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12 Simple Notes (EM) - 3 Marks PDF
12 Simple Notes (EM) - 3 Marks PDF
Name :
Exam No :
School :
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 1, 2, 5 , 7 and Some Important Questions and Answers
will be liberated from the surface of the target, 6. Derive the expression of de Broglie wavelength. When high speed electrons strike the target, they
however low the frequency of the radiation is. The momentum of photon of frequency ′𝜈′ is, are decelarated suddenly and lose their kinetic
But photoelectric emission is not possible below a 𝐸 ℎ𝜈 ℎ energy.
certain minimum frequency called threshold 𝑝= = = [𝑐 = 𝜆𝜈] As a result, X -ray photons are produced.
𝑐 𝑐 𝜆
frequency. The wavelength of a photon is, The face of target is inclined at particular angle, so
Since the energy of light is spread across the ℎ that the X - rays can leave the tube through its
wavefront, each electron needs considerable 𝜆= side.
𝑝
amount of time (a few hours) to get energy According to de Broglie, this equation is applicable Since most of the kinetic energy of electrons get
sufficient to overcome the work function and to to matter particle also. converted in to heat, the target made of high
get liberated from the surface. Let ‘m’ be the mass and ‘𝒗’ be the velocity of the melting point and a cooling system are usally
But experiments show that photoelectric emission particle, then the wavelength employed.
is almost instantaneous process 𝒉 𝒉 9. Write a note on continuous X - ray spectrum.
4. Explain the concept of quantization of energy. 𝝀= = When a fast moving electron penetrates and
𝒎𝒗 𝒑
Max Planck proposed quantum concept in 1900 in approaches a target nucleus, it get accelerates or
This wavelength of the matter waves is known as
order to explain the block body radiations. decelerates
de Broglie wavelength.
According to Planck, matter is composed of a large It may results in a change of path of the electron.
7. An electron and an alpha particle have same kinetic
number of atomic oscillator. The radiation produced from such decelerating
energy. How are the deBroglie wavelengths
Each atomic oscillator which vibrates with its associated with them related? electron is called Bremsstrhlung or braking
characteristic frequency emits or absorbs radiation.
De Broglei wavelength of electron beam,
electromagnetic radiation of the same frequency. ℎ The continuous X -ray spectrum is due to such
(i) If an oscillator vibrates with frequency v, its 𝜆𝑒 = radiations.
√2 𝑚𝑒 𝐾
energy can have only certain discrete values, De Broglei wavelength of alpha particle, When an electron gives up all its energy, then the
𝑬𝒏 = 𝒏 𝒉 𝝂 [𝑛 = 1,2,3, … . ] ℎ photon is emitted with highest frequency (𝜈0 ) or
where h Planck’s constant. 𝜆𝛼 =
√2 𝑚𝛼 𝐾 lowest wavelength (𝜆0 )
(ii) The oscillators emit or absorb energy in small The intial kinetic energy of an electron = eV
packets or quanta and the energy of each 𝝀𝒆 𝒎𝜶
∴ = √ where, V accelerating voltage
quantum is E = h ν 𝝀𝜶 𝒎𝒆 Thus,
This implies that the energy of the oscillator is 𝑐
8. Write a note on the production of X - rays. 𝑒 𝑉 = ℎ 𝜈0 = ℎ
quantized and not continuous This is called 𝜆0
quantization of energy. 𝒉𝒄 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎
5. Explain Eienstein’s explanation for the particle (𝑜𝑟) 𝝀𝟎 = = 𝑨°
𝒆𝑽 𝑽
nature (quanta ) of light This relation is known as Duane - Hunt formula.
Particle nature of light - Eienstein’s explanation : 10. Write a note on characteristic X - ray spectra.
According to Einstein, the energy in light is not Characteristic X - ray spectra :
spread out over wavefronts but is concentrated in The characteristic X -ray spectrum is due to the
small packets or energy quanta. Therefore, light of electronic transitions within the atoms.
frequency v from any source can be considered For example, when an energetic electron
as a stream of quanta X - rays are produced in a Coolidge tube which is a
discharge tube. penetrates in to the target atom and removes the
The energy of each light quantum ; E = h ν electrons in various shells and create a vacancy in
𝒉𝝂 Here a tungsten filament ‘F’ is heated by L.T, so
The linear momentum of quanta is ; 𝒑 = that electrons are emitted from it by thermionic it.
𝒄
The individual light quantum of definite energy emission. So the electrons from outer orbits jump to fill up
and momentum can be associated with a particle. These electrons are accelerated to very high that vacancies.
The light quantum can behave as a particle and speeds by H.T During the downward transition, the energy
this is called photon. The target material like tungsten is embedded in difference between the levels is given out in the
the face of solid copper anode. form of X - ray photon of definite wavelength.
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 1, 2, 5 , 7 and Some Important Questions and Answers
Such wavelengths, characteristic of the target, 12. Give the application of photo cells . ADDITIONAL IMPORTANT`
consitute the line spectrum. Photo cells have many applications especially as QUESTIONS AND ANSWER`
It is evident that K - series of lines in the X - ray switches and sensors. 1. List the properties of Diamagnetic materials.
spectrum arise due to the electronic transistions Automatic lights that turn on when it gets dark Magnetic susceptibility is negative.
from L, M. N, O, ……… shells to K - shell. use photocells, as well as street lights that switch Relative permeability is slightly less than one
on and off according to whether it is night or day. The magnetic field lines are excluded by
Photo cells are used for reproduction of sound in diamagnetic materials when placed in a magnetic
motion pictures fields.
They are used as timers to measure the speeds of Susceptibility is nearly temperature independent.
athletes during a race. 2. List the properties of Paramagnetic materials.
Photo cells of exposure meters in photography are Magnetic susceptibility is small positive value.
used to measure the intensity of the given light Relative permeability is greater than one
and to calculate the exact time of exposure. The magnetic field lines are attracted in to
13. Derive an expression for de Broglie wavelength of paramagnetic materials when placed in a
electrons. magnetic field.
An electron of mass m is accelerated through a Susceptibility is inversely proportional to
potential difference of V volt. temperature.
The kinetic energy acquired by the electron is 3. List the properties of Ferromagnetic materials.
given by Magnetic susceptibility is positive and large
1 Relative permeability is very very greater than
𝑚 𝑣2 = 𝑒 𝑉
Similarly L - series originates due to electronic 2 one
transition from M, N, O, ……. shells to L - shell. Hence the speed of the electron is. The magnetic fleld lines are stronglyattracted in to
2𝑒𝑉 the ferromagnetic materials when placed in a
11. Explain the applications of X -rays. 𝑣2 =
(1) Medical diagnosis : 𝑚 magnetic field.
X - rays can pass through flesh more easily 2𝑒𝑉 Susceptibility is inversely proportional to
than through bones. Thus X -ray radiograph (𝑜𝑟) 𝑣= √ temperature.
𝑚
containing a deep shadow of the bones and a 4. Define Lorentz force. Give the properties of
The de Broglie wavelength of electron is Lorentz magnetic force.
light shadow of flesh. So X -rays radiographs ℎ ℎ
ae used to detect fractures, foreign bodies, 𝜆= = When an electric charge ′𝑞′ moves in the magnetic
diseased organs etc., 𝑚𝑣 2𝑒𝑉 field 𝐵 ⃗ , it experience a force called Lorentz
𝑚√
(2) Medical therapy : 𝑚 magnetic force.
X - ray can kill diseased tissues. So they are 𝒉 𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟕 𝒐 𝑭𝒎 = 𝑩 𝒒 𝒗 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 (𝒐𝒓) ⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝒎 = 𝒒 (𝒗 ⃗ 𝑿 ⃗𝑩
⃗)
𝝀= = 𝑨
employed to cure skin diseases, malignant √𝟐 𝒎 𝒆 𝑽 √𝑽 (i) ⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝒎 is directly proportional to the magnetic field (𝑩⃗⃗ )
tumours etc., ⃗⃗⃗
(ii) 𝑭𝒎 is directlty proportional to the velocity (𝒗 ⃗)
(3) Industry :
(iii) ⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝒎 is directly proportional to sine of the angle
They are used to check for flaws in welded
between the velocity and magnetic field.
joints, motor tyres, tennis balls and wood,
(iv) ⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝒎 is directly proportional to the magnitude of the
At the custom post, they are used for
charge
detection of contraband goods.
(4) Scientific Research : (v) The direction of ⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝒎 is always perpendicular to
X - ray diffraction is important tool to study ⃗⃗⃗𝑣 and 𝐵⃗
the structure of the crystalline materials (i.e) (vi) The direction of ⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝒎 on negative chanrge is
the arrangement of atoms and molecules in opposite to the direction of ⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝒎 on positive charge
crystals. (vii) If the of the charge is along the manetic field, then
⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝒎 is zero.
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 1, 2, 5 , 7 and Some Important Questions and Answers
5. How Galvanometer can be converted in to Here, 𝐼𝐺 = 𝐼 9. Distinguish between Fresnel and Fraunhofer
Ammeter. 𝑉 diffraction.
𝐼𝐺 =
𝑅𝐺 + 𝑅ℎ Fresnel diffraction Fraunhofer diffraction
𝑉 Spherical or cylindrical Plane wavefront
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑅𝐺 + 𝑅ℎ =
𝐼𝐺 wave front undergoes undergoes diffraction
𝑽 diffracion
∴ 𝑹𝒉 = − 𝑹𝑮
𝑰𝑮 The source of light is finite The source of light is infinite
Let 𝑅𝑣 be the resistance of voltmeter, then distance from the obstacle distance from the obstacle
𝑹𝒗 = 𝑹𝑮 + 𝑹𝒉 Convex lenses need not be Convex lenses are to be
A galvanometer is converted into an ammeter by Here, 𝑅𝐺 < 𝑅ℎ < 𝑅𝑣 used used
connecting a low resistance called shunt in
An ideal ammeter has zero resistance. Difficult to observe and Easy to observe and
parallel with the galvanometer.
7. Explain various energy losses in a transformer. analyse analyse
Galvanometer resistance = 𝑅𝐺
(i) Core loss or Iron loss : 10. State and prove Brewster’s law
Shunt resistance = 𝑆
Hysterisis loss and eddy current loss are Sir David Brewster found that, at polarizing
Current flows through galvanometer = 𝐼𝐺
known as core loss or Iron loss. angle, the reflected and transmitted rays are
Current flows through shunt resistance = 𝐼𝑆
When transformer core is magnetized or perpendicular to each other.
Current to be measured = 𝐼
demangnetized repeatedly by the appled ac, Let, incident polarizing angle = 𝑖𝑃
Here, 𝑉𝐺𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑉𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑡
hyterisis takes place and some energy lost in Angle of refraction = 𝑟
𝐼𝐺 𝑅𝐺 = 𝐼𝑆 𝑆
the form of heat. It is minimized by using
𝐼𝐺 𝑅𝐺 = (𝐼 − 𝐼𝐺 ) 𝑆
silicone steel in making transformer core.
𝑰𝑮
𝑺= 𝑹𝑮 Alternating magnetic flux in the core induces
𝑰 − 𝑰𝑮 eddy currents in it. Therefore there is energy
Let 𝑅𝑎 be the resistance of ammeter, then loss due to the flow of eddy current called
1 1 1
= + eddy current loss. It is minimized by using
𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝐺 𝑆 very thin laminations of transformer core.
𝑹𝑮 𝑺 (ii) Copper loss :
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑹𝒂 =
𝑹𝑮 + 𝑺 When an electric current flows through From the figure,
Here, 𝑅𝐺 > 𝑆 > 𝑅𝑎 primary and secondary coils, some amount of 𝑖𝑃 + 90° + 𝑟𝑃 = 180°
An ideal ammeter has zero resistance. energy is dissipated due to Joule’s heating and 𝒓𝑷 = 𝟗𝟎° − 𝒊𝑷 − − − −(1)
6. How Galvanometer can be converted in to it is known as copper loss. It is minimized by From Snell’s law
voltmeter? using wires of larger diameter (thick wire) sin 𝑖𝑃
(iii) Flux leakage : =𝑛
sin 𝑟𝑃
The magnetic flux linked with primary coil is sin 𝑖𝑃
not completely linked with secondary. =𝑛
sin(90° − 𝑖𝑃 )
Energy loss due to this flux leakage is sin 𝑖𝑃
minimize by winding coils one over the =𝑛
cos 𝑖𝑃
A galvanometer is converted in to voltmeter by other.
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒊𝑷 = 𝒏
connecting high resistance in series with the 8. State Huygen’s principle. Thus, the tangent of the polarizing angle for a
galvanometer. Each point of the wavefront is the source of
transparent medium is equal to its refractive
The scale is calibrated in volts. secondary wavelets which spreading out in all
index. This is known as Brewster’s law
Galvanometer resistance = 𝑅𝐺 directions with speed of the wave.
11. Write a note on pile of plates.
High resistanc = 𝑅ℎ The envelope to all this wavelets gives the
It work on the principle of polarization by
Current flows through galvanometer = 𝐼𝐺 position and shape of the new wavefront at a later
reflection.
Voltage to be measured = 𝑉 time.
It consists of a number of glass plates placed one
Total resistance of this circuit = 𝑅𝐺 + 𝑅ℎ over the other in a tube.
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 1, 2, 5 , 7 and Some Important Questions and Answers
13. What are the uses and drawbacks of Nicol prism? Thus reading or viewing smaller things held in the
Uses : hands is difficult for them.
It produces plane polarized light and funcitons as This kind of farsightedness arising due to aging is
a polarizer. called presbyopia.
It can also used as an analyser. 18. What is astigmatism?
Drawbacks : Astigmatism is the defect arising due to different
It cost is very high due to scarity of large and curvatures along different planes in the eye lens.
These plates are inclined at an angle 𝟑𝟑. 𝟕° to the flawless calcite crystal. Astigmatic person cannot see all the directions
axis of the tube. Due to extraordinary ray passing obliquely equally well.
A beam of unpolarized light is allowed to fall on through it, the emergent ray is always displaced a Lenses with different curvatures in different
the pile of plates along the axis of the tube. So the little to one side. planes called cylindrical lens is used to rectify
angle of incidence of light will be 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑°, which is The effective field of view is quite limited. astigmatism defect.
the polarizing angle for glass. Light emerging out of it is not uniformly plane 19. Give the properties of cathode rays.
The vibrations perpendicular to the plane of polarized. Cathode rays possess energy and momentum
incidence are reflected at each surface and those 14. Distinguish between near point focusing and They affect the photographic plates
parallel to it are transmitted. normal focusing. They produce fluorescence
The pile of plates is used as a polrizer and also as Near point focusing Normal focusing When the cathode rays fall on a material of high
an analyser. The image is formed at The image is formed at atomic weight, x-rays are produced.
12. Discuss about Nicol prism. near point infinity They produce ionization.
In this position, the eye In this position, the eye is They deflected by both electric and magnetic
feel little strain most relaxed to view the fields and the direction of deflection indicates that
image they are negatively charged particles.
Magnification is high Magnification is low 20. Calculate the energy equivalent to one atomic
𝑫 𝑫 mass unit (1 u). Give the answer in eV unit.
𝒎= 𝟏+ 𝒎= According to Eienstein’s mass - energy relation
𝒇 𝒇
15. What is myopia? What is its remedy? 𝐸 = 𝑚 𝑐 2 = (1 𝑢 ) 𝑋 (3 𝑋 108 )2
A person suffering from myopia or nearsightedness 𝐸 = 1.66 𝑋 10−27 𝑋 9 𝑋 1016
Nicol prism is made by calcite crystal with its 𝐸 = 14.94 𝑋 10−11 𝐽
cannot see distant objects clearly.
length is three times of its breadth. But we have, 1 𝑒𝑉 = 1.602 𝑋 10−19 𝐽
It occurs when the eye lens has too short focal
The face angles are 72 and 108 length due to thickening of the lens or larger ∴ 𝑬 = 𝟗𝟑𝟏 𝑴𝒆𝑽
It is cut in to two halves along the diagonal AB and diameter of the eyeball than usual. 21. List the properties of neutrons.
joined together by a layer of canada balsam, a Using concave lens this defect can be rectified. Mass of the neutron is little greater than the mass
transparent cement. 16. What is hypermetopia? What is its remedy? of the proton and had no charge.
Let an unpolarized light from monochromatic A person suffering from hypermetopia or Neutrons are stable inside the nucleus. But free
source is incident on the face AC of the Nicol prism. farsightedness cannot see objects close to the eye. neutron has half life of 13 minutes. Then it decays
Here double refraction takes place, and the ray It occurs when the eye lens has too long focal with emission of proton, electron and anti
split in to ordinary ray and extraordinary ray. length due to thinning of eye lens or shortening of neutrino.
For this calcite crystal. the eyeball than normal. Neutrons are classified according to their kinetic
refractive index for the ordinary ray = 1.658 Using convex lens this defect can be rectified. energy as
refractive index for the extraordinary ray = 1.486 17. What is presbyopia? (1) slow neutrons (0 to 1000 eV)
The refractive index of canada balsam = 1.523 The least distance for clear vision for aged people (2) fast neutrons (0.5 MeV to 10 MeV).
Here canada balsam does not polarize light is appreciably more than 25 cm and the person The neutrons with average energy of about
The ordinary ray is totally internally reflected at has to keep the object inconveniently away from 0.025 eV in thermal equilibrium are called
the layer of canada balsam. the eye. thermal neutron.
The extraordinaty ray alone is transmitted
through the crystal which is plane polarized.
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 1, 2, 5 , 7 and Some Important Questions and Answers
22. Give the relation between 𝜶 and 𝜷 Truth table : 27. Give the circuit symbol, Boolean expression,
Forward current gain in common base mode, Inputs Inputs logical operation and truth table of NOR gate .
∆ 𝐼𝐶 A B 𝒀= 𝑨+𝑩 NOR gate - circuit symbol :
𝛼= [ ]
∆ 𝐼𝐸 𝑉 0 0 0
𝐶𝐸
Forward current gain in common emitter mode, 0 1 1
∆ 𝐼𝐶 1 0 1
𝛽= [ ] Boolean expression :
∆ 𝐼𝐵 𝑉 1 1 1
𝐶𝐸
A and B are the inputs and Y be the output, then
From the above two equations, we have 25. Give the circuit symbol, Boolean expression,
𝜷 𝜶 𝒀 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑨+𝑩
logical operation and truth table of NOT gate .
𝜶= (𝒐𝒓) 𝜷= Logical operation :
𝟏+ 𝜷 𝟏− 𝜶 NOT gate - circuit symbol :
The output is high (1) when all the inputs are
23. Give the circuit symbol, Boolean expression, low (0).
logical operation and truth table of AND gate . The rest of the cases, the output is low (0)
AND gate - circuit symbol : Truth table :
Boolean expression :
If A be the input and Y be the output, then 𝒀 = 𝑨 ̅ Input Output (OR) Output (NOR)
Logical operation : A B Z=A+B 𝒀 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑨+𝑩
It is also called as inverter. 0 0 0 1
Boolean expression : The output Y is high (1), when input is low (0) and 0 1 1 0
A and B are the inputs and Y be the output, then vice versa.
1 0 1 0
𝑌 = 𝐴 .𝐵 Truth table :
1 1 1 0
Logical operation : Input Output 28. Give the circuit symbol, Boolean expression,
The output of AND gate is high (1) only when all ̅
A 𝒀=𝑨 logical operation and truth table of EX-OR gate .
the inputs are high (1).
0 1 EX-OR gate - circuit symbol :
The rest of the cases the output is low (0)
1 0
Truth table :
26. Give the circuit symbol, Boolean expression,
Inputs Output
logical operation and truth table of NAND gate .
A B Y=A.B NAND gate - circuit symbol :
0 0 0 Boolean expression :
0 1 0 A and B are the inputs and Y be the output, then
1 0 0 𝒀 = 𝑨 .𝑩̅+ 𝑨 ̅ .𝑩 = 𝑨⨁ 𝑩
1 1 1 Boolean expression : Logical operation :
A and B are the inputs and Y be the output, then The output Y is high (1) only when either of the
24. Give the circuit symbol, Boolean expression,
̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝒀 = 𝑨 .𝑩 two inputs is high (1).
logical operation and truth table of OR gate .
Logical operation : In the case of an Ex-OR gate with more than two
OR gate - circuit symbol :
The output is at low (0) only when all the inputs inputs, the output will be high (1) when odd
are high (1). number of inputs are high (1)
The rest of the cases, the output is high (1) Truth table :
Truth table : Input Output
Boolean expression :
Input Output (AND) Output (NAND) A B 𝒀=𝑨⨁𝑩
A and B are the inputs and Y be the output, then
𝑌 =𝐴+𝐵 A B Z=A.B 𝒀 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑨 .𝑩 0 0 0
Logical operation : 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
The output of OR gate is high (1) when either of 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
the inputs or both are high (1) 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 0
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502