REVIWER IN CPAR 11 3. Instantly receives a cash sum of 200,000 pesos.
MODULE 1:
1. WHAT IS ART?
 “Art as linked to human instincts” – Aristotle
 Humans have instincts for imitation and
harmony.
 Human activity that translates life and the world
into something aesthetically pleasing.
 National heritage that is essential in building the
nation and ensuring democracy.
2. ELEMENTS OF ART
 SUBJECT – Main idea
 MEDIUM – Materials used
3. TYPES OF ART FORM
1. Picture – 2D image
2. Sculpture – 3D artwork
3. Architecture – Used as shelters
4. Music – Sense of hearing
5. Literature – Art form of language
6. Theater – Art form of performance
7. Cinema – Technological translation of theater
8. Dance – Art of the human form
4. LEO BENESA “FILIPINO-NESS”
 Shows the Filipino way of living.
MODULE 2:
1. PRINSIPLES OF ART
1. Appropriation – Art form that combines the
past with the present.
2. Performance – “Emphasize spontaneous,
unpredictable elements of chance.”
3. Space – Performed and positioned in specific
spots, especially public places.
4. Hybridity – Mixing of unlikely materials.
5. Technology – Reality in the present-day world.
MODULE 5:
1. WHAT IS THE NATIONAL ARTIST AWARD?
 A great honor given to the Filipino whose life
and works have contributed to the
advancement of the country’s arts and letters.
 Fernando Amorsolo – First national artist.
2. BENEFITS OF NATIONAL ARTIST
1. Gold-plated medallion minted by the Bangko
Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) and citation.
2. Lifetime personal monthly stipend of 30,000
pesos.
3. QUALIFICATIONS FOR BEING A NATIONAL ARTIST
1. Natural-born Filipino
2. Filipino sense of nationhood
3. Making an impact on succeeding generations of
artists
4. Created a significant body of works
5. Enjoy broad acceptance
MODULE 13:
1. GAMABA DEFINITION
 Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (GAMABA) is
conferred to a person or group of artists
recognized by the Government of the
Philippines for their contributions to the
country's intangible cultural heritage.
 The National Living Treasures Award (Gawad sa
Manlilikha ng Bayan) was institutionalized in
1992 through Republic Act No. 7355.
 A Manlilikha ng Bayan awardee receives:
1. Designed gold medallion
2. Initial grant of P100,000
3. P10,000 monthly stipend for life.
2. GAMABA CATEGORIES (10)
 folk architecture
 maritime transport
 weaving
 carving
 performing arts
 literature
 graphic and plastic arts
 ornament
 textile or fiber art
 pottery
3. GAMABA QUALIFICATIONS
 Preserved indigenous customs, beliefs, rituals
and traditions and/or has syncretized whatever
external elements that have influenced it.
 Must have engaged in a folk-art tradition that
has been in existence and documented for at
least 50 years.
 Must have consistently performed or produced
over a significant period, works of superior and
distinctive quality.
 Must possess a mastery of tools and materials
needed by the art.
  Must have passed on and/or will pass on to  FILM EXAMPLES – Kita kita, Heneral Luna, Goyo,
other members of the community their skills in Die Beautiful, Ang Babae sa Septic Tank.
the folk art for which the community is 2. MAINSTREAM FILM
traditionally known.  DEFINITION
4. GAMABA AWARDEES (17) - All about love teams.
1. Ginaw Bilog – Artist & poet  CHARACTERISTICS
2. Masino Intaray – Musician & epic chanter 1. Have larger audiences
3. Samaon Sulaiman - Musician 2. Produced by major production houses
4. Lang Dulay – Textile weaver 3. Higher financial backing
5. Salinta Monon - Weaver 4. Utilizes famous moviestars
6. Alonzo Saclag – Musician & dancer 5. Higher marketing potential
7. Frederico Caballero – Epic chanter  FILM EXAMPLES – Hello Love Goodbye, The
8. Uwang Ahadas – Musician Hows of Us, The Super Parental Guidance,
9. Darhata Sawabi - Weaver Fantastica, Gandarrapido.
10. Eduardo Mutuc – Matal sculptor 3. MIDSTREAM FILM
11. Haja Amina Appi - Weaver  DEFINITION
12. Teofilo Garcia – Casque maker - Teddy Co coined the term “midstream” in
13. Magdalena Gamayo – Mater weaver reference to the “stream” in films that are
14. Ambalang Ausalin – Mater weaver neither clearly perceived as indie nor as
15. Estelita Tumandan Bantilan – Mater weaver mainstream.
16. Yabing Masalon Dulo – Mater weaver  CHARACTERISTICS
1. Unfamiliar forms
MODULE 17: 2. Lower financial backing
1. PHILIPPINE POP ART DEFINITION 3. Lack of technical machineries
 Art that is followed/accepted by the Filipino 4. Alternative narrative
masses. 5. Alternative technique
2. CATEGORIES OF PHILIPPINE POP ART (4)  FILM EXAMPLES - Anak
1. Literature - Komiks
2. Music – Original Pinoy Music (OPM) MODULE 20 & 21:
3. Dance – Important social activity 1. INTEGRATIVE ART
4. Movies  Art is “human ingenuity in adapting natural
things to man’s use.” (Webster)
MODULE 18:  Art comes from the word “ars” which means
1. INDIE DILM skill.
 DEFINITION
- Viewed as “Highly Intellectual” or 2. 4 SYNONYMOUS WORDS
“pretentious” for its depth and ambiguity.  Skill stresses technical knowledge and
- Something darker of some themes would be proficiency.
more escape.  Cunning suggests ingenuity and subtlety in
- Provide fresh content. devising, inventing, or executing.
 CHARACTERISTICS  Artifice suggests mechanical skill especially in
1. Produced by individual artists/directors. imitating things in nature.
2. Artistically superior  Craft may imply expertness in workmanship and
3. Unconventional narrative guile in attaining one’s end.
4. Innovative techniques and style 3. FUNCTIONS OF ART
5. Unfamiliar artists  Personal or Individual Function - Artists have
their personal reasons for indulging in art. e.g.
 The poet, Edwin Markham, wrote the poem
“The Man with the Hoe” because he was
inspired by the painting of a farmer that he had
seen earlier.
 Social Function - Man is a social being and as
such he associates with his fellow beings. e.g.
choral singing theatre.
 Economic Function - Many people believe that it
does not pay to be an artist. However, this
belief is negated by these facts. e.g. “Camote
Diggers”- Carlos “Botong” Francisco (PHP
22,192,000) & “Lavanderas”- Fernando
Amorsolo (Php 21,500,000)

 Political Function - When Imelda Romualdez-

Marcos, a patroness of the arts became the
Governor of Metro Manila, she promoted her
political programs by means of the arts. e.g.
Cultural Center of The Philippines (CCP) &
Philippine International Convention Center
 Historical Function - Paintings, sculptures,
architectural works, and other art forms serve
to record historical figures and events. e.g.
Luneta.
 Cultural Function - Buildings, furniture (chairs,
table, etc.), clothes, and the like form part of
the country’s material culture.
 Religious Function - Almost all, if not all, art
forms evolved from religion. People in olden
times worshipped their Gods in the form of
songs and dances.
 Physical Function - Houses and other buildings
are constructed to protect their occupants and
all others inside them.
 Aesthetic Function - Artworks serve to beautify.
 REVIWER IN E TECH 11 ELEMENTS OF A VIDEO/FILM
File Management  SIGHT
 The process of naming, editing, storing, and  SOUND
sharing files.  COLOR
 Often done in the File Manager interface, where  MOTION
files and folders are managed.  EMOTION
 The process of naming, editing, storing, and Stages of Video Production
sharing files.  PRE-PRODUCTION - Planning Stage
 Often done in the File Manager interface, where  PRODUCTION - Actual Shooting
files and folders are managed.  POST-PRODUCTION - Editing Stage
 Then that is File Management. Story Boarding
 A storyboard is the visual representation of your
Why do we need file management video.
 A well-organized file management system  It illustrates each important scene that can be
makes it easy to know where everything is. found on your audio-visual presentation (AVP).
 Try to be consistent with the way you organize  From the beginning, to the rise of action, to the
your files as, in the long run, doing so will make conflict or climax, and down to the resolution or
things easy on yourself. end.
Online File Management and Storage Services Story Boarding
 Storage Services These services, which can be 5 Elements of a Story
free and can also be paid subscription services,  Setting: Time & Location
give users a certain allocated amount of  Character: The personality that moves within
memory to store their files, which can then be the story.
accesses anywhere thru gadgets.  Plot: The sequence of events within the story
 Example: google drive, drop box, one drive Logical series of happenings including the
Image Hosting Platforms conflict, or stress part of the story.
 An image hosting service allows individuals  Conflict: The struggle between two things or
to upload images to an internet website. people in a story. A character may struggle not
 Example: Instagram, photobucket, google only against another person,
photos, imgur, Flickr but also against the forces of nature, society, or
Video Hosting Platforms even to himself.
 An online video platform (OVP), provided by a  Theme: The central point or belief in the story.
video hosting service, enables users to upload, The main idea being revealed or interpreted
convert, store and play back video content on in the story.
the Internet, often via a structured, large-scale Storyboard Template
system that can generate revenue.  Beginning
 Example: YOUTUBE, VIMEO  Rise
Lesson 9  Middle/
Video Production Conflict
 Video production is the process of producing  Fall
video content.  End
 It is the equivalent of filmmaking, but with Things to consider in making a video
images recorded digitally instead of on film  Planning Expected Outcome
stock.  Purpose Well-crafted Scenes
 Ideas Time Allocation
REVIWER IN GEN CHEM 11
Stoichiometry:
 is a section of chemistry that involves using
relationships between reactants and/or
products in a chemical reaction to determine
desired quantitative data? In Greek, stoikhein
means element and metron means measure, so
stoichiometry literally translated means the
measure of elements.
THE MASS OF AN ATOM DEPENDS ON THE NUMBER OF
ELECTRON, PROTON, NEUTRON IT CONTAINS.
 SUBATOMIC PARTICLES ARE TOO SMALL
WHICH MAKE THEM ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE TO
WEIGH.
MASS NUMBER VS ATOMIC MASS
 Key Points
 An element can have differing numbers of
neutrons in its nucleus, but it always has the
same number of protons. The versions of an
element with different neutrons have different
masses and are called isotopes.
 The average atomic mass for an element is
calculated by summing the masses of the
element’s isotopes, each multiplied by its
natural abundance on Earth.
 When doing any mass calculations involving
elements or compounds, always use average
atomic mass, which can be found on the
periodic table.
 Key Terms
 mass number: The total number of protons and
neutrons in an atomic nucleus.
 natural abundance: The abundance of a
particular isotope naturally found on the
planet.
 average atomic mass: The mass calculated by
summing the masses of an element’s isotopes,
each multiplied by its natural abundance on
Earth.
Isotopes
 Atoms of the same element can, however, have
differing numbers of neutrons in their nucleus.
For example, stable helium atoms exist that
contain either one or two neutrons, but both
atoms have two protons. These different types
of helium atoms have different masses (3 or 4
atomic mass units), and they are called
isotopes.
 calculating Average Atomic Mass
 The average atomic mass of an element is the
sum of the masses of its isotopes, each
multiplied by its natural abundance (the
decimal associated with percent of atoms of
that element that are of a given isotope).
 Average atomic mass = f1M1 + f2M2 +… + fnMn
where f is the fraction representing the natural
abundance of the isotope and M is the mass
number (weight) of the isotope.
 The average atomic mass of an element can be
found on the periodic table, typically under the
elemental symbol. When data are available
regarding the natural abundance of various
isotopes of an element, it is simple to calculate
the average atomic mass.
 For helium, there is approximately one isotope
of Helium-3 for every million isotopes of
Helium-4; therefore, the average atomic mass is
very close to 4 amu (4.002602 amu).
 Chlorine consists of two major isotopes, one
with 18 neutrons (75.77 percent of natural
chlorine atoms) and one with 20 neutrons
(24.23 percent of natural chlorine atoms). The
atomic number of chlorine is 17 (it has 17
protons in its nucleus).
 To calculate the average mass, first convert the
percentages into fractions (divide them by 100).
Then, calculate the mass numbers. The chlorine
isotope with 18 neutrons has an abundance of
0.7577 and a mass number of 35 amu. To
calculate the average atomic mass, multiply the
fraction by the mass number for each isotope,
then add them together.
 Average atomic mass of chlorine = (0.7577 ⋅⋅ 35
amu) + (0.2423 ⋅⋅ 37 amu) = 35.48 amu
 Another example is to calculate the atomic
mass of boron (B), which has two isotopes: B-10
with 19.9% natural abundance, and B-11 with
80.1% abundance. Therefore,
 Average atomic mass of boron = (0.199 ⋅⋅ 10
amu) + (0.801 ⋅⋅ 11 amu) = 10.80 amu
 Whenever we do mass calculations involving
elements or compounds (combinations of
elements), we always use average atomic
masses.
Atomic mass unit
 1 atomic mass unit (amu) =
 1.660539040 × 10-24 gram.
 Carbon-12 is assigned to have exactly 12 units
of mass called as atomic mass unit (amu)
 1 amu is defined as 1/12 of the mass of C-12
isotopes
 MASS OF 1 ATOM OF CARBON 12= 12.OO amu
 1 amu= 1.660539 x 10-24 g
 12.OO amu= 1.992657 x 10-23 g
 or 2 x 10-23 g
 CARBON 12 AMU PROVIDES THE STANDARD
FOR MEASURING THE ATOMIC MASS OF OTHER
ELEMENTS.
Average atomic mass:
CARBON ISOTOPES
NaturallyOccurring/abundance
6CARBON 12 = 98.90%( 0.9890)( 12)
6CARBON 13 = 1.10%(0.0110) (13)
12.01 amu average
atomic mass of natural carbon
 Atomic and Molecular Weights
 The subscripts in chemical formulas, and the
coefficients in chemical equations represent
exact quantities. H2O, for example, indicates
that a water molecule comprises exactly two
atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.
The following equation:
 C3H8(g)+5O2(g)→3CO2(g)+4H2O(l)(2.8 Atomic
Mass.1)
 not only tells us that propane reacts with
oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water,
but that 1 molecule of propane reacts with 5
molecules of oxygen to produce 3 molecules of
carbon dioxide and 4 molecules of water. Since
counting individual atoms or molecules is a little
difficult, quantitative aspects of chemistry rely
on knowing the masses of the compounds
involved.
 Atoms of different elements have different
masses. Early work on the separation of water
into its constituent elements (hydrogen and
oxygen) indicated that 100 grams of water
 contained 11.1 grams of hydrogen and 88.9
grams of oxygen:
 100 grams Water→11.1 grams Hydrogen+88.9
grams Oxygen(2.8 Atomic Mass.2)
 Later, scientists discovered that water was
composed of two atoms of hydrogen for each
atom of oxygen. Therefore, in the above
analysis, in the 11.1 grams of hydrogen there
were twice as many atoms as in the 88.9 grams
of oxygen. Therefore, an oxygen atom must
weigh about 16 times as much as a hydrogen
atom:
 88.9gOxygen1atom111gHydrogen2atoms=16(2.
8 Atomic Mass.3)
 Hydrogen, the lightest element, was assigned a
relative mass of '1', and the other elements
were assigned 'atomic masses' relative to this
value for hydrogen. Thus, oxygen was assigned
an atomic mass of 16. We now know that a
hydrogen atom has a mass of 1.6735 x 10-24
grams, and that the oxygen atom has a mass of
2.6561 X 10-23 grams. As we saw earlier, it is
convenient to use a reference unit when dealing
with such small numbers: the atomic mass unit.
The atomic mass unit (amu) was not
standardized against hydrogen, but rather,
against the 12C isotope of carbon (amu = 12).
 Thus, the mass of the hydrogen atom (1H) is
1.0080 amu, and the mass of an oxygen atom
(16O) is 15.995 amu. Once the masses of atoms
were determined, the amu could be assigned an
actual value:
 1 amu = 1.66054 x 10-24 grams
 conversely:
 1 gram = 6.02214 x 1023 amu
LORENZO ROMANO AMEDEO CARLO AVOGADRO (
1776-1856)
 Avogadro’s number(NA)was ignored during
his lifetime, although it became the basis
for determining atomic masses in the late
nineteenth century.
 Avogadro’s Number and the Mole
 The mole is represented by Avogadro’s
number, which is 6.022×1023 atoms or
molecules per mol.
 Key Points
 The mole allows scientists to calculate the
number of elementary entities (usually
atoms or molecules ) in a certain mass of a
given substance.
 Avogadro’s number is an absolute number:
there are 6.022×1023 elementary entities in
1 mole. This can also be written as
6.022×1023 mol-1.
 The mass of one mole of a substance is
equal to that substance’s molecular weight.
For example, the mean molecular weight of
water is 18.015 atomic mass units (amu), so
one mole of water weight 18.015 grams.
 Key Terms
 mole: The amount of substance of a system
that contains as many elementary entities
as there are atoms in 12 g of carbon-12.
 The chemical changes observed in any
reaction involve the rearrangement of
billions of atoms. It is impractical to try to
count or visualize all these atoms, but
scientists need some way to refer to the
entire quantity. They also need a way to
compare these numbers and relate them to
the weights of the substances, which
they can measure and observe. The solution
is the concept of the mole, which is very
important in quantitative chemistry.
 Avogadro’s Number
 hydrogen to create one molecule of water
 Amedeo Avogadro: Amedeo Avogadro is
credited with the idea that the number of
entities (usually atoms or molecules) in a
substance is proportional to its physical
mass.
 Amadeo Avogadro first proposed that the
volume of a gas at a given pressure and
temperature is proportional to the number
of atoms or molecules, regardless of the
type of gas. Although he did not determine
the exact proportion, he is credited for the
idea.
 Avogadro’s number is a proportion that
relates molar mass on an atomic scale to
physical mass on a human scale. Avogadro’s
number is defined as the number of
elementary particles (molecules, atoms,
compounds, etc.) per mole of a substance.
It is equal to 6.022×1023 mol-1 and is
expressed as the symbol NA.
 Avogadro’s number is a similar concept to
that of a dozen or a gross. A dozen
molecules is 12 molecules. A gross of
molecules is 144 molecules. Avogadro’s
number is 6.022×1023 molecules. With
Avogadro’s number, scientists can discuss
and compare very large numbers, which is
useful because substances in everyday
quantities contain very large numbers of
atoms and molecules.
 The Mole
 The mole (abbreviated mol) is the SI
measure of quantity of a “chemical entity,”
such as atoms, electrons, or protons. It is
defined as the amount of a substance that
contains as many particles as there are
atoms in 12 grams of pure carbon-12. So, 1
mol contains 6.022×1023 elementary
entities of the substance.
 Chemical Computations with Avogadro’s
Number and the Mole
 Avogadro’s number is fundamental to
understanding both the makeup of
molecules and their interactions and
combinations. For example, since one atom
of oxygen will combine with two atoms of
(H2O), one mole of oxygen (6.022×1023 of O
atoms) will combine with two moles of
hydrogen (2 × 6.022×1023 of H atoms) to
make one mole of H2O.
 Another property of Avogadro’s number is
that the mass of one mole of a substance is
equal to that substance’s molecular weight.
For example, the mean molecular weight of
water is 18.015 atomic mass units (amu), so
one mole of water weight 18.015 grams.
This property simplifies many chemical
computations.
 If you have 1.25 grams of a molecule with
molecular weight of 134.1 g/mol, how many
moles of that molecule do you have?
 1.25 g×1 mole134.1 g=0.0093 moles
 Converting between Moles and Atoms
 By understanding the relationship between
moles and Avogadro’s number, scientists
can convert between number of moles and
number of atoms.
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 Convert between the number of moles and
the number of atoms in a given substance
using Avagadro’s number
 KEY TAKEAWAYS
 Key Points
 Avogadro’s number is a very important
relationship to remember: 1 mole
= 6.022×10236.022×1023 atoms, molecules,
protons, etc.
 To convert from moles to atoms, multiply
the molar amount by Avogadro’s number.
 To convert from atoms to moles, divide the
atom amount by Avogadro’s number (or
multiply by its reciprocal).
 Key Terms
 mole: The amount of substance of a system
that contains as many elementary entities
as there are atoms in 12 g of carbon-12.
 Avogadro’s number: The number of atoms
present in 12 g of carbon-12, which
is 6.022×10236.022×1023 and the number
of elementary entities (atoms or molecules)
comprising one mole of a given substance.
 Moles and Atoms
 As introduced in the previous concept, the
mole can be used to relate masses of
substances to the quantity of atoms
therein. This is an easy way of determining
how much of one substance can react with
a given amount of another substance.
 From moles of a substance, one can also
find the number of atoms in a sample and
vice versa. The bridge between atoms and
moles is Avogadro’s number, 6.022×1023.
 Avogadro’s number is typically
dimensionless, but when it defines the
mole, it can be expressed as
6.022×1023 elementary entities/mol. This
form shows the role of Avogadro’s number
as a conversion factor between the number
of entities and the number of moles.
Therefore, given the relationship 1 mol =
6.022 x 1023 atoms, converting between
moles and atoms of a substance becomes a
simple dimensional analysis problem.
 Converting Moles to Atoms
 Given a known number of moles (x), one
can find the number of atoms (y) in this
molar quantity by multiplying it by
Avogadro’s number:
 x moles⋅6.022×1023atoms1 mole=y atomsx
moles⋅6.022×1023atoms1 mole=y atoms
 For example, if scientists want to know how
may atoms are in six moles of sodium (x =
6), they could solve:
 6 moles⋅6.022×1023 atoms1 mole=3.61×10
24 atoms6 moles⋅6.022×1023 atoms1 mole
=3.61×1024 atoms
 Note that the solution is independent of
whether the element is sodium or
otherwise.
 Converting Atoms to Moles
 Reversing the calculation above, it is
possible to convert a number of atoms to a
molar quantity by dividing it by Avogadro’s
number:
 x atoms6.022×1023atoms1 mole=y molesx
atoms6.022×1023atoms1 mole=y moles
 This can be written without a fraction in the
denominator by multiplying the number of
atoms by the reciprocal of Avogadro’s
number:
 x atoms⋅1 mole6.022×1023 atoms=y molesx
atoms⋅1 mole6.022×1023 atoms=y moles
 For example, if scientists know there
are 3.5⋅10243.5⋅1024atoms in a sample,
they can calculate the number of moles this
quantity represents:
 3.5×1024 atoms⋅1 mole6.022×1023 atoms=
5.81 moles3.5×1024 atoms⋅1 mole6.022×10
23 atoms=5.81 moles
 Molar Mass of Compounds
 The molar mass of a particular substance is
the mass of one mole of that substance.
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 Calculate the molar mass of an element or
compound
 KEY TAKEAWAYS
 Key Points amu and g/mol, g/mol is the most useful
 The molar mass is the mass of a given system of units for laboratory chemistry.
chemical element or chemical compound  Calculating Molar Mass
(g) divided by the amount of substance  Molar mass is the mass of a given substance
(mol). divided by the amount of that substance,
 The molar mass of a compound can be measured in g/mol. For example, the
calculated by adding the standard atomic atomic mass of titanium is 47.88 amu or
masses (in g/mol) of the constituent atoms. 47.88 g/mol. In 47.88 grams of titanium,
 Molar mass serves as a bridge between the there is one mole, or 6.022 x 1023 titanium
mass of a material and the number of moles atoms.
since it is not possible to measure the  The characteristic molar mass of an element
number of moles directly. is simply the atomic mass in g/mol.
 Key Terms However, molar mass can also be calculated
 molar mass: The mass of a given substance by multiplying the atomic mass in amu by
(chemical element or chemical compound the molar mass constant (1 g/mol). To
in g) divided by its amount of substance calculate the molar mass of a compound
(mol). with multiple atoms, sum all the atomic
 mole: The amount of substance of a system mass of the constituent atoms.
that contains as many elementary entities  For example, the molar mass of NaCl can be
as there are atoms in 12 g of carbon-12. calculated for finding the atomic mass of
 Measuring Mass in Chemistry sodium (22.99 g/mol) and the atomic mass
 Chemists can measure a quantity of matter of chlorine (35.45 g/mol) and combining
using mass, but in chemical reactions it is them. The molar mass of NaCl is 58.44
often important to consider the number of g/mol.
atoms of each element present in each
sample. Even the smallest quantity of a
substance will contain billions of atoms, so
chemists generally use the mole as the unit
for the amount of substance.
 One mole (abbreviated mol) is equal to the
number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12;
this number is referred to as Avogadro’s
number and has been measured as
approximately 6.022 x 1023. In other words,
a mole is the amount of substance that
contains as many entities (atoms, or other
particles) as there are atoms in 12 grams of
pure carbon-12.
 amu vs. g/mol
 Each ion, or atom, has a particular mass;
similarly, each mole of a given pure
substance also has a definite mass. The
mass of one mole of atoms of a pure
element in grams is equivalent to the
atomic mass of that element in atomic mass
units (amu) or in grams per mole (g/mol).
Although mass can be expressed as both