 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 

٠
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 ،،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
?   ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬          ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

i
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
١  
٢ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٣  ‫א‬‫א‬
٤   .١٫١
٤  ‫א‬ .٢٫١
٦  ‫א‬ .٣٫١
٩  ‫א‬‫א‬ .٤٫١
١٤  ‫א‬‫א‬ .٥٫١
١٩ ‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢١  ‫א‬‫א‬
٢٢   .١٫٢
٢٢  ‫א‬ .٢٫٢
٢٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣٫٢
٢٩  ‫א‬ .٤٫٢
٣٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥٫٢
٤١  ‫א‬‫ א‬.٦٫٢
٤٦ ‫א‬‫א‬
٤٧  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٤٨  ‫א‬‫א‬
٤٩   .١٫٣
٤٩  ‫א‬‫א‬ .٢٫٣
٥٦  ‫א‬ .٣٫٣
٥٦  ‫א‬‫א‬ .٤٫٣
٦٢ ‫א‬‫א‬

ii
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٦٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
٦٥   .١٫٤
٦٦  ‫א‬‫א‬ .٢٫٤
٧٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧٦  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٧٧  ‫א‬‫א‬
٧٨   .١٫٥
٧٨  ‫א‬‫א‬ .٢٫٥
٨١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣٫٥
٩٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤٫٥
١٠٢ ‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٦  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٧  ‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٨   .١٫٦
١١١  ‫א‬‫ א‬.٢٫٦
١١١  ‫א‬ .٣٫٦
١١٢  ‫א‬ .٤٫٦
١١٤  ‫א‬‫א‬ .٥٫٦
١١٥  ‫א‬‫א‬ .٦٫٦
١١٦  ‫א‬ .٧٫٦
١١٧  ‫א‬‫ א‬.٨٫٦
١٢٠  ‫א‬ .٩٫٦
١٢٧  ‫א‬‫א‬ .١٠٫٦
١٣٠  ‫א‬‫א‬ .١١٫٦
١٣٩ ‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٠  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

iii
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٤١  ‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٢   .١٫٧
١٤٢  ‫א‬‫א‬ .٢٫٧
١٤٥  ‫א‬‫א‬ .٣٫٧
١٤٩  ‫א‬ .٤٫٧
١٥٣  ‫א‬ .٥٫٧
١٦٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٦٫٧
١٧٣  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٧٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
١٧٥   .١٫٨
١٧٥   .٢٫٨
١٧٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣٫٨
١٧٩  ‫א‬‫א‬ .٤٫٨
١٧٩  ‫א‬‫א‬ .٥٫٨
١٧٩  ‫א‬‫א‬ .٦٫٨
١٨٠  ‫א‬‫א‬ .٧٫٨
١٨١  ‫א‬ .٨٫٨
١٨٢  ‫א‬ .٩٫٨
١٨٣  ‫א‬‫א‬ .١٠٫٨
١٨٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١١٫٨
١٨٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١٢٫٨
١٨٧  ‫א‬ .١٣٫٨
١٨٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١٤٫٨
١٨٨  ‫א‬ .١٥٫٨
١٩٠  ‫א‬ .١٦٫٨
١٩١ ‫א‬ .١٧٫٨
١٩٨  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

iv
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬50%
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
  K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
  K

 
 

 
  

٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K١٫١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Generation plant‫א‬  J١
Transmission lines ‫א‬  J٢
Distribution system‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٫١F‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K50% 
 K‫א‬

 Distribution Systems‫א‬ .٢٫١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Subtransmission Lines‫א‬  J١
Distribution substation‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
Primary feeders‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
Distribution transformers‫א‬  J٤
Secondary circuits‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
Service drops‫א‬  J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢٫١F
‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K245 kV   12.47  
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬        

٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 34.5 kV 4.16 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬   500 kVA   10   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
GS GS
Generating plane
‫محطة توليد‬
Step-up transformers
‫محوالت رفع‬
Circuit breakers
‫قواطع آلية‬

Transmission system
‫منظومة النقل‬

Step-Down transformers
‫محوالت خفض‬

Solar or wind
sources
Subtransmission system ( 100 kW to 1 MW)
‫خطوط مادون النقل‬ ‫محطة رياح أو شمسية‬

Distribution
Substation
Three phase primary
Feeder
-----
Battery ‫مغذي رئيسي‬
or fuel cells ‫ثالثي األوجه‬
1 to 25 MW ‫محطة توزيع‬
Primary circuits
‫بطاريات‬
‫منظومة توزيع أولي‬

One-phase
lateral feeder
----
‫مغذي ثانوي‬

Distribution
Transformer
‫محول توزيع‬

Services
‫خدمة المستھلك‬
Photovoltaic
power supply Home
  up to 100 kW

٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١ J١F‫א‬
Bulk power source
‫خطوط النقل الفرعية‬
Sub transmission

‫محطة توزيع‬
Distribution
substation

‫مغذيات أولية‬
Primary feeders
‫مغذي رئيسي ثالثي األوجه‬
Three phase
primary main
‫مغذي أحادي األوجه‬
One-phase laterals
‫محوالت توزيع‬
Distribution
transformers
‫مغذيات ثانوية‬
Secondary feeders

‫خدمة المستھلك‬
Consumers services
 
‫א‬ E٢ J١F‫א‬
Subtransmission Lines‫א‬K٣٫١
‫א‬‫א‬245 kV12.47‫א‬‫א‬
 69, 115 138 kV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، E٣ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K E٤ J١F‫א‬

‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
   E٦ J١F ‫א‬  K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     E٥ J١F
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Bulk power source bus

Subtransmission
Circuit
‫خطوط مادون النقل‬

Distribution
Substation
‫محطة توزيع‬

Distribution
substation

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J١F‫א‬

٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Bulk power source bus

Subtransmission
circuit
N.o.

Distribution
substation

N.o.

Distribution
substation
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J١F‫א‬
Bulk power source bus

Subtransmission

Distribution
substation

Distribution
substation

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J١F‫א‬

٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Bulk power source bus

Subtransmission
circuit

Distribution
substation

Distribution
substation
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٦-١)‫א‬

٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Primary distribution systems‫א‬‫א‬K٤٫١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J١F‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 Radial distribution system‫א‬‫א‬ J١

 Loop/Ring distribution system‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 Network distribution system‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 Primary selective distribution system‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
Substation bus
Normally open
Reclosing circuit switch
There-phase , four wire Breaker for emergency
express feeder peak load 6000 ‫مفتاح ربط‬
kVA Feed point
‫مغذي‬

Fuse cutout
Distribution ‫مصھر‬
transformer
120/240 V

Three phase, four wire main

feeder

Three phase load

Sectionalizing
switches
Underground R Three pole
recloser
laterial

Switched
capacitor R Recloser
bank one phase
branch

Normally open tie

the adjacent feeder

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J١F‫א‬

١٠
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Radial type primary feeder‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٫٤٫١

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٩ J١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J١F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J١F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Primary main feeder

‫مغذي رئيسي‬
Transformer fuses
‫مصھرات محول‬

Distribution
transformer
Laterals

Sublaterals

Laterals fuses

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J١F‫א‬

١١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
Feeder 1 load area

Tie switch (normally open

Feeder 2 load area

Sectionalizing
switches

Tie switch (normally open)

Feeder 3 load area

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J١F‫א‬

Load center

Express
feeder

  Distribution transformer
location

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J١F‫א‬

١٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
Distribution substation LV
bus

Single
phase main

Phase A
load area
Laterals

Phase B
load area

Three phase main

Phase C
load area

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J١F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 Loop type primary feeders‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢٫٤٫١

  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬     F     ‫א‬    ،‫א‬
 J١F‫א‬ Open Loop type‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٢
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
Close Loop ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K type
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Feeder
Breaker
Distribution substation

N.C.
Disconnected
Distribution switch
Transformers
‫محوالت توزيع‬

N.O.

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J١F‫א‬

 Primary network ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣٫٤٫١

       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K    E١٣ J١F  
‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Distribution Sustation

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J١F‫א‬

١٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Primary feeder voltage level‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤٫٤٫١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١ J١F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K15 kV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J١F‫א‬
Three phase voltage Class
2300 3w-Δ 2.5 kV
2400 3w-Δ*
4000 3w-Y or 3W-Y 5 kV
4160 3w-Y*
4330 3w-Δ
4400 3w-Δ
4600 3w-Δ
4800 3w-Δ
6600 3w-Δ 8.66kV
6900 3w-Δ or 4W-Y
7200 3w-Δ or 4W-Y*
7500 4w-Y
8320 4w-Y
11000 3w-Δ 15 kV
11500 3w-Δ
12000 3w-Δ or 4W-Y
12470 3w-Δ*
13200 3w-Δ or 4W-Y*
13800 3w-Δ*
14400 3w-Δ
22900 4W-Y* 25 kV
24940 4W-Y*
34500 4W-Y* 34.5 kV
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 

  Secondary distribution system ‫א‬‫א‬K٥٫١

‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤

 Secondary main system ‫א‬‫א‬K١٫٥٫١

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J١F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J١F‫א‬

 Radial Secondary system‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢٫٥٫١

 ،‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٥ J١F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Primary Feeders

Distribution
Transformation

Secondary
circuit

Loads
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J١F ‫א‬

١٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Secondary banking ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣٫٥٫١

    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 30%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 J١F ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ E١٦ J١F‫א‬
 J١٦ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E J١٦
 KE
 
Primary main Primary main

Primary Primary fuse

fuse

Distribution Distribution
transformer transformers

Banked
Banked secondary
secondary
mains mains
Secondary Secondary
fuse
fuse

(‫)أ‬ (‫)ب‬
Services to consumers

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J١F‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J١F‫א‬
 J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E J١٧ J١F‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬E J١٧
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

١٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Primary main Primary main

Primary Primary main

fuse

Distribution Distribution
transformers transformers

Banked
Secondary secondary main Secondary
fuses breakers

  a
(‫)أ‬ Services to consumers Services to consumers (‫)ب‬b
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J١F‫א‬
 
 Secondary Network‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤٫٥٫١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E١٨ J١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬(single/double contingency)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬
 
Secondary voltage level‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥٫٥٫١
127 V127/220 V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    220 V  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
120/240 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ANSI‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K240/480 V240/416VV

١٨
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
Sub station low-voltage bus

Circuit breakers

Primary feeders

Secondary
mains Loads

Network
protector
fuse

Network
transformers

Switches

Network
protector
breaker

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨ J١F‫א‬
  

١٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
  ‫؟‬‫א‬  J٤
  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٦
  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٨
  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠
  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١١
  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٣

  

٢٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 

 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

٢١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥

  

٢٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  .١٫٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 Transmission substation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١

 Distribution substation ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 Distribution Substations‫א‬ .٢٫٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J٢F E١ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
    E٣ J٢F ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬  E٢
 E٤ J٢F‫א‬ 115/4.16 kV‫א‬ 15/20/28 MVA
 K
W‫א‬‫א‬
 Power transformers‫א‬  J١
Circuit breakers‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
Disconnecting Switches‫א‬  J٣
Station buses and insulators‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤

٢٣
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Current limitingg reactors ‫א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
 J٦
 SShunt reacctors ‫א‬‫א‬
nt transforrmers‫אא‬ J٧
Curren
mers 
Potentiaal transform ‫א‬ J٨
formers ‫א‬
Capaacitor voltaage transfo ‫א‬ J٩
C
Coupling capacitors
c ‫א‬ J١٠
 J١١
 Series capacitors ‫א‬
Shun
nt capacito  J١٢
ors ‫א‬
ng arresterrs ‫א‬‫אא‬ J١٣
Lightin
  Protective
P ‫א‬ J١٤
relays 
‫א‬ J١٥
 Staation batteeries 
 Earthhing systeem ‫א‬ J١٦
E ts ‫א‬  J١٧
Electrical instrument
i
L traps ‫א‬ J١٨
 Line
‫א‬‫אא‬ J١٩
 

 ‫א‬E ١ J٢F
‫א‬

٢٢٤
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬E٢ J٢F
‫א‬
 

 
  E٣ J٢F‫א‬


٢٢٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E٤ J٢F‫א‬

 Substation bus schemes‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣٫٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،E٥ J٢F ‫א‬   Single bus scheme  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J١
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬          ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،Double bus double-breaker ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
E٦ J٢F
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، Main-and-transfer bus scheme ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٧ J٢F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

٢٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

، Double-bus-single breaker scheme‫א‬ J٤

‫א‬‫א‬ E٨ J٢F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  E٩ J٢F ‫א‬   Ring bus scheme  ‫א‬  J٥
 ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E١٠ J٢F    Breaker-and-a-half scheme     J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ 1.5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Line

Circuit breaker

Bus

Disconnecting
switch

 
 E٥ J٢F

٢٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Line Line

Bus 1

Bus 2

 
 E٦ J٢F
 
Incoming line Incoming line

Main bus

Bus
tie
breaker

Transfer bus

Outraging Outraging
lines lines

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٢F

٢٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Bus 2

Bus
tie
barker

Bus 1

Line Line Line Line

 E٨ J٢F

Line
Line

Line
Line Line Line

 E٩ J٢F

٢٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Line Line Line Line

Bus 1

Tie
breaker

Bus 2

Line Line Line Line

 ‫א‬E١٠ J٢F‫א‬
 
 Distribution Transformers‫א‬.٤٫٢
‫א‬F‫א‬ (34.5-2.4kv)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .ANSI‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٢F‫א‬ (120-600 V)E‫א‬
(Y)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (x)ELFE JF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  J
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 K‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣٠
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫ א‬ J٢
(C2F6)
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  ‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
 
 ANSI‫א‬‫א‬kVA‫א‬E١ J٢F
KVA High voltages Low voltage
Single Three phase Single phase Three phase Single Three phase
phase phase
5 30 2400/4160Y 2400 120//240 208Y/120
10 45 4800/8320Y 4160/2400 240//480 240
15 75 4800Y/8320Y 4160Y 2400 480
25 112.5 7200/12470Y 4800 2520 480Y/227
37.5 150 12470GndY/7200 8320Y/4800 4800 240*480
50 225 7620/13200Y 8320Y 5040 2400
75 300 13200GndY/7620 7200 6900 4160Y/2400
100 500 12000 1200 7200 4800
167 13200/22860GndY 12470/Y/7200 7560 12770Y/720
250 13200 12470Y 7980 13200/76230
333 13800/23900GndY 1320Y/7620
500 13800 31320Y
14400/24940GndY 13200
16340 13800
19920/34500GndY 22900
22900 34400
34400 43800
43800 67000
67000
 

٣١
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Polarity‫א‬ .١٫٤٫٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬  J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ج‬

‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 H3 -H2 -H1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
x3 -x2-x1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

C2 –B2 –A2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c2 –b2-a2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
1U- 1V- 1W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 2U-2V-2W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K     
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

٣٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬E J١١ J٢F‫א‬E J١١ J٢F
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٢ J٢F
 K180‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ،‫א‬         ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٢F‫א‬
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٢F‫א‬
 

٣٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 Phase sequence‫א‬ .٢٫٤٫٢

Voltage ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  Current phasors ‫א‬  phasors
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Transformers Operation in parallel‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.٣٫٤٫٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  W Vector group ‫א‬ ‫ א‬K١
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  F ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     W Turns ratio ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W Impedance voltage ‫א‬ K٣
K
K1:3KVA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

Circuit breakers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.٥٫٢

      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
  K
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬        ‫א‬     J٦
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

over  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ currents
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Over current‫א‬  J

  W‫א‬Fault current‫א‬  J


Short circuit current‫א‬‫א‬ J

Earth fault current‫א‬‫א‬ J

٣٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K E 
‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
Low Voltage Circuit Breakers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١٫٥٫٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Miniature circuit breakers  MCB                            ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
  Moulded Case circuit breakers MCCB ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ب‬

  Low Voltage Power Circuit Breakers ‫א‬ -‫ج‬

‫א‬‫א‬   1000V     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬400V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.600V ‫א‬

Miniature circuit breakers MCB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١ .١٫٥٫٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    E١٣ J٢F ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  
K4 pole 3 pole 2 pole 1 pole‫א‬
K  10       ،  100    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   E٢ J٢F ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
B,C,D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 63 1,2,3,4,B,C,D
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K 63   
 5,6,10,15,16,20,25,30,32,40,50,80,100 A W

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٢F
 
 E٢ J٢F ‫جدول‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ EInF‫א‬ ‫א‬

BS 3871
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،   2.7 to 4 In 1
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EFL 2 to 7 In 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬   7 to 10 In 3
 ،   10 to 50 In 4

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W In‫א‬‫حيث أن א‬
 K‫א‬

٣٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٣ J٢F ‫جدول‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ EInF‫א‬ ‫א‬
BS EN 60898
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،   3 to 5 In B
 ‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF 5 to 10 In C
 ،   10 to 20 In D

‫א‬‫א‬ E١٥ J٢F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٤ J٢F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٢F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٢F‫א‬

Moulded case circuit breakers MCCB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.٢ .١٫٥٫٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٢F‫א‬MCCB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W

٣٨
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬Close overload protection -١

  K‫א‬ -٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٣
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٥
  K‫א‬ -٦
Auxiliary switch -٧

  K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 E١٦ J٢F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K60010 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،K 13010 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

٣٩
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Medium
M Voltage
V Ciircuit Breeakers 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ .٢٫٥٫٢
‫א‬  33kV
3 
 1kV  ‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 W ‫א‬‫א‬
mum oil cirrcuit breakker ‫א‬   J١
Minim

  SF6 ciircuit breaaker ‫אא‬


   J٢
  Vacuuum circuit breaker ‫א‬
‫א‬   J٣

 Minimum
M oil circuitt breaker 
 ‫א‬
.١٫٢٫٥٫٢
‫אא‬E١٧ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
–1500
132kV
V، 33kV 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K5000MV
VA

  
 
 ‫א‬E١٧ J٢F
 

SF6 circuuit breakeer‫אא‬


 .٢٫٢٢٫٥٫٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Sulffur hex fluuoride 
‫א‬


 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
  
  
   
    ‫א‬
Gass ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

٤٤٠
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E١٨٨ J٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kinnsulated Sw
witchgearr GIS
 K‫א‬
‫א‬

   

 SFF6E١٨٨ J٢F 

 

Vacuum ccircuit breeaker ‫א‬‫אא‬.٣٫٢٫٥٫٢


‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬
‫א‬  E١٩ J٢F 
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫אא‬‫א‬

‫א‬ 
 Kinduuctive andd capacitivve currentss ‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
E١٩ J٢F

 Fusess ‫א‬‫א‬ .٦٫٢

٤٤١
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،short circuit current‫א‬ Over current‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ three phase‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Single phase‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣

 fusing current‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬، In‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬110%

 ‫א‬.١٫٦٫١
 WE٢٠ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬WEFuse elementF‫א‬  J١
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE Fuse linkF ‫א‬  J٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEFuse contactF‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 K

٤٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬WE٢٠ J٢F

 Types of fuses‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢٫٦٫٢

 Semi - enclosed rewireable fuses W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١٫٢٫٦٫٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬            ‫א‬ 
 K4kA‫א‬400V‫א‬500A‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  K    ‫א‬      ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١ J٢FK

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١ J٢F
 

 Cartridge type fuses‫א‬‫א‬ .٢٫٢٫٦٫٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Expulsion fuses ‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬

٤٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
      ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    K ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E٢٢ J٢F  ‫א‬  K ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E٢٢ J٢F
 
Vacuum fuses‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣ J٢F

٤٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

H.R.C fuse with tripping device‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬PlungesK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤ J٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ERelayF‫א‬‫א‬circuit breaker

Plunge   

 
 E٢٤ J٢F
 
Selection of fuses ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.٣٫٦٫٢

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  JW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬10%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬      J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٤٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K
 

٤٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١٠
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٣
  

٤٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

٤٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢

٤٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٫٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 KKK…‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 KKK…‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ .٢٫٣

Demand (D)W‫א‬ .١٫٢٫٣

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ K 24‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬       ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

٥٠
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Average Demand ( Dav )W‫א‬ .٢٫٢٫٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F÷E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FZ‫א‬

∑ D
D
T
 W
(kWh)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WDi
 (hr)‫א‬‫א‬WT
Load

0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Time (hours)
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F‫א‬

Maximum Demand (Dmax)W.٣٫٢٫٣

‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬  24

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬    30   15 ‫א‬  
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3015
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٥١
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K   
 120% 100%‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
√
 W
 (kW)Zp
 (kWh)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZW
 ‫א‬‫א‬ZC1,C2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ،    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬    K‫א‬  ‫א‬      
 K‫א‬‫א‬

Demand Factor ( DF )‫א‬ .٤٫٢٫٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬
‫א‬ ‫ א‬

٥٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬W1
 5 100W 4 40W 10 60W 3
 K10W
 K‫א‬‫א‬650W30‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


D 650 W

650
DF 0.631 63.1%
1030

Load Factor ( LF )‫א‬ .٥٫٢٫٣

،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E

   ‫ א‬

‫ א‬
‫ א‬  ‫ א‬‫א‬

٥٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

D
LF
D

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬
‫ א‬‫ א‬  ‫א‬
∑D
T

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬÷‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 E8760 × F÷‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 E30×24× F÷‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E8760×F÷‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 E30×24×F÷‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 E24×F÷‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

Diversity Factor (FDiv)‫א‬ .٦٫٢٫٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
   
‫ א‬
‫ א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬
∑
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬        K‫א‬    

٥٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬        ‫א‬       
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

Coincidence Factor (Fc)‫א‬‫א‬.٧٫٢٫٣

 W‫א‬
1
F
 
 W2
620, 504, 435, 380, 160, ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 900W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 595 W
‫א‬ K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
∑D 620 504 435 380 160 595
D 900

2.99
 
Load diversity (LD)‫א‬ .٨٫٢٫٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   

‫ א‬
‫ א‬  

٥٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ E٢ J٣F‫א‬W3

 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J٣   ‫א‬ J٢  ‫א‬ J> 

3500
‫أقصى حمل للشبكة‬
3000

2500

‫صناعي‬ 2000
Load
1500
‫سكنى‬ (kW )

1000

500

0
24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Time (hr)
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E٢ J٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬W‫א‬
8 P.M.‫א‬2000kW‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 21 P.M.‫א‬2000kW‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J 
19 P.M.‫א‬3000kW‫א‬‫א‬W J 
 ‫א‬÷Z‫א‬ J١
Z(2000+2000) ÷3000Z1.33
–‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬  J٣
 
Z(2000+2000)–3000Z1000kW
 ‫א‬÷1Z‫א‬ J٣
= 1÷ 1.33 = 0.751
 ‫א‬ .٣٫٣

٥٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 W
 ‫א‬  J١
‫א‬  J٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬.٣٫٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢    K‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬     K        ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F 

 ‫א‬E١ J٣F

‫א‬ ‫א‬
 1.0  ‫א‬‫א‬
0.65  ‫א‬
 1.0 10000W
 

٥٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W4
400kVA     ‫א‬         ‫א‬
0.75    100kVA     ‫א‬ 0.65   
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 0.8    300kVA    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.0‫א‬
 ‫א‬
260kVAZ400×0.65Z‫א‬
75kVAZ100×0.75Z‫א‬
 240kVAZ300×0.8Z‫א‬
575kVAZ260+75+240Z‫א‬
 1.0‫א‬‫א‬
575kVAZ1.0 ÷575Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬200m2 :5
 2000W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4 J30W/m2 J
 2000W‫א‬‫א‬2 J2000W J
 1500W J4000W J
 2000W J4000W J
 K220V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
= 30×200H4×2000H2000H2×2000H4000H1500H4000H2000 = 31500W

 1.010000W‫א‬(3-1)
= 31500 J10000=21500W

= 21500×0.4=8600W
= 8600H10000Z18600W

٥٨
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
= 18600 × 220 = 84.55A
 
 110V 1200m2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: 6
4  4kW   2kW ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  6 30W/m2 
 1.2kW     4kW     2kW ‫א‬‫א‬   
 K5kW5kW
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
= (1200×30÷1000) + 6×2 + 4 + 4×2 + 4 + 1.2 + 5 + 5 = 75.2kW
= 75.2 - 10=65.2kW
= 65.2 × 0.4=26.08kW
= 26.08 + 10 = 36.08 kW
 W‫א‬
= 36.08 × 1000 ÷ 110 = 328 A

.‫تبين الجداول اآلتية األحمال القياسية أو النوعية ألنظمة اإلنارة واألجھزة الكھربية وبعض المباني المتخصصة‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٣F

 EW/m2F‫א‬  ‫א‬
32.28 ‫א‬‫א‬
21.52 ‫א‬
21.52 ‫א‬
21.52 ‫א‬
32.28 ‫א‬
10.76 ‫א‬
5.37 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٥٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

21.52 ‫א‬
53.8 ‫א‬
2.7 ‫א‬
10.76  ‫א‬

٦٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٣F

EWF‫א‬  EWF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

600 200  

300-400 300-400  
1000 700  
5000 3250  (12000 BTU)‫א‬
1800 600  1/3 hP
750 600  
2400 800  
1500 500  EF
1000 1000  ‫א‬‫א‬
1200 1200  EF‫א‬
1200 1200  ‫א‬
 3000 1000  ½
1500 1500  ‫א‬
5000 5000  

٦١
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٣F

 ‫א‬(3-4)

‫א‬ ‫א‬
 0.6-0.8  ‫א‬3-5
0.45-0.65  ‫א‬5
 0.6-0.8  EF
0.5  EF
0.7-0.9  EF‫א‬
   ‫א‬
0.9  ‫א‬
 0.4  ‫א‬
0.6  ‫א‬
0.6
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
0.3  ،،‫א‬
0.6  ‫א‬،‫א‬
0.9  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
1.0  ‫א‬
 0.3  

 

٦٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 60W 10   J١
 8‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Dmax=1500W‫א‬‫א‬K1000W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
W‫א‬
K(kwh)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J
15MW, 10MW, W‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 W‫א‬0.75‫א‬‫א‬1.25‫א‬‫א‬،13MW, 12MW
KDmax‫א‬‫א‬  J
KkWh‫א‬‫א‬  J


 W J٣
 ‫א‬ J‫ج‬‫א‬–‫ب‬ J‫أ‬
 ‫א‬ J‫ھـ‬‫א‬ J‫د‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

hr 6-0 6 - 11 11 - 20 20 – 24
Load A(kw) 35 38 20 16
Load B(kw) 20 24 55 25  

400‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 80% 85%90% 95% 200 ‫ و‬، 250 ، 300 ، 350 ،
1.5‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬75%

٦٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٦٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 

  

٦٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 .١٫٤
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
    ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      K      
‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٦٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    
‫א‬   
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 Alternative Pricing principles ‫א‬‫א‬.٢٫٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Flat Tariffs‫א‬‫ א‬.١٫٢٫٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬
  ‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬   
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

2081500kW‫א‬W1
‫א‬‫א‬K100kW‫א‬ 30‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
W=1500×20×8+100(20×6+10×24)=296000kWh
Cost=296000x12x10-2 = 35520 SR ‫א‬‫א‬
 

Two-Part Tariff‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢٫٢٫٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  K‫א‬        ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
  K‫א‬     ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬       K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
     ‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
100.81000kW‫א‬W2
   K‫א‬   20  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1.0   200kW ‫א‬ 
0.12SR/kWh ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 4SR/kVA‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
W=1000x20x10 + 200 x (20x14 + 10x24)= 404000kWh ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
B = 304000 x 0.12 = 15200 SR ‫א‬‫א‬
S = P ÷P.f. = 1000 ÷ 0.8 = 1250 kVA ‫א‬‫א‬
B2 = 1250 x 4 = 5000 SR ‫א‬‫א‬
  B = B1 + B2 = 15200 + 5000 = 20200 SR ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬  E‫א‬ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ W3 
‫א‬ 25‫א‬، E J٣ J٤) ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 0.12 SR/kWh‫א‬‫א‬
  4 SR/kVA ‫א‬‫א‬
  0.9 ‫א‬

٦٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  
 (‫)ب‬ (‫)أ‬ 
 E٣ J٤F
 60kW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫القدرة القصوى‬
66.66 kVA
.
E J٣ J٤F ‫ = اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ وﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
20  8
W  20  24   40  1040 kWh
2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W  1040  25  26000 kWh 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  cos t  26000  0.12  66 .66  4  3386 .64 SR 

 Ascending Tariffs‫א‬‫ א‬.٣٫٢٫٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K E١ J٤F ‫א‬          ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬       E١ J٤F    ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

  

٧٠
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٤F‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
LF kWh
EkWhLF EkWhLF EkWhLF EkWhLF
 EkWh
5 ١٢ 5 5 5 1 - 1000
5 ١٢ 5 5 5 1001 - 2000
10 ١٢ 10 10 10 2001 - 3000
10 ١٢ 10 10 10 3001 - 4000
10 12 12 12 12 4001 - 5000
12 12 12 12 12 5001 - 6000
12 12 15 15 15 6001 - 7000
12 12 20 20 20 7001 - 8000
12 12 22 22 22 8001 - 9000
12 12 24 24 24 9001 - 10000
12 12 26 26 26 > 10000
 
 W4
‫א‬‫א‬1250kW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬255kW‫א‬
 J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
W=50×25×12 + 5×25×12 = 16500 kW
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Cost = 2000×0.05 + 2000×0.10 + 2000×0.12 + 1000×0.15 + 1000×0.20

+1000×0.22 + 1000×0.24 +6500x0.26 = 3040 SR

 

٧١
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Power Factor Penalty ‫א‬‫א‬ .٤٫٢٫٤

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    (I2R) ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
  K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  (Exciter) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬      K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 85% ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  0.85
‫א‬0.01‫א‬‫א‬0.77% 0.700.85
0.85
‫א‬0.01‫א‬‫א‬0.95% 0.600.70
0.85
0.85‫א‬0.01‫א‬‫א‬1.2% 0.500.60

0.85‫א‬0.01‫א‬‫א‬1.5% 0.50

 
  

٧٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W0.9‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  0.90
0.90‫א‬0.01‫א‬‫א‬0.5% 0.700.90
0.7‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.0% 0.70
0.7‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2.0% 0.70

 
‫א‬ 480V 460kVA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 5
 0.974.75$/kVAW‫א‬K0.87
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P = S1 cos1 = P = 460 x 0.87 = 400 kW
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S2 = P ÷ cos2 = 400 ÷ 0.97 = 412 kVA
 0.316‫א‬0.970.87‫א‬E٣ J٦F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
QC = 400 x 0.316 = 126 kvar
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
B1 = 460 kVA x 4.75$ = 2185 $/month
 ‫א‬‫א‬
B2 = 412 kVA x 4.75$ = 1975 $/month
 ‫א‬‫א‬
saving = B1 – B2 = 2185 – 1975 = 228 $/month x 12 month = 2736 $/year
 
 
 W‫א‬0.87400kW‫א‬W6

٧٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

10$/kW ‫א‬‫א‬ 40 kW

9.5$/kW‫א‬160kW‫א‬
9.0$/kW‫א‬800kW ‫א‬
 8.5$/kW1000kW ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 90%‫א‬
‫ نقص‬1%‫א‬‫א‬1%‫א‬‫א‬ 85%‫א‬‫א‬
 K90% ‫في معامل القدرة عن‬
‫א‬‫א‬1%‫א‬‫א‬95%‫א‬‫א‬
.90%‫א‬1%
 K‫א‬‫א‬0.96‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
0.275‫א‬0.960.87‫א‬E٣ J٦F
Q = 400 x 0.275 = 110 kvar‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 120 kvar‫א‬
 W400kW‫א‬‫א‬
 
 40 kW
B1=40x10=400$
 ‫א‬160kW‫א‬
B2=160x9.5=1520$
 ‫א‬200kW‫א‬
B3 = 200 × 9.0 = 1800$
 ‫א‬
BT = B1+B2+B3 = 3720$
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٧٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P=(400x0.90)÷0.96=375kW 
 40 kW 
 B1=40x10 = 400$
 ‫א‬160kW‫א‬
B2=160x9.5=1520$
 ‫א‬175kW‫א‬
B3=175x9.0=1575$ 
 ‫א‬
 BT = B1+B2+B3 = 3495$ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 saving = 3720 – 3495 = 225 $/month × 12 month = 2700 $/year
 
 

٧٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 25 10 2000kW‫א‬  J١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K200kW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE 0.12 SR/kWhZ‫א‬F‫א‬
240.91000 kW‫א‬  J٢
100 ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬  24‫א‬

 W‫א‬،0.8kW
KkWh‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
E4 SR/KVAZ‫א‬‫א‬0.15 SR/kwh Z‫א‬‫א‬F
 20‫א‬ 8 40kW‫א‬  J٣
 W‫א‬،4kW‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
KkWh‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ب‬

 ‫א‬ E ‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤

‫א‬    26   ‫א‬ ، E٤ J٤F ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
  E٤ J٤F‫א‬

٧٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

  

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

٧٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣

 
 

٧٨
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  .١٫٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K J١
 K‫א‬ J٢
 K J٣
 E‫א‬F J٤
 K‫א‬ J٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F J J‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE5%F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫أ‬
 K(I R)‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ب‬
2

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬.٢٫٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  K      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ E١ J٥F ‫א‬   KE‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K

٧٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Motor

Load 1 Load 2

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٥F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٣ J٥F ‫א‬          E٢ J٥F ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E٢ J٥F‫א‬

Load 1 Motor
230 v
-
+

230 v Load 2

 ‫א‬‫א‬ (٣-٥)‫א‬

٨٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

R4

R3

R2

R1
I1 I2 I3 I
4
A C D E F B
r1 r2 r3 r4
i1 i2 i3 i4

E J٤ J٥F‫الشكل‬

current

I1
I2
I3
I4

Voltage E J٤ J٥F‫الشكل‬

I
I1r1+ I 2 r 2 + I 3 r 3+ I 4 r 4

VAB I1r1+i2 r2+I3r3

I1r1+i2 r2
1Ir1

E J٤ J٥F‫الشكل‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤-٥)‫א‬
 

٨١
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.٣٫٥

 W .١٫٣٫٥
‫א‬ A  EA-BF  E J٤ J٥F  ‫א‬
 (C,D,E,F) ‫א‬  ‫א‬  (i1,i2,i3,i4) ‫א‬‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(I1,I2,I3,I4) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(R1, R2, R3, R4 )EC,D,E,FF‫א‬A ‫א‬(r1,r2,r3,r4)
‫א‬E‫א‬Z‫א‬F 
 WA-B‫א‬‫א‬
VAB= I1r1+ I 2 r 2 + I 3 r 3+ I 4 r 4 (5-1)

  JW‫א‬
I1 = i1 + i2 + i3 + i4
I2 = i2 + i3 + i4 (5-2)
I3 = i3 + i4
I 4 = i4

 W‫א‬(5-2)(5-1)‫א‬
VAB= (i1 + i2 + i3 + i4)r1 + (i2 + i3 + i4)r2 + (i3 + i4)r3 + (i4)r4
VAB= i1R1+ i2 R2 + i3 R3+ i4 R4 (5-3)

‫א‬‫א‬(5-3)(5-1)‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
V AB ρ  Ij lj (5-4)
A
ρ
V AB  Α  i j L j (5-5)

  JW
 EΩ. mF‫א‬‫א‬Zρ
 Em2)‫א‬ZA
  (mF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zlj

٨٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZIj
  (A)K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZIj
 
E J٤ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E J٤ J٥F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 E1F
‫א‬،A 300 m‫א‬،، AB
  A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 EF‫א‬  EFA‫ א‬‫א‬

30 40 C
40 100 D
100 150 E
50 250 F
 
‫א‬K10 V‫א‬ ‫א‬
 =1.78x10-8 Ω.m‫א‬‫א‬KAB
 
L4
250 m
L3
150m
L2
100 m
L1
40 m

A C D E F B

  i1 30 A i2 40 A i3 100A i4 50 A

(٥ J٥) ‫الشكل‬

 W‫א‬

٨٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W(٥ J٥)‫א‬‫א‬
ρ  ‫א‬‫א‬
VAB  Α  i iL i
 
ρ  ‫א‬
VAB  Α  i i L i

 
ρ
2 A [ i1L1  i2L 2  i3L 3  i4L4 ]
8
 2 x 1.78 x 10 [ 30 x 40  40 x 100  100 x 150  50 x 250]
A
8
10  2 x1.78 x10 x 32700
A
A  1.164 x10 4 m2
 1.164 cm2

  ‫א‬ .٢٫٣٫٥

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ( J٦ J٥) ‫א‬  K( J٦ J٥) ‫א‬  
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( J٦ J٥) ‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( J٦ J٥)
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ( J٦ J٥)  ‫א‬
 KD‫א‬

   .٣٫٣٫٥

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

٨٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

V1
I1 I2 I3 I4 V1
C D E
A B
r1 r2 r3 r4
i1 i2 i3

( J٦ J٥) ‫الشكل‬

Current

I1

I2

( J٦ J٥) ‫الشكل‬

I3

I4

Voltage

I1r1+I2r2
or
I3r3+I4r4
I4r4
I1r1

( J٦ J٥) ‫الشكل‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٥F‫א‬
 

٨٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E2F
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 1000 m ‫א‬      F1F2 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،F1‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ρ= 1.764x 10-6 Ω.cm‫א‬‫א‬ 0.35 cm2‫א‬‫א‬
 

920 850 800 700 600 500 250  100 EFF1‫א‬

15 10 30 40 70 50 80 20 EF‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 W‫א‬
KI  F1 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E٧ J٥F  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٧ J٥F

I I-20 I-100 I-150 I-220 I-260 I-290 I-300 I-315

F1 100 m 150 m 250 m 100 m 100 m 100 m 50 m 70 m 80 m F2

20 A 80 A 50 A 70 A 40 A 30 A 10 A 15 A

 E٧ J٥F‫א‬
 

  W
  VF1F2  0 ‫א‬F1F2‫א‬

VF1F2  0  ρ  li Ii
Α
10.8 x104[100 I 150(I 20)  250(I100)  100(I150)
 100(I 220)  100(I 260)  50(I 290)  70(I 300)
 80(I 315)]
1000 I 151700  
I 151.7  

٨٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E٧ J٥F‫א‬ 151.7AI‫א‬

 KE٨ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

151.7 131.7 51.7 1.7 A 68.3 108.3 138.3 148.3 163.3

100 m 150 m 250 m 100 m 100 m 100 m 50 m 70 m 80 m

20 A 80 A 50 A 70 A 40 A 30 A 10 A 15 A

 E٨ J٥F‫א‬
‫א‬،F1F2‫א‬‫א‬ A‫א‬‫א‬
 A‫א‬

VF1A 10.08 x 104 [100 x 151.7  150 x 131.7  250 x 51.7  100 x 1.7

 10.08 x 10 4 x 48020  48.4 volt

 E3F
B   ‫א‬ 236 V   A   ‫א‬    A-B 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬200 m‫א‬237V 
 K‫א‬‫א‬A
 

 EF‫א‬‫א‬  EFA‫א‬
 ‫א‬
20 50  C
 40 75  D
 25 100  E
30 150  F
 

 K0.4 Ω/Km‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E٩ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، IA

٨٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

236 v 237 v
A I C I-20 D I-60 E I-85 F I-115 B

50 m 25 m 25 m 50 m 50 m
20 A 40 A 25 A 30 A

 E٩ J٥F‫א‬
0.4  4
 ‫א‬‫א‬
R1 4 × 10 Ω/m
  1000
4
 2 × 4 × 10-4 = 8×10 Ω/m  
  R2

VAB  VA  VB  236  237   1 volt

1  R2  li Ii
 4
 1  8 ×10 [ 50 I  25(I  20)  25(I  60)  50 (I  85)  50( I  115) ]
4
 1  8 ×10 [ 200 I  12000]
I  53.75 A

 E١٠ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

236 v 237 v
A 53.75 A C 33.75 A D 6.25 A E 31.25 A F 61.25 A B

50 m 25 m 25 m 50 m 50 m
20 A 40 A 25 A 30 A
 
 E١٠ J٥F ‫א‬
 

‫א‬AD‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٥F‫א‬
 E125 mBF75 m
D‫א‬

V AD  R 2  Ii li
 8 x10  ( 50 x 53.75  25 x 33.75) = 2.82 V
VD  V  V  236  2.82  233.18 V
A AD

 
  

٨٨
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E4F
 E١١ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬ -‫أ‬
  F‫א‬ -‫ب‬
250 v
A 0.05 ohm B 0.04 ohm D 0.03 ohm F
0.1 ohm

0.4 ohm
C
30 A 241.5 v E 20 A

 E١١ J٥F‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬
  ‫א‬    x ‫א‬  BD   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 E١٢ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
250 v
A 0.05 ohm B 0.04 ohm D 0.03 ohm F

x+30 x x-20
0.1 ohm 0.4 ohm

C
30 A 241.5 v E 20 A
 
 E١٢ J٥F ‫א‬
 ABC‫א‬
VAC 250  241.5  8.5 V
 (x  30)0.05  0.1× 30
 0.05 x  1.5  3
4  0.05 x
x  4  80 A
0.05

٨٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E١٣ J٥F ‫א‬‫א‬ x=80 A‫א‬

  E‫א‬

VE  250  0.05×110 - 80 ×0.04 - 0.4 ×20  250 -16.7

 233.3 volt
250 v
A 0.05 ohm B 0.04 ohm D 0.03 ohm F

110 A 80 A 20 A 60 A
30 A
0.1 ohm 0.4 ohm

C
30 A 241.5 v E 20 A
 E١٣ J٥F‫א‬
 F‫א‬

VF  250  0.05 ×110 - 0.04 ×80 - 0.03 ×60

 250 - 5.5 - 3.2 -1.8
 239.5 volt

 E5F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1000 m AB
 ‫א‬
E ) A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 200 500 800 900

 EF‫א‬ 50 20 30 10
 
‫ א‬. 240 V‫א‬ B 250 V‫א‬ A‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ، 230 V‫א‬‫א‬
  ρ 1.72 x10 6 Ω.cm
  

٩٠
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
D ‫א‬       KE١٤ J٥F  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ER Ω/mF‫א‬

 
E١٤ J٥F ‫الشكل‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬، x CD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E١٤ J٥F
VBD – VAD = 250 -240 =10V

 R[(x  50)200  300 x] - R[(20 - x)300  (50 - x)100  (60 - x)100]  

 100 R[(2 x  100  3 x) - (60 - 3 x  50 - x  60 - x)] ‫א‬
 R[100(10 x- 70)]
0.01  R(x- 7) (I) 
(I)
 ‫א‬
  AD‫א‬‫א‬
VAD  250 - 230  R[200(50  x)  300 x]
20  R[100(2 x  100  3 x)]
0.04  R(x  20) (II)
  (II)‫א‬ (I) ‫א‬
x  7  0.25
x  20
4 x- 28  x  20
3 x  48
x  16 A
‫א‬ E١٥ J٥F ‫א‬‫א‬ x=16 A‫א‬
 x (I)‫א‬K‫א‬D
 

٩١
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

34 A C 16 A D 4A E 34 A F 44 A
A B
200 m 300 m 300 m 100 m 100 m

50 A 20 A 30 A 10 A

 E١٥ J٥F‫א‬
R(16-7) =0.01
R = 0.00111 /m ‫א‬
R = 5.55×10-4 /m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
ρl
R
A
ρl 1.72 10 100
A 0.312 cm 31.2mm
R 5.55 10
 
 (Ring distributor)‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٤٫٣٫٥
‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  E١٦ J٥F‫א‬   
 E١٧ J٥F

I
I-i1-i2-i3

d
i1 b i3

I-i1
I-i1-i2

c
i2


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٥F‫א‬

٩٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

a I d I-i1 c I-i1-i2 b I-i1-i2-i3

I1 I2 I3

 E١٧ J٥F‫א‬

 E6F
‫א‬ E١٧ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬
  B,C,D‫א‬‫א‬0.2 Ω/km
 

240 v A
60 m
I
70 m I-220

D
50 A B
100 A

I-50 80 m
I-120
90 m

C
70 A

E١٨ J٥F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ I A, D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٨ J٥F
VAA = VA – VA = 0
0 = R  I i li

٩٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

0 =  I i li
 70 I  90(I- 50)  80(I-120)  60(I- 220)
300 I  27300
I  91 A
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩ J٥F‫א‬

240 v A
60 m
91 A
70 m 129

D
50 A B
100 A

41 A
80 m
29 A
90 m

C
70 A

 E١٩ J٥F ‫א‬

‫א‬ B,C, D ‫א‬‫א‬ C

 W
VAD  2[ 91X 70 X 0.2 ] 2.55 volt
1000
VDC  2[41X 90 X 0.2 ]1.48 volt
1000
VBC  2[29 X 80 X 0.2 ]  093 volt
1000
0.2
V AB  2[129 X 60 X 1000 ]  3.1 volt

V D  240  2.55  237.45 volt

VC  237.5 1.48  235.97 volt
V B  240  3.1 236.9 volt

٩٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE7F
‫א‬‫א‬ A E٢٠ J٥F‫א‬
 K‫א‬

20 A

150 m I-10

10 A B
200 m I-30

100 m I

I-119 200 m

50 A

250 m
39 A
E I-80 D

 
 E٢٠ J٥F‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬
A B  IBA‫א‬‫א‬
 C D E A
VAA  0   li Ii
 100 I  150(I-10)  200(I- 30)  250(I- 80)  200(I-119)
900 I  51300
I  57 A

٩٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.٤٫٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١٫٤٫٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ، R‫א‬‫א‬ X‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

2ρ
V  Ii li (5 - 6 )
A

 W‫א‬ (5-6)‫א‬
 

2ρ
A  Ii li (5 - 7)
ΔVp

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z ΔVP
 

 WVr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

ΔV %  Δ V x 100%
Vr
 

‫א‬P‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ P‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W

2 x10 3 ρ
V  Pi' L i (5 -8)
AVr

 V  2 x10 ρ  Pi l
3
i (5-9)
AVr
 

٩٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E8F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢١ J٥F ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  6 mm2   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  220V 
 1/ρ= 56 m/Ω.mm2
P1=6 Kw P2=4 Kw P3=2.5 Kw P4= 1 Kw
20 m 10 m 10 m 6m

P\1= 2 Kw P\2= 1.5 Kw P\3= 1.5 Kw P\4=1 Kw

 E٢١ J٥F ‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 V  2 x10 ρ  Pi l
3

AVr i

 2 x 10 3
(6 x 20  4 x 10  2.5 x 10 1.0 x 6)  5.16V
56 x 6 x 220

Δ V  Δ V x 100
Vr
 5.16 x 100  2.35 %
220

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢٫٤٫٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،X
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-‫أ‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ب‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ΔV   Ii [(Cos  i  jSin  i )(R i  j Xi)] (5  10 )

. ‫ويمكن استخدام المعادلة التقريبية‬

٩٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ΔV   I i ( R i Cos  i  X i Sin  i ) (5  11 )

. ‫وال يمكن استخدام ھذه المعادلة في الموزعات الحلقية‬

‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E9F
  Z=0.02+j0.04 Ω‫א‬ ‫א‬ 500 m
 W‫א‬250V‫א‬
 ‫א‬200 mpf =1 50 A‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ 300 mpf= 0.8100 A‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬500m pf =0.650 A‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
.‫الشكل‬ ‫ بفرض أن التيارات موزعة كما في‬.‫ موزعا ً أحادي الوجه‬E٢٢ J٥F ‫يبين الشكل‬

A IAD D I DC C ICB B

200 m 100 m 200 m

I1 I2 I3
50 A 100 A 50 A
pf=1 pf=0.8 lag. pf=0.6 lag.
 E٢٢ J٥F‫א‬

IAD  I1  I 2  I 3
 (50  j 0)  100 ( 0.8  j 0.6)  50(0.6  j0.8)
 160 - j100 A
l AD  200
Z AD  Z T x 500
(0.02  j 0.04)
lT
 0.008  j 0.016 Ω

٩٨
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ΔVAD  (160 j100 )(0.008  j 0.016)

 2.88  j1.76 volt

ZDC  100 (0.02  j 0.04)

500
 0 .004  j 0.008 Ω
IDC  I1  I2
 (160  j100)  (50  j0)
110  j100 A

ΔVDC  I DC Z DC
 (110  j100)(0.004  j 0.008)
1.24  j 0.48 volt

ICB  I3  50 (0.6  j 0.8)

 30  j 40 A
ZCB  ZAD 0.008  j 0.016 Ω
ΔVCB  (30 j40)(0.008 j 0.016)
0.88 j 0.16 volt
 ‫א‬‫א‬
ΔVT  ΔVAD  ΔVDC  ΔVCB
 ( 2.88  j1.76)  (1.24  j0.48)  (0.88  j0.16)
 5  j2.4
V B  V A Δ V T
 250 0  (5  j 2.4)
 245  j 2.4 volt
2
V B  245  2.4  245.0118  245 volt
2

٩٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 E٢٣ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

R3=0.02 ohm

R2=0.012 ohm

R1=0.008 ohm

A D C B

50 A 80 A 30 A

 E٢٣ J٥F ‫א‬

I1 =50A I2 = 100×0.8 = 80A I3 = 50×0.6 = 30A

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Δ V R   IR R
 50 x 0.008  80 x 0.012  30 x 0.02  1.96 volt
 E٢٤ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

X 3
=0.04 ohm

X 2
=0.024 ohm

X 1
=0.016 ohm

A D C B

0A 60 A 40 A

 E٢٤ J٥F‫א‬
 

ΔVm   Im X

١٠٠
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 60 x 0.024  40 x 0.04  3.04 volt

ΔVT  ΔVR  ΔVm 1.96  3.04  5 volt
V B  VA   VT
 250  5  245 volt

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K245 V‫א‬‫א‬
 

(10) ‫مثال‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ K‫א‬  E٢٥ J٥F ‫א‬ 
2500 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KCB‫א‬‫א‬
 V
 
A x B x-48+j36 A C x-93+j58 A D

0.15 ohm 0.15 ohm 0.05 ohm

48-J36 A 45-j22 A 30+j0 A

 E٢٥ J٥F‫א‬

 ‫א‬
  IAB  x ‫א‬‫א‬
IBC  x  (48  j36)
 x  48  j36

ICD  IBC  IC
 (x  48  j36)  (45  j22)
 x  93  j58 A
VAD  VA  VD
 VAB  VBC  VCD
 IABZAB  IBCZBC  ICD ZCD

١٠١
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 0.15 x  0.15(x- 48  j36)  0.05(x- 93  j58)

 0.15 x  0.15 x- 7.2  j5.4  0.05 x- 4.65  j2.9
 0.35 x-11.85  j8.3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
11.85 = 0.35 x
x = 33.857  34 A

IC D  x  93  j58
  59  j58 A
IDC  59  j58 A

VB  VA  IAB ZAB
 250  34 x 0.15
 250  5.1
 244.9 volt
VC  VD  IDC ZDC
 250  0.05(59  j58)
 247.05  j2.9 volt

١٠٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 200 m‫א‬ 250 V‫א‬‫א‬ x-y -١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬  30  40 30  25

 x‫א‬‫א‬
 50 75  100  150
 EF‫א‬
 E‫א‬F0.3 Ω/km‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-‫أ‬
‫א‬‫ א‬-‫ب‬
 
‫א‬E٢٦ J٥F‫א‬ AB J٢
K B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 240VF 240 V‫א‬A
 K‫א‬
 
240 v 8 m.ohm 4 m.ohm 10 m.ohm B
6 m.ohm F 5 m.ohm
A

240 v 12 A 24 A 72 A 240 v
48 A

 
 E٢٦ J٥F‫א‬

  200V        ‫א‬   ‫א‬ J٣
  0.02 Ω/100 m‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬E٢٧ J٥F‫א‬
 BA‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J


 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 

١٠٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

20 A

a 25 m

18 m
8A
b

12 m
A

c 15 A

16 m
e 10 m
12 A

d
22 m
30 A
 
 E٢٧ J٥F‫א‬
 
 J٥F‫א‬ 220 V A AB J٤
 ‫א‬B‫א‬‫ א‬E٢٨
 ‫א‬ -‫أ‬
 1, 3, 5‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ب‬
 0.2 ohm/100 m‫א‬
220 v
8m 1 4m 2 4m 3 4m 4 5m
B
A

20 A 10 A 15 A 12 A 8A

 E٢٨ J٥F‫א‬
  

١٠٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E٢٩ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
25 mm2‫א‬، 6 kW
    1.78 x108 .m ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ -‫أ‬
 A ‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ب‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
 K 23‫א‬ -٢
220 v
8m 1 6m 2 6m 3 8m

A
6 Kw 6 Kw 6 Kw 6 Kw
 
 E٢٩ J٥F‫א‬
A‫א‬‫א‬ E10F‫א‬ J٦
  VB  2450 ‫א‬ VA  250 0 volt
 
‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 E٣٠ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬

1+j1 ohm 1+j3 ohm

B
1+j2 ohm
20 A 15 A
0.8 lag. 0.6 lag.
 
 E٣٠ J٥F‫א‬

١٠٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AE٣١ J٥F‫א‬ J٨
 K‫א‬

50 A
pf=0.8 lag.

1+j0.6 ohm
0.8+j0.5 ohm
A
120 A
pf=1
0+j2 ohm 0.8+j0.5 ohm

70 A
pf=0.8 lag.

 E٣١ J٥F‫א‬

١٠٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

١٠٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤

 
  

١٠٨
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  .١٫٦
 Wv‫א‬‫א‬i‫א‬‫א‬ 
v = Vm sin (t +  ) (6-1)
i = Im sin t (6-2)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
p=vI (6-3)
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
p = VmImsint sin(t+) (6-4)
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
p = VI cos (1-cos2t) + VI sin (sin 2t) (6-5)
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IV
 
I = Im / 2 , V=Vm/ 2

 Resistive Circuit s ‫א‬‫א‬ .١٫١٫٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE6-5F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
p = VI cos (0) (1-cos2t) + VI sin (0) (sin2t)
= VI – VI cos2t (6-6)
 

 ‫א‬      –VIcos2t  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  VI   
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ E١ J٦F ‫א‬K‫א‬
 KVI E6-6F
Pav = VI = VmIm/2 (6-7)
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   E١ J٦F  
 K‫א‬‫א‬

١٠٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
E١ J٦F

 Inductive Circuits ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.٢٫١٫٦

90o90o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE6-5F‫א‬
pL = VI cos(90) (1-cos2t) + VI sin(90) (sin2t)
= 0 + VI sin2t
 
pL = VI sin 2t (6-8)
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢ J٦F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 KPL=0
E6-1F‫א‬VI sin ‫א‬‫א‬، Q ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 90oQL = VI sin 
QL=VI (6-9)
 

١١٠
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
P

i 2

 
E٢ J٦F ‫شكل‬

Capacitive Circuits ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(6-1-3)

-90o90o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE6-5F‫א‬
 

pC = VI cos(-90) (1-cos2t) + VI sin(-90) (sin2t)

= 0 - VI sin2t
pC = -VI sin 2t (6-10)
E٣ J٦F‫א‬–VIsin 2t
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KPC = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

QC = VI (6-11)
 

١١١
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 2

 E٣ J٦F‫א‬
 

Apparent Power‫א‬‫ א‬.٢٫٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬P‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬90o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 90o‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

S = VI (6-12)
 Power Triangle‫א‬ .٣٫٦
‫א‬ (reactive power) ‫א‬‫א‬ (active power) ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(apparent power)‫א‬
S = P + JQ

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
P = P0o , QL = QL90o , QC = Qc-90o
 
 S= P + JQLW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

P
S
QL
QC
S
P

  ‫א‬E٤ J٦F

 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Power Factor ‫א‬ .٤٫٦
‫א‬    
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(kW)
‫א‬  KK… ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K (KVAR)
 K(kVA)
‫ א‬‫א‬
cos ∅ ‫ א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬
P
cos ∅ 6 13
S
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K…‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
(kVA) ‫א‬‫א‬
(kVAR)

‫א‬‫(א‬kW)  

 ‫א‬E٥ J٦F

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٦F
  

١١٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E١ J٦F
‫א‬ ‫א‬
0.65/0.75
 ‫א‬
0.75/0.85
 ‫א‬
0.35/0.4
 ‫א‬‫א‬
0.7/0.9
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.78/0.8
 ‫א‬
0.35/0.6
 ‫א‬
0.6/0.85
 ‫א‬‫א‬
0.7/0.8
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.5/0.7
 ‫א‬
0.6/0.75
 ‫א‬
0.55/0.7
 ‫א‬‫א‬
0.5/0.7
 ‫א‬
0.3/0.75
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ .٦٫٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ×‫א‬ ‫א‬Z‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(I2R)‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬ EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬95%
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬ EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(kW capacity)‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬EF
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   W ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬EF
‫א‬ (Exciter)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   W (prime movers)  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫ א‬EF
  ‫א‬     Q ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ .٦٫٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 
Power Factor Correction ‫א‬ .٧٫٦
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  ‫א‬          ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦ J٦F‫א‬
 
‫א‬  90o ‫א‬ ‫א‬   IL ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   90o ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     Ic ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  I = IL - I C

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K IL180o IC‫א‬‫א‬

 W
 
Q = V (IL – IC) = QL - QC (6-14)
 
I
Ic
Ic V V
IL
AC
I

Ic IL
  IL

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬(٦-٦)‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K 
 
Electrical Capacitors‫א‬‫ א‬.٨٫٦
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
Q
C farad (6-15)
V
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬V‫א‬‫א‬Q
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 o r A A
C  farad (6-16)
d d

 K‫א‬‫א‬d‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٦F
‫א‬    ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
E٢ J٦F

١١٨
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
(MV/m)‫א‬ (MV/m)‫א‬
4-9 2-3 1.00  ‫א‬‫א‬
9.4 0.35 3000.0  ‫א‬‫א‬
200-220 16-18 6.50  ‫א‬
7.00  ‫א‬
76.5 16-18 2.13 ‫א‬‫א‬
150 80-100 5.60  ‫א‬
650 48-52 2.20 ‫א‬
158 not used in a.c. 2.90 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
2 -9
Q = 2  f C V x 10 kVAR (6-17)
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٦F‫א‬
  

١١٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

IL
V
VIL‫א‬

IL
V
2VIL‫א‬
IL

IL
V
2VIL‫א‬
IL

V
 
IL

3VIL

IL IL

IL

V
3VIL

IL IL

 E٧ J٦F‫א‬

١٢٠
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.١٫٨٫٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 500kVAR 1.0‫א‬
‫א‬  K33kV   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
        ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ .٩٫٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
cos2cos1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،E٨ J٦F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S1
 ‫א‬‫א‬P
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬QL
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬QT

١٢١
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٨ J٦F ‫א‬


‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

Q Q
tan
nθ tan θ
P P
Q Q Q Q Q
tan
n tan
P P P P
Q P tan
n taan
 ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
‫א‬  
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬
 KE٩ J٦F‫א‬12‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬coos2ccos1‫א‬

 
 E٩ J٦F‫א‬

١ ٢٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
Q Q
sin
S S
Q Q Q Q Q
sin sin
S S S S
Qc = S (sin 1 - sin 2)

E synchronous motors ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 over excision ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
PM = S (cos1 - cos2)

‫א‬E١٠ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
V 2060 o
 I    530 o A‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
Z1 430 o

S  V I *  2060 o x 5  30 o  10030 o VA‫א‬‫א‬

  P  100 cos 30  86 .6 W‫א‬‫א‬
  Q  100 sin 30  50 VAR‫א‬‫א‬
V 2060 o
 I    40 o A‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
Z2 560 o

S  V I *  2060 o x 40 o  8060 o VA‫א‬‫א‬

  P  80 cos 60  40 W‫א‬‫א‬
Q  80 sin 60  69 .2 VAR‫א‬‫א‬
PT = 86.6 + 40 = 126.6 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 QT = 50 + 69.2 = 119.2 VA ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  S T  PT2  QT2  (126.6) 2  (119 .2) 2  174 VA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٢٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

PT 126.6
P.F .    0.727 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
QT 174
P1=86.6W

I1 I2 Q1=50VA

P2=40W
2060V 430 560

Q=69.2VAR

 

E١٠ J٦F ‫الشكل‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K0.5 250VA W1
 K0.8180 wattW2
 K100VAR  300VA W3
 W‫א‬
P = S ×p.f.= 250 x 0.5 = 125 W‫א‬‫א‬W1
p.f.=cos =0.5  = cos-10.5=60o
 Q = S x sin  = 250 x sin 60 = 216 VAR‫א‬‫א‬

 S = P ÷ p.f =180 ÷ 0.8 = 225 VA .‫א‬‫א‬W2

p.f.= cos = 0.8  = cos-10.8 = 36.9o
 Q = S x sin  = 225 x sin 36.9 = 135 VAR ‫א‬‫א‬

 sin  = Q ÷ S = 100 ÷ 300 = 0.3333  = 19.5o W3

 P = S x cos = 300 x cos19.5 = 283 W‫א‬‫א‬

 PT = 125 + 180 + 283 = 588 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٢٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

QT = 216 – 135 + 100 = 181VAR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  S T  PT2  QT2  (588) 2  (181) 2  616 VA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

p.f.= P ÷ S = 588 ÷ 616 = 0.955‫א‬‫א‬

PT=588 W

125 W
283 W
QT=181VAR

135VAR

180 W

 E١١ J٦F‫א‬

K 0.6‫א‬‫א‬ 500kVA W3

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  0.9‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

P =S x p.f.= 500 x 0.6 =300 kW , =cos-10.6=53.1

 Q = S x sin  = 500 x sin53.1 = 400 kVAR‫א‬‫א‬

 0.9‫א‬
S = P ÷p.f.= 300 ÷ 0.9 = 333 kVA  = cos-10.9 = 26o

 Q1 = S x sin  = 333 x sin26 = 146 kVA‫א‬‫א‬

QC = Q – Q1 = 400 – 146 = 254 kVAR ‫א‬‫א‬

 = 333 ÷ 500 = 0.666 = 66.6%‫א‬‫א‬

١٢٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

P=300 W

Ql=146 VAR

S=500VA
Qc=254VA

 E١٢ J٦F‫א‬
 

‫א‬ 50Hz 440V 50h.P.W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W4

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K 0.85   89%  ‫א‬
    K 0.95 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫؟‬EFEF‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬
P = 50 x (746 ÷ 0.89) = 41910 W = 41.91 kW ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1 = cos-10.85 = 31.8o 0.85 ‫א‬

 Q1=P x tan1 = 41.91 x tan 31.8 = 25.98 kVAR‫א‬‫א‬

1 = cos-10.95 = 18.2o 0.95 ‫א‬

 Q2=P x tan2 = 41.91 x tan 18.2 = 13.79 kVAR ‫א‬‫א‬

 QC = Q1 – Q2 = 25.98 – 13.79 = 12.19 kVAR ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Qc = 12.19 ÷ 3 = 4.063 kVAR ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  

١٢٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 440V‫א‬‫א‬ EF
Ic = Qc÷ V = 4063 ÷ 440 = 9.23 A ‫א‬‫א‬
 Ic = V ÷ Xc = VωC
 C = Ic÷Vω = 9.23 ÷ (2x50x440) = 66.8x10-6 F‫א‬

 440/3=254V‫א‬‫א‬ EF
Ic = Qc÷ V = 4063 ÷ 254 = 16 A‫א‬‫א‬
C = Ic÷Vω = 16 ÷ (2x50x254) = 200.4x10-6 F‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬
 
 W5
K 0.6 12kW   25kVA
1.0‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 S = P ÷ P.F. = 12 ÷ 0.6 = 20 kVA‫א‬‫א‬
 = 20÷25 = 0.8 = 80% ‫א‬‫א‬

1 = cos-10.6 = 53.1o
Q = S x sin 1=20 x sin53.1 = 16 kVAR
2 = sin-1(16÷25) = 39.8o
PT = S x cos2 = 25 x cos 39.8 = 19.2 kW ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
P = 19.2 – 12 = 7.2 kW‫א‬‫א‬

١٢٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

19.2kW
12kW  
1  
2 16kVAR  
25kVA
 
20kVA  
‫الحمل المضاف‬

E١٣ J٦F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬(6-10)

 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬PF1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
PF1 = cos1
P = S1 x cos1
Q1 = S1 x sin 1 = P x tan 1
WPF2‫א‬
PF2 = cos2
P = S2 x cos2
Q2 = S2 x sin 2 = P x tan2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Qc = Q1 – Q2
Qc = P (tan 1 - tan 2) = P (M)
 tan1 Jtan2Z(M) ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٦F‫א‬
 
 

١٢٨
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٣ J٦F
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00 ‫א‬‫א‬
3.122 3.252 3.338 3.543 3.580 3.621 3.669 3.729 3.872 0.25
2.964 3.094 3.230 3.385 3.422 3.463 3.511 3.571 3.714 0.26
2.816 2.945 3.082 3.237 3.274 3.315 3.353 3.423 3.566 0.27
2.679 2.809 2.945 3.100 3.137 3.178 3.226 3.286 3.429 0.28
2.550 2.680 2.816 2.971 3.008 3.049 3.097 3.157 3.300 0.29
2.431 2.561 2.697 2.852 2.889 2.930 2.978 3.038 3.181 0.30
2.315 2.445 2.581 2.736 2.773 2.814 2.862 2.992 3.065 0.31
2.210 2.340 2.476 2.631 2.667 2.709 2.757 2.817 2.960 0.32
2.111 2.241 2.377 2.532 2.569 2.610 2.658 2.718 2.861 0.33
2.015 2.145 2.281 2.436 2.473 2.514 2.562 2.662 2.765 0.34
1.927 2.057 2.193 2.348 2.385 2.426 2.474 2.534 2.677 0.35
1.842 1.972 2.108 2.263 2.300 2.341 2.389 2.449 2.592 0.36
1.761 1.891 2.027 2.182 2.219 2.260 2.308 2.363 2.511 0.37
1.684 1.814 1.950 2.105 2.142 2.183 2.231 2.291 2.434 0.38
1.162 1.742 1.878 2.033 2.070 2.111 2.159 2.219 2.362 0.39
1.541 1.671 1.807 1.962 1.999 2.040 2.088 2.148 2.291 0.40
1.475 1.605 1.741 1.896 1.933 1.974 2.022 2.082 2.225 0.41
1.411 1.541 1.677 1.832 1.869 1.910 1.958 2.018 2.161 0.42
1.530 1.480 1.616 1.771 1.808 1.849 1.897 1.957 2.100 0.43
1.291 1.421 1.556 1.712 1.749 1.790 1.838 1.898 2.410 0.44
1.234 1.364 1.500 1.655 1.692 1.733 1.781 1.841 1.984 0.45
1.180 1.310 1.446 1.601 1.638 1.679 1.727 1.787 1.930 0.46
1.128 1.258 1.394 1.549 1.586 1.627 1.675 1.635 1.878 0.47
1.078 1.208 1.344 1.499 1.536 1.577 1.625 1.685 1.828 0.48
1.029 1.159 1.295 1.450 1.487 1.528 1.576 1.636 1.779 0.49
0.892 1.221 1.248 1.403 1.440 1.481 1.529 1.589 1.732 0.50
0.936 1.066 1.202 1.357 1.394 1.435 1.483 1.543 1.686 0.51
0.893 1.023 1.159 1.314 1.351 1.392 1.440 1.500 1.643 0.52
0.850 0.980 1.116 1.271 1.308 1.349 1.397 1.457 1.600 0.53
0.809 0.939 1.075 1.230 1.267 1.303 1.356 1.416 1.559 0.54
0.769 0.899 1.035 1.190 1.227 1.268 1.316 1.376 1.519 0.55
0.730 0.860 0.996 1.151 1.188 1.229 1.277 1.336 1.480 0.56
0.692 0.822 0.958 1.113 1.150 1.190 1.239 1.229 1.442 0.57
0.655 0.785 0.921 1.076 1.113 1.154 1.202 1.262 1.405 0.58
0.619 0.749 0.885 1.040 1.077 1.118 1.166 1.226 1.369 0.59
0.583 0.713 0.849 1.004 1.041 1.082 1.130 1.190 1.333 0.60
0.549 0.679 0.815 0.970 1.007 1.048 1.096 1.156 1.229 0.61
0.515 0.645 0.781 0.936 0.973 1.014 1.062 1.122 1.265 0.62

١٢٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00 ‫א‬‫א‬
0.483 0.613 0.749 0.904 0.941 0.982 1.030 1.090 1.233 0.63
0.451 0.581 0.717 0.872 0.909 0.950 0.998 1.058 1.201 0.64
0.419 0.549 0.685 0.840 0.877 0.918 0.966 1.026 1.169 0.65
0.388 0.518 0.654 0.809 0.846 0.887 0.935 0.995 1.138 0.66
0.358 0.488 0.624 0.779 0.816 0.857 0.905 0.965 1.108 0.67
0.328 0.458 0.594 0.749 0.786 0.827 0.875 0.935 0.078 0.68
0.299 0.429 0.565 0.720 0.757 0.798 0.846 0.906 1.049 0.69
0.270 0.499 0.536 0.691 0.728 0.769 0.817 0.877 1.020 0.70
0.242 0.372 0.508 0.663 0.700 0.741 0.789 0.849 0.992 0.71
0.214 0.344 0.470 0.635 0.672 0.713 0.761 0.821 0.964 0.72
0.186 0.316 0.452 0.606 0.644 0.685 0.733 0.793 0.936 0.73
0.159 0.289 0.425 0.580 0.617 0.658 0.706 0.766 0.909 0.74
0.132 0.262 0.398 0.553 0.590 0.631 0.679 0.739 0.882 0.75
0.105 0.235 0.371 0.526 0.563 0.604 0.652 0.712 0.855 0.76
0.079 0.209 0.345 0.500 0.537 0.578 0.626 0.686 0.829 0.77
0.052 0.182 0.381 0.473 0.510 0.551 0.559 0.659 0.802 0.78
0.026 0.156 0.292 0.447 0.484 0.525 0.573 0.633 0.776 0.79
----- 0.130 0.266 0.421 0.458 0.499 0.547 0.607 0.750 0.80
----- 0.104 0.240 0.395 0.432 0.473 0.521 0.581 0.724 0.81
----- 0.078 0.214 0.369 0.406 0.447 0.495 0.555 0.698 0.82
----- 0.052 0.188 0.343 0.380 0.421 0.469 0.529 0.672 0.83
----- 0.026 0.162 0.317 0.354 0.395 0.443 0.503 0.646 0.84
----- ----- 0.136 0.291 0.328 0.369 0.417 0.477 0.620 0.85
----- ----- 0.109 0.264 0.301 0.342 0.390 0.450 0.592 0.86
----- ----- 0.083 0.238 0.275 0.316 0.364 0.424 0.567 0.87
----- ----- 0.056 0.211 0.248 0.289 0.337 0.397 0.540 0.88
----- ----- 0.028 0.183 0.220 0.261 0.309 0.369 0.512 0.89
----- ----- ----- 0.155 0.192 0.233 0.281 0.341 0.484 0.90
----- ----- ----- 0.127 0.164 0.205 0.253 0.313 0.456 0.91
----- ----- ----- 0.097 0.134 0.175 0.223 0.283 0.426 0.92
----- ----- ----- 0.066 0.103 0.144 0.192 0.252 0.395 0.93
----- ----- ----- 0.034 0.071 0.112 0.160 0.220 0.363 0.94
----- ----- ----- ----- 0.037 0.078 0.126 0.186 0.329 0.95
----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 0.041 0.089 0.149 0.292 0.96
----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 0.048 0.108 0.251 0.97
----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 0.060 0.203 0.98
----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 0.143 0.99
 
  

١٣٠
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K 0.8 400kW‫א‬W6

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.9 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬
 0.8Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 0.9Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 0.266 Z‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Qc = P x M = 400 x 0.266 = 106.4 kVAR
 
‫א‬K0.75‫א‬‫א‬ 1000‫א‬   W7
 ‫א‬  0.95     ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬
 0.75Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 0.95Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 0.553 Z‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Qc = P x M = 1000 x 0.553 = 553 kVAR
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬.١١٫٦
 

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬EF
‫א‬EF
 W‫א‬‫א‬

١٣١
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

((leakage reeactance) ‫א‬

‫א‬EF
(maagnetizing current)
‫א‬ (‫)ب‬
 

 E١٤ J٦F‫א‬
 

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 60% % ‫א‬
% 20% K
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 100‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬      75  
 ‫א‬  0.75 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؟‬
  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
78%
%‫ أ‬1.777
7 
(100x 100)÷(755x75)
‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
  0.92  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  

 0.9     ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ 
 
  K0.95

     K‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬  
‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١ ٣٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
E١٥ J٦F‫א‬
 

‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬   
‫א‬   ‫א‬     ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ?
(bulk ?‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kcorrection)
 
Overall Correction‫א‬‫א‬ .١٫١١٫٦
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  0.95  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K1.0
 

١٣٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
E١٦ J٦F

 Static Correction ‫א‬‫ א‬.٢٫١١٫٦

   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
    ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬   K‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (stator)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K(rotor) 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F 1.0‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٣٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

    ‫א‬    ‫א‬    K‫א‬ 
     K ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬    ‫א‬   80%    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  20% ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬60%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0.95
 K‫א‬

 
 E١٧ J٦F‫א‬
 
(contactors) ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

١٣٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
E١٨ J٦F

 ‫א‬‫א‬ .٣٫١١٫٦
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K0.95‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (DC bus reactors)‫א‬‫א‬ (input reactors)
 K‫א‬

١٣٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (transients)‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  75 ‫א‬   ‫א‬    K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬        ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤٫١١٫٦

‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  K‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬50‫א‬

E١٩ J٦F

١٣٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫ א‬.٥٫١١٫٦
‫א‬‫א‬80%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
20% ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ 60%‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Supply Harmonics‫א‬‫א‬ .٦٫١١٫٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬          ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(passive harmonic ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬filters)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ KE third harmonics‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ .٧٫١١٫٦
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  

١٣٨
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 KL
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 K‫א‬

 W

    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J
 K

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (passive filters LCR)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٣٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
1200VA‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-١
3275VA‫א‬‫א‬،0.5350VA‫א‬‫א‬،0.7
K1.0
 
 0.9‫א‬ 0.65 300 kW‫א‬ -٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬    0.8   2000VA   -٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.9‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬500VA
 
0.85   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   80%   100 kVA   -٤
‫א‬ 0.6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K  0.8   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   250 kVA   -٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.9‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 1.0    ‫א‬   J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  

١٤٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

١٤١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ -١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٤

 
  

١٤٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 .١٫٧
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ .٢٫٧
  Luminous flux‫א‬‫א‬ .١٫٢٫٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF)E  F
‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ELumenF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 WEwattF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ELmF
 

 1 Lumen = 0.0016 watt (7-1)

 or 1 watt = 681 Lumen (7-2)

  Solid angle‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢٫٢٫٧

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٧F‫א‬E  F
 W‫א‬
A
ω  steradian (7-3)
2
  r
 Z rZA W

١٤٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬ (steradian)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (steradian)،(sr)
 ‫א‬‫א‬EA=r2   1 ‫א‬
 KA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 4(st) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F A  4 π r
2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٧F‫א‬

 (Candela)‫א‬ .٣٫٢٫٧
‫א‬‫א‬ (candela power)‫א‬(cd)
(Luminous              ‫א‬    ‫א‬ (cp)     
 Kintensity)
 
  (Lumen)‫א‬ .٤٫٢٫٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ (Lm)
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬      ،‫א‬   
 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،(steradian)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٧F ‫א‬
 

١٤٤
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٧F 
‫א‬
 

(Quantiity of ligh
ht) ‫א‬  .٥٫٢٫٧
EE‫א‬‫א‬F  ‫א‬‫א‬Q 

W
،
Q  Φ. t Lm. hr (7-4)

‫א‬‫א‬EL  J‫א‬

Lm-hrF
 E J‫א‬F

 
(Luminoous intenssity) ‫א‬ .٦٫٢٫٧

‫א‬
E F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(I)
 W‫א‬
Ι Φ Lm/ssr (candella) (7
7-5)
ω

١ ٤٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KMSCP( mean spherical candela –power)
 
  (Illumination)‫א‬ .٧٫٢٫٧
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬(E)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ΕΦ Lux (7-6)
Α

  (Lux = lm/m2)‫א‬
 
  (Luminance)‫א‬ .٨٫٢٫٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (L)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ι
L cd m 2 (7-7)
S

  m2 ‫א‬‫א‬ZS W

 ‫א‬‫א‬.٣٫٧
‫א‬ (7-6)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Φ
Ι cd
ω
2 2
Α ωr m (7-8)
Φ  Ιω  Ι
Ε Lux
Α ω r2 r2
Ι
Ε  2 Lux (7-9)
r
 

١٤٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٧F‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(7-9)‫א‬E٤ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬
 
Ι Cos θ1
ΕB  2
(7-10)
d
3
Ι Cos θ1
ΕB  2
(7-11)
h
B‫א‬‫א‬=EB
 
 
 
E=1/9 Lux
E= 1/4 Lux
E=1 Lux

‫نقطةاإلضاءة‬
‫ كنديال‬١ ‫مصدر‬

1m

2m

3m

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٧F ‫الشكل‬

١٤٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

θ1

θ1

θ2
θ3

θC D
A B 2
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٧F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ .١٫٣٫٧

 E١F
10 ‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٧F ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬  200 cd  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   5 m ‫א‬  m
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L1 L2 L3 L4

θ1
θ2

5m

A D
B
C

10 m 5m 5m 10 m
 
E٥ J٧F ‫الشكل‬

١٤٨
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  W‫א‬
 K2‫א‬
Ι Cos θ
Ε L1 
1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
(L1 C)

2 2
L 1C  5  15  15.8 m Cos θ1  5 / 15.8= 0.32

200 × 0.32
Ε  2
 0.256 Lux
L1
15.8

Cos θ 2
Ε Ι 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L2 ( L C)
2

1
L2C  5
2
52  5 2 m c os θ 
2 2

  Ε L 2  200 x1/ 2 2  2.83 Lux

(5 2 )

   E L 1  E L 2 0.253  2.83  3.08 Lux ‫א‬

 = 2 x 3.08 =6.16 Lux ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 (2)
B400 cdA200 cd‫א‬100 m‫א‬
K20 mB‫א‬10 m‫א‬A‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٤٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

L2

θ 2

L1

20 m
θ1

10 m

50 m 50 m
 

E٦ J٧F ‫الشكل‬

:‫الحل‬

( L C)  10 2  50 251 m Cos θ1  10 / 51 = 0.196

1

200 × 0.196  0.0151 Lux

Ε L1  2
  51
2 2
( L 2C)  20  50  53.9 m Cos θ 2  20 / 53.9= 0.371

400 × 0.371
ΕL 2  2
 0.051 Lux
53.9
 E L1  E L 2 0.0151  0.051 0.066 Lux ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ .٤٫٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W (Filament lamps)‫א‬  J١

١٥٠
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  Incandescent lamps‫א‬‫ א‬ J

Tungsten halogen lamps‫א‬‫א‬  J
 Reflection lamps‫א‬‫ א‬ J

 (Gas-discharge lampsF‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 Fluorescent lamps‫א‬  J
Low pressure sodium lamps (SOX)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
High pressure sodium lamps (HPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
High pressure mercury lamps ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 Metal halide lamps‫א‬‫א‬  J

(Incandescent lamps)‫א‬‫א‬.١٫٤٫٧
K،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ E٧ J٧F
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 21lm/w‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٧F
 

١٥١
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 (Mercury lamps)‫א‬.٢٫٤٫٧
‫א‬ ،(bulb)    ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬  (Fluorescent-mercury lamps) ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
K  E٨ J٧F

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E٨ J٧F

(Fluorescent lamps)‫א‬.٣٫٤٫٧
 ،‫א‬      ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ E٩ J٧F
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E١١ J٧FKE١٠ J٧F(ballast)

 
 ‫א‬ E٩ J٧F‫א‬

١٥٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١٠ J٧F‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E١١ J٧F‫א‬

١٥٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 (Road lighting)‫א‬ .٥٫٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ .١٫٥٫٧

 W‫א‬
 W(Series system)‫א‬‫א‬ J١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ (constant-current transformer)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٢ J٧F ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

13.2kV   2.4 kV        ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬6.6,7.5,15,20
     K‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 E20%‫א‬‫א‬1%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 EMultiple systemF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE١٣ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬

١٥٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٧F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٧F‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬ .٢٫٥٫٧

١٥٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٧F

E ∑ cos γ (7-12)
 
 P‫א‬Z EP W
  C،  ‫א‬‫א‬ P‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z Ιγc   
 ‫א‬‫א‬Zn  
 ‫א‬‫א‬Zh  
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬  E١٥ J٧F‫א‬EIsolux diagramF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ h‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

a n
Εp  Εr 2
(7 1 3 )
h
 W
  P‫א‬‫א‬ J Ε r
 ‫א‬‫א‬Zn
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z Φ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Za
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬Zh

١٥٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 P‫א‬E١٤ J٧F‫א‬

 ‫א‬E١٥ J٧F‫א‬

١٥٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
Εp
Εav N (7 14)
  
 ‫א‬Z Εp  W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ZN  
‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 W‫א‬‫א‬
η Φn
Εav  W S (7  1 5 )
 
 W
 ‫א‬ZW
 ‫א‬ZS
 ‫א‬ = η
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K E J١٦ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬ h‫א‬  J
  0.075 Z‫א‬ h 
4
  0.32 Z‫א‬ 3 h 
2
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 = 0.0725+0.32= 0.395
   2 ،  1 ‫א‬‫א‬ J

 E J١٦ J٧F‫א‬
  tan
h
1 0
14
1 4h
3h
 2  tan 1 2h  56.50
  E J١٦ J٧F‫א‬

١٥٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  0.075Z‫א‬  1  14o 

  0.32Z‫א‬  2  56..5o 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 = 0.0725+0.32= 0.395

 E J١٦ J٧F‫א‬

 
 E J١٦ J٧F

١٥٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 E J١٦ J٧F‫א‬
 ‫א‬E١٦ J٧F‫א‬
 E3F
  ‫א‬ 10 m‫א‬‫א‬ E١٧ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4000 Lm‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ P‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬E١٨
 a=0.187
 
 W‫א‬
، (0.6h) 6 m‫א‬‫א‬P‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،(7.18)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EA-AF‫א‬
 h‫א‬‫א‬
20 m

L1 L2 L3
6m
P
10 m
5m

  K

 E١٧ J٧F‫א‬

١٦٠
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E١٨ J٧F‫א‬
 
  L1 to P =25 m =2.5h
L2 to P =5 m =0.5 h
L3 to P = 15 m= 1.5 h
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩ J٧F‫א‬
EL1 = 3% of Emax
EL2 = 51% of Emax
EL3 = 25% of Emax
  P‫א‬‫א‬
Ep = EL1+ EL2 + EL3
=3%+51%+25%
=79%

١٦١
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
a
Ε max  2
h 
 0.187 x 40000
2
 74.8 L ux
10
  P‫א‬‫א‬
Ep =0.79 x 74.8= 59.1 Lux

 
 E4F
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0.2 (Emax / Emin)‫א‬‫א‬ E١٩ J٧F
 E٢٠ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬،10 m
 
 
S

12.5 m
10 m

 

 E١٩ J٧F‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 h‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  (10/10)h    B-B ‫א‬ (2.5/10) h   A-A ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ L2L1(7.19)

Ε min (L1)  Ε min (L2)  0.2 Ε max

 

١٦٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

0.1Emax‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 A-A , B-B‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  10% ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬K a, b‫א‬
  b‫א‬‫א‬
S/2 = 1.5h
S=3h
=30 m

 

 E٢٠ J٧F‫א‬
 

١٦٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 E5F
 2.5 m 10m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 40000 Lm‫א‬‫א‬E٢١ J٧F ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 ‫א‬
 E J١٦ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬  J
 01.25h  0.3
 00.5h  0.17
 0.5h1.25h  0.3  0.17  0.13 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

30 m

 
-2.5 0 5m 12.5 m
-025h 0 0.25 1.25h

 E٢١ J٧F‫א‬

١٦٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

η
Ε av  W S
0.13 Χ 40000  23.1 Lux 
Εav  7.5 Χ 30
 E J١٧ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬ J

 00.25h  0.075
 
 00.5h  0.17
 0 . 25 h  0 .5 h
 0 . 075  0 . 17  0 . 245 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
η
av  W S
0.245Χ 40000  43.5 Lux
Εav  7.5 Χ 30
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
Εav = 23.1+ 43.5= 66.6 Lux
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.٦٫٧
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
، ‫א‬‫א‬ E١ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
70)‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 E90 cm
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J١
  J٢
  J٣
  J٤
 

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.١٫٦٫٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

١٦٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

n  η LLF
Ε  ( 7  16 )
  A
 W
 Lm/m2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZE
 
m2‫א‬‫א‬ZA
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
 ‫א‬Z η
 ‫א‬ZLLF
 ‫א‬Zn
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(7-16)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬  ‫ א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬ 
‫ א‬ ‫ א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬E٢٢ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 

CCR  5 h cc L  W
L xW
RCR  5 h RC L  W
L xW
FCR  5 h FC L  W
L xW
 ‫א‬‫ א‬CCR‫א‬hCC W
 ‫א‬‫ א‬RCR‫א‬hRC 
 ‫א‬‫ א‬FCR‫א‬ hFC 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٦٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٧F
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
EF  EF
‫א‬‫א‬ J7  J1
‫א‬‫א‬
1000  300  
20  300  
500 ‫א‬‫א‬ 1000  
50 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 150  ‫א‬
‫א‬ J8 300 
300 ‫א‬‫א‬ 300 ‫א‬
100    J2
2000  500  
300 ‫א‬ 70  
1000 ‫א‬ 1500  
300 ‫א‬ 100  
1000 ‫א‬ 100  
‫א‬   J3
200 ‫א‬ 300  ‫א‬
30 ‫א‬ 700  ‫א‬‫א‬
1000  200  ‫א‬‫א‬
5   ‫א‬ J4
300 ‫א‬ 1500  
1000 W 2000  
10000   ‫א‬ J5
300 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 300  ‫א‬
30 ‫א‬ 1000  ‫א‬‫א‬
1000  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬ J6
300 ‫א‬‫א‬ 300  ‫א‬
1000 ‫א‬ 200  

١٦٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 (7-1)

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
EF  EF
200  ‫א‬
200  
‫א‬ J12 ‫א‬ J9
300 ‫א‬ 300 ‫א‬
150 ‫א‬ 300 
300 ‫א‬ 200 ‫א‬
500  300 ‫א‬
1000  200 ‫א‬
10000  750 
1000  300 ‫א‬
500   J10
 J13 700 ‫א‬
500 ‫א‬‫א‬ 500 ‫א‬
300 ‫א‬ 500 
1000  700 
500  700 
700  700 ‫א‬
1000 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J11
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J14 800 
300 ‫א‬ 300 ‫א‬
70 ‫א‬‫א‬ 300 ‫א‬
 
1000
1000 
 
  

١٦٨
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 (7-1)

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
EF EF
70 ‫א‬ 300 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬
1000
1000  

750  300 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1000  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J15
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
1200
400 
500  3000 

200   100 
 700

500  700 

300   J16

100  300 
250 ‫א‬ 750 
100 ‫א‬ 500 
10 F 700 
E‫א‬
150  500 ‫א‬
500  100  
 
 

١٦٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 

hCC

hRC

‫مستوي التشغيل‬

hFC

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢ J٧F‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J ‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 N  ΕA
 LLF η
 
‫ א‬‫ א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬ 
    ‫ א‬

   
  

١٧٠
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.٢٫٦٫٧
 E6F
‫א‬  ‫א‬   15    ‫א‬ 8 m x 12 m  
 K 1600 Lm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬100 Lm/m2‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
15 x 1600  24000 Lm
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
8 x12 x100  9600 Lm
‫א‬ = 9600/24000 = 40%

 (7)
12 ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
80    12W150  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬ 25% ‫א‬‫א‬ J
40 Lm/W, 15 Lm/W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬
 12X 150 = 1800 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 12(80 + 0.25X80) = 1200 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 1800 –1200 = 600 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬ A‫א‬
 ‫א‬
12 X150 X15 η  27000 η /Α Lm
Ε1  Α m2

 
 ‫א‬

١٧١
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

12 X 80 X 40 η  38400 η /Α Lm m 2
 Ε2 
Α
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 38400  27000  0.42 or 42%
27000
 E8F
1000W‫א‬ 120m x 60m ‫א‬
40    12 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 1000 Lm/m2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬%
 K‫א‬‫א‬w .30 Lm/‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 120 X 60 = 7200 m2 W‫א‬

  7200 × 1000 = 7.2 × 106 LmW‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 40 %
7.2 × 106 /0.4 =18 × 106 Lm
  18× 106 / 12 = 1.5 ×106 Lm W‫א‬‫א‬
 30× 1000 = 3 × 104 Lm W‫א‬‫א‬
 1.5× 106 / 3 × 104 = 50 W‫א‬
 

 E9F
‫א‬ 30m × 20m × 8m  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
  144 Lm/ m2‫א‬5 m‫א‬
 0.75Z‫א‬ J0.6Z‫א‬ J
 1Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  300 watt 13 Lm/wattZ‫א‬ J
  500 watt 16 Lm/wattZ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

١٧٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

    E. Α
η.p
Φ  30 X20 X 144 192000 Lm
0.6 X 0.75
  500 W‫א‬‫א‬
  = 500 X 16 = 8000 Lm
 ‫א‬‫א‬
= 192000/8000 =24
 300 W‫א‬‫א‬
= 300 X 13 = 3900 Lm
 ‫א‬‫א‬
= 192000/3900 =49
 

‫א‬‫א‬  ،    300W ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
5m‫א‬‫א‬ 64500W‫א‬
 E٢٣ J٧F‫א‬
 

5 m

30 m

 E٢٣ J٧F‫א‬
 

١٧٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

١٧٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
‫א‬‫א‬  J٧

 
  

١٧٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  .١٫٨

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  .٢٫٨
.(earthing electrode)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(solidly ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K(impedance grounding)(resistance grounding)grounded)
W‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬-
 K‫א‬٢L‫א‬‫א‬ JW‫א‬‫ א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JW‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JW‫א‬ -
K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣٫٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KITTTTN‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬I‫א‬

١٧٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬N
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
PE‫א‬‫א‬N‫א‬TN‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 PEN‫א‬PE‫א‬‫א‬N‫א‬WC
 KPE‫א‬‫א‬N‫א‬WS

 WTN‫א‬ .١٫٣٫٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TN‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WTN-S  J١
L1
L2
L3
N
PE

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 
 TN-SE١ J٨F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WTN-C-S  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

١٧٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

L1
L2
L3
PEN

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 TN-C-S E٢ J٨F 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WTN-C  J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
L1
L2
L3
PEN

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  
 
 TN-CE٣ J٨F
 
 
 

١٧٨
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WTT‫א‬ .٢٫٣٫٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

L1
L2
L3
N

PE

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 
 TTE٤ J٨F
 
 WIT‫א‬ .٣٫٣٫٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
L1
L2
 
L3  
N  
  
 
‫األجزاء المعدنية المعرضة للمس‬
PE
‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ITE٥ J٨F

١٧٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬.٤٫٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬  J٥
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ .٥٫٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٨F‫א‬

 E١ J٨F
EKF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
40-150  ‫א‬‫א‬
Above 200  ‫א‬
250-500  ‫א‬‫א‬
Above 1000  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ .٦٫٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬    
K15%  2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٨F‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ E٣ J٨F   
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 15%   10     ‫א‬  K‫א‬

١٨٠
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢ J٨F
EKF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
72 20
99 10
138 EF
300 EF
790 `-5
3300 -15
 
 E٣ J٨F
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 EKF  E٪F
6
10 x10 Zero
1500 2.5
430 5
185 10
105 15
63 20
42 30
 
 ‫א‬‫ א‬.٧٫٨
F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
90%‫א‬‫א‬K  
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J    ‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬ J    ‫א‬‫א‬ -

١٨١
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٨F ‫الشكل‬

 ‫א‬ .٨٫٨

‫א‬ KE٧ J٨F ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ I‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬
R‫א‬ ‫א‬  dx  x        K ‫א‬
 Wr1‫א‬‫א‬
r1
dx  1 1
R  2x
r2
2
 (  )
2 r r1


R 
2r
 r1K‫א‬‫א‬

x r

d
 
E٧ J٨F‫א‬

١٨٢
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
  .٩٫٨

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬(E
Ellipsoid) 
 

‫א‬
 Wd ‫א‬

‫א‬
L ‫א‬
 

 4L
R ln 
2L d
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  W‫א‬ R
‫א‬
ρ 2L
R ln
n
2 πL d

‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W
ρ 8L
R [lnn( )  1]
2 πL d
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٨F

 K
‫א‬

E٤ J٨F


 8L L
R [ln( )  1]
2 L
2 d

d
‫א‬

١ ٨٣
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


h
1 L2
 16 h h2
R ( 2  2)
4L dh L 4L
2L

  8L2 a 2  ab h h2 


a
R ln  1  2  h
4L  ah 2(a  b) 2 L 4L 
Eb
‫א‬a
F 2L
L




  4L2 h h2  h
R  ln  2.9  2.14  2.6 2 
8L  dh L L 


2L



  4L2 h h2 
R  ln  6.85  6.26  7 2 
2L  dh
12 h L L 



 6D 2
16 h D
R  2 ln
2 D dh



‫א‬

D h


(Step
( and Touch Pootentials) 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ .١٠٫٨
١

 (Tank)
( 
‫א‬


  

‫א‬‫א‬ KE٨ J٨F ‫ א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K
I ‫א‬


١ ٨٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬

VI
2R
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬x‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 x1

 E٨ J٨F 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I 1 1
Vstep  (  )
2 X X 1
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

0.5‫א‬W1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K120
 K‫א‬1500‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J

١٨٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬4.8‫א‬‫א‬
 
 r = 0.5 m,  =120 .m, I = 1500 AW‫א‬
  ‫א‬  J
 120x1500
 V   57295.8 V= 57.2958 kV
2r 2x 0.5
 ‫א‬  J

I 1 1 120 x1500 1 1
 V (  ) (  )  1193 .66 = 1.193 kV
2 x 1 x 2 2 4 4 .8
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١١٫٨
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  J٣
 K‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١٢٫٨
K‫א‬
(n)‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٨٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Rn = R/n
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (mutual effect)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 Rsystem = R/(n) = Rn / 

 K1 ‫א‬(screening coefficient)‫א‬ W

 WE٩ J٨F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

I
I/2 I/2

E٩ J٨F
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬I
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬I/2
V = VI = VII
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ I/2‫א‬‫א‬V‫א‬
I ρ I ρ ρI 1 1
V   (  )
2 2 πr 2 2 πd 4 π r d
 

K‫א‬r‫א‬‫א‬d
 W‫א‬
V ρ 1 1
R system   (  )
I 4π r d
 
 
 

١٨٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 

ρ
R/ 2 4 πr 1
η  
R system ρ 1 1 1  (r/d)
(  )
4π r d

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ .١٣٫٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
3‫א‬‫א‬6030‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(IEEE, 1987)‫א‬
4 76 t
  a  5 x 10 I
ln{(234  Tm ) /(234  Ta )}

Tm‫א‬t،٢‫א‬a W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ta‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١٤٫٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 2L L
R (ln  K1  K2)
L dh A

١٨٨
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2K1‫א‬‫א‬d
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ .١٥٫٨
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬98%‫א‬K
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Wr1‫א‬‫א‬K
 

 1 1
R1  (  )
2 r r1
 W‫א‬
 1
R .
2 r
 W
1 1

R 1 r r1 r
 1
R 1 r1
r
 W 98%RR1‫א‬‫א‬
100r
r1   50r
100  98

‫א‬‫א‬   98% ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٨٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ .١٫١٥٫٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
R1 = X + A
R2 = X + B
R3 = A + B
‫א‬R2X ‫א‬‫א‬ A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R1 W
‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R3X‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬KB‫א‬
 
R R R
X
2

١٩٠
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E١٠ J٨F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KX‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ .٢٫١٥٫٨
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬CP‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬CE  ‫א‬
 BE ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬V‫א‬‫א‬I‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Re = V/I

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٨F‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬I‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ C‫א‬
 C‫א‬V/I‫א‬V‫א‬
 
 

١٩١
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Grounding Resistivity Measurement‫א‬ .١٦٫٨

 KE١٢ J٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
C ‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬D ‫א‬A ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 = 2  d (V/I)

‫א‬ICB‫א‬‫א‬V‫א‬
 KBA‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٨F

‫א‬‫א‬W2
‫א‬‫א‬20‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K1.2‫א‬
 d=20 m, R=1.2   W‫א‬

 R 
2d
 = R.2d=1.2×2×20=150.8 .m

١٩٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Neutral Earthing‫א‬ .١٧٫٨

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(solidly grounding)‫א‬
(reactance grounding)(resistance grounding)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(resonant grounding)
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬.١٫١٧٫٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E١٣ J٨F‫א‬K
E١٤ J٨F‫א‬KB‫א‬F‫א‬(ground fault)  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٨F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٨F‫א‬

١٩٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 WB‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬iCF‫א‬‫א‬(ir+iy)‫א‬‫ א‬EF
 K‫א‬B‫א‬
K‫א‬IF‫א‬ (‫)ب‬
‫א‬(symmetrical component)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
3V BN 3V ph
IF  
Z1  Z 2  Z 0 Z1  Z 2  Z 0

 ‫א‬VphW
(negative ‫א‬(positive sequence)‫א‬‫א‬Z2Z1Z0
 K(zero sequence)‫א‬sequence)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬iCF‫א‬‫א‬IF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E
F
K
  ‫א‬‫א‬(lighning arresters)‫א‬‫א‬ E
F
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫ א‬.٢٫١٧٫٨
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KEF‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬(8.16)(8.15)‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
IBYIBRIFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬

١٩٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IF‫א‬
‫א‬IBYIBRFIBYIBR‫א‬‫א‬ICF‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬E90o‫א‬VYVR
‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VL
  R
3I
RkA‫א‬‫א‬IkV‫א‬VLW
K‫א‬

 ‫א‬E١٥ J٨F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٨F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
R
C R  CY  C B

١٩٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1.0‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ CBCYCR
 K2.5
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬  J

‫ א‬.٣٫١٧٫٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬3(i.e. Xo/X1>3)(X1)‫א‬‫א‬(Xo)‫א‬
 (resonant earthing)‫א‬‫א‬
 
EF‫א‬‫ א‬.٤٫١٧٫٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
X ‫א‬E١٨ J٨FE١٧ J٨F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬YR‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬90o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KCYCR
B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KBYBR
‫א‬‫א‬90o‫א‬‫א‬ X‫א‬‫א‬
 KBYB R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬
90oX‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬YR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬90o

١٩٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬X‫א‬
B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KX‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E١٧ J٨F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨ J٨F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  I CF  3 I BR

VL 3 3V ph V ph
I BR  3  3
XC XC XC

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬XC‫א‬VL
V ph
 IF  ‫א‬
XL
 

١٩٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬XL
 IF = ICF : IF‫א‬ICF
3V ph V ph
   
XC XL
 
 XL = XC/3
1
L 
3 2 C
3V ph
 I  ‫א‬‫א‬
XC
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

١٩٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬KK
 K١٩٨٤،

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 ١٩٩٤،،‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 K1999،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬KK ،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K1997
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬KK
 K1983

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KK
 1992،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬K‫א‬K 1986،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
1995،
،‫א‬‫א‬،
 K
2001،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬K ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
2000

 KK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٩٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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