LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

S. No EXPERIMENT NAME Page No

1 Verification of KCL and KVL
2 Verification of Superposition theorem
3 Verification of The venin’s theorem
4 Verification of Norton’s theorem
5 Resonance in series and parallel R-L-C circuits
6 OC and SC Tests on Single Phase Transformer
7 3 Phase Transformer connections
8 Magnetization Characteristics of D.C. Shunt Generator
9 Brake Test On D.C. Shunt Motor
10 Brake Test on Three Phase Induction Motor
 1. VERIFICATION OF KVL AND KCL

AIM:

To verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) and Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) in a
Passive Resistive Network

APPARATUSREQUIRED:

S. No Apparatus Name Range Type Quantity

1. RPS (0–30V) Digital 01

2. Ammeter (0–200mA) Digital 03

3. Voltmeter (0–30V) Digital 03

4. Resistors 220Ω,150Ω,100Ω - 03

5. Bread Board - - 01

6. Connecting Wires - - As required

CIRCUITDIAGRAMS:

To Verify KVL:

Figure1
To Verify KCL:

Figure2

PROCEDURE:

To Verify KVL:

1. Connect the circuit diagram as showninFigure1

2. Switch ON the supply to RPS.
3. Apply the voltage(say5v) and note the voltmeter readings
4. Gradually increase the supply voltage in steps
5. Note the readings of voltmeters
6. Sum up the voltmeter readings (voltage drops),that should be equal to applied
voltage
7. Thus KVL is Verified practically
To Verify KCL:

1. Connect the circuit diagram as showninFigure2

2. Switch ON the supply to RPS.
3. Apply the voltage (say5v) and note the Ammeter readings
4. Gradually increase the supply voltage in steps
5. Note the readings of Ammeters
6. Sum up the Ammeter readings (I1 and I2), that should be equal to total current(I)
7. Thus KCL is Verified practically
OBSERVATIONS:

For KVL

Applied V1 (volts) V2(volts) V3 (volts) V1+V2+V3(volts)

Voltage
Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical
V(volts)

For KCL

Applied I(A) I1(A) I2(A) I1+I2(A)

Voltage
Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical
V(volts)
 PRECAUTIONS:

1. Check for proper connections before switching ON the supply

2. Make sure of proper color coding of resistors
3. The terminal of the resistance should be properly connected.

RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Define current.
2. Define voltage.
3. What is resistance?
4. Define ohm’s law.
5. State KCL and KVL.
6. Derive current division rule.
7. Explain the sign conventions.
8. Explain the color coding of resistors.
 2. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
Aim: To verify Superposition Theorem.

Superposition Theorem:
Theory: “In any bilateral linear network which contains more than one energy source, the current
flowing through any element is the algebraic sum of currents that are caused to flow in the element due to
individual energy sources at a time setting all other sources to zero.”
Apparatus:
1. Superposition theorem trainer kit.
2. Milli ammeter
3. Connecting wires
Circuit Diagram:
-

Both Voltage Sources are acting (V1&V2) Voltage Source V1 is acting alone

Voltage Source V2 is acting alone

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram figure.
2. Set V1=15V, for this connect fixed 15V supply.
3. Set V2=10V, for this adjust the variable supply to 10V.
4. Note the current (I) through the resistor R 3, when both V1 and V2 are applied.
5. For the same circuit apply voltage V1 and make sure that the V2 to be shorted (V2 =0) and
note down the current (I1) through R3.
6. For the same circuit apply voltage V2 and make sure that the V1 to be shorted (V1 =0) and
note down the current (I2) through R3.
7. The Superposition Theorem is verified i.e. I = I1 + I2.
8. Repeat the above procedure for different variable supplies.
TABULAR COLUMN:

When both When When

PARAMETERS V1 & V2≠0 V1≠0 & V2=0 V1=0& V2≠0
(I) (I1) (I2)

Current through R3 (Theoretical Values)

Current through R3 (Practical Values)

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Check for proper connections before switching ON the supply

2. Make sure of proper color coding of resistors
3. The terminal of the resistance should be properly connected

RESULT

LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. State Superposition theorem.

2. How to find power using Superposition theorem?
3. Write applications of super position theorem.
4. Is it possible to apply Superposition theorem to nonlinear circuit?
5. Is it possible to apply Superposition theorem to ac as well as dc circuit?
 3. VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN’S THEOREM

AIM:
To Verify Thevenin’s theorem.

APPARATUS:
This Educational Kit is useful to demonstration of Thevenin’s Theorem.
This kit consists of
1) 0 to +15V Variable Power Supply
2) Required linear networks and
3) Different values of resistors to use as load resistors.

THEVENIN’S THEOREM:
“Any two terminal active linear network containing energy sources (generators) and
resistances can be replaced with an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source V th in series
with a resistance Rth. The value of Vth is the open-circuit voltage between the terminals of the
network and Rth is the resistance measured between the terminals with all the energy sources
eliminated (but not their internal resistances).”

PROCEDURE:

1) Connect the circuit as shown in the figure

2) Measure the current through the load resistor in the linear circuit.
3) Remove the load resistance and calculate the open circuit voltage across the open
circuited terminals.
4) Calculate the Thevenin’s equivalent resistance of the circuit, when the source is set to
zero.
5) Now set the voltage to the obtained Vth in the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit using
variable power supply.
6) Measure the current through the load resistor in the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit.
7) Note that both current measured through the load resistor in the linear circuit
as well as in the equivalent circuit are same.
Repeat the above procedure for different values of resistors provided on the board.
Thus the Thevenin’s Theorem is proved.

Circuit - 1: To find load current

To find Vth:

To find Rth:

Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit:

TABULAR COLUMN:

Parameters Theoretical Values Practical Values

Voc
RTH
IL

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check for proper connections before switching ON the supply
2. Make sure of proper color coding of resistors
3. The terminal of the resistance should be properly connected.

RESULT:

LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is load resistance?
2. How will you calculate Thevenin’s resistance RTH?
3. How will you calculate Thevenin’s voltage VTH?
4. How will you calculate load current IL?
 4. VERIFICATION OF NORTON’S THEOREM

AIM:
To Verify Norton’s theorem.

APPARATUS:
This Educational Kit is useful to demonstration of Norton’s Theorems.
This kit consists of
1) 0 to +15V Variable Power Supply
2) Required linear networks and
3) Different values of resistors to use as load resistors.

NORTON’S THEOREM: “Any two terminal linear active network containing energy sources
(generators) and resistance can be replaced with an equivalent circuit consisting of a current
source IN in parallel with a resistance RN. The value of IN is the short-circuit current between the
terminals of the network and RN is the resistance measured between the terminals with all the
energy sources eliminated (but not their internal impedances).”

PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the linear circuit as shown in the figure.
2) Measure the current through the load resistor in the linear circuit by connecting ammeter.
3) Measure the Norton’s current which is short circuit current in the load terminals.
4) Calculate the Norton’s equivalent resistance of the circuit which is the equivalent
resistance between the open circuit terminals considering making the voltage source
zero.
5) Now connect the circuit as shown in Norton’s Equivalent Circuit.

6) To get current source, after connecting circuit components, connect variable supply in
series with the ammeter in place of current source shown. Adjust the voltage supply such
that you read short circuit current in the ammeter.
7) Now, switch of the power, note the current through RL. Observe it to be equal to the
current through RL measured in the linear circuit.
Repeat the above procedure for different values of resistors provided on the board.
Thus the Norton’s Theorem is proved.
 To find load current:

To find IN:

To find RNs

Norton’s equivalent circuit

 TABULAR COLUMN:

Parameters Theoretical Values Practical Values

Isc or IN

RN

IL

RESULT:

LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. State Norton’s theorem.

2. Define RN.
3. Define IN.
4. Convert Thevenin’s equivalent into Norton’s equivalent.
5. Is it possible to apply Norton’s theorem ac as well as dc circuit?
6. What are the applications of Norton’s theorem?
 5. RESONANCE IN SERIES AND PARALLEL RLC CIRCUITS
AIM:
To design the resonant frequency of a series resonant circuit.

APPARATUS:
S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity
1 Signal generator
2 Required resistors
3 Required Inductors
4 Required capacitors
5 CRO probes
6 Connecting wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Series Resonance

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure for series resonant circuit

2. Set the voltage of the signal from function generator to 10V.
3. Vary the frequency of the signal in steps and note down the magnitude of response
on CRO respectively.( response wave form is observed across element R)
4. Form the observation table between the frequency and magnitude of response in
CRO for series resonance circuit.
5. Draw a graph between frequency and magnitude of response on the semi-log sheet
and determine the resonant frequency, quality factor and bandwidth of series RLC
circuit.

THEORETICA CALCULATIONS:
 Resonant Frequency (fr) = 1/(2π√LC)

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.No. Frequency (Hz) Current(I)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

12.2 MODEL GRAPH:

Series Resonance

RESULT:
 PARALLEL RESONANCE

AIM:
To design the resonant frequency of a parallel resonant circuit.

APPARATUS:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Signal generator
2 Required resistors
3 Required Inductors
4 Required capacitors
5 CRO probes
6 Connecting wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Signal Generator

Parallel Resonance
PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure for parallel resonant circuit.

2. Set the voltage of the signal from function generator to 10V.

3. Vary the frequency of the signal in steps and note down the magnitude of response
on CRO respectively.( response wave form is observed across element R)
4. Form the observation table between the frequency and magnitude of response in
CRO firstly for parallel resonance circuit.
5. Draw a graph between frequency and magnitude of response on the semi-log sheet
and determine the resonant frequency, quality factor and bandwidth of parallel RLC
circuit.
 THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:

Resonant Frequency (fr) = 1/(2π√LC)

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.No. Frequency (Hz) Current(I)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

MODEL GRAPH:

Parallel Resonance

RESULT:
 6. OPEN CIRCUIT & SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON A SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER

AIM:
To perform Open Circuit and Short Circuit tests on a single phase transformer and
Pre-determine the efficiency of the transformer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. No. Apparatus Name Range Type Quantity

2 Voltmeter (0–150V) MI 01

3 Ammeter (0–2A) MI 01

4 Ammeter (0–10A) MI 01

3 Wattmeter (150V,2A,LPF) Dynamometer type 01

4 Wattmeter (150V,10A,UPF) Dynamometer type 01

5 Connecting Wires - - As required

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Transformer Specifications Auto transformer Specifications
Capacity (KVA) Capacity (KVA)
Primary Voltage (V) Input Voltage (V)
Secondary Voltage(V) Output Voltage(V)
Phase Phase
Frequency(Hz) Frequency(Hz)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

OPENCIRCUITTEST:
SHORT CIRCUITTEST:
 PROCEDURE:

OPENCIR CUIT TEST:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Ensure that Variac is set to zero output voltage position before starting the experiment.
3. Switch ON the supply. Now apply the rated voltage to the Primary winding by using variac.
4. The readings of the Voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter are noted down in Tabular form.
5. Then Variac is set to zero output position and switch OFF the supply.
6. Calculate Ro and Xo from the readings.

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Ensure that Variac is set to zero output voltage position before starting the experiment.
3. Switch ON the supply .Now apply the rated Current to the Primary winding by using variac.
4. The readings of the Voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter are noted down in Tabular form.
5. Then Variac is set to zero output position and switch OFF the supply.
6. Calculate R1e and X1e from the readings.

OBSERVATIONS:

Open Circuit Test:

Voltage (Rated) Current Power
(Vo) (Io) (Wo)

Short Circuit Test:

Voltage Current(Rated) Power

(VSC) (ISC) (WSC)
MODEL CALCULATIONS:
Let the transformer be the step-up transformer, then
Primary is L.V. side.
Secondary is H.V. side

𝐖𝐨
From OC Test: 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅° =
𝐕𝐨 𝐈𝐨

Working component of current Ic = Io * cosϕo

Magnetizing component of current Im=Io *sinϕo

V
1
R0 = Where Ic = Io cosϕo
Iw

V1
X0= Where Im= Iosinϕo
Im

From SC Test:
𝑾𝒔𝒄
𝑹𝒆 =
𝑰𝟐𝒔𝒄

𝑽𝒔𝒄
𝒁𝟐𝒆 =
𝑰𝒔𝒄

𝑿𝟐𝒆 = √𝒁𝟐𝟐𝒆 − 𝑹𝟐𝟐𝒆

The efficiency can be Predetermined at any load (n) and any power factor using the formulas
given below

𝒏𝑽𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅
% Efficiency (η) at any load =
𝒏𝑽𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ +𝑾𝒐 +𝒏𝟐 𝑾𝒔𝒄

Where n=Fraction of full load n=1(at full load) n=½(at half load)

When Cosϕo=1.0

Load P cu (W) Pi(W) O/P (W) I/P (W)

Efficiency
2 (%)
n = n *W sc =Wo =n*(VA)*Cosϕo =O/P +P cu +Pi
 When Cosϕo=0.8
Load P cu (W) Pi (W) O/P(W) I/P (W) Efficiency
n = n2*Wsc =Wo =n*(VA)*Cosϕ =O/P+P cu +Pi (%)

PRECAUTIONS:

(i) Connections must be made tight

(ii) Before making or breaking the circuit, supply must be switched off

RESULT:
 7. THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

Aim: To find the relation between phase and line voltages, current in a three phase transformer

Apparatus Required:

S. No Name of the Equipment Quantity

1 3 Phase Transformer 1 No.
2 3 Phase Variac 1 No.
3 AC Ammeter 2 No.
4 AC Voltmeter 2 No.

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
Star connected system
1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.
2. Ensure the Three phase Variac is in zero position, vary the Variac in steps
and note down the corresponding values of line and phase voltages.
3. Verify VL= 1.732*Vph

Observation Table:

Line to Line voltage(VL) Phase voltage(Vph)

Circuit Diagram:

Delta connected system

1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.
2. Ensure the Three phase Variac is in zero position, vary the Variac in
steps and note down the corresponding values of line and phase
voltages.
3. Verify VL= Vph

Observation table:
Line to Line voltage(VL) Phase voltage(Vph)

Result:
 8. MAGNETIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A D.C. SHUNT
GENERATOR

AIM:
To determine experimentally the Magnetization (or) Open Circuit Characteristics
of a D.C Shunt Generator and also to determine the critical field resistance.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No. Apparatus Name Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeter (0–2A) MC 01

2 Voltmeter (0–300V) MC 01

3 Rheostat 370ohms /1.7A Wire wound 02

4 Tachometer - Digital 01

5 Connecting Wires - - As required

NAME PLATEDETAILS:

MOTOR GENERATOR

Voltage(V) Voltage(V)
Current(A) Current(A)

Output(KW/HP) Output(KW/HP)

Speed(RPM) Speed(RPM)
CIRCUITDIAGRAM:

MAGNETIZATION CHARACTERISTICS (OR) OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF A D.C.

SHUNT GENERATOR
PROCEDURE:

1. Choose the proper ranges of meters after noting the name plate details of the given
machine and make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the field rheostat of motor and generator in minimum position.
3. Start the M-G Set and Observe the speed of the generator using a tachometer and
adjust to the rated value by varying the motor field rheostat. Keep the same speed
throughout the experiment.
4. Note down the terminal voltage of the generator. This is the E.M.F. due to residual
magnetism.
5. Increase the generator field current If (ammeter) by gradually moving the jockey of
generator field rheostat. For every value of If, note down the corresponding
voltmeter reading. Increase the field current till induced E.M.F. is about 120% of
rated value.
6. Repeat the same procedure for decreasing values of the same field currents (If) and
finally note down the E.M.F. generated due to residual magnetism.
7. Draw the characteristics of generated E.M.F. (Eg) versus field current (If) for both
increasing and decreasing values of field current.
8. Draw a tangent line to the initial portion of Characteristics from the origin. The slope
of this straight line gives the critical field resistance.

OBSERVATIONS:
ASCENDING DESCENDING
S. No. Field Current Generated Voltage Field Current Generated Voltage
If (amp) Eg (volts) If (amp) Eg (volts)
MODEL GRAGH:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The experiment should be done at constant speed.
2. The jockey should be moved only in one direction. It should not be moved back and
forth for obtaining a particular field current.
3. At zero field there would be some EMF due to residual magnetism
4. Avoid parallax errors and loose connections

RESULT:
VIVA Questions:

2. Under what conditions does the DC shunt generator fail to self-excite?

3. Define critical field resistance?
4. OCC is also known as magnetization characteristic, why?
5. How do you get the maximum voltage to which the generator builds up from OCC?
6. What does the flat portion of OCC indicate?
7. Why OCC does not start from origin?
8. Does the OCC change with speed?
 9. BRAKE TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM:
To obtain the performance characteristics of DC shunt motor by direct loading.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

1. (0–300V) MC 01
Voltmeter
2. (0–20A) MC 01
Ammeter

3. 370Ω/1.7A Wire 01
Rheostat wound
4. - Digital 01
Tachometer
5. - - As required
Connecting wires

NAME PLATEDETAILS:

MOTOR

Voltage(V)
Current(A)

Output(KW/HP)

Speed(RPM)
CIRCUITDIAGRAM:

BRAKE TEST ON D.C.SHUNT MOTOR

PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Keeping the field rheostat at the minimum position, switch on the supply and start
the motor.
3. Adjust the speed of the motor on no load to its rated value by means of the field
rheostat. DO NOT DISTRUB THE POSITION OF THE RHEOSTAT THROUGH
OUT THE TEST.
4. Put on the load by tightening the screws of the spring balances. Note down the
spring tensions, the speed, the voltage and the currents at different loads until full
load current obtained.

MODEL CALCULATIONS:
1. Measure the circumference of the brake drum and calculate its radius (R), in meters.
2. Calculate the torque, T=W*R*g (N-m).
Where W=W1~W2=spring balance reading (the difference between the spring tensions)
And ‘g’ is acceleration due to gravity i.e. 9.81m/s2
3. Calculate the power output of the motor given by P0= 2πNT/60
4. Calculate the input power, PI= V*IL (IL is the line current= Ia+If).
5. Calculate the percentage efficiency, η= P0/PI*100
 OBSERVATIONS:

Radius of Brake Drum: R =0.15m

Spring Balance
Torque Input Output η=
Voltage Current Speed ,N readings Po (Watts) Po/ Pin
T= 9.81*R*(S1-S2)(N-m) 2𝜋𝑁𝑇
S. No. Pin= V*I = 60
(Kg)
V(volts) I(amp) (rpm) (%)
(Watts)
S1 S2 S1-S2
MODEL GRAPHS:

RESULT:

VIVA Questions:
1. Why did you use a 3-point starter for starting a D.C shunt motor?
2. If starter is not available, how can you start a D.C motor?
3. What is the efficiency range of a D.C motor?
4. Where can you use the D.C shunt motor?
5. Why is it considered as a constant speed motor?
 10. BRAKE TEST ON 3-ɸ SQUIRRELCAGE INDUCTION
MOTOR

AIM:

To determine the efficiency of 3-ɸ induction motor by performing load test and to
obtain the performance curves for the same.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. No. Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Voltmeter (0–600V) MI 01

2 Ammeter (0–10A) MI 01

3 Wattmeter (600V,10A,UPF) Dynamometer type 02

4 Tachometer - Digital 01

5 Connecting Wires - - As required

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

3-ɸ Squirrel Cage Induction Motor 3-ɸ Auto Transformer

Voltage(V) Capacity (KVA)

Current(A) Input Voltage (V)

Power(KW/HP) Output Voltage (V)

Speed(RPM) Phase

Frequency(Hz) Frequency(Hz)
CIRCUITDIAGRAM:

BRAKE TEST ON THREE–PHASE SQUIRRELCAGE INDUCTION MOTOR

 PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Ensure that the 3-ɸ variac is kept at minimum output voltage position and belt is freely
suspended.
3. Switch ON the supply, Increase the variac output voltage gradually until rated voltage is
observed in voltmeter. Note that the induction motor takes large current initially, so keep an
eye on the ammeter such that the starting current should exceed the rated current.
4. By the time speed gains rated value, note down the readings of voltmeter, ammeter, and
wattmeter at no-load.
5. Now increase the mechanical load by tightening the belt around the brake drum gradually
insteps.
6. Note down the various meters readings at different values of load till the ammeter shows the
rated current.
7. Reduce the load on the motor and also bring the variac to minimum position, then switch
OFF the supply.

MODEL CALCULATIONS:

Input power drawn by the motor W=(W1 +W2) watts

Shaft Torque, Tsh =9.81*R*(S1~ S2) N-m where R=radius of drum in meters.
2πNTsh
Output power P o= watts
60
Efficiency = Output Power in watts x 100
Input Power in watts
OBSERVATIONS:
S. No. Spring balance Torque Output Power
Power Input Power
V I
Speed T (Watts)
W (Watts) (Kg) Pi =W1+W2 %η
(volts) (amps) (RPM) (N-m) 𝟐𝛑𝐍𝐓
W1 W2 S1 S2 S1~S2 (Watts) 𝑃𝑜 =
𝟔𝟎
 MODEL GRAPHS:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections must be made tight.
2. Parallax errors must be avoided while taking the readings.
3. Pour the water in the brake drum for cooling purpose.

RESULT:

VIVA Questions:
1. Why starter is used? What are different types of starters?
2. Compare a slip ring induction motor with cage induction motor?
3. Why the starting torque is zero for a Single Phase induction motor and non-zero of 3 phase
induction motor?
4. What are the disadvantages of this method?
5. Can we use rotor resistance method for starting?