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10 chapter+5+THREE-PHASE+POWER+FLOW+ANALYSIS+IN+SEQUENCE+COMPONENT+FRAME PDF
10 chapter+5+THREE-PHASE+POWER+FLOW+ANALYSIS+IN+SEQUENCE+COMPONENT+FRAME PDF
CHAPTER 5
5.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the solution algorithm for the three-phase load
flow problem in symmetrical component frame using EAs. A sequence
coupled transformer model and a sequence line model are used. The objective
function is formulated using the sequence models of three-phase power
system and is solved using the EAs. The proposed methods eliminate the
formation of Jacobian matrix and its inversion and thus reduce the complexity
of the problem.
90
Y aa Y ab Y ac
[Y abc ] Y ba Y bb Y bc
Y ca Y cb Y cc
[I012 ] T 1[Iabc ]
1 1 1
T 1 a2 a where a 1 120 0
1 a a2
91
I1 Y 11 Y 12 V1
I2 Y 21 Y 22 V 2
Figure 5.1 shows the generator model for three-phase power flow
problems in symmetrical component coordinate. The model is represented by
an injected power with a specified bus voltage. Internal voltages of all
generators are well balanced. The positive sequence reactance and EMF
behind it are not introduced (Akher et al 2005). V1, V2 and V0 are positive,
negative and zero sequence voltages respectively. Z2 and Z0 are negative and
zero sequence reactances of generator. For unbalance case, current will flow
in the negative sequence and zero sequence components. Hence, the generator
terminal bus voltages become unbalanced and unequal.
93
V1 V2 V0
Z2 Z0
The transformer model used in this work is grounded star and delta
connection as shown in Figure 5.2. The models of different connections of
transformers are given in (Chen and Dillon 1974). In Figure 5.2, y = 1/zt;
where zt is the transformer impedance; t is the phase shift determined by
transformer connection; and ys is a very small admittance used to avoid the
singularity of bus admittance matrix.
e- t
y V1Y
V1
t
e y V2Y
V2
ys
y
Figrue 5.2 Transformer Model for positive, negative and zero sequences.
YZ012 T 1YZabc T
94
YS012 T 1YSabc T
Ii012 Ij012
Bus i Bus j
012
Yz
Vi012 Vj012
Ys012 Ys012
2 2
Loads are specified by constant real and reactive powers Pa, Qa, Pb,
Qb, Pc and Qc.
admittance between any two branches is the sum of the individual mutual
admittance matrices from all the subsystems containing those two nodes. The
mutual sequence admittance matrix between sequence networks will be a null
matrix, if the network is balanced.
Y 00 Y 01 Y 02
[Y 012 ] Y10 Y11 Y12
Y 20 Y 21 Y 22
Ykm (k, m = 0,1,2) is the sequence sub matrix with the size of nxn.
The size of Y01 2 is 3nx3n.
Only two variables are known a priori to solve the problem, and the
aim of the load flow is to solve the remaining two variables at a bus. For
three-phase power flow analysis, buses are classified into four types based on
the known variables.
96
In these buses, the active and the reactive power injections are
specified (load buses and some generator buses with fixed active and reactive
power outputs). This type is the same as the conventional PQ type. The total
number of buses of this type in a network is denoted by ‘npq’.
These are buses with only bus active power injections specified.
Only the internal buses of generators, except the slack bus, belong to this type.
In these buses, positive sequence voltage magnitude alone is specified and the
negative and zero sequence voltages are zero, since the internal voltages are
balanced. The total number of buses of this type is denoted by ‘ng’.
Let Vik and Iik (k = 0, 1, 2) be the bus voltage and bus current
injections of sequence k at bus i.
i = 1,2,…n;
I YV
I0 Y 00 V 0 Y 01V1 Y 02V 2
I2 Y 20 V 0 Y 21V1 Y 22 V 2
t
Ik I1k I k2 I 3k .... I kn
t
Vk V1k V2k V3k .... V nk
S ia b c V ia I ia * V ib I ib * V ic I ic * (5.1)
S ia b c * P ia b c jQ ia b c V ia * I ia V ib * I ib V ic * I ic
Q iabc Q ia Q ib Qic
Let SRPi Pia Pib Pic / 3 and SRQi Qia Qib Qic / 3
PDim and Q mDi are the specified real and reactive power demand
Power is invariant
1 a* a
Vi Ii Vib*Iib Vic*Iic Vi0*Ii0 Vi1*I1i Vi2*Ii2
3
n n n
Vi0* ( Yij00 Vj0 Yij01V1j Yij02 Vj2 )
j 1 j 1 j 1
n n n
1*
= RP Vi ( Yij10 Vj0 Yij11Vj1 Yij12 Vj2 ) (5.2)
j 1 j 1 j 1
n n n
Vi2* ( Yij20 Vj0 Yij21Vj1 Yij22 Vj2 )
j 1 j 1 j 1
n n n
Vi0* ( Yij00 Vj0 Yij01Vj1 Yij02Vj2 )
j 1 j 1 j 1
n n n
= IP Vi1* ( Yij10 Vj0 Yij11Vj1 Yij12 Vj2 ) (5.3)
j 1 j 1 j 1
n n n
Vi2* ( Yij20 Vj0 Yij21Vj1 Yij22 Vj2 )
j 1 j 1 j 1
Minimize
npq 2ng
Fpi2 Fqi2 f (V 0 , V1 , V 2 ) (5.6)
i 1
Real and reactive power mismatch are calculated for load and
generator terminal buses.
Real Power mismatch alone is calculated for generator internal
buses.
Voltage mismatch is calculated for generator terminal buses.
X = [V0 V1 V2]
101
n n n
Vid0* ( Yij00 V jd0 Yij01V jd1 Yij02 V jd2 )
j 1 j 1 j 1
n n n
CRP id RP Vid1* ( Yij10 V jd0 Yij11V 1jd Yij12 V jd2 )
j 1 j 1 j 1
n n n
Vid2* ( Yij20 V jd0 Yij21V jd1 Yij22 V jd2 )
j 1 j 1 j 1
n n n
Vid0* ( Yij00 V jd0 Yij01V jd1 Yij02 V jd2 )
j 1 j 1 j 1
n n n
CRQ id IP Vid1* ( Yij10 V jd0 Yij11V jd1 Yij12 V jd2 )
j 1 j 1 j 1
n n n
Vid2* ( Yij20 V jd0 Yij21 V jd1 Yij22 V jd2 )
j 1 j 1 j 1
Standard
Algorithm Best Worst Mean
Deviation
DE 0.0001 0.0005 0.000165 0.0001268
MHPSO 0.0001 4.000*10-4 1.200*10-4 6.9585*10-5
MDEPSO 1.000*10-4 0.0005 1.5500*10-4 1.3563*10-4
5.8 CONCLUSION