Smart Environmental Development in

Indonesia
Jan Peter Alexander
Faculty of Computer Science, University of Indonesia
Indonesia
jp@ui.ac.id
Abstract- Development of a smart environment in community in Banten who reject the technology fit
Indonesia can not be done just like that. There are two into their traditional life.
indicators that must be met, which is the cornerstone of
For the absorption of technology as a component of
science and society. Through this indicator, determined
the appropriate technology. Current scientific a smart environment, the necessary studies to
developments and exploit natural pervasive computing. implement efficient technologies. The author takes two
Thus, the vision of pervasive computing should be indicators as the core of the study, namely the growing
redefined. scientific and user communities. Scholarly study can
be used as the basis of finding problems. The study of
I. Introduction the community as a user can be used as a basis to
Mark Weiser in his article [1] gives a vision of the adjust the answers to these problems. Departing from
development of an environment that is adaptable assist both of these indicators, can be prepared a framework
humans in performing its activities. This vision he of appropriate technology application.
described as ubiquitous computing or currently known
as pervasive computing. This vision continues to run II. Issues Open To Technology
and over time and evolving technologies, this desire In pervasive computing, computer technology does not
becomes a natural evolution of technology. stand alone but is built with scientific developments.
The realization of a smart environment is certainly Science commonly towed in pervasive computing
not independent of the supporting technologies behind studies are usually social sciences. The branches of the
it. Technology hardware and software developed at social sciences is to identify problems in people's lives.
this time has been able to provide the functionality that Then, it is combined with technological knowledge.
previously could not be realized. In addition, the price Identification of use can be started from a potential
of the device dwindling making the technology resource, namely academia. Popular research that can
affordable. be used as an indicator to explain the scientific
Development of interdisciplinary create some development direction. Of research resources can be
technology can be developed for life. Computer determined later this popular technology that can be
science is no longer the exclusive property of the used to improve the effectiveness of the subject. At
engineering sciences. This science has progressed well least obtain an overview of the importance and
developed in the various disciplines. The various direction of science in Indonesia.
branches of technology as a tool then generates a According Osareh and Wilson, [2] Indonesia as a
fulfillment. This requirement into the potential of third world country has a large research towards
technology absorption. geoscience. This does not conclusively demonstrate
Indonesia as a destination country consumption of research on trends in Indonesia. However, this may be
technology has great potential to become a country an indicator that the field of science that are advanced
with advanced technology. However, the enough to enter the element of technology.
indiscriminate application of Indonesian culture can Geoscience science is currently a popular topic in
damage and even damage the life of society itself. the world. A statistical data of Clarke [3] states that the
Incorrect application of technology will actually create tendency of research in the field of geoscience
discomfort and cause social problems for Indonesia. geoscience in nature, particularly among biologists.
The general impact of the application of technology The increasing popularity of nature geoscience earth
is people's dependence on technology and behavioral closely associated with activity lately.
change for the community. Inconvenience to the One phenomenon that is becoming popular in this
technology could be caused by a sense of alienation branch of science is global warming. Al Gore [4]
and ignorance. Ignorance often lead to fear. Fear in the opens the popularity of the controversial book which
community is what causes the resistance to absorption. states that global warming caused by humans. This
One example is the cultural resistance to the Bedouin was denied by Sorokhtin et. al. [5] which says that the
earth's temperature periodically contracted not from

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men. Although there were contradictory, both agree
that global warming is causing climate change.
The impact of climate change is the drastic weather
changes. The impact of climate change resulting from
global warming is not only the geological
phenomenon.
The behavior of animals [6] and human health [7] also
changed. With the climate change, effect of economic
and social.
Indonesia as a country with significant income in
agriculture is of course also affected. Income majority
of Indonesia's population is still a full agricultural
products must rely on nature. [8] The structure of
Indonesia as an archipelagic country have an interest in
marine products. Changes in marine life and climate
change is certainly troublesome for people who depend
on the sea such as fishing, shipping petroleum, and
sailors.
In addition to marine life behavior and the behavior
of the weather, rising sea levels become an important
indicator of life associated with the sea. The tsunami
and the tide is one indicator of danger for the people
who live near the sea. The humidity levels and wind
direction to determine viability, mainly to do with the
weather. There is a need to know the location is also
useful in navigating the oceans.
Indonesia also as a country with a tropical rain
forest depend on forests as a natural result and a place
to live. There are still many people in Indonesia who
are still dependent on the forest causing it to become
part liberated. Forests as a supporting ecosystem is
closely related to agriculture. Plantation forests as a
potential land need to be developed. In addition,
various tribal Indonesia relies fully on the forest. [9]
Utilization of targeted make the forest making it a
sustainable resource. [10] The problem that arises in
the use of forests are forest fires cause smoke and
biological extinction. Deforestation has also become
one of the central issues in the excessive use of forests.
Forest pollution by industrial sector is also an issue of
the EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment).
Although most of Indonesia is the sea and the forest,
Indonesia has a population density in urban areas. [11]
Cities as a means of moving the narrow space has
access to great technology. More correct to say that the
city is the center of technology and its application.
Problems often arise in urban life, especially big
cities, is rubbish, congestion, flooding and social evils.
These problems are set off from the urban management
less so that a critical issue. However, every problem
has its own indicator.
Litter density level that worried now because due to
the amount of garbage that littered misplaced. One
factor is the lack of awareness of the population about
the importance of taking out the trash. In addition,
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local governments are paying less attention sanitary
landfill causes less.
The high population density and centralization of
urban development causes congestion. High population
mobility is also a contributing factor jams. Often
damaged road infrastructure and the growth of the high
use of private vehicles also contribute to the cause of
congestion.
Physical infrastructure development can indeed
answer the problem of congestion, but he also became
one of the causes of flooding. Green spaces that have
been designed into useless because the displaced.
Physical infrastructure development has also become
one of the causes of social phenomena (social unrest).
[12] At the time of development is no longer the
answer, then the enrichment of the existing facilities be
the answer.
Of problems of various branches of science relevant,
it needs a problem solving with appropriate tools. In
this variety of emerging technologies. However, not all
technology can be used. There is one important aspect
in determining the technology to address the problem,
namely the human itself as a user.
III. Society And Technology
To find a solution to the problem, it should also be
recognized target user, the people of Indonesia.
Indonesia has the unique characteristics of the
community. According to the line of Wallace,
Indonesia landlocked Asia and Oceania. [13] This led
to the diversification of flora and fauna. These
restrictions also result in cultural diversification.
Difference in elevation also causes the diversified
culture. Social interaction with other cultures and a
long history of colonization in Indonesia also set up
local culture. This leads to generalization Indonesian
life becomes difficult.
These cultural differences make the perception of
life is also different outlook. For example, the Batak
culture requires a person to drink water until they run
as a tribute. But in Javanese culture, a person should
drink by leaving a little water as a statement that the
drink taste good at all until he runs out. Urban
community was used to not greet each other, whereas
rural communities tend to know each other and
familiar.
Urban communities are already familiar with a
foreign culture, especially the culture of Western and
Middle Eastern cultures. People in some large urban
areas even have their own urban culture. The contrast
with this, the tribes in Indonesia is still strictly keep
policy ancestors in daily life. They still depend on
nature. In fact, each tribe has its own beliefs.
Often there is an assumption to say that the
traditional society is a backward society. In fact, this is
not true. When viewed from the perspective of
geology, traditional society it coexist with nature and
preserve life in peace. Policies in a traditional
environment actually affect human interaction with
nature. While the issue of global warming is an issue
that is hot at the moment as a result of industrial
development.
Damage to the natural and social problem becomes
a problem for human life. Technology drawing
attention to people's lives. He makes people have to
adapt to their presence, not again help the community.
It causes the degradation of comfort for humans. In
this case, the technology became a distraction for
humans.
To overcome these irregularities, the need for
respect for cultural differences and perspectives.
Technology adapted to the local context. Technology
must be adapted to the local needs of the community,
rather than vice versa. Definition of advanced
technologies to be rewritten. Technology is no longer a
machine, but back to nature first place: to help provide
the human perception of the surrounding environment.
This view is consistent with the objectives of
pervasive computing. In this case, the view Weiser
expanded not only in the context of smart space that is
only related to computing machines (computers) are
smart in a room, but the connection with the local
culture and nature. Any equipment that is developed
should maximally use nature and variety of natural
interaction with the surrounding environment.
Technology into the add-on and not be a distraction for
humans.
Expected vision of pervasive computing
development is to implement a natural technology and
computer technology. More specifically, is a natural
technology-enhanced computerized. Thus, there is a
natural interaction between humans and the
surrounding environment. The environment itself in
the background adapts itself according to the specific
context.
Scenarios that may exist in urban communities is
how a city can become irregular due to the information
available to the public and can be accessed in public
areas. In addition, buildings and public places in the
city to show the natural atmosphere. Nature is
changing as a marker. Cool atmosphere in town
making modes of transport more use of energy-
efficient appliances. City lights can be lit when the sun
sets. The energy obtained from the sun to be the
battery for that night.
Rangers can monitor the weather situation and the
problems of forest fires. Traditional population can
cooperate with the government in providing shelter
and forest maintenance. Farmers can use the
technology in making irrigation. Weather map can also
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provide an overview to the extension-extension to be
able to draft a good planting.
Fishermen may use equipment adequate to see the
weather. Signs naturally as a bird can fly into an
interface that is not surprising compared by sirens.
Residents around the coast to migration. Limiting the
use of smart buoys be an effective tool for passing
ships to provide information about the coral. Thus, the
more complete the information obtained and the boat
can be maneuvered evasion.
IV. Enabling Technology (Enabler
Technology)
To be able to determine a suitable framework in the
development of technology, it is necessary to use an
existing job. Saha and Mukherjee [14] divides the
pervasive environment into several components,
namely: devices (devices), networks, middleware, and
applications of pervasive. What is meant by the device
itself is computing equipment such as sensors and
client computers. Inside the device there is a pervasive
applications that are interconnected by a middleware in
a network. This framework is built on the evolution of
pervasive computing model. Components of this
technology simply launch a pervasive technology
research.
Hartung and Han [15] found that luarrumah
technology, especially in nature, it has constraints on
the issue of energy sources. In contrast to the urban
areas that have energy resources, the equipment is
placed in nature must have its own energy generator.
This causes the energy source components into
components that must be taken into account.
Although there were sensors and actuators are often
in the same equipment, but this is not always the case.
Actuators may be in a different component. Actuator
often requires a larger energy from the sensors because
they have to perform different actions such as
mechanical action. He is a presenter technology. While
the sensor is more likely to read the state and passive.
The need is certainly different sensors and actuators.
Therefore, the author identifies the technology
infrastructure components into multiple layers of
problems: energy sources, sensors, actuators,
networks, middleware, and applications. With this
pervasive component framework, each component can
be studied in depth.
A. Source of Energy
Source of energy for pervasive devices is crucial in
running a smart environment. The energy source is not
only electricity, but also mechanical energy. Some
energy sources in nature include the motion, source of
light, heat, and gravity. For artificial energy source can
use batteries or an external energy source even as PLN.
Therefore, the urban environment has advantages in
terms of energy sources.
Therefore, a study of the location of the equipment
will be in place. For example, for the cloudy and dark
areas might not expect solar technology. If the
equipment is to measure the height of sea waves, then
it can only be used for sea wave energy into its
resources. Moreover, what if the equipment is used to
calculate the weather, wind movement can be a source.
The interesting thing is that if the device is a wearable
device. Currently, it can only be used batteries or
harness body heat or movements of the user's body.
Other considerations that need is the shape of these
resources. For wearable technology that is swallowed
and, of course, the size constraint. In addition, the use
of equipment to measure natural phenomena should as
much as possible not to disturb nature itself, for
example, swallowed or damaged by animals and
natural phenomena around. Environmental issues are
important issues as well as issues of durability of the
energy source.
Social issues often arise when processing devices
must be installed. He needs great energy and are often
installed in electrified areas. It is closely related with
the scalability, which is often the data must be
processed in places with electricity while there are
areas in Indonesia were isolated. Therefore, more in-
depth study is needed for an external energy supply.
Moreover, not necessarily a smart environments
have a computer. Could be, natural interaction with
nature can utilize mechanical technology. These
mechanical devices could be the answer to increasing
levels of public life and does not require mechanical
power source.
B. Sensor
To measure the indicator, the sensor device is required.
It does not require large computing and even so he is
just an ordinary mechanical equipment. However,
there is also a sensor device that requires another
device in operation. For example, GPS devices can be
used requires other technologies such as satellite or
BTS triangulation.
Durability is an issue primarily for sensors placed
outdoors. Heat sensors and the weather, for example,
require high durability due to extreme change of
environment measures. Rust, corrosion, and impaired
animals can become a scourge for this equipment.
Vandalism committed by irresponsible parties also
become an issue in determining the location of these
sensors. CCTV is placed as a sensor for determining
the flow of traffic can be easily tampered with.
Therefore, factors other than natural, humanistic
approach is required in implementing the sensor.
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High levels of vandalism in Indonesia could be the
result of uneven development planning and
implementation are not adapted to the needs of the
surrounding community. The need for environmental
studies and anthropology determine the applicability of
this technology.
The existence of the network also determines how
the sensor can be placed. Battery power that can be
used by the sensor also requires calculations. Sensor
size is also the thresholds for the application. Sensor
materials also need to be considered so as not to
pollute the environment.
Different things happen when sensors and actuators
is a single device. Further processing is not necessary
because he integrated devices. Moreover, when such
equipment is a mechanical device, it only requires
natural resources. Examples of a simple mechanical
device is a wind sensor, compass, and thermometer.
Traditional irrigation system that regulates the water
flow is also equipped with a sensor that detects the
natural water flow mechanically by using gravity.
Natural behavior itself becomes a sensor that is
awesome. The movement of animals in nature can be
an indicator of impending something. However,
unfortunately, in-depth study is still a problem that is
open to modern science. [16]
C. actuators
Actuators have the same characteristics as the sensor
and sometimes are in the same device. What is meant
by the actuator is a device viewer information and
acting on the input. Actuators can be either screen,
lights, pumps, and so forth.
In contrast to sensors, actuators are active
equipment. He needs the resources are relatively larger
than the sensor because he had to perform an action. In
addition, it requires a simple processing in order to
display the required information.
Challenges of the actuator in the natural
environment is a natural placement so use it feels
natural. The process of designing a natural interface is
an ongoing study. [17] The approach must recognize
the interface design and culture of local users.
D. Network
Which is included in the network is connective
infrastructure and data exchange protocol. Connective
infrastructure closely related to network topology and
the problems related thereto. Data exchange protocol is
how applications between devices (sensors, actuators,
and middleware) communicate with each other.
One of the problems in the network topology is the
implementation of a wireless network. Various
wireless technologies evolve to address this problem,
among others Bluetooth [18], IEEE protocol, and Zig
Bee. [19] protocols are mainly trying to create an ad
hoc network solution, which is a network that can
stand alone.
Besides the issue of ad hoc networks, mobile
devices also become a challenge for the network
topology. Research on the network that can adapt into
an open issue. One implementation of a good enough
is the mobile IP. [20]
One of the challenging problems of the network is
the data protocol to communicate. The devices on the
market today have the protocol respectively. This is
caused because each mobile device is usually designed
specifically to meet specific needs.
With the development of Web technology that leads
to a semantic network [21], a wide range of open
standard that was developed. Technologies such as
RDF can be used to define a resource. Of course, the
real implementation of semantic networks is still an
open issue. However, developments leading to it is a
starting point in unifying the communication protocol.
Because pervasive computing is still in the
developmental stage, the security issues are still not
taken into consideration. Previous technologies such as
SSH, SSL, HTTPS, and so forth can be used as a
secure communication protocol. However, the
implementation of the security protocols do not
account for the user topology change (eg IP). This
leads to a secure connection is disconnected.
One possible solution could be given is to use
federated identity. Protocols such as OpenID is an
example of the implementation of federated identity.
[22] The use of federated identity can be modified so
that each device can be a system that identifies itself
with other devices. Because of its decentralized,
federated login fits perfectly with the network changes.
Of course, this new initial idea of authors that could be
developed further.
E. Middleware
middleware is the infrastructure that processes data
contributing waiters in smart environments that can be
interpreted. Examples of middleware are data centers,
servers, and services between.
The interesting thing is the concept of cyber
foraging middleware. A processed job is distributed to
devices around. This causes mobile devices become
more efficient batteries. In addition, the heavy
computing can be done in an adequate place. [23] The
concept of cyber foraging evolved from grid
computing.
Problems arising in cyber foraging is the security of
data processing. Therefore, it takes a shared
infrastructure that is secure and certified. Procurement
of shared infrastructure by the public sector can lead to
sizeable expenditure for the country. What's more, the
high vandalism can cause it not to work infrastructure.
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Solutions that can be done with cyber foraging is to
develop a protocol that is simple, yet secure enough to
avoid the use of outside planning. The use of cyber
foraging can also create a device can be used in a long
period of time because he does not quickly become
obsolete as a result are unable to process the new
algorithm.
Making the middleware must also consider
scalability. Centralized middleware can cause a
bottleneck. Decentralization of course, can be the
answer, but decentralization means adding new
devices. This will require substantial funds. Thus, the
planning needs to be done in setting up a middleware
infrastructure.
middlewarealso has the same characteristics as
actuators and sensors in terms of durability. For
placement, for example, must be considered whether
the location of the data processing is stable but close
enough to touch the sensors.
Middleware is also a component that requires
electrical energy is more than the actuators and
sensors. Therefore, the placement of the processing in
a remote village could be a problem in itself.
F. Application
One of the challenges in the app is how the app can
adapt to changing circumstances. An application will
no longer have to execute efficiently, but also has the
ability to perform power saving. Standards such as
ACPI can be a solution in managing resources.
The ability of mobile devices such as desktop
computers now like, making the mobile device can run
heavy applications. Thus, the mobile device can be
given varying applications.
One application problem is how applications can
communicate with other applications. The use of real-
time applications that can cause other applications that
are hungry and become a zombie. To overcome this,
scheduling the execution of applications into an open
theme.
Aspect is no less important is the aspect of
language. Applications developed must consider the
language spoken and written in accordance with the
local culture. The use of the user's native language can
help the user in understanding the data that they are
reading.
V. Conclusions And Recommendations
Pervasive computing vision is no longer speaking as in
the scifi movie, a clean white room filled with a
computerized device that is driven by the server. He is
a space where nature contained therein. He does not
have to be an enclosed space, but it could be an open
space. This is due to the incorporation of natural and
computerized technology to produce appropriate
technology.
This is only an appetizer for the study of the
development of smart environment in Indonesia.
Research on pervasive computing needs further
development. To that end, the authors propose to the
opening of a research center and technology pervasive
environment. Points can be used as a means to conduct
research across scientific fields in Indonesia.
There are a lot of homework to do, one of which is
to determine the right equipment for every existing
components. Also an open issue is how to convince
politicians of the importance of public policy in
maintaining indigenous cultures of Indonesia. It can
also be done by identifying as many Indonesian culture
for research purposes.
Current technology development has led to the
development of culture. So, it is time for computer
scientists began to consider the social aspects of
technology. It can open a new paradigm in conducting
research and development of technology.
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at

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