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اﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﺭﺳﻪ
ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺃن اﻟﺒﻴﺪاﻏﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ
ﺩﻭﺭﻛﺎﻳﻢ " ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺎﺕ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺄﻣﻞ ﻭ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ
اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ".
ﻭ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭ اﻟﺒﻴﺪاﻏﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺯاﻭﻳﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻦ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺳﻬﻢ
ﺩﻭﺭﻛﺎﻳﻢ ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ ﺃن اﻟﺒﻴﺪاﻏﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ .ﻭﻫﺬﻩ اﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻭﺃﺷﻤﻞ ﺇﺫ ﺗﺘﺠﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺘﻰ
ﺟﻮاﻧﺒﻬﺎ .ﻭﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃن اﻟﺒﻴﺪاﻏﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ .ﻓﻬﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺪﻭ ﺃن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ
اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ .
مفهوم اﻟﺘرﺒﯿﺔ:
ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺭﻨﺎ ﻨظﺮﺘﺎن ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﺎن ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭم اﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻨظﺮﺓ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ،ﻓﺎﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ اﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻛﻔن ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤﻝ ﻓﻲ
ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻠﻘﻴن اﻷطﻔﺎﻝ ﺸﺘﻰ اﻟﻘﻭاﻨﻴن ﻭاﻟﻘﻴم ﻭاﻟﻌﺎﺩاﺕ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺴﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ،ﺃﻱ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻨﺘﺎج ﺴﻭﺴﻴﻭﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ ،ﺃﻤﺎ
اﻟﻨظﺮﺓ اﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﻯ ﺃن اﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺠﺤﺔ ﺘﺭﺘﻛﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻴﻛﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ اﻟطﻔﻝ ﻭﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﻛﻝ اﻟﻘﺩﺭاﺕ ﻭاﻻﺴﺘﻌﺩاﺩاﺕ اﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻟﺩﻴﻪ ،وﻭاﺫا
ﻛﺎﻨﺕ اﻟﺩﺭاﺴﺎﺕ اﻵن ﺘﺭﺘﻛﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻤن ﺨﻼﻝ اﻟﻨظﺮﺓ اﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻛن ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺎﺕ اﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃن ﺘﻬﻤﻝ اﻟﻨظﺮﺓ
اﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ.
ﻟﺫﻟك ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎع ﻴﻨظﺮﻭن ﺇﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ظﺎﻫﺭﺓ اﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻌﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻭاﺠﺩ اﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﻤﻊ ﻏﻴﺭﻩ
ﻤن ﺃﻓﺭاﺩ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻪ ﺘﻨﺒﺜق اﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻛظﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻷﻨﻤﺎط اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﻭاﻟﻀﻭاﺒط اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺸﻛﻝ طﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ اﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ((( ﺤﺴﻴن
ﻋﺒﺩ اﻟﺤﻤﻴﺩ ﺭﺸﻭان ، 2010 ،ص ،)5ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏم ﻤن ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ اﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤن اﻟﻤﻔﻛﺭﻴن ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﺤﺩﻴﺜﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ اﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺇﻻ
ﺃن ﺃﻭﻝ ﻤن ﺃﻛﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭاﺴﺔ اﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻛظﺎﻫﺭﺓ اﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺇﻤﻴﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻛﺎﻴم.
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫا اﻟﺴﻴﺎق ﻨﺠﺩﻩ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﺩﻭﺭ اﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭاﻟﺘﻨﺸﺌﺔ اﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ،ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻌﻠم اﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻤن ﺨﻼﻟﻬﺎ
ﻭﻴﻛﺘﺴﺏ اﻟﻭﺴﺎﺌﻝ اﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭاﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭاﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ اﻷﺨﻼﻗﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﻟﻛﻲ ﻴؤﺩﻱ ﻭظﻴﻔﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ،ﻭطﺮح ﺩﻭﺭﻛﺎﻴم ﺒﺫﻟك
ﻨظﺮﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺭاﺒطﺔ ﻤﻨطﻘﻴﺎ ﺘﻔﻭق ﺃﻱ ﻤﻨظﻮﺭ آﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠم اﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎع ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﻓﺼﺢ ﻋن ﺘﻭﺠﻪ ﻨظﺮﻱ ﻭاﻀﺢ ﻭﺒﺴﻴط ﻭﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭم
اﻟظﺎﻫﺭﺓ اﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ.
اﻟﺒﯿداﻏوﺠﯿﺎ:
ﻫﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻛﻭن ﻤن ﻤﻘطﻌﻴن اﻷﻭﻝ ) (paidosﻭﺘﻌﻨﻲ اﻟطﻔﻝ ﻭ اﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ) ،(logiaﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻭ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﻗﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ
ﺘﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ،ﻭ اﻟﺒﻴﺩاﻏﻭﺠﻲ ﻫﻭ ﻤن ﻴﺭاﻓق اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻤﻴن ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴق ﺃﻫﺩاف ﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ ﻨﺒﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻴﺤﺭص ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺘﻬم ﻻ ﻤﻌﺎﻗﺒﺘﻬ م،
ﻭﺗﻌﺮف اﻟﺒﻴﺪاﻏﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬ(ﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ(ﺔ اﻟﻄﺮاﺋ((ﻖ ﻭاﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ((ﺎﺕ ﻭاﻟﺨﻄ((ﻮاﺕ اﻟ(ﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻴ((ﺰ ﺗﻌ((ﻢ ﻣ(ﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨ((ﺔ :ﺑﻴﺪاﻏﻮﺟﻴ((ﺔ اﻟﻘ(ﺮاءﺓ،
اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ،اﻟﻌﻠ(ﻮم ....اﻟ(خ ،ﺃﻭ ﻧﺸ(ﺎط ﺃﺳﺎﺳ(ﻲ ﻳﺠ ﺐ ﺗﺤﻔﻴ(ﺰ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠ(ﻢ ﻋﻨ(ﺪ اﻟﺘﻌﻠ(ﻢ ﺑﻴﺪاﻏﻮﺟﻴ(ﺔ اﻻﻛﺘﺸ(ﺎف ،ﺃﻭ ﺩﺧ ﻮﻻ ﻣﺤ(ﺪﺩا ﻓ(ﻲ
اﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺑﺴﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻴﺪاﻏﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻷﻫﺪاف.
ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻋ((ﺎم ﻳﺤ((ﺪﺩ ﻣ((ﻦ ﻧﺎحﻴ((ﺔ ﻋﻠ((ﻢ ﻭﻓ((ﻦ اﻟﺘ((ﺪﺭﻳﺲ ،ﻭﻣ((ﻦ ﻧﺎحﻴ((ﺔ ﺃﺧ((ﺮﻯ طﺮﻳﻘ((ﺔ اﻟﺘ((ﺪﺭﻳﺲ،
ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ اﻟﻀﻴﻖ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ اﻟﺒﻴﺪاﻏﻮﺟﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ :ﺑﻴﺪاﻏﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ :ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴ((ﻦ
اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ ﻭاﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻢ ،ﺑﻴﺪاﻏﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺧﺎصﺔ :ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ طﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ حﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ اﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﺔ.
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻨظﺮﻴﺔ ﺘطﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﻤﺩ ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻤن ﻋﻠم اﻟﻨﻔس :ﻨظ((ﺮﻴﺎﺕ اﻟﺘﻌﻠم ،ﻭﻋﻠم اﻟﻨﻔس اﻟﺘﻛﻭﻴﻨﻲ ،ﻭاﻟﻘﻴﺎس ،ﻭاﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴم ،ﻭﻋﻠم
اﻟﻨﻔس اﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ،ﻭﻋﻠم اﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎع :ﻋﻠم اﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎع اﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻱ ،اﻻﻨﺜﺭﻭﺒﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ اﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ ،ﻭاﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ.
ﺇﺫن ﻴﻤﻛن ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ اﻟﺒﻴﺩاﻏﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻤن ﺨﻼﻝ ﺜﻼث ﻤﻨظﻮﺭاﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ:
اﻟﺒﻌﺩ اﻷﻭﻝ :اﻟﺒﻴﺩاﻏﻭﺠﻴﺎ اﻟﻨظ(((((ﺮﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺤﻘﻝ ﻤن اﻟﺘﻔﻛﻴﺭ ﻭاﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ اﻟﻨظ((((((ﺮﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻓﺭﺯﻫﺎ ﺘﺎﺭﻴخ اﻟﻌﻠﻭم اﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺎﺭﻴخ
اﻟﺒﻴﺩاﻏﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻟﻔﻬم اﻟظﻮاﻫﺭ اﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒطﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴم ﻭاﻟﺘﻌﻠم ﺃﻭ ﻭﺼف اﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ اﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ.
اﻟﺒﻌﺩ اﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ :اﻟﺒﻴﺩاﻏﻭﺠﻴﺎ اﻟﺘطﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ،ﺘﻘﻭم ﺒﺘﺤﻠﻴﻝ ﻭﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ اﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺎﺕ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻘﻭم ﺒﻬﺎ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻭن اﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﻭن ﻓﻲ ﻭﻀﻌﻴﺎﺕ اﻟﺘﻌﻠم،
ﻤﺭﺘﻛﺯﻴن ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟك ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻤﻭﺫج ﻨظﺮﻱ.
اﻟﺒﻌﺩ اﻟﺜﺎﻟث :اﻟﺒﻴﺩاﻏﻭﺠﻴﺎ اﻟﺘﺩﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ اﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻬﻴﺔ prescriptive ،ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺘﻘﻬﺎ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴن اﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﻴن ﻨﺤﻭ
اﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭاﺕ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻛﻝ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﺎﺕ.
اﻟﺒﻴﺩاﻏﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﻫﻲ ﻓن اﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴس ﺃﻭ ط(((((((ﺮاﺌق اﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴس اﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺤﻘﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ،
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻨﻤط ﻤن اﻟﺘﻔﻛﻴﺭ ﻭاﻟﻔﻬم ﻭﻨﻤط ﻤن اﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠظ(((((((ﻮاﻫﺭ اﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ ،ﻟﺫﻟك ﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﺒﻭﺠﻬﺔ اﻟﻨظ(((((((ﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻔظ
ﺒﻴﺩاﻏﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺒﻴن اﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻴن ﻴﺘﻛﺎﻤﻼن ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ:
ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺤﻘﻝ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﻲ ﻗﻭاﻤﻪ اﻟﺘﻔﻛﻴﺭ اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻲ ﻭاﻟﺴﻴﻛﻭﻟﻭﺠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﻭﺠﻬﺎﺕ اﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭاﻷﻨﺸطﺔ اﻟﻤطﻠﻭﺏ ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺘﻬﺎ -
ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭاﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴم
ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻨﺸﺎط ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻴﺘﻛﻭن ﻤن ﻤﺠﻤﻭع اﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺎﺕ ﻭاﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻨﺠﺯﻫﺎ ﻛﻝ ﻤن اﻟﻤﻌﻠم ﻭاﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻤﻴن ﺩاﺨﻝ اﻟﻓﺼ(((((((((ﻞ -
اﻟﺪﺭاﺳﻲ.
خلصاﺔ
ﻭﻤﻊ ﺘطﻮﺭ اﻟﺩﺭاﺴﺎﺕ اﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ ،ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ اﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﻤن اﻵﺒﺎء ﻭاﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷطﻔﺎﻝ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻴﺤﺩﻫﺎ
ﺯﻤﺎن ﻭﻻ ﻤﻛﺎن ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﺴﻭاء ﺃﻛﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩﺓ ﻭ ﺘﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺤﺩاث ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻌﻴن ﻤن اﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ اﻟﺠﺴﻤﻴﺔ
ﻭاﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭاﻷﺨﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻯ اﻟطﻔﻝ ﻴﺘطﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﻨﻪ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻭاﻟﻤﺤﻴط اﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﺫﻱ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﺠﻪ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺨﺼﻭص ،ﺃﻤﺎ
اﻟﺒﻴﺩاﻏﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻓﻬﻲ اﻟﻨظﺮﻴﺎﺕ ﻭاﻵﺭاء اﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﺠﻬﺎﺕ اﻟﻨظﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺩﻭﺭ ﺤﻭﻝ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺭﺃﻴﻪ اﻟﻨظﺮﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ،