Professional Documents
Culture Documents
- lacrimal
- maxilla
- zygomatic
- vomer
- inferior nasal conchae
- mandible
Orbital group:
Orbital group Action Innervation
Nasal group:
Nasal group Action Innervation
zygomaticus
raise upper lip
minor Upper group:
elevators
zygomaticus
retractor, evertors raise corner mouth + laterally
major
of lip
levator anguli raise corner of mouth; help
oris form nasolibial furrow
levator labii
superioris raise upper lip + flare nostrils
alaeque nasi
Scalp:
- 5 layers
- anteiror: extend from superciliary arches
- posterior: external occipital protuberance
- S: skin
- C: connective tissue (dense)
- fibrofatty layer attaching skin to aponeurosis
- many arteries + veins form anastomosing network
- A: aponeurosis (occipitofrontalis)
- occipitofrontalis muscle
- L: loose areolar connective tissue
- connect aponeurosis to periosteum of skull
- contain emissary veins that connect superficial veins of scalp to diploic veins of skull with dural
venous sinuses
- P: pericranium:
- periosteum covering bones of skull
Muscles of mastication:
Muscle O I Action Innervation
mastication
Masseter - zygomatic arch - lateral aspect elevation mandible mandibular division
- maxillary process ramus (V3) of trigeminal
zygomatic bone - angle of mandible nerve
- Insert: mandible
- act on temporomandibular joint
Parotid Gland:
- largest of 3 salivary glands
- type of saliva: serous
- large + irregular shape
- encapsulated by part of deep cervical fascia
- Parotid duct:
1. emerge from anterior aspect gland
2. pass forward over masseter
3. turns medially at anterior border of ramus
4. pierce through buccal fat pad + buccinator muscle to reach oral cavity
5. parotid duct open into oral cavity near second upper molar tooth
- Innervation:
- PNS:
- Preganglionic fibres: via glossopharyngeal nerve synapse in otic ganglion
- Postganglionic fibres: from otic ganglion (associated with V3) to parotid gland via
auriculotemporal nerve
- Action: stimulation produce thin watery saliva
- SNS:
- fibres to parotid gland arise from cervical sympathetic ganglia
- fibres vasomotor in action + thought to reduce secretion / thicken saliva
- Sensory:
- auriculotemporal nerve: branch mandibular nerve V3 (exit skull via foramen ovale)
- great auricular nerve
Facial artery:
- Path:
1. branch from: external carotid artery
2. curve around inferior border mandible (palpated); anterior to masseter —> facial artery enter
face
3. run superficially + medially
4. give branches to upper + lower lips + side of nose
5. terminate: angular artery (medial canthus of eye)
- deep to: platysma, risorius, zygomaticus major/minor
- superficial to: buccinator, levator anguli oris, levator labii superioris
- Branches:
- angular artery (terminate) —> superior part of cheek + inferior eyelid
- inferior labial —> lower lip
- superior labial —> upper lip + nasal septum + ala
- lateral nasal —> dorsum + ala
Venous drainage:
- to internal jugular vein (mainly)
- superficial temporal vein unite with maxillary vein —> form retromandibular vein
- retromandibular vein pass through parotid gland —> divide into ant + post divisions:
- anterior division:
- join facial vein to form common facial vein
- common facial vein drain into internal jugular vein
- posterior division:
- joins posterior auricular vein to form + drain to external jugular vein
Innervation:
- sensory: trigeminal nerve
- motor: facial nerve
Tongue:
- muscular structure forming part of floor of oral cavity + part of anterior wall of oropharynx
- mass of skeletal muscle covered by oral mucosa
- muscles from each side tongue meet at midline fibrous septum
- apex of tongue; root of tongue: attached to mandible + hyoid bone
- Oral part: anterior 2/3, horizontal plane
- Pharyngeal part: post 1/3, vertical plane
- terminal sulcus: demarcate oral + pharyngeal part (ant + post parts)
- foramen caecum: remnant of embryological development where epithelium invaginated to form thyroid
gland
- Type of tissue underlies mucosa of posterior 1/3 of tongue + responsible for nodular appearance??????
Muscles of tongue:
- all muscles innervated by hypoglossal nerve (XII) except palatoglossus— vague nerve (X)
Intrinsic muscles:
- originate + insert in tongue
- alter shape of tongue:
- shorten + lengthen
- curling + uncurling apex + edges
- flatten + rounding surface
- 4 muscles:
- inferior longitudinal
- superior longitudinal
- transverse
- vertical
Extrinsic muscles:
- originate outside tongue + insert into tongue
- alter position of tongue
Extrinsic
tongue O I Action Innervation
muscles
- Clinical: stick
body of hyoid
superior part tongue out test CN
entire lengths protrude tongue;
Genioglossus mental spines of XII - dysfunction:
of tongue depress centre
mandible tip of tongue point
dorsum
towards
narrow oropharyngeal
isthmus during
swallowing
inferior surface - muscles of soft
lateral margin - depress soft palate Vagus Nerve
Palatoglossus palatine palate of tongue
tongue - move palatoglossal (CN X)
aponeurosis
fold to midline
- elevate back of
tongue
Tongue Innervation:
Glossopharyngeal nerve:
- general + special (taste) sensation posterior 1/3 tongue
Facial nerve:
- Chorda tympani: special sensation (taste) anterior 2/3 tongue
Hypoglossal nerve:
- motor to all tongue muscles (intrinsic + extrinsic) except palatoglossus
Trigeminal nerve:
- mandibular nerve (v3): general sensation anterior 2/3 tongue; via lingual nerve
Vagus nerve:
- pharyngeal plexus: motor to palatoglossus muscle