2.14 The closed tank in Fig. P2.14 is at 3.

3.3 For steady laminar flow through a long tube (see Prob. 1.12), the axial velocity Solution: With the valve closed, there is no velocity or friction loss:
1.10 The Stokes-Oseen formula [10] for dragon a sphere at low velocity V is: distribution is given by u = C(R 2 − r 2), where R is the tube outer radius and C is a
20°
C. If the pressure at A is 95 kPa p1 p p−p 75000
absolute, determine p at B (absolute). What constant. Integrateu(r) to find the total volume flowQ through the tube. + z1 = 2 +z 2, or: z 2 −z1 = 1 2 = ≈7. 66 m
9π 2 2 ρg ρg ρg 998( 9. 81)
F = 3 πµ DV + ρV D percent error do you make by neglecting
16 the specific weight of the air? Solution: The area element for this axisymmetric flow is dA= 2π r dr. From Eq. (3.7), When the valve is open, the velocity is the same at (1) and (2), thus “d” is not needed:
R
where D = sphere diameter,µ = viscosity, and ρ = density. Is the formula homogeneous? Solution: First compute ρA = pA /RT = π p1 − p2 V12 − V 22 160000
Q = u dA = C( R 2 −r 2)2 πr dr = CR 4
Ans. With flow: h f = + +(z 1 −z 2) = +0 −7.66 ≈8.7 m Ans.
(95000)/[287(293)] ≈ 1.13 kg/m3, hence γA ≈ 0
2 ρg 2g 998(9.81)
Solution: Write this formula in dimensional form, using Table 1-2: (1.13)(9.81) ≈ 11.1 N/m3. Then proceed around
hydrostatically from point A to point B: Fig. P2.14 3.8 Three pipes steadily deliver water at 3.141 Water at 20°C is pumped at 1500 gal/
9π 20°C to a large exit pipe in Fig. P3.8. The min from the lower to the upper reservoir,
π }{D}{V}
µ ρ ? 2 2 pB
{F} ={3 }{ + { }{V} {D} 95000 Pa + (11.1 N/m3 )(4.0 m) +9790(2.0) −9790(4.0) − (9.81)(2.0) =p B velocity V 2 = 5 m/s, and the exit flow rate as in Fig. P3.141. Pipe friction losses are
16 RT Q4 = 120 m3/h. Find (a) V 1; (b) V 3; and approximated byhf ≈ 27V 2 /(2g), where V is
S ol ve f or pB ≈ 75450 Pa Accurate answer. (c) V 4 if it is known that increasing Q3 by the average velocity in the pipe. If the
ML M L M L 2 2
or: = {1} {L} +
{1} {L } ? If we neglect the air effects, we get a much simpler relation with comparable accuracy: 20% would increase Q4 by 10%. pump is 75 percent efficient, what horse-
T2 LT T L3 T 2 power is needed to drive it?
95000 + 9790(2.0) − 9790(4.0) ≈p B ≈75420 Pa Approximate answer. Solution: (a) For steady flow we have
where, hoping for homogeneity, we haveassumed that all constants (3,π,9,16) are pure, Q1 + Q 2 + Q 3 = Q 4, or Fig. P3.8 Fig. P3.141
i.e., {unity}. Well, yes indeed, all terms have dimensions {ML/T 2}! Therefore the Stokes- 2.15 In Fig. P2.15 all fluids are at 20 °C. 3.145 The large turbine in Fig. P3.145
Oseen formula (derived in fact from a theory) isdimensionally homogeneous. Gage A reads 15 lbf/in2 absolute and gage B V1A1 +V 2A 2 +V 3A 3 =V 4A 4 ( 1) diverts the river flow under a dam as
reads 1.25 lbf/in2 less than gage C. Com- shown. System friction losses are hf =
1.22* According to the theory of Chap. 8, pute (a) the specific weight of the oil; and Since 0.2Q 3 = 0.1Q 4, and Q4 = (120 m3/h)(h/3600 s) = 0.0333 m3/s, 3.5V 2 /(2g), where V is the average velocity
as a uniform stream approaches a cylinder (b) the actual reading of gage C in lbf/in2 in the supply pipe. For what river flow rate
of radius R along the line AB shown in absolute. Q4 (0.0333 m 3 /s) in m3/s will the power extracted be 25 MW?
V3 = = =5.89 m/s Ans. (b)
Fig. P1.22, – ∞ < x < –R, the velocities are 2 A3 π Which of the two possible solutions has a
Fig. P2.15 (0.06 2 )
Solution: First evaluate γair = (pA /RT)g = [15 × 144/(1717 × 528)](32.2) ≈ 0.0767 lbf/ft3. 2 better “conversion efficiency”?
u = U ∞ (1 −R 2/x 2); v =w =0 Take γwater = 62.4 lbf/ft3. Then apply the hydrostatic formula from point B to point C: Fig. P3.145
Fig. P1.22 Substituting into (1),
Using the concepts from Ex. 1.5, find (a) the maximum flow deceleration along AB; and pB + γ oil (1.0 ft) +(62.4)(2.0 ft) =p C =p B +(1.25)(144) psf Solution: The flow rate is the unknown, with the turbine power known:
π π π
(b) its location. S ol ve f or γ oil ≈ 55.2 lbf/ft 3 Ans. ( a) V1 (0.04 2 ) +(5) (0.05 2) +(5.89) (0.06 )2 =0.0333 V 1 =5.45 m/s Ans(a)
. p1 V 12
p V 2
4 4 4 + + z1 = 2 + 2
+z 2 +hf +hturb , or: 0 +0 +50 =0 +0 +10 +hf +hturb
With the oil weight known, we can now apply hydrostatics from point A to point C: γ 2g γ 2g
Solution: We see that u slows down monotonically from U∞ at A to zero at point B, From mass conservation, Q4 = V 4A 4 Q
2
x = −R, which is a flow “stagnation point.” From Example 1.5, the acceleration (du/dt) is pC = pA + ρ gh= (15)(144) + (0.0767)(2.0) +(55.2)(2.0) +(62.4)(2.0) where hf = 3.5Vpipe /(2g) and hp = Pp /(γ Q) and Vpipe =
(π /4)D 2pipe
or: pC = 2395 lbf/ft2 = 16.6 psi Ans. (b) ( 0. 0333 m3 /s) = V 4 (π ) ( 0. 06 2 )/4 V 4 =5.24 m/s Ans. ( c)
du ∂ u ∂ u R2 2R 2 U2 2 2 x
= +u = 0 +U ∞ 1 − 2 U∞ + = ∞ − , ζ = 2.20 The hydraulic jack in Fig. P2.20 is Introduce the given numerical data (e.g. D
pipe = 4 m, P pump = 25E6 W) and solve:
dt ∂ t ∂ x x x3 R ζ3 ζ 5 R
filled with oil at 56 lbf/ft 3. Neglecting 3.16 An incompressible fluid flows past Q 3 − 35410Q + 2.261E6 =0, with roots Q = +76.5, +137.9, and −214.4 m3 /s
This acceleration is negative, as expected, and reaches a minimum near point B, which is piston weights, what force F on the an impermeable flat plate, as in Fig. P3.16,
found by differentiating the accel
eration with respect tox: handle is required to support the 2000-lbf with a uniform inlet profile u = U o and a The negative Q is nonsense. The large Q (=137.9) gives large friction loss, hf ≈ 21.5 m.
weight shown? cubic polynomial exit profile The smaller Q ( = 76.5) gives hf ≈ 6.6 m, about right. Select Qriver ≈ 76.5 m 3/s. Ans.
d du 5 x
= 0 i f ζ 2 = , or |max decel. ≈ −1.291 Ans. (b) 3η −η 3 y 3.169 Once it has been started by
dx dt 3 R u ≈ Uo where η = sufficient suction, thesiphonin Fig. P3.169
2 δ Fig. P3.16
du 2 will run continuously as long as reservoir
|min = −0.372 U ∞
Fig. P2.20
S ubsti tuti ng ζ = −1. 291 i nto ( du/dt) gi ves Ans. ( a) Solution: First sum moments clockwise about the hinge A of the handle: Compute the volume flowQ across the top surface of the control volume. fluid is available. Using Bernoulli’s
dt R
equation with no losses, show (a) that the
A plot of the flow decelerationalong line AB is shown as follows. M A = 0 = F(15 +1) −P(1), Solution: For the given control volume and incompressible flow, we obtain exit velocity V 2 depends only upon gravity
or: F = P/16, where P is the force in the small (1 in) piston. δ
3 y y3
δ and the distanceH and (b) that the lowest
0 = Q top + Q right −Q l eft =Q + U o − b dy − U ob dy (vacuum) pressure occurs at point 3 and
Meanwhile figure the pressure in the oil from the weight on the large piston: 0
2δ 2δ 3 0 depends on the distance L + H. Fig. P3.169
W 2000 lbf 5 3
poil = = = 40744 psf , = Q + U ob δ −U ob δ, solve for Q = U ob δ Ans.
A 3-in ( π /4)(3/12 ft) 2 8 8 Solution: Write Bernoulli from 1 to 2:
2
π 1 3.20 Oil (SG-0.91) enters the thrust p1 V 12 p V
2
pa p V2
2
Hence P = poil Asmall = (40744) = 222 lbf bearing at 250 N/hr and exits radially + + z1 ≈ 2 + +z 2 , or:
2
+0 +z 1 ≈ a + +z 2
4 12 γ 2g γ 2g γ γ 2g
through the narrow clearance between
Therefore the handle force required is F= P/16 = 222/16 ≈ 14 lbf Ans. thrust plates. Compute (a) the outlet
2.45 Determine the gage pressure at point A volume flow in mL/s, and (b) the average Solve for V 2 =V exit = 2g(z 1 −z 2) = 2gH Ans .
in Fig. P2.45, in pascals. Is it higher or lower outlet velocity in cm/s. Since the velocity is constant throughout the tube, at any point C inside the tube,
than Patmosphere?
Solution: The specific weight of the oil is Fig. P3.20 pC + γ zC ≈ pa + γ z2 , or, at point 3: pC , mi n = pa − γ (z3 − z2 ) = pa − ρ g(L +H) Ans .
3
1.26 A tire has a volume of 3.0 ft and a ‘gage’ pressure of 32 psi at 75°F. If the Solution: Take γ = 9790 N/m3 for water (0.91)(9790) = 8909 N/m3. Then 3.172 The 35°C water flow of Fig.
ambient pressure is sea-level standard, what is the weight of air in the tire? and 133100 N/m3 for mercury. Write the 3
P3.172 discharges to sea-level standard
hydrostatic formula between the atmosphere 250/3600 N/s m mL atmosphere. Neglecting losses, for what
Q2 = Q1 = =7.8 ×10 −6 =7.8 Ans. (a)
Solution: Convert the temperature from 75
°F to 535°R. Convert the pressure to psf: and point A: 8909 N/m3 s s nozzle diameter D will cavitation begin to
cm occur? To avoid cavitation, should you
patm + (0.85)(9790)(0.4 m) But also Q 2 = V 2 π(0.1 m)(0.002 m) =7.8 ×10 −,6 solve for V =1.24 Ans
. (b)
p = (32 lbf/in2 )(144 in 2 /ft2 ) + 2116 lbf/ft2 = 4608 + 2116 ≈ 6724 lbf/ft2 2 increase or decrease D from this critical
s
− (133100)(0.15 m) − (12)(0.30 m) value?
From this compute the density of the air in the tire: Fig. P2.45 3.41 In Fig. P3.41 the vane turns the water
+ (9790)(0.45 m) = p A , Fig. P3.172
jet completely around. Find the maximum Solution: At 35°C the vapor pressure of
p 6724 lbf/ft2 or: pA = patm −12200 Pa = 12200 Pa (vacuum) Ans.
jet velocity V o for a force F o. water is approximately5600 Pa (Table A.5).
ρair = = = 0.00732 slug/ft3 Bernoulli from the surface to point 3 gives the
RT (1717 ft lbf/slug
? ?°R)(535 R)
° 2.60 The pressure in the air gap is 8000 Pa Solution: For a CV enclosing the vane Torricelli result V 3 = √(2gh) = √2(32.2)(6) ≈ 19.66 ft/s. We can ignore section 2 and write
gage. The tank is cylindrical. Calculate the and the inlet and outlet jets, Fig. P3.41 Bernoulli from (1) to (3), with p 1 = pvap and ∆z = 0:
Then the total weight of air in the tire is net hydrostatic force (a) on the bottom of
the tank; (b) on the cylindrical sidewall Fx = −Fo =m outu out −m inu in = m jet( −V o) −m jet( +V )o 2 2 2 2
p1 V 1 p2 V 2 117 V 1 2116 V 3
Wair = ρg υ = (0.00732 slug/ft3 )(32.2 ft/s2 )(3.0 ft 3) ≈ 0.707 lbf Ans. CC; and (c) on the annular plane panel BB. + ≈ + , or: + ≈ + ,
Fo ρ 2 ρ 2 1.93 2 1.93 2
or: Fo = 2 ρ oA oV 2,o solve for V o= Ans.
1.45 A block of weight W slides down an 2 ρo (π /4)D 2o 2
Solution: (a) The bottom force is simply D
inclined plane on a thin film of oil, as in equal to bottom pressure times bottom area: but also V1 = V 3
Fig. P1.45 at right. The film contact area 3.44 Consider uniform flow past a cylinder with a V-shaped wake, as shown. Pressures 1/12
is A and its thickness h. Assuming a linear pbottom = p air + ρ waterg ∆ z = 8000 Pa at (1) and (2) are equal. Let b be the width into the paper.Find a formula for the force F
ft
velocity distribution in the film, derive an on the cylinder due to the flow. Also computeC D = F/( ρU 2Lb). Eliminate V 1 and introduce V3 = 19.66 to obtain D4 = 3.07E −4, D ≈ 0.132 ft Ans.
+ (9790 N/m3 )(0.25 + 0.12 m) s
analytic expression for the terminal velocity Fig. P2.60
= 11622 Pa-gage To avoid cavitation, we would keep D < 0.132 ft , which will keep p1 > pvapor.
V of the block. Fig. P1.45
Fbottom = p bottomA bottom= (11622 Pa)( π/4)(0.36 m) 2 = 1180 N Ans. (a)
4.9 An idealized incompressible flow has the proposed three-di
mensional velocity
Solution: Let “x” be down the incline, in the direction of V. By “terminal” velocity we (b) The net force on the cylindrical sidewall CC is zero due to symmetry. Ans. (b) distribution
mean that there is no acceleration. Assume a linear viscous velocity distribution in the (c) The force on annular region CC is, like part (a), the pressure at CC times the area of CC:
V = 4xy2i + f(y)j – zy2k
film below the block. Then a force balance in the x direction gives:
pCC = pair + ρwater g ∆ z CC = 8000 Pa + (9790 N/m3 )(0.25 m) =10448 Pa-gage
Find the appropriate form of the functionf(y) which satisfies the continuity relation.
V 2
FCC = pCC ACC = (10448 Pa)( π/4)[(0.36 m) −(0.16 m) ] = 853 N 2
Ans
. (c) Fig. P3.44
Fx = W sin θ −τA =W sin θ − µ A =
ma x =0,
h Solution: Simply substitute the given velocity components into the incompressible
2.61 Gate AB in Fig. P2.61 is a homo- Solution: The proper CV is the entrance (1) and exit (2) plus streamlines above continuity equation:
hW sin θ geneous mass of 180 kg, 1.2 m wide into and below which hit the top and bottom ofthe wake, as shown. Then steady-flow
or: V terminal = Ans. the paper, resting on smooth bottom B. All ∂u ∂ v ∂ w ∂ ∂ f ∂ df
µA continuity yields, + + = (4 xy2 ) + + ( −zy2) =4 y2 + −y2 =0
fluids are at 20°C. For what water depth h ∂x ∂ y ∂ z ∂ x ∂ y∂ z dy
L
1.65 The system in Fig. P1.65 is used to will the force at point B be zero? U y df
0= ρ u dA − ρ u dA =2 ρ 1 + b dy −2 ρ UbH, or : = −3 y2. Integrate: f ( y) = ( −3 y2 ) dy =− y 3 +constant Ans.
estimate the pressure p1 in the tank by 2 L dy
Solution: Let γ = 12360 N/m3 for glycerin 2 1 0
measuring the 15-cm height of liquid in
and 9790 N/m3 for water. The centroid of where 2H is the inlet height. Solve for H = 3L/4. 4.19 An incompressible flow field has the cylinder componentsυ θ = Cr , υ z = K (R 2 – r 2),
the 1-mm-diameter tube. The fluid is at υ r = 0, where C and K are constants andr ≤ R, z ≤ L. Does this flow satisfy continuity?
AB is 0.433 m vertically below A, so h CG = Now the linear momentum relation is used. Note that the drag force F is to the
60°C. Calculate the true fluid height in 2.0 − 0.433 = 1.567 m, and we may compute Fig. P2.61 What might it represent physically?
.
right (force of the fluid on the body) thus the force Fof the body on fluid is to the left
the tube and the percent error due to the glycerin force and its line of action: (a) Assuming a no-slip condition at the wall, find an expression for the velocity component
We obtain,
capillarity if the fluid is (a) water; and v(x, y) for y ≤ δ. (b) Then find the maximum value of v at the stationx = 1 m, for the
(b) mercury. Fig. P1.65 Fg = γ hA =(12360)(1.567)(1.2) =23242 N
L
U y U y particular case of airflow, whenU = 3 m/s and δ = 1.1 cm.
Fx = 0 = uρ u dA − uρ u dA =2 1+ ρ 1 + b dy −2Hρ U 2b = −Fdrag
Solution: This is a somewhat more realistic variation of Ex. 1.9. Use values from that (1/12)(1.2)(1) 3sin 60 ° 2 L 2 L
y CP,g = − = −0. 0461 m 2 1 0 Solution: The two-dimensional incompressible continuity equation yields
example for contact angleθ : (1.567)(1.2)
3
(a) Water at 60°C: γ ≈ 9640 N/m , θ ≈ 0°: 3L 3 7 1 ∂v ∂u −2 y dδ 2 y2 dδ dδ y y2
y
Use H = , then Fdrag = ρ U 2Lb − ρU 2Lb ≈ ρ U 2Lb Ans. =− = −U + , or: v =2U − dy | x =const
These are shown on the freebody at right. 4 2 6 3 ∂y ∂x δ 2 dx δ 3 dx dx 0 δ 2 δ 3
4Y cos θ 4(0.0662 N/m)cos(0 °) The water force and its line of action are
h= = = 0. 0275 m, shown without numbers, because they The dimensionless force, or drag coefficient F/(ρU 2Lb), equals C D = 1/3. Ans. dδ y2 y3 dδ C δ
γD (9640 N/m3 )(0.001 m) or : v = 2U − , wher e = = Ans. (a)
depend upon the centroidal depth on the 3.54 For the pipe-flow reducing section dx 2δ 2 3δ 3 dx 2 x 2 x
or: ∆htrue = 15.0 – 2.75 cm ≈ 12.25 cm (+22% error) Ans. (a) water side: of Fig. P3.54, D 1 = 8 cm, D 2 = 5 cm, and p2 = (b) We see that v increases monotonically with y, thusvmax occurs at y = δ :
1 atm. All fluids are at 20°C. If V 1 = 5 m/s
(b) Mercury at 60°C: γ ≈ 132200 N/m , θ ≈ 130°: 3 Fw = (9790)h CG (1.2)
and the manometer reading ish = 58 cm, U δ (3 m/ s)(0.011 m) m
estimate the total horizontal force resisted vmax = v|y=δ = = = 0.0055 Ans. (b)
(1/12)(1.2)(1) 3sin 60 ° 0.0722 6x 6(1 m) s
4Y cos θ 4(0.47 N/m)cos 130 ° y CP = − =− by the flange bolts.
h= = = −0. 0091 m, hC G (1.2) hC G
γD (132200 N/m3 )(0.001 m) This estimate is within 4% of the exactvmax computed from boundary layer theory.
Fig. P3.54
The weight of the gate, W = 180(9.81) = 1766 N, acts at the centroid, as shown above. 4.21 Air flows under steady, approximately
or: ∆htrue = 15.0 + 0.91 ≈15.91cm ( −6%error) Ans. (b) Solution: Let the CV cut through the bolts and through section 2. For the given
Since the force at B equals zero, we may sum moments counterclockwise about A to find one-dimensional conditions through the
1.75 Oil, with a vapor pressure of 20 kPa, is delivered through a pipeline by equally- the water depth: manometer reading, we may compute the upstream pressure:
conical nozzle in Fig. P4.21. If the speed of
spaced pumps, each of which increases the oil pressure by 1.3 MPa. Friction losses in the M A = 0 = (23242)(0.5461) +(1766)(0.5cos60 °) p1 − p2 = (γ merc −γ water)h = (132800 − 9790)(0.58 m) ≈71300 Pa (gage) sound is approximately 340 m/s, what is the
pipe are 150 Pa per meter ofpipe. What is the maximum possible pump spacing to avoid minimum nozzle-diameter ratio D e/D o for
− (9790)h C G (1.2)(0.5 +0.0722/h C G ) Now apply conservation of mass to determine the exit velocity:
cavitation of the oil? which we can safely neglect compressibility
Solve for h C G , water = 2.09 m, or: h = h C G + 0.433 = 2.52 m Ans. Q1 = Q 2, or (5 m/s)( π/4)(0.08 m) 2 =V 2( π/4)(0.05) ,2 solve for V 2 ≈
12.8 m/s effects if V o = (a) 10 m/s and (b) 30 m/s?
Solution: The absolute maximum length L occurs when the pump inlet pressure is Finally, write the balance of horizontal forces:
slightly greater than 20 kPa. The pump increases this by 1.3 MPa and friction drops the 2.62 Gate AB in Fig. P2.62 is 15 ft long Solution: If we apply one-dimensional Fig. P4.21
and 8 ft wide into the paper, hinged at B Fx = −F bolts +p 1,gageA 1 =m(V 2 −V ),1 continuity to this duct,
pressure over a distance L until it again reaches20 kPa. In other words, quite simply,
with a stop at A. The gate is 1-in-thick
π π π π
1.3 MPa =1,300,000 Pa =(150 Pa/m)L, or L ≈ 8660 m Ans.
steel, SG = 7.85. Compute the 20°C or: F bolts = (71300) (0.08) 2 −(998) (0.08) 2(5.0)[12.8 −5.0] ≈ 163 N Ans
. ρoV o D 2o = ρ eV e D ,2e or V o ≈V (De /De ) o 2 if ρ o≈ ρ e
max water level h for which the gate will start 4 4 4 4
to fall.
It makes more sense to havethe pump inlet at 1 atm, not 20 kPa, dropping L to about 8 km. 3.61 A 20°C water jet strikes a vane on a To avoid compressibility corrections, we require (Eq. 4.18) that Ma ≤ 0.3 or, in this case,
tank with frictionless wheels, as shown. the highest velocity (at the exit) should be Ve ≤ 0.3(340) = 102 m/s. Then we compute
2.1 For the two-dimensional stress field Solution: Only the length (h csc 60°) of Fig. P2.62
The jet turns and falls into the tank without
in Fig. P2.1, let the gate lies below the water. Only this part (D e/D o) mi n =(V o/V )e 1/2
=(V /102) 1/2
= 0.31 if V o 10
= m/s Ans
. (a)
contributes to the hydrostatic force shown spilling. If θ = 30°, estimate the horizontal o

in the freebody at right: force F needed to hold the tank stationary. = 0.54 if V o =30 m/s Ans. (b)
σ xx = 3000 psf σ yy = 2000 psf
σ xy = 500 psf Solution: The CV surrounds the tank and 4.31 According to potential theory (Chap. 8)
h for the flow approaching a rounded two-
F = γ h CG A =(62.4) (8h csc 60 °) wheels and cuts through the jet, as shown.
Find the shear and normal stresses on plane 2 dimensional body, as in Fig. P4.31, the
We have to assume that the splashing into Fig. P3.61
AA cutting through at 30°. = 288.2h2 (lbf) the tank does not increase the x-momentum velocity approaching the stagnation point is
of the water in the tank. Then we can write given by u = U (1 – a2/x2), where a is the
(1/12)(8)(h csc 60° ) 3sin 60° nose radius and U is the velocity far
Solution: Make cut “AA” so that it just y CP = − the CV horizontal force relation:
(h/2)(8h csc 60° ) upstream. Compute the value and position
d
hits the bottom right corner of the element.
This gives the freebody shown at right.
Fig. P2.1 h
= − csc 60 °
Fx = −F =
dt
u ρ dυ ( )
−mi n uin = 0 −mVjet independent ofθ
tank
of the maximum viscous normal stress
Fig. P4.31
6 along this streamline. Is this also the position
Now sum forces normal and tangential to slug π 2
2
ft
2
of maximum fluid deceleration? Evaluate the maximum viscous normal stress if the fluid
2
side AA. Denote side length AA as “L.” The weight of the gate is (7.85)(62.4 lbf/ft3)(15 ft)(1/12 ft)(8 ft) = 4898 lbf. This weight Thus F = ρA jV j = 1.94 ft 50 ≈ 106 lbf Ans
. is SAE 30 oil at 20°C, with U = 2 m/s and a = 6 cm.
ft 3 4 12 s
acts downward at the CG of thefull gate as shown (not the CG of the submerged
Fn,AA = 0 = σ AA L portion). Thus, W is 7.5 ft above point B and has moment arm (7.5 cos 60° ft) about B. 3.74 Water at 20°C flows down a vertical 6-cm -diameter tube at 300 gal/min, as in the Solution: (a) Along this line of symmetry the convective deceleration is one-dimensional:
− (3000 sin 30 + 500 cos30)L sin 30 We are now in a position to findh by summing moments about the hinge line B: figure. The flow then turns horizontally and exits through a 90° radial duct segment 1 cm
thick, as shown. If the radial outflow is uniform and steady, estimate the forces (F
x , F y , F z) ∂u a2 2a2 a2 a4
− (2000 cos30 + 500 sin 30)L cos30 M B = (10000)(15) −(288.2h 2)[(h/2)csc 60 ° −(h/6) csc 60 °] −4898(7.5cos 60 °) = 0, required to support this system ag ainst fluid momentum changes. ax = u = U 1 − 2 U 3 =2U 2 3 − 5
∂x x x x x
or: 110.9h3 = 150000 − 18369, h = (131631/110.9)1/3 =10.6 ft Ans .
S ol ve f or σ AA ≈ 2683 lbf/ft 2 Ans. ( a) da
2.66 Dam ABC in Fig. P2.66 is 30 m wide This has a maximum deceleration at x = 0, or at x = − √ (5/3) a= −1.29a Ans . (a)
Ft,AA = 0 = τAA L −(3000 cos30 −500 sin 30)L sin 30 −(500 cos30 −2000 sin 30)L cos 30 into the paper and is concrete (SG≈ 2.40). dx
Find the hydrostatic force on surface AB The value of maximum deceleration at this point isax,max = −0.372U 2/a.
S ol ve f or τ AA ≈ 683 lbf/ft 2 Ans. ( b)
and its moment about C. Could this force tip (b) The viscous normal stress along this line is given by
2.4 Given a flow pattern with isobars po − Bz + Cx 2 = constant. Find an expression the dam over? Would fluid seepage under
the dam change your argument? ∂u 2a2 U 4µ U
x = fcn(z) for the family of lines everywhere parallel to the local pressure gradient? p. τ xx = 2µ = 2µ wi th a max i mum τ max = at x = −a Ans. ( b)
Solution: Find the slope (dx/dz) of the isobars and take the negative inverse and Solution: First convert 300 gal/min = 0.01893 m3/s, hence the mass flow isρQ = 18.9 kg/s. ∂x x3 a
Solution: The centroid of surface AB is The vertical-tube velocity (down) is V tube = 0.01893/[( π/4)(0.06) 2] = −6.69 k m/s. The
integrate: d dx dx
|p=const = B = −1 40 m deep, and the total force on AB is
Fig. P2.66
Thus maximum stress does not occur at the same position as maximum deceleration. For
(po − Bz +Cx 2) = −B +2Cx =
0, or: exit tube area is (π/2)R ∆h = ( π/2)(0.15)(0.01) = 0.002356 m2, hence V exit = Q/A exit =
dz dz dz 2C x ( dx /dz) gradient 0.01893/0.002356= 8.03 m/s. Now estimate the force components: SAE 30 oil at 20°C, we obtain the numerical result
F = γ h CG A =(9790)(40)(100 ×30)
dx
|gradient= − 2Cx , i ntegrate dx −2C dz +45°
T hus = , x = const e−2Cz/B Ans. = 1.175E9 N kg kg 4(0.29)(2.0)
F x = F x = u out dmout = −V exitsinθ ρ ∆hR dθ ? 0 Ans. (a) S A E 30 oi l , ρ = 917 , µ = 0. 29 , τ max = ≈ 39 Pa Ans. ( b)
dz B x B The line of action of this force is two-thirds m3 m?s (0.06 m)
−45°
2.8 A diamond mine is 2 miles below sea level. (a) Estimate the air pressure at this of the way down along AB, or 66.67 m +45° 4.50 Investigate the polar-coordinate stream y
depth. (b) If a barometer, accurate to 1 mm of mercury, is carried into this mine, how from A. This is seen either by inspection F y = F y = v out dmout − mvi n = −Vexi t cosθ ρ ∆hR dθ −0 = −Vexit ρ ∆hR 2 function ψ = Kr 1/2sin 12 θ, K = constant.
accurately can it estimate the depth of the mine? (A is at the surface) or by the usual −45°
formula: Plot the streamlines in the full xy plane,
Solution: (a) Convert 2 miles = 3219 m and use a linear-pressure-variation estimate: or : F y = −(8.03)(998)(0.01)(0.15) 2 ≈ −17 N An.s (b) find any stagnation points, and interpret.
x
3
Then p ≈ pa + γ h = 101,350 Pa + (12 N/m3 )(3219 m) = 140,000 Pa ≈140 kPa Ans . (a) I xx sin θ (1/12)(30)(100) sin(53.13 °) F z = F z =m( wout − win) =(18.9 kg/ s)[0 −( −
6.69 m
/ )]s ≈+126 N Ans
. (c)
y CP = − =− = −16. 67 m Solution: Simply set ψ /K = constant and
hCG A (40)(30 ×100) 3.133 The long pipe in Fig. 3.133 is filled
Alternately, the troposphere formula, Eq. (2.27), predicts a slightly higher pressure: plot r versus θ. This represents inviscid
to be added to the 50-m distance from A to the centroid, or 50+ 16.67 = 66.67 m. As with water at 20°C. When valve A is flow around a 180° turn. [See Fig. 8.14(e) of
p ≈ pa (1 − Bz/To) 5.26 =(101.3 kPa)[1 −(0.0065 K/m)( 3219
− m)/288.16 K] 5.26
shown in the figure, the line of action of F is2.67 m to the left of a line up from C normal closed, p1 − p2 = 75 kPa. When the valve is the text.] Fig. P4.50
= 147 kPa Ans. (a) to AB. The moment of F about C is thus open and water flows at 500 m3/h, p1 − p2 =
160 kPa. What is the friction head loss
64.0) ≈ 3.13E9 N ?m
M C = FL =(1.175E9)(66.67 − Ans
.
(b) The gage pressure at this depth is approximately 40,000/133,100 ≈ 0.3 m Hg or between 1 and 2, in m, for the flowing
300 mm Hg ±1 mm Hg or ±0.3% error. Thus the error in the actual depth is 0.3
% of 3220 m This moment is counterclockwise,hence it cannot tip over the dam
. If there were seepage condition?
or about±10 m if all other parameters are accurate. Ans. (b) under the dam, the main support force at the ttom
bo of the dam would shift to the left of
point C and might indeed cause the dam to tip over. Fig. P3.133