CONVERSION FACTOR • PE = mgh CONSTANTS

1 kgf = 2.205 lbf = 9.81 N • KE = ½ mv2 • Density/ (H2O): ρ = m/v

1 slug = 32.2 lbm • U = mCvT 1 gm/cm3 = 1000 kgm/m3 = 1 kgm/L
1 gf = 980.6 dynes • Wf = PV = 62.4 lbm/f3 = 8.33 lbm/gal
1 m = 3.28 f = 39.4 in • h = mCeT • Seeciic Volume (H2O): ν = 1/ρ = v/m
1 in = 2.54 cm •W=F.S • Seeciic Weighty (H2O): ɣ = F/V = ρa
1.055 kJ = 1 BTU = 778 lb f.f W = T . φ (Shafing being turned) 9.81 kN/m3
1 Hp = 746 W = 42.44 BTU/min W = ʃPdV (Piston being moved) • ɣ = ρ (aty sea level)
• QS = mCΔty • Atymoseheric Temeeratyure (Patym):
FORMULAS • QL = mLf or mLv or mLs 101.325 kPa (KN/m2) = 14.7 psi (lbf/in2)
• Pressure: P = F/A = ɣh • Closed S/styem: = 1.03 kgf/cm2 = 33.9 f H2O = 29.92 in Hg
Pvac < Patm < Pg ΔU = Ein - Eout = 760 mm Hg
Pabs = Patm + Pg • Oeen S/styem: • 1 bar = 100 kPa
Pabs = Patm - Pvac NSSF: ΔE = Ein - Eout • Cpair = 1.005 kJ/kg.K
• Force: F = ma SSF: Ein = Eout • Cvair = 0.718 kJ/kg.K
• Relative Density/SSeeciic Gravity/: • Ideal Gas Equation: • Cpwater = 4.187 kJ/kg.K
ρsubs = ɣsubs PV = nRoT = mRT • Cpice = 4.187/2 kJ/kg.K
ρh2o ɣh2o P = ρRT , Pν = RT • Lfw = ± 335 kJ/kg
• Temeeratyure: K = Cp/Cv • Lvw = ± 2257 kJ/kg
C° = K = °Cf - °Ci R = Ro/MW = Cp – Cv • Lsw = ± 2592 kJ/kg
F° = R = °Ff - °Fi = Cv(K-1) = [Cp(K-1)]/K • Ro = 8.3143 kJ/kgmole.K
5C° = 9F° = 1545.3 f.lbf/lbmole.°R
°C = °F - 32 • Rair = 0.287 kJ/kg.K
100 180 = 53.29 f.lbf/lb.°R
• Archimedes Princiele:
FB = ɣL x Vsubmerged
FB > Wto (Float) , FB < Wto (Sink)
• Continuity/ Equation:
Incompressible Liquid: Q1 = Q2, A1V1 = A2V2
Compressible Liquid: m1 = m2, ρ1Q1 = ρ2Q2
ρ1A1V1 = ρ2A2V2
• Power: P = E/t = FV
PROCESSES OF FLUIDS (PVn = C)
• ISOBARIC S ISOPIESTIC ( n = 0 , P = C ) • ISENTROPIC S ADIABATIC ( n = k , S = C ) NOTE:
a. T1/T2 = V1/V2 a. T2/T1 = (P2/P1)(K-1)/K = (V1-V2)K-1 • ISOBARIC
b. Q = mCpΔT b. Q = 0 WSF = 0 , Δh = Q
c. Δh = Q = mCpΔT c. Δh = mCpΔT • ISOMETRIC
d. ΔU = mCvΔT d. ΔU = mCvΔT WNF = 0 , ΔU = Q
e. S = ʃdQ/T e. S = ʃdQ/T = 0 • ISOTHERMAL
= mCp ln(T2/T1) = mCp ln(V2/V1) f. WNF = ʃPdV Δh = ΔU = 0, Q = WNF = WSF
f. WNF = ʃPdV = P(V2-V1) = mR(T2-T1) = (P2V2 – P1V1)/1-K • ISENTROPIC
g. WSF = -ʃVdP = 0 = [mR(T2-T1)]/1-K Q=S=0
g. WSF = -ʃVdP • GENERAL POLYTROPIC
• ISOMETRIC S ISOCHORIC ( n = ∞ , V = C) = (WNF) K Change K to n in Isentropic’s WNF & WSF
a. T1/T2 = P1/P2
b. Q = mCvΔT • GENERAL POLYTROPIC ( K>n>1)
c. Δh = mCpΔT a. T2/T1 = (P2/P1)(n-1)/n = (V1-V2)n-1
d. ΔU = Q = mCvΔT b. Q = mCnΔT
e. S = ʃdQ/T where: Cn = Cv (k-n/1-n)
= mCv ln(T2/T1) = mCv ln(P2/P1) c. Δh = mCpΔT
f. WNF = ʃPdV = 0 d. ΔU = mCvΔT
g. WSF = -ʃVdP = -V(P2-P1) e. S = ʃdQ/T = mCn ln(T2/T1)
f. WNF = ʃPdV
• ISOTHERMAL ( n = 1 , T = C) = (P2V2 – P1V1)/1-n
a. P1V1 = P2V2 = [mR(T2-T1)]/1-n
b. Q = WNF = WSF g. WSF = -ʃVdP
= PV ln(V2/V1) = PV ln(P1/P2) = (WNF) n
c. Δh = mCpΔT = 0
d. ΔU = mCvΔT = 0
e. S = ʃdQ/T
= mR ln(V2/V1) = mR ln(P1/P2)
f. WNF = ʃPdV = PV ln(V2/V1)
g. WSF = -ʃVdP = PV ln(P1/P2)