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Introduction
•Conductively coupled circuit means that one loop
affects the neighboring loop through current
conduction.
•Magnetically coupled circuit means that two loops,
with or without contacts between them, affect each
other through the magnetic field generated by one of
them.
•Based on the concept of magnetic coupling, the
transformer is designed for stepping up or down ac
voltages or currents.
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Magnetic Flux
Φ
B
dA
S
BdAS
where
Φ is the magnetic flux
B is the magnetic field
S is the surface area
denotes dot product
dA is the infinitesimal vector
Self Inductance
An inductor :
inductance L
N turns
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i1 induces
11 and
12 ,
d d (
11 12 ) d di di
i2 induces 21 and 22 . v1 N1 dt N1 N1 21 L1 1 M 12 2
1
dt dt dt dt
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+ +
di di1
v2 M 1 v2 M
dt dt
_ _
i2 i2
+ +
di2 di2
v1 M v1 M
dt dt
_ _
Series-Aiding Connection
11
12
21
22
+ v1 _ + v2 _
di di
v1 L1 M 12
dt dt
But M 12 M 21 M ,
di di
v2 L2 M 21 di
dt dt v L1 L2 2 M
v v1 v2 dt
Leq L1 L2 2 M
di di di di
L1 M 12 L2 M 21
dt dt dt dt
di
L1 L2 M 12 M 21
dt
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Series-Opposing Connection
11
12
21
22
+ v1 _ + v2 _
di di
v1 L1 M 12
dt dt
But M 12 M 21 M ,
di di
v2 L2 M 21 di
dt dt v L1 L2 2M
v v1 v2 dt
Leq L1 L2 2M
di di di di
L1 M 12 L2 M 21
dt dt dt dt
di
L1 L2 M 12 M 21
dt
di1 di
v1 L1 M 2 V1 jL1I1 jMI 2
dt dt
di di
v2 M 1 L2 2 V2 jMI1 jL2I 2
dt dt
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Example 1
_
+ +
_ _
+
Example 2
+ -
+ _
_ +
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Coupling Coefficient
The coupling coefficient k is
defined as
M
k (0 k 1)
L1 L2
or M k L1 L2
k 12 21
11 12 21 22
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Example
Q : Find k and the energy stored in the
coupled inductors at t 1 s.
M 2.5
Sol : k 0.56
L1 L2 20
For mesh 1,
(10 j 20)I1 j10I 2 6030 (1a)
v 60 cos(4t 30
)V
For mesh 2,
j10I1 ( j16 j 4)I 2 0 (1b) 4 rad/s
I 3.90519.4
1
I 2 3.254160.6
i1 3.905 cos(4t 19.4)
i2 3.254 cos(4t 160.6 )
i1 (1) 3.389, i2 (1) 2.824
1 1
w L1i12 L2i22 Mi1i2 20.73 J
2 2
Linear Transformers
R1 and R2
Zin are winding
resistances.
But Z in
V Z : primary impedance
where P
I1
Z R : reflected impedance
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V1 jL1
jM I1 V1 j( La Lc )
jLc I1
V2
jM
jL2
I2
V2
jLc
j( Lb Lc )
I2
La L1 M
jL1 jM j( La Lc ) jLc
Lb L2 M
jM
jL2
jLc j( Lb Lc )
L M
c
L2 M 1 1 1
I1 jK jK
V1
1 jLA jLC
I jLC
V1
I 2 M L1 V2
I2
1 1
1
V2
jK jK
jLC jLB jLC
where K L1 L2 M 2
K
L
L2 M 1 1 1 A L2 M
jK jK jLA jLC jLC K
L
M L1 1 1 1 B L1 M
K
j jK
j LC jLB jLC L K
C
M
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d d
v1 N1 v2 N 2
1 2 dt dt
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d d
v1 N1 , v2 N 2
dt dt
v N V2 N 2
2 2 n or n
v1 N1 V1 N1
The transformer is lossless v1i1 v2i2
i2 v1 1 I V 1
2 1
i1 v2 n I1 V2 n
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Types of Transformers
•When n = 1, we generally call the transformer an
isolation transformer.
•If n > 1 , we have a step-up transformer (V2 > V1).
•If n < 1 , we have a step-down transformer (V2 < V1).
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Impedance Transformation
V2 N 2
n V
V1 N1 V 2
I 1 n
N 1 Zin
2 1
I1 nI 2
I1 N 2 n
n V V n 1 V
Z in 1 2 2 2
The complex power supplied to the I1 nI 2 n I2
primary is delivered to the secondary Z
Z in 2L (reflected impedance)
without loss. n
Useful for impedance matching!
The transformer is lossless!
Zin
2 M 2
Zin R1 jL1 L2
R2 jL2 Z L
L2 Z L for 0
If R1 R2 0 and M L1 L2
jL1Z L L1Z L Z L
2 M 2 Z in 2
Zin jL1 jL2 L2 n
jL2 Z L
L2
jL1Z L 2 L1 L2 2 L1 L2 where n : the turns ratio
L1
Z L jL2
jL1Z L L
For a desired n , L1 22
jL2 Z L n
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Impedance Matching
Linear network
The condition for maximum
power transfer is :
Z L
n 2 Z Th : complex Z L
*
R
2L Z Th : Z L RL j 0
n
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c c
Equivalent 1: Equivalent 2:
c c
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Applications of Transformers
•To step up or step down voltage and current (useful
for power transmission and distribution).
•To isolate one portion of a circuit from another.
•As an impedance matching device for maximum
power transfer.
• Frequency-selective circuits.
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Applications: DC Isolation
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