Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1ce260 CH 1 PDF
1ce260 CH 1 PDF
BASICS OF SURVEYING
• What is surveying?
Surveying is the art of measuring distances, angles and
positions on or near the surface of the earth.
• It is an art?
3. Control survey:
used to reference preliminary and layout surveys.
Horizontal control:
arbitrary line tied to property line or HWY center or
coordinated control stations.
Vertical control:
Benchmarks: points whose elevation. above sea level is
carefully determined.
4- Total station.
5- GPS (global positioning system) receivers.
Total station
Thedilite
GPS
1.6 SURVEY GEOGRAPHIC
REFERENCE
P P
C P
A A A
Example:
True Distance Measured Distance Error
Cloth tape 157.22 157.3 0.08
Steel tape 157.22 157.23 0.01
- More precise method resulted in more accurate.
- More precise method may result in less accurate measurement.
Example: Repaired tape.
1.14 ACCURACY RATIO
Error of closure: The difference between the measured
location and the theoretical correct location (repeated
measurement, mathematical analysis).
1.15 ERRORS
- No measurement (except count) can be free of error.
-True value is determined statistically (mean) to calculate
error.
Random Error:
- Error due to surveyor skill.
- Tend to cancel each other.
- Little significance except for high precision survey.
- Unskilled or careless surveyor can make problem.
- Large random error doesn’t result in accurate work even if
they cancel.
1.16 MISTAKES
1.17 STATIONING
40.50
21.20 22.23
5+58
0+00 2+50 4+96 6+00