 1 ⎤
d. f ′( x) = lim ⎢⎜ – ⎟ ⎥ = lim ⎢ ⋅ ⎥
h →0 ⎢⎜⎝ 3( x + h) 2 + 2 3 x 2 + 2 ⎟⎠ h ⎥
⎦ h→0 ⎣⎢ (3( x + h) + 2)(3x + 2) h ⎦⎥
2 2
⎣
⎡ –6 xh – 3h 2 1⎤ –6 x – 3h 6x
= lim ⎢ ⋅ ⎥ = lim =–
h→0 ⎢ (3( x + h) + 2)(3 x + 2) h ⎥
2 2 → (3( x + h) + 2)(3x + 2)
2 2
(3 x + 2)2
2
⎣ ⎦ h 0
3( x + h) – 3 x ( 3x + 3h – 3x )( 3x + 3h + 3 x )
e. f ′( x) = lim = lim
h →0 h h →0 h( 3 x + 3h + 3x )
3h 3 3
= lim = lim =
h →0 h( 3 x + 3h + 3 x ) h →0 3x + 3h + 3x 2 3x
⎛ ( x + h) 2 + 5 – x 2 + 5 ⎞ ⎛ ( x + h) 2 + 5 + x 2 + 5 ⎞
( x + h) 2 + 5 – x 2 + 5 ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
g. f ′( x) = lim = lim ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
h →0 h h →0
h ⎛⎜ ( x + h)2 + 5 + x 2 + 5 ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
2 xh + h 2 2x + h 2x x
= lim = lim = =
h→0
h ⎛⎜ ( x + h) 2 + 5 + x 2 + 5 ⎞⎟ h→0 ( x + h) + 5 + x + 5 2 x +5 x +5
2 2 2 2
⎝ ⎠
cos[π( x + h)] – cos πx cos(πx + πh) – cos πx cos πx cos πh – sin πx sin πh – cos πx
h. f ′( x) = lim = lim = lim
h →0 h h→0 h h→0 h
⎛ 1 – cos πh ⎞ ⎛ sin πh ⎞
= lim ⎜ – π cos πx ⎟ − lim ⎜ π sin πx ⎟ = (–π cos πx)(0) – (π sin πx) = – π sin πx
h→0 ⎝ πh ⎠ h→0 ⎝ πh ⎠
2t 2 – 2 x 2 2(t – x)(t + x)
2. a. g ′( x) = lim = lim
t→x t–x t→x t–x
= 2 lim (t + x) = 2(2 x) = 4 x
t→x
3
b. f ′(6) ≈
2
1
d = – ( x 2 + 4) –3 / 2 (2 x)
f. ( f ( f (t ))) = f ′( f (t )) f ′(t ) 2
dt
x
At t = 2, f ′( f (2)) f ′(2) = f ′(2) f ′(2) =–
⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞ 9 ( x + 4)3
2
≈ ⎜ – ⎟⎜ – ⎟ =
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ 16
d x2 – 1 d 1 d −1 2 1
14. = = x =−
5. Dx (3x ) = 15 x
5 4
dx x –x3 dx x dx 2 x3 2
d
20. [sin 2 (cos 4t )] = 2sin(cos 4t ) ( cos(cos 4t ) ) (– sin 4t )(4) = –8sin(cos 4t ) cos(cos 4t ) sin 4t
dt
d ⎛ sin 3 x ⎞ (cos 5 x 2 )(cos 3 x)(3) – (sin 3 x)(– sin 5 x 2 )(10 x ) 3cos 5 x 2 cos 3 x + 10 x sin 3x sin 5 x 2
22. ⎜ ⎟= =
dx ⎝ cos 5 x 2 ⎠ cos 2 5 x 2 cos 2 5 x 2
d ⎛ cot x ⎞ (sec x 2 )(– csc 2 x) – (cot x)(sec x 2 )(tan x 2 )(2 x) – csc2 x – 2 x cot x tan x 2
25. ⎜ ⎟= =
dx ⎝ sec x 2 ⎠ sec 2 x 2 sec x 2
⎛ 4t sin t ⎞ (cos t – sin t )(4t cos t + 4sin t ) – (4t sin t )(– sin t – cos t )
26. Dt ⎜ ⎟=
⎝ cos t – sin t ⎠ (cos t – sin t )2
4t cos 2 t + 2sin 2t – 4sin 2 t + 4t sin 2 t 4t + 2sin 2t – 4sin 2 t
= =
(cos t – sin t ) 2 (cos t – sin t )2
⎛ dy ⎞ d
e. x sec 2 ( xy ) ⎜ x + y ⎟ + tan( xy ) = 0 b. [ f ( x) g ( x)] = f ( x) g ′( x) + g ( x) f ′( x)
dx
⎝ dx ⎠
f (2) g ′(2) + g (2) f ′(2) = (3)(5) + (2)(4) = 23
dy
x 2 sec2 ( xy ) = –[tan( xy ) + xy sec2 ( xy )]
dx d
c. [ f ( g ( x))] = f ′( g ( x)) g ′( x)
dy tan( xy ) + xy sec ( xy )
2
dx
=–
dx x 2 sec2 ( xy ) f ′( g (2)) g ′(2) = f ′(2) g ′(2) = (4)(5) = 20
d. Dx [ f 2 ( x)] = 2 f ( x) f ′( x)
42. 2 yy1′ = 12 x 2
Dx2 [ f 2 ( x)] = 2[ f ( x) f ′′( x) + f ′( x) f ′( x)]
6x 2
y1′ =
y = 2 f (2) f ′′(2) + 2[ f ′(2)]2
At (1, 2): y1′ = 3 = 2(3)(–1) + 2(4)2 = 26
4 x + 6 yy2′ = 0
dx
2x 46. (13) 2 = x 2 + y 2 ; =2
y2′ = – dt
3y
dx dy
1 0 = 2x + 2 y
At (1, 2): y2′ = – dt dt
3 dy x dx
Since ( y1′ )( y2′ ) = –1 at (1, 2), the tangents are =–
dt y dt
perpendicular.
When y= 5, x = 12, so
43. dy = [π cos(π x) + 2 x]dx ; x = 2, dx = 0.01 dy 12 24
= – (2) = – = –4.8 ft/s
dt 5 5
dy = [π cos(2π ) + 2(2)](0.01) = (4 + π )(0.01)
≈ 0.0714 y dx
47. sin15° = , = 400
x dt
dy dy y = x sin15°
44. x(2 y ) + y 2 + 2 y[2( x + 2)] + ( x + 2)2 (2) =0
dx dx
dy dx
dy = sin15°
[2 xy + 2( x + 2) 2 ] = –[ y 2 + 2 y (2 x + 4)] dt dt
dx
dy
dy –( y 2 + 4 xy + 8 y ) = 400sin15° ≈ 104 mi/hr
= dt
dx 2 xy + 2( x + 2) 2
2
x 2( x ) 2x2
y 2 + 4 xy + 8 y 48. a.
2
Dx ( x ) = 2 x ⋅ = = = 2x
dy = – dx x x x
2 xy + 2( x + 2)2
x ⎛⎜ x ⎞⎟ − x
When x = –2, y = ±1 x
⎛ ⎞ x−x
Dx2 x = Dx ⎜ ⎟ = ⎝ ⎠
x
b. = =0
2
⎝ x⎠ x x2
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
( x + 1)−1/ 2 ; a = 3
1
50. a. f ( x) = x + 1; f '( x) = −
2
4. x3 + 3x 2 + 2 x ≥ 0
L( x) = f (3) + f '(3)( x − 3)
1 (
x x 2 + 3x + 2 ≥ 0 )
= 4 + − (4) −1/ 2 ( x − 3)
2 x ( x + 1)( x + 2 ) ≥ 0
1 3
= 2− x+ = − x+
1 11 x ( x + 1)( x + 2 ) = 0
4 4 4 4
x = 0, x = −1, x = −2
b. f ( x) = x cos x; f '( x) = − x sin x + cos x; a = 1 The split points are 0, −1 , and −2 . The
expression on the left can only change signs at
L( x) = f (1) + f '(1)( x − 1) the split points. Check a point in the intervals
= cos1 + (− sin1 + cos1)( x − 1) ( −∞, −2 ) , ( −2, −1) , ( −1, 0 ) , and ( 0, ∞ ) . The
= cos1 − (sin1) x + sin1 + (cos1) x − cos1 solution set is { x | −2 ≤ x ≤ −1 or x ≥ 0} , or
= (cos1 − sin1) x + sin1
[ −2, −1] ∪ [0, ∞ ) .
≈ −0.3012 x + 0.8415
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Review and Preview Problems
x ( x − 2)
5. ≥0
1. ( x − 2 )( x − 3) < 0 x2 − 4
( x − 2 )( x − 3) = 0 x ( x − 2)
≥0
x = 2 or x = 3 ( x − 2 )( x + 2 )
The split points are 2 and 3. The expression on The expression on the left is equal to 0 or
the left can only change signs at the split points. undefined at x = 0 , x = 2 , and x = −2 . These
Check a point in the intervals ( −∞, 2 ) , ( 2,3) , are the split points. The expression on the left can
only change signs at the split points. Check a
and ( 3, ∞ ) . The solution set is { x | 2 < x < 3} or
point in the intervals: ( −∞, −2 ) , ( −2, 0 ) , ( 0, 2 ) ,
( 2,3) .
and ( 2, ∞ ) . The solution set is
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 { x | x < −2 or 0 ≤ x < 2 or x > 2} , or
( −∞, −2 ) ∪ [0, 2 ) ∪ ( 2, ∞ ) .
2. x2 − x − 6 > 0
( x − 3)( x + 2 ) > 0 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
( x − 3)( x + 2 ) = 0
x = 3 or x = −2
The split points are 3 and −2 . The expression on
the left can only change signs at the split points.
Check a point in the intervals ( −∞, −2 ) , ( −2,3) ,
and ( 3, ∞ ) . The solution set is
{ x | x < −2 or x > 3} , or ( −∞, −2 ) ∪ ( 3, ∞ ) .
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
18. Length: 24 − 2x
11. f ' ( x ) = 2 ( tan 3 x ) ⋅ sec 2 3 x ⋅ 3
Width: 9 − 2x
( )
= 6 sec 2 3 x ( tan 3 x ) Height: x
Volume: l ⋅ w ⋅ h = ( 24 − 2 x )( 9 − 2 x ) x
= x ( 9 − 2 x )( 24 − 2 x )
( )
1 −1/ 2
12. f '( x) = 1 + sin 2 x ( 2sin x )( cos x )
2
sin x cos x 19. Consider the diagram:
=
1 + sin 2 x 1
⎛π ⎞ π ⎛π ⎞ π
b. f ⎜ ⎟ = − cos ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝2⎠ 2 ⎝2⎠ 2
f ' ( x ) = 1 + sin x
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
f ' ⎜ ⎟ = 1 + sin ⎜ ⎟ = 1 + 1 = 2
⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠
The slope of the tangent line is m = 2 at the
⎛π π ⎞
point ⎜ , ⎟ . Therefore,
⎝2 2⎠
π ⎛ π⎞ π
y− = 2 ⎜ x − ⎟ or y = 2 x − .
2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2
π
c. 2x − = 0.
2
π
2x =
2
π
x=
4
The tangent line will intersect the x-axis at
π
x= .
4