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TEACHING

APTITUDE UGC NET PAPER I


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TEACHING AIDS

 WHY DO WE NEED TEACHING AIDS?


The most important aim of teaching aids is Effective Teaching.
- It helps in acquiring solid knowledge.
- It helps in enlarging perception.
- It facilitates recognizing and transfer of Knowledge.
- It adds creativity in the teaching.
- It makes teaching interesting and helps in giving desired results.
- It develops desired interests and attention in learning.
- It makes teacher-student interaction better.
- It improves thinking power of the students.
- It helps in meeting the demands of disabled child.
- It averts the evil effects of verbalism.
- It gives good motivation to students.
- It proves a good substitute for direct experiences.
- It enhances scientific attitude.
- It develops educational environment in a better way.
- Most importantly it increases the level of understanding between teacher and
students.

 KINDS OF TEACHING AIDS:


i. VISUAL AIDS
ii. AUDIO AIDS
iii. AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS
iv. GRAPHICS AIDS
v. THREE-DIMENSIONAL AIDS
vi. PROJECTED AIDS
vii. AIDS THROUGH ACTIVITY

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Charts

Globe Photographs

1. Visual
Maps Diagrams
Aids

Static and
Flashcards working
models
Projectors

Radio Recordings
2. Audio Aids
Gramophones Lingua Phones

Films/T.V. Projectors
3. Audio-Visual Aids

Computer Smartboard

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Diagrams

Flashcards Photographs

4. Graphics
Photos Charts
Aids

Graphs Playcards

Maps

Models

Diorama Specimen
5. Three-
Dimensional
Aids

Apparatus Real Objects

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Slides

Epidiscope Films

Projected
Aids:

OverHead LED
Projectors Projectors

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Excursion

Botanical
Projects
Garden

Aids
through
Maintence Activity
Role Play
of Aquarium

Dramatic
Field Trips
Participation

METHODS OF TEACHING

1. MICRO TEACHING:
- This method was introduced by D. Allan and R. Bush in 1963.
- It is used for training teachers to have desired results.
- It is not used for students.
- It makes the teacher training program scientific, effective and meaningful.
- This technique provides feedback to teacher trainee for the modification of teacher
behavior.
- This strategy applies in pre-service and in-service stages.

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Cycle of MICRO TEACHING:

Planning
(6 minutes)

Re-Feedback Teaching
(6 minutes) (6 minutes)

Re-Teaching Feedback
(6 minutes) (6 minutes)

Re-Planning
(6 minutes)

- It is ‘one time one skill’ method.


- It gives 6 minutes for each step.
- The total time is 36 minutes.
- This teaching method helps in improvement of skills.
- It builds confidence and builds different skills.
- However, this method has certain drawbacks also such as:
i. It is applied in controlled environment,
ii. There is no interaction with students,
iii. It is time consuming,
iv. It is skill oriented, not content oriented.

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2. TEAM TEACHING:
- Team teaching involves a group of instructors working purposefully, regularly, and
cooperatively to help a group of students of any age learn. Teachers together set
goals for a course, design a syllabus, prepare individual lesson plans, teach students,
and evaluate the results. They share insights, argue with one another, and perhaps
even challenge students to decide which approach is better.
- When teachers teaching same subject at different times or same time.
- It helps in how to maximize the utilized resources.
- It encourages Direct Involvement.
- It encourages use of all faculty members.
- Team teaching can be within a single discipline or in specialization also.

3. BLOCK TEACHING:
- It’s a method in which teachers take long classes.
- Lectures are taught in an intensive block such as once every week.
- Students study one course at a time.
- Continuous interaction between students and teacher.

4. INTEGRATED TEACHING:
- This method works by integrating different subjects to see the role of other
subjects in one.
- It means making connections between academic knowledge and practical scenarios.

5. BRAIN STORMING:
- It is a participatory method where students also participate.
- In this method students share their ideas and opinions related to the topic of
session.
- The ideas are noted and the best ideas. are chosen or clubbed together.
- Teacher plays the role of a facilitator in this method.
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• Other methods are E- LEARNING (use of electronics) and BLENDED LEARNING
(traditional + e teaching)

LEVELS OF TEACHING

There are 3 levels of teaching:

➢ MEMORY LEVEL OF TEACHING (MLT)


- initial stage of teaching
- proposed by Herbart
- induces habit of rote learning of information
- evaluation system includes oral, written and essay type examination

➢ UNDERSTANDING LEVEL OF TEACHING (ULT)


- Memory plus insight as it goes beyond memorizing the facts
- Focus on mastery of the subject
- Proposed by Morrison
- Makes pupils understand the generalizations, principles and facts
- Provides more opportunities for the students to develop their intellectual
behavior
- Evaluation system includes both essay and objective type questions

➢ REFLECTIVE LEVEL OF TEACHING (RLT)


- Highest level of teaching and includes both ULT and MLT
- Proposed by Hunt
- Problem centric approach of teaching
- Students are assumed to adopt some research approach to solve the problem
- Aim is to develop reflective power of learners so that they can solve problems
of their lives by reasoning, logic and imagination
- Evaluation system used is essay type. Attitude, belief and involvement are also
evaluated

EVALUATION

WHAT IS EVALUATION:

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- It means making judgement or a process of collecting evidences of behavioral
changes and judging the directions and extent of such changes.
- It’s both quantitative and qualitative system.
- it is a way to check both the academic and non-academic aspects of student’s
personality.
- It helps students as well as teachers to bring desirable changes in their respective
parts to get the desired results.

IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF EVALUATION:

TESTING

APPRAISAL MEASUREMENT

ELEMENTS OF
EVALUATION:

EXAMINATION ASSESSMENT

TYPES OF EVALUATION:

DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION:

➢ This is done at the beginning of the teaching learning process.


➢ It diagnoses the causes of problems in teaching.
➢ It is done to find specific weakness of students.
➢ It can be done at individual or class level.
➢ It helps in designing the curricula in order to match the learner’s ability to understand
the concepts.

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FORMATIVE EVALUATION:

➢ Paul black is considered to be the main proponent of this concept.


➢ The major purpose of formative evaluation is to find the strengths and weakness of the
students.
➢ The findings of formative evaluation help in getting desired results for students.
➢ It concentrates on improvement of student’s achievements.
➢ It provides feedback.
➢ It includes class tests, unit tests, quizzes, assignments.
➢ It is an important part of teaching learning process.

SUMMATIVE EVALUATION:

➢ The major purpose is classification and promotion of students.


➢ It passes certificates and passing judgements on students.
➢ It concentrates on measurement of student’s achievement.
➢ It is done at the end of academic session.
➢ It doesn’t provide feedback.
➢ It includes term tests, annual tests and external examinations.
➢ It gives result of the teaching learning process.

LEARNING DISORDERS:
• DYSCALCULIA: this disorder includes when a student suffers from difficulty in
understanding mathematics, arithmetical operations, signs, etc.
• DYSGRAPHIA: this disorder includes problems related to handwriting and leads to
poor handwriting, inconsistent spacing and wrong spellings etc.
• DYSLEXIA: this disorder is related to problems in reading like in recognizing and
understanding letters and words, low fluency etc.
• DYSPHASIA/APHASIA: this includes difficulty in understanding a spoken language.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Q.1) Teaching a person how to drive is an example of which of the following elements -
[a] Instruction
*[b] Training
[c] Conditioning
[d] Indoctrination
Answer-It is related to the specific activity or directed towards teaching a specific skill.

Q.2) Discussion method of instruction is a type of


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[a] Explaining
[b] Learning by teaching
[c] Demonstration
*[d] Collaborating
Answer- Since in case of discussion we co-operate with each other in order to reach the
conclusion.

Q.3) Achievement tests are commonly used to assess which of the below mentioned
factors-
*[a] The amount of learning after teaching
[b] The change in behaviour
[c] The amount of skills gained
[d] The amount of potential in a student
Answer- What has the student actually learned after teaching.

Q.4) Causes and remedies of persistent learning problems is ascertained by


*[a] Formative Evaluation
[b] Summative Evaluation
[c] Diagnostic Evaluation
[d] Cumulative Evaluation
Answer-Formative Evaluation leads to finding the actual caused and solutions to the
problems.

Q.5) A teacher can make her class more democratic by


*[a] Students participation in class room activities
[b] Students decision on what to study and what not to study
[c] Student’s collective decision regarding the timings of the class
[d] None of the above
Answer-By making a class more interactive by students active participation.

Q.6) A good test should not have which of the following elements-
[a] Unambiguity
[b] Reliability
*[c] Subjectivity
[d] Clarity
Answer- Their shall be no subjectivity in taking a or conducting the test.

Q.7) A teacher is said to be effective when he is able to follow which of the following-
i. She corrects the assignments properly
ii. She teaches maximum matter in the given time
iii. Motivates the students to learn
iv. Ensures competition or cooperation among students, as the situation demands
[a] Only (iii)

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*[b] (iii) and (iv)
[c] (i) and (ii)
[d] All of the above
Answer-B teachers efficiency is determined on the basis of students learnings and teaching
attitude.

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