Korean Journal of Ornithology

한국조류학회지 pISSN 1225-9179, eISSN 2586-6893

Kor. J. Orni. 26(2): 54-61 (2019) https://doi.org/10.30980/kjo.2019.12.26.2.54

Long-term trends of bird community at Dongbaekdongsan and 1100-Highland

Wetland of Jeju Island, South Korea.

Maniram Banjade1･Sang-Hyun Han2･Young-Hun Jeong1･Lee Jun-Won1･Hong-Shik Oh3*

1
Faculty of Science Education, Jeju National University, Jeju 6324, South Korea
2
Korean National Park Institute of Biodiversity Conservation, Korean National Park Service, Gurye 57616, South Korea
3
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advance Convergence Technology and Science, Faculty of Science Education, Jeju National
University, Jeju 6324, South Korea

제주 동백동산과 1100고지 습지의 조류군집 장기간 동향

반자드 마니람1･한상현2･정영훈1･이준원1･오홍식3*

1
제주대학교 과학교육학부, 2국립공원공단 국립공원생물종보전원
3
제주대학교 대학원 차세대융복합과학기술협동과정, 제주대학교 과학교육학부

Abstract

Dongbaekdongsan and 1100-highland wetlands are the natural inland wetlands of Jeju Island having a difference in the composition
of vegetation, climate, and topographic condition. Avifauna and their fluctuation were investigated between each wetland from
2009-2018 within 2 year interval. In total 86 species belonging to 32 families were observed, among which Dongbaekdongsan
only harbors 78 species, whereas 1100-highland wetland harbors 47 species. The number of species observed was maximum in
the year 2012 and the minimum in the year 2015 in both the wetlands. Despite being the wetlands of natural importance they
support more land birds (79%) compared to semi-aquatic (16%) and aquatic birds (5%). Of the total bird species recorded, Japanese
night heron (Gorsachius goisagi), and fairy pitta (Pitta nympha) are considered globally threatened. As per the national category:
10 are considered as a natural monument and 11 as an endangered species. The presence of different residential and migratory
birds represent these areas as suitable breeding, resting and feeding ground. Our study will be useful for understanding the importance
of freshwater wetlands for the conservation of birds.

Keywords: Dongbaekdongsan, 1100-highland, fluctuation, threatened, fairy pitta.

요약

동백동산과 1100 고지 습지는 식생, 기후 및 지형 조건의 조성에 차이가 있는 제주도의 자연 내륙 습지이다. 본 연구는
두 습지의 서식하는 조류의 종과 개체수 변동성을 파악하기 위해 2009년에서 2018년까지 2년 간격으로 조사하였다. 조사
결과, 총 32과 86종의 조류가 관찰되었으며, 동백동산에서 78종, 1100고지에서 47종이 확인되었다. 두 지역 습지에서
관찰된 종 수는 2012년에 가장 많았으며, 2015년에 가장 적었다. 자연 습지임에도 불구하고, 이들 습지에서 반수성 조류
(semi-Aquatic)16%와 수조류(Aquatic)5%에 비해 산림성 조류(Land bird) 79%가 우점을 이루는 것으로 나타났다. 연구를
통해 확인된 종 중 붉은해오라기(Gorsachius goisagi)와 팔색조(Pitta nympha)는 세계적으로 멸종위기에 처한 종이다. 법정

Received October 26, 2019; Revised December 21, 2019; Accepted December 22, 2019
* Corresponding author: Hong-Shik Oh, E-mail: sciedu@jejunu.ac.kr, Tel: +82-64-754-3283, Fax: +82-64-725-4902

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 Long-term trends of bird community at Dongbaekdongsan and 1100-Highland Wetland of Jeju Island, South Korea.

보호종 은 천연기념물 10종, 멸종위기야생생물 11종이 확인되었다. 동백동산과 1100고지는 철새와 텃새 모두 번식지, 휴
식지, 채식지로 이용하는 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구 결과는 조류의 보존을 위한 담수 습지의 중요성을 이해하는 데 유용
하게 이용될 것이다.

주요어: 동백동산, 1100 고지, 변동성, 멸종위기, 팔색조.

Introduction of inland wetlands and their role in bird diversity and provides
information for implementing the conservation plans.
Since after the designation of Jeju Island as one of the world’s
biosphere reserve (2002), Natural World Heritage (2007) and Global
Materials and Methods
Geopark (2010) by UNESCO, the island receives much more
attention from the Korean government bodies for its development.
1. Study areas
The island is distributed of any and all plant zones ranging from
subtropical forests to sub-alpine plants and maintains the ecological Dongbaekdongsan wetland (33°31'02.12” N 126°42'26.88” E)
environment from seashore intertidal zones through parasitic 0.590 Km2, is a unique part of biodiversity-rich Gotjawal forested
volcanic cones (Oreum in Jeju language), Gotjawal (the world’s area (Fig.1). Due to its excellent geological structure, unique
unique forests or volcanic topology on Jeju Island with tropical vegetation distribution, source of groundwater recharge and resting
northern and southern limit plants co-existing), and valley forests ground for wildlife leads its international recognition to design
to the forest zones in Hallasan Mountain (Kim et al., 2012; 2014). as a Ramsar Wetland on March 14, 2011 (Ramsar, 2011). This
Due to its geographical features and its location in Southern part wetland serves as a spawning ground for amphibians, a food source
of South Korean, has been continuously used as breeding, wintering, for reptiles, as well as a water source for wild birds (Kim et al.,
and stopover sites by migratory and native birds (Kim et al., 2014). 2012). Dominant vegetation includes Quercus glauca, Q. salicina,
Many surveys were conducted focusing on wetlands and their Camellia japonica and Eurya japonica which remain evergreen
surrounding areas (Park, 1990; Ismail et al., 2012; Sharma et al., throughout the year (Koh and Kim, 2011).
2014; Rathod et al., 2016) for understanding the diversity and
structure of bird communities which is essential to delineate the
importance of regional or local landscapes for avian conservation
(Kattan and Franco, 2004). Change of species and individual numbers
become bases for comparing with the past ecological condition
and may serve as a good reference to understand the future ecological
environment (Kim, 2008).
Despite Jeju Island being the “treasure island of environmental
assets, for the whole world, recently biodiversity has been sharply
declining due to climate change, the introduction of exotic species
and destruction of natural habitat for residential and commercial
development (Oh and Hong, 2007; National Institute of Ecology,
2015). Hence, the rapid pace of development increasingly recognizes Fig. 1. Map showing the study areas
the need of protected areas as National Parks, Natural Monuments,
and Ramsar Wetland Sites to support the biodiversity. Till recent 1100-highland wetland (33°21'27.55” N, 126°27'46.87” E)
the island harbors five Ramsar Wetlands of International importance 0.126Km2 is a representative alpine highland wetland in South
which provide a unique habitat for the large population of wildlife Korea (Fig. 1). This wetland is famous for the volcanic wetland
including birds of other guilds that are not strictly limited to wetlands, and has been designated as a part of the Jeju Biosphere Reserve,
such as semi-aquatic and land birds; which have gone almost a UNESCO and World Natural Heritage Site and is designated
unnoticed in most wetlands bird studies. We here investigate the as a Ramsar Wetland in 2009 (Ministry of Environment, 2009).
changes in bird community based on the long-term survey at two The wetland habitat is much suited for insects in addition to
inland Ramsar Wetlands as Dongbaekdongsan and 1100-highland endangered and rare species as Falco peregrines, F. tinnunculus
wetland having a difference in altitude, vegetation, and geographical Buteo buteo, Accipiter gularis and Hynobius quelpartensis.
structure. The result of our study contributes to the knowledge Indigenous flora as Japanese quillwort and Korean indigenous

Kor. J. Orni. Vol. 26. December 2019 55

 Maniram Banjade･Sang- Hyun Han･Young-Hun Jeong･Lee Jun-Won, Hong-Shik Oh

Eleutherococcus divaricatus var. chiisanensis grows only in the Aquatic birds (S‐Aq) are the diverse group of birds that dwells
1100-highland wetland. partly or entirely in water bodies without morphological adaptations,
but they have a strong association with aquatic habitats; and (3)
2. Data collection Land birds (LB), are terrestrial birds that live and breed in non‐aquatic
wetland habitats.
An Organized field study was carried out from 2009 to 2018
Based on the frequency of sighting birds were categorized as
within two year interval (i.e. 2009, 2012, 2015 and 2018). In each
common, frequent, occasional or rare while their behavior was
surveyed years data were collected seasonally with 2 teams of
assigned as migratory and residential with the help of a field guide
3~4 persons each. To reduce bias arising from variation in weather,
(Woo et al., 2000) and IUCN list. Migratory birds are those species
the survey was carried out on the same day at both sites between
which perform the seasonal journey every year within a country
06.00-10.00hr. and from 14.00-18.00hr. on clear and sunny days.
or from their native country to other countries that adversely constrain
The presence of birds in this wetland was observed using Olympus
the acquisition of the resources and subsequently affects their
binoculars (10 × 50 DPSI, USA) and were identified to the species
population stability. The resident birds are native, non-endemic
level through calls, remnants of excretion or nesting and by using
species that do not perform any seasonal journey.
the standard reference book Woo et al., (2000). Hidden and cryptic
birds were flushed out by walking around and identified, but the
study was limited to diurnal birds only due to lack of special Results
equipment to detect nocturnal birds. The International Union for
the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) status used to compare the In total, 86 species of birds belonging to 32 families were recorded
local status with the global status. in the two inland wetlands, of which 4 species (5%) were aquatic,
14 (16%) were semi-aquatic and 68 (79%) were land birds.
3. Guilds and status of bird species Dongbaekdongsan alone harbored 78 species, whereas
1100-highland wetland harbored 47 species. Among these 41 species
Birds were classified into three guilds based on their habitat
were common to both the wetland. The species richness for each
used, sightings and behavioral activity observed during the field
surveyed year reveals highest for the year 2012 and the lowest
survey following Ruiz-guerra (2012) and Murillo-Pacheco et al.,
in 2015 at both wetlands (Fig. 2). Based on our repeated survey
(2017). The habitat used is categorized as (1) Aquatic birds (Aq),
and opportunistic sightings, 52 species have been found commonly,
are the swimming or wading birds that depend on or use ecosystems
6 frequently, 16 occasionally and 12 rarely. Whereas 56 species
dominated by water in part or all of their life cycle and that have
show migratory behavior and 30 were residential species. Of the
anatomical and physiological adaptations to the water; (2) Semi‐

Table 1. List of birds recorded in Dongbaekdongsan and 1100-highland Wetland

Dongbaekdongsan 1100-highland Wetland Category
Scientific name
2009 2012 2015 2018 2009 2012 2015 2018 IUCN National
Phasianus colchicus + + + + + + + + NM
Aix galericulata + +
Anas poecilorhyncha + + + + + + +
Anas platyrhynchos +
Anas crecca + +
Ixobrychus cinnamomeus + En
Gorsachius goisagi + En
Nycticorax nycticorax +
Butorides striata +
Ardeola bacchus +
Bubulcus ibis +
Ardea cinerea + +
Ardea alba + + +
Egretta intermedia +
Egretta garzetta + +
Falco tinnunculus + + + + + + NM

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 Long-term trends of bird community at Dongbaekdongsan and 1100-Highland Wetland of Jeju Island, South Korea.

Table 1. Continued
Dongbaekdongsan 1100-highland Wetland Category
Scientific name
2009 2012 2015 2018 2009 2012 2015 2018 IUCN National
Falco peregrinus + + + + + + + En /NM
Pernis ptilorhynchus + + En
Aegypius monachus + NT En /NM
Accipiter sollensis + En /NM
Accipiter nisus + En /NM
Accipiter gentilis + En /NM
Accipiter gularis + + En
Pandion haliaetus + En
Passer montanus +
Buteo buteo + + + + + +
Actitis hypoleucos +
Gallinago gallinago + + +
Columba janthina + NT En
Streptopelia orietalis + + + + + + + +
Treron sieboldii +
Clamator coromandus +
Cuculus canorus + + + + + +
Cuculus saturatus + + + + +
Cuculus micropterus +
Cuculus poliocephalus + + + + + + + + NM
Apus pacificus + + + + +
Eurystomus orientalis +
Alcedo atthis +
Dendrocopos leucotos + + + + + + + + NM
Pitta nympha + + + + + + VU En /NM
Linius cristatus + + +
Lanius bucephalus + + + + + + + +
Terpsiphone atrocaudata + + + + + NT En
Garrulus glandarius + + + + + + + +
Pica pica + + + +
Corvus corone +
Corvus macrorhynchos + + + + + + + +
Parus major + + + + + + + +
Parus varius + + + + + + + +
Parus ater + + + +
Hirundo rustica + + + + + + + +
Aegithalos caudatus + + +
Microscelis amaurotis + + + + + + + +
Cettia diphone + + + + + +
Zosterops japonicus + + + + + + + +
Troglodytes troglodytes + + + + + +
Sturnus cineraceus +
Zoothera aurea + + + + + + + +
Turdus hortulorum + + +
Turdus pallidus + + + + + + + +
Turdus eunomus + + + + + + +

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 Maniram Banjade･Sang- Hyun Han･Young-Hun Jeong･Lee Jun-Won, Hong-Shik Oh

Table 1. Continued
Dongbaekdongsan 1100-highland Wetland Category
Scientific name
2009 2012 2015 2018 2009 2012 2015 2018 IUCN National
Luscinia cyanura +
Phoenicurus auroreus + + + + + + +
Monticola solitarius +
Muscicapa dauurica + +
Muscicapa sibirica + + + +
Muscicapa griseisticta + + + +
Ficedula zanthopygia + + + + +
Cyanoptila cyanomelana + + + + +
Motacilla cinerea + + + + +
Motacilla alba + + + + + +
Carduelis sinica + + + +
Coccothraustes occothraustes +
Emberiza cioides + + + + +
Emberiza rustica +
Emberiza elegans + + + + + + + +
Phylloscopus borealis + +
Carduelis spinus +
Fringilla montifringilla + + + + + +
Eophona migratoria + + +
Corvus frugilegus + +
Phylloscopus inornatus +
Zoothera sibrica +
Authus hodgsoni + +
Pyrrhula pyrrhula + + +
Total 39 51 35 45 37 42 34 38
IUCN category: En, Endanger; VU, Vulnerable; NT, Near threatened
National category: NM, Natural Monument (designated by Cultural Properties Administration); En, Endanger (designated by MoE).

(Gorsachius goisagi), and Vulnerable fairy pitta (Pitta nympha).

The Near Threatened includes cinereous vulture (Aegypius
monachus), Japanese wood pigeon (Columba janthina), and Japanese
paradise flycatcher (Terpsiphone atrocaudata). As per the national
category, the protected birds confirm during the study includes
10 natural monuments and 12 Endangered species (Table 1).

Discussion

The study of wetland habitat is highly important for understanding

Fig. 2. Annual change in the number of bird species observed
in two Ramsar wetlands.
W1=Dongbaekdongsan, W2=1100-highland wetland.
total bird species recorded so far, two are considered globally
threatened (Endangered and Vulnerable) as per the IUCN (2016;
2017). These include the Endangered Japanese night heron
the bird community structure, population status and the health of
the wetland. Birds are the most conspicuous and significant
components of freshwater wetland ecosystems and their presence
or absence may indicate the ecological condition of the particular
area (Rajpar and Zakaria, 2010). The record of 68 terrestrial and
18 aquatic bird species (Aq. 4 and S.Aq. 14) shows that these
wetlands support less aquatic birds compared to a terrestrial birds.
The fewer aquatic birds might because of the smaller water body

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 Long-term trends of bird community at Dongbaekdongsan and 1100-Highland Wetland of Jeju Island, South Korea.

and less exposed area due to the high canopy. Aquatic birds require
elevated, exposed and high water covered land with a cluster of
platforms to assemble and bask during the winter (Kumar and
Gupta, 2009).
Dongbaekdongsan and 1100-highland wetlands are the natural
inland wetland located on the same island but there is a considerable
difference in the number of species observed. Various studies on
birds have indicated that bird species abundance and richness are
factors of vegetation composition, prey species abundance including
topographic and climatic factors (Aynalem and Bekele, 2011; Girma
et al., 2017). We observed 78 bird species at Dongbaekdongsan
whereas 46 species in 1100-highland wetland areas. The occurrence
of higher no of species at Dongbaekdongsan could be attributed
to the vegetation diversity. The wetland area is surrounded by
warm temperate evergreen broadleaved forest (Yim and Kira, 1976;
Jung et al., 2018) as Quercus glauca, Castanea cuspidata var.
sieboldii, Camellia Japonica being woody plants (Jung et al., 2018)
which supports higher number of terrestrial birds offers more
breeding, nesting, feeding and roosting habitat. In addition, the
presence of lentic water supports aquatic vegetation categorized
as hydrophytes (aquatic plants), perennial herbs and annual herbs
(Table 2).
These aquatic vegetations are eaten by some bird species; besides
some plants support attached invertebrates that are used as a food
source by some aquatic birds (Kırım et al., 2014) leading to the
avifaunal diversity. On the contrary, the larger part of 1100-highland
wetland is surrounded by shrubs (Rhododendron yedoense, Ilex
crenata etc.) and covered by deciduous forest (Koh and Moon,
2009) is not the suitable habitat for nesting and breeding for larger
bird species due to their continuous shedding of the leaf. Lack
of water holding capacity causes fluctuation of water level supports
fewer hydrophytes without submerging plants (Koh and Moon,
2009) results for less attraction of water birds. Many study shows,
the densities of water birds are greater on wetlands with stable
water levels than to the wetlands fluctuate seasonally (Ogden, 1991;
Connor and Gabor, 2006). Despite being dry at certain times supports
life when filled.
The observed abundance of insectivorous birds as Asian brown
flycatcher (Muscicapa dauurica), Blue and white flycatcher
(Cyanoptila cyanomelana), Grey wagtail (Motacilla cinerea), White
wagtail (Motacilla alba), Asiatic warbler (Phylloscopus borealis),
yellow browned warbler (Phylloscopus inornatus), Olive-backed
pipit (Authus hodgsoni) so on in Dongbaekdongsan indicates the
presence of higher number of insect species, which are good source
of protein, fat, and nutrient to breeding birds. Being a secondary
forest (Kang et al., 2013) it supports 228 species of insects belonging
to 38 families which are higher compared to 1100-highland wetland
(Jeong, 2009). Among the different feeding guilds, insectivorous
birds are more abundant in the secondary forest because of the
structural complexity of such forest is very suitable for insects
(Chettri et al., 2005; Dubey et al., 2015).
Highly sensitive to climate and weather, birds are pioneer
indicators to change in climatic conditions. In brief, weather can
influence the timing and seasons of migration, establishment of
territory, breeding and egg-laying. Kim et al., (2012) observed
54 species but our observation shows 76 species at Dongbaekdongsan
whereas 46 species in the 1100-highland wetland which is higher
compared to the result of Oh (2009). The documentation of more
species during the present study may be because of the recent
change in climate in Europe, causing sub-tropical birds to migrate
towards the east (Huntley et al., 2007; Kim et al., 2012). In addition,
the physical factors as latitudinal location, configuration of land,
climate and soil type affect the diversity and distribution of birds.
Dongbaekdongsan located at 92 to 147m altitude with gentle hill
slope (about 15°) facing towards the northwest, which is warmer
to support higher bird species. The 1100-highland wetland located
at 1,100m altitude is cold with strong wind, though west facing
slope. The land area is covered with rocks throughout and the
seepage of water is rapid, leading to the cause of a decrease in
species richness.
In total, the presence of 86 species of bird to these inland wetlands
shows that these freshwater wetlands are important to attract different
resident and migratory terrestrial bird species. Especially in summer,
these wetland forests are used for breeding by globally threatened
species like Fairy pitta (Pitta nympha) and Black paradise flycatcher
(Terpsiphone atrocaudata) (Kim et al., 2012). Habitat loss and
lowland deforestation due to rapid urbanization are the suspected
causes leading to the decline of these precious species populations

Table 2. Comparison of vascular plant species of Dongbaekdongsan and 1100-highland wetland

Vegetation type
M N E Ch H G Hh Th Total
Dongbaekdongsan. 18.0 13.3 0.6 9.0 11.4 14.5 18.1 15.1 100
1100-highland wetland 16.6 8.1 1.2 7.3 34.4 15.8 8.5 8.1 100
Notes: Vegetation type was categorized by Kim and Song (2005) for Dongbaekdongsan; Koh and Moon (2009) for
1100-highland wetland: M, megaphanerophytes; N, nanophanerophytes; E, epiphytes; Ch, chamaephytes; H,
hemicryptophytes; G, geophytes; Hh, hydrophytes; Th, therophytes.

Kor. J. Orni. Vol. 26. December 2019 59

 Maniram Banjade･Sang- Hyun Han･Young-Hun Jeong･Lee Jun-Won, Hong-Shik Oh
(Birdlife International, 2013). Although the illegal activities as
poaching and killing of terrestrial or aquatic birds are negligible,
but the human-driven habitat alternation as the construction of
roads and trekking routes inside the wetland cause a decline in
bird species number.
These areas are highly diverse in terms of resources and have
a more complex ecosystem. Though small in size, the presence
of several species, including summer and winter migratory birds
shows that these areas have the potential to become important
bird areas. This study reveals that mosaic habitats comprising forests,
rangelands, and rocky outcrops are crucial for the conservation
of birds in the region. Furthermore, more fieldwork and scientific
studies of birds are necessary to prepare a suitable outline of the
conservation plans for the area.
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the Korea Environmental
Industry & Technology Institute (KEITI) through the Public
Technology Program based on environmental policy funded by
the Korean Ministry of Environment (MOE; 2017000210001).
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