Topic-IV-Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Mechanics Course
Topic IV
Flow in Conduits and Energy Losses

- Conduits: pipes, ducts, annulars,…..etc
“Pipe” “Rectangular duct” “Annular”
How to determine the energy losses due to friction for Flow in pipe of length L?
L
u
MEB: gz  z   u 2122u

1
2
 P  P
21
 w pfw

21
 P1 P2 P1  P2 : is pressure drop

 wf
 P21 P  P is pressure difference
1 /38 Dr. Mohammad Al-Shannag

Thus, if we know pressure drop ( P1-P2) we can then calculate energy losses due to friction.
How to determine P1-P2?
P1-P2 can be measured experimentally by using, for example, U-manometer: 12
L
u
Apply barometric Eq.: 
P1  H   m H  P2
 P1  P2  H  m   
 H  m   
W f H

m
This experimental method is impractical for long pipes.
nduits and Energy Losses

alternative way. First let us understand the relation between pressure drop and flow rate by discussing the following
pening (VO).
llected volume during
certain time and at each VO.

- Record H at each VO.
-put you data in a table as shown in the next slide.
12
Flow-regulating valve L
Smooth pipe
m bucket stopwatch
Collected
P1  P2 
VO% volume; v Time Q=V/t H
H  m  
t

0 0 --- 0 0 0
10 --- --- --- --- ---
30 --- --- --- --- ---
40 --- --- --- --- ---
50 --- --- --- --- ---
70 --- --- --- --- ---
80 --- --- --- --- ---
90 --- --- --- --- ---
100 --- --- --- --- ---
If you draw P1-P2 versus volumetric flow rate Q you will find a trends as shown in the figure below:
P1-P2
Q
Intermediate flow rate region
Low flow rate region High flow rate region
It is clear from previous plot that:
1- In the low flow-rate region: Linear relationship between
P1-P2 and Q.
2- In the intermediate flow-rate region: No clear trend.
3- In the high flow-rate region: power law relationship
between P1-P2 and Q.
Why this strange behavior?!
In the year 1883, Osborne Reynolds explained this

strange behavior. He performed flow visualization
experiments using dye as shown in the next slide
dye “Reynolds experiment”
Waterreservoir
smooth contraction to stabilize the flow Syringe needle
Flow-regulating valve
Smooth glass tube
Q=V/t
Bucket
Remark.Sharpedgesaresourceofturbulence.
Therefore, Reynolds used smooth contraction.

dye
“Low flow rate region”
Straight streamline
gy Losses
acterized by the following:
reak down the pipe.
nt radial locations, it is found that all formed streamlines are straight and parallel to each other. This means that all m
and thus: r
u  u(r)
P  P(x) x
-In this flow region, fluid moves in a thin shells or layers or

laminas. Thus, the region is called laminar flow region.
-The flow is steady state.
Flow in Conduits and Ene
dye
“High flow-rate region”
Dispersion of dye
-The injected dye is rapidly dispersed throughout the entire flow filed. This means that there
- Since this region is characterized by good mixing, it is called
turbulent flow region.
Energy Losses
region”
but it is NOT stable. Any small disturbances or vibrations will switch the flow to be turbulent. Thus, this region is call
-Reynolds found the most important dimensionless group in fluid mechanics which is calle
Re  UL  UL
 
U : Characteristic velocity.
L : Characteristic Length.
, , : Density, viscosity, and kinematic viscosity of the
flowing fluid, respectively.
Exercise: Verify that Re is dimensionless quantity
- Note that Reynolds number depends on hydrodynamic conditions (U), geometry (L) and phy

uD
- For flow in pipe: Re 

Where D is the diameter of the pipe and u is the average velocity.
-ReynoldsfoundthatforflowofNewtonianand incompressible fluid in smooth pipe, when:
Re  uD  2000
: The flow is laminar

2000  Re  4000 : The flow is transition
Re  4000 : The flow is turbulent
-The value of Re below which the flow switch from laminar to transition is called critical Reynolds number ( Rec).
For flow in pipe: Rec  2000
streamline
U
y
u(y) Boundary layer; 
x
L
“Flow over flat plat”
UL  500000
For flow over flat plat, the flow is laminar If: Re 

 Rec  500000
Momentum (velocity) Boundary layer : distance from the wall in which there is velocity gra

Laminar ( Poiseuille) flow in pipe:
Smooth pipe Cylindrical shell
r
u max
x
u=0 x
L
P1 P2
-The flow is steady
- u=u(r), p=p(x)
-Newtonian fluid
-Incompressible fluid
Steady state x-component force balance on the cylindrical shell:
F r r
Fp F r r
x F p xx r
r+r
x
“cylindrical shell”
x-Forces: Pressure forces Fp and shear stress forces F :
Fp Fp F r r
F
r
0
x xx
Fp PAx 2rrP ; Fp  PA xx  2rrP xx

x x x
F r  A r  2rx ; F r r  A r r  2 (r  r)x r r

r
x
2rrP  2rrP xx
 2 (r  r)x  2rx r  0
r r
Divide by 2 and rearrange the equation as:

 (r  r)x r r rx r  rrP  xx
rrP x
Divide by rx and rearrange Eq. as:
(r  r) r r r r P P

 r
xxx
r x
 
 1 d (r )  dP(x)
Take limit when x  0; r  0 :
rdr dx
For Couette flow:   du( y) dy“for dy=+ve du=+ve  =+ve
For flow in pipe:    du(r) dr“for dr=+ve du=-ve  =+ve
d  r du(r) 
 
  dr   dP(x)
r dr dx
Or
d  r du(r) 
 
1  dr   1 dP(x)
r dr  dx
Since the left hand side is function of r only and the right
hand side is function of x only:
1 dP(x) x 2 P 2
 
dP
 dx  cons tan t  C  Cdx x1P1
P 21 P
  C(x 21 x )  P 21P  C 
L

d  r du(r) 
 
 dr    P 21P r
dr L 

du(r) P  P  r 2
Integrate the above Eq.: r   21  c1
dr   L 2
du(r) P  P
21  r c1
Divide by r:  
dr  L 2r
PPr2
Integrate the above Eq.: u(r)   21  c1 ln r  c2
 L 4
Applythefollowingboundaryconditionstofindthe
constants c1 and c2: At r=0: u=umax ; du/dr=0
At r=R=D/2: u=0
At r=0 the velocity must have limited value, umax, thus c1 must be zero to avoidln(0)  :
Thus, the profile becomes: PPr2

u(r)   21  c2
 L 4
At r  R  D/2 : u  0
 P  P  R2  P  P  R2
0   21  c2  c2   21 
 L 4  L 4
 P  P 2r2
PPR
 21 u(r)   21 
L 4L 4 
 P  Or:
P   r 2 
u(r)  R 2  12 1   
 4  L   R 
 

At r  0 : u  umax
 P  P   0 2  PP
u  umax  R 2  12    R  
1 u  R2  12  
 4L   max
 4L 


  r 2 
u  umax 1    Laminarflowhasparabolic
 R  velocity profile
 
To find the volumetric flow rate for laminar flow:

R R r 2 
Q  u(r)dA  u(r)2  rdr  2  max
u1  rdr
0 0  R2 
R
r 2 2u
 2 umax   1rdr   R max
0 R2  2
Flow in Conduits and Ener
Q  R2 umax
2
But we know that: Q  Au  R2u
u  umax
Thus:
2
 P  P 
Q  R2u  R2 R 2  12   
 4L 
 D412P  P 
Q
128L
Hagen-Poiseuille Eq.
Hagen-Poiseuille Eq. has importance in fluid mechanics. It shows that the pressure drop is line

P  P  128L Q
From Hagen-Poiseuille Eq.:
D 4
12
P1  P2
The equation can be used:

-To measure viscosity by plotting slope  128L
pressure drop versus Q. D 4
-To determine Q if pressure drop is measured.
-To determine pressure drop if Q is measured.
Q
Now energy losses for laminar flow in smooth pipe can be determined by applying MEB:
L
P 21P
gz 21 z   u 2122u 
1 P1 P2
 wp  wf
2 
 P1  P2
 wf

 128L Q
 wf
D 4 
- The equation is also applicable for laminar flow in vertical (or inclined) pipe. Verify that!
- Turbulent flow in pipe (Re4000):

Random fluctuation of each velocity component in time and all directions.
-Unsteady flow.
- Good mixing.
u
Vx
Velocity is averaged in time:

tf
 V (t)dt
x T=tf-ti
u ti
T ti tf
Time
Vx : Axial velocity component
The time-averaged velocity profile for turbulent flow is:
 r 1/ 7
u(r) max
u1  equation obtained from experimental measurements”
“Empirical
 R  
Laminar flow has parabolic Turbulent flowhasflat

velocity profile: velocity profile:
  r 2   r 1/ 7
u(r)  max
u1   u(r) max
u1 
 R   R

- Why in turbulent flow the velocity has flat velocity profile?
Turbulence means good mixing and thus a uniform
valuesof Therefore centerline

temperature,concentration,andvelocity.
the velocity has a umax value along the
and in the adjacent zone. Moreover, the
ut with small.
maller than that for laminar flow. Since momentum boundary layer represents a resistance to momentum transfer,
heat, and momentum.
- What is the relation between umax and u for turbulent flow?
RR
 r 1/ 7
Q  Au  R2u   u(r)dA  u(r)2rdr   2umax 1  rdr
00  R
After integration:
R2u  R2 0.8umax

 u  0.8umax
The value of average velocity for turbulent flow is more closed
to umax than that for laminar flow ( u  0.5umax ).

-Prove that the correction factor used
in the kinetic laminarand
energyterm ofMEB is   0.5 for
  1.0 flow turbulent flow.
P 21P
 z  u 2122u 
1
MEB: gz  wp w
2 
21 f
dE k  0.5u 2 dm

 E  E 
 k    k  dm  dQ  u(r)dA   2ru(r)dr
 m2 m1
dEk  (0.5)(2 )ru3 (r)dr
R
Ek    ru3 (r)dr
Laminar flow: 0
3
   r 2  
   dr
3
R R Rmax
2u
Ek   ru (r)dr   r umax 1 
3 
0  R    8
0

m  Q  R2u  R2 (umax / 2)

R2u3 / 8u  u 2
2
E
k max max   max   u 2
mR2 (u/max2) 4  2 
 E k  E k 
    u  u21 2 u  u21
2 12 1
 2

 m  2m  1 2 2
Turbulent flow: 3
R R
  r 1/ 7  R2u 3
Ek  ru (r)dr   r u max 1     dr max
  3
0 0
   R  4
m  Q  R2u  R2 (0.8u
max )
E R2 (0.8u)3 / 20.8u 2 u2

k maxmax
m R2 (0.8u) 2 2
max

 E  E  u2 u2
 k   k  2 1
222
12
u 21 u 2   1
 m2 m  1
Comparison between laminar and turbulent flows:

Laminar flow Turbulent flow
Steady flow Unsteady flow
Straight and parallel streamlines Random motion in all direction
Parabolic velocity profile Flat velocity profile
Large boundary layer Thin boundary layer
Low transfer rates High transfer rates
  0.5   1.0
u  0.5umax u  0.8umax
How to determine the energy losses wf for turbulent flow?
In general, for both laminar and turbulent flows:
wf  fun(u , L, D, ,  ,  )
 :Roughness of the pipe
Darcy found thatw f is directly proportional to the square of
average velocity u 2and length of the pipe L and inversely proportional to the radius of the pi
Lu 2 Lu 2
wf   wf  f
R R
Lu2 Lu2
wf  4 f D 2 Or hf  4 f D 2g “Darcy’s Equation”
Where f is the proportionality constant which is

friction factor and hf is the head loss due to friction.
Energy Losses
d viscosity and roughness of the pipe are all included through friction factor as we will see below.
d that as Reynolds number, Re, increases, friction factor, f, decreases. Obviously, as pipe roughness increases, friction
f  fun(Re  uD ,  )
D
Where  / D is the relative roughness
- Roughness depends on the material of construction of the pipe.
- One of the most widely used methods for evaluating the friction factor employs the Moody diagram.
“Moody diagram”
Relative roughness; /D
Friction factor , f
Re
- Friction factor can be evaluated using Moody diagram or using the following Colebrook Eq.:
  D1.225 
1  4 log 
f  3.7 Re f 
 
Special case: laminar flow
128L Lu2  D2
wf  D4  Q  4 f D 2 Q  Au  u
4
128L D2 Lu2 
u  4 f 16 fu D 2D
 D 4 4
f  16
Re “ For Laminar flow: Re < and =0”

- Three common friction factor problems:
wf  fun(u or Q, L, D, ,  ,  )
Type Given To find Solution method

1 u or Q, L, D, , , wf Direct
2 wf , L, D, , , u or Q Trial-and-error
(It can be direct)
3 wf ,u or Q, L, , , D Trial-and-error
How Type 2 can be direct? Use Colebrook Eq. together with

Darcy Eq. and Definition of Reynolds number to find:
8.8856 Dwf   D 1.7324 /  
u log  Verify that!
 L  3.7 DDwf / L 
 
Q   D 2u 4
Example. Determine energy loss due to friction and pressure drop for a flow of a Newtonian fl
Volumetric
Volumetric
= / =1
Glass has
(a)Volume
uQ/A
Re  uD
For lamina

Lu2
wf  4 f D 2  6.86 J/kg the head loss is:  wf
h f g
Or use: w f  128LQ (D4  )  6.86 J/kg
 0.146 m
Apply MEB to find pressure drop across the pipe:
P2  P1   w
f  P  12 P  w f 5145 Pa

(b) Volumetric flow rate is 80 L/s: Q  0.08m3/s
u  Q / A  4Q D2 10.186 m/s
Re  uD /  8.5103 Turbulent flow: Re>4000
Re  8.5103
from Moody diagram : f  0.008
 / D  0 (smooth)
2
w  4 f L u166 J/kg hf  w f/ g  16.9 m
f
D2
P1  P2  w f  124.5kPa
Example. Determine energy losses and pressure drop for a flow of 140 L/s of oil ( = 0.008 kg
and 200-mm-diameter. wf =?T

Q=140 L/s=0.14 m3/s; = / =0.00001 m2/s; D=0.2m; L=400 m From a previ
u  Q / A  4Q D2  4.456 m/s Re  uD /  8.9104
 / D  0.0012from Moody diagram : f  0.0058
Turbulent flow: 0 and Re>4000

Lu2
wf  4 f D 2  460.7 J/kg and the head loss is:
 wf
hf  47 m
g
Apply MEB to find pressure drop across the pipe:
P2  P1   w
12 P  w f 369 kPa
f  P 

xample. Water at 15 oC flows through 300-mm diameter riveted steel pipe with head loss of 6 m cross a length of 30
. Find the volumetric flow rate.
=? Type 2 problem
om physical properties table of water at 15 oC: =1.1310-6
2/s. From previous table riveted steel has =1.810-3 m.
=0.3 m; L=300 m; hf=6 m

Trial-and-error method: Use Darcy Eq. to relate u with f:
Lu2
hf  4 f D 2g
hf gD  0.17155
u 
f 2 fL
Take trial f value from moody diagram: f = 0.01 Find u:  0.17155  1.716 m/s
0.01
Find : Re  uD  4.6105
 from Moody diagram : f  0.008
 / D  0.006

Recalculate : u  0.17155  1.918 m/s
0.008
Recalculate : uD
Re   5.110 5

 / D  0.006
Since this f value is similar to the previous one, stop iterations:
D2
u  1.918  Q  u  0.136 m3/s  136 L/s
4
Direct method for type 2:
8.8856 Dwf   D 1.7324 /  
u log   1.910
 L  3.7 DDwf / L 
 
Q  D2u 4  0.135 m3/s  135 L/s
Example. Determine the diameter of commercial steel pipe required to convey 400 gpm of oi
D=? Type 3 problem
From previous table, commercial steel has =1.510-4 ft. L=10000 ft; hf=75 ft
gal1ft31min
Q  400  8.913ft3/s
min 7.48gal 60s
The strategy for solving type 3 problem is
h  4 f L u 4 f L 4Q
unknown D with f through Darc2 y Eq.
f
D 2g D
32 fLQ2 
D5 4.0335 f
 2 hf g

Take trial f value from moody diagram: f = 0.005 Find : D  4.0335 f  1.398 ft
Find : u  4Q / D2  5.806ft/s
Find : Re  uD  8.1104
 Moody diagram : f  0.0049
from
 / D  0.00011
Recalculated : D  4.0335 f  1.392 ft
Recalculate : u  4Q / D2  5.857 ft/s
Recalculate :
Re  uD  8.2104
 from Moody diagram : f  0.0049
 / D  0.00011  D  1.392ft
Energy losses due to fittings:
Fittings: elbow, valve, contraction, expansion, joint, bend,…etc
“Globe valve” “Gate valve” “Check valve-swing type” “Angle valve”
“Foot valve with strainer- hinged disc”

“Check valve-ball type” “Butterfly valve”

“Pipe entrance” “Contraction” “Expansion”

Sudden expansion/contraction when =180o
“90o smooth bend” “90o miter bend”
There are other fittings in the market……

These fittings dissipate energy. The energy loss due to fitting is expressed into two ways:
A- Loss (resistance) coefficient method:
w  orh f
2 2
Ku Ku
f fitting fitting
2 2g
: Energy due tofitting

lossWhere
f fitting
w
h fitting
: Head loss due to fitting
: Lossf (resistance) coefficient of fitting
: Largest
K average velocity ( inlet average velocityoroutletaveragevelocity,
u
depending on its value.

u2
hf  Ke 2g
u2
hf  KC 2
2g
u2 0.92
hf  KE 1
2g
u2
hf  Kb 2g
u2
hf  Kb 2g
u2
hf  K 2g
How can we determine K for other fittings in the laboratory?

1 2
Barometric Eq.:
u
P  H  1m2
HP Fitting
 P1  P2  H  m    
P 21P
MEB :  (w ffitting
) H

 P1  P2  H  m    m
 (w ffitting
)
 
u2 2H   
But (w f ) fitting  K K m
2 u 2
duits and Energy Losses
length method:
ue to fitting can be expressed in terms of the equivalent length of the pipe that has the same energy loss for the sam
Leq u 2 Leq u 2
  4 f
wffitting D2 or
hf fitting
 4 f D 2g
 
wf fitting
WhereEnergy loss :due to fitting
 
Head loss due
hf fitting
: to fitting
: Equivalent length of the fitting average velocity in the pipe
Leq u
Remark.
:
This method does NOT used for expansion/contraction since inlet diameter differs from outlet diameter.
Equivalent length for various kinds of fittings

Type of fitting Leq/D
Globe valve, wide open 340
Angle valve, wide open 145
Gate valve, wide open 13
Check valve (swing type) 135
o
90 standard elbow 30
45o standard elbow 16
90o long-radius elbow 20
Remark. The available data orient us to use either Leq- method or K-method or a combination of them.
Example. Find the static head H shown in the figure below to have a discharge of 60 L/s
Water reservoir
H=?
=1000 kg/m3
60 m
= 0.001kg/m.s
12 m Globe valve wide open 60 L/s
30 m
90o standard elbows
150 mm-diameter clean cast iron pipe; =0.25 mm
D  0.15 m ; Q  0.06 m3 / s
u  4Q / D2  3.4 m / s
Apply MEB between reservoir free surface and pipe discharge:

P 21P
gz 21 z   u 2122u 
1
 w pfw
2 
z2  z1  H ;u1  0; wp  0; P2  P1  Patm
u 22 u 22 w f
Hg   w f  H 
2 2gg
u2
or H  2  hf
2g
Where hf is the total head losses due to friction in pipe and fittings.
(a) If we neglect head losses:

u2 u2
H  2  0  0.5892 m
2g 2g
Is it safe to neglect hf?!. Let us see
(b) If we take head losses into account:
What head losses does the problem have?
-Head loss due to friction in pipe segments.
-Head loss due to sudden contraction; D2/D1=0
-Head loss due to 2 standard 90o elbows.
-Head loss due Globe valve wide open.
-Head losses due to friction in pipe segments:
Since the pipe segments has the same diameter and the same roughness we can find total len
Re  uD  5.05105
 from Moody diagram : f  0.006
 / D  0.0017
 4fh L
 u 9.62 m
2
f pipe
D 2g
-Head losses due to contraction:
Sudden contraction (=180o)occurs from large reservoir diameter to pipe diameter( D 2/D1=0
tables: Kc=0.5
h  f contraction
u2
 K c 2g  0.29 m
-Head loss due to 2 standard 90o elbows:

From previous tables, standard 90o elbows has Kb=0.9
h 
f elbows
 (2)K
u2
b 2g
1.06 m
- Head loss due Globe valve (wide open):

From previous tables, Globe valve (wide open) has Kv=10
fhvalve
 K v 2g  5.89 m
u2
Thus the total head loss is:

hf  fh pipe
 h f contraction
 hf elbows  hf valve 16.86 m
tic head (H=0.5892 m) resulted from part (a) by neglecting head losses is NOT enough just to overcome these head
Finally the static head required to have 60 L/s of water discharge is:
u2 3.42
H  2  hf 
2g 16.8617.45 m
Remember that you can use equivalent length method2(9.81)
to find head losses due to some fitting
problem:
 
For standard 90o elbows: eqLD  30
elbow
For globe valve (wide open): LD 340

eq valve
 Leq  u 2

hf  (2) 4 f  
elbows
 D elbow 2g 0.84 m
 Leq 

h f 4f 
u 2
4.81m
valve
 D valve 2g
uits and Energy Losses

w shown in the figure below:
er must be supplied to the motor of the pump, if it is 60% efficient to pump 200 gpm of water from left reservoir to
e rise across the pump.
ontains: 2000 ft of 3-in-schedule 40 commercial steel pipe; 2 Globe valves (wide open), 9 90 o elbows, 1 swing check v
3-in-schedule 40 riveted steel pipe: 3 in is the nominal diameter and it is NOT internal diamet

gal 1min 1ft3
D  0.2557 ft ; Q  200 min 60s 1gal  0.4456 ft3/s
u  4Q / D2  8.68 m/s

Apply MEB between free surfaces of reservoirs:
P 21P
gz 21 z   u 2122u 
1
 w pfw
2 
P1  P2  Patm ; z1  z2 ; u1  0 ; u1  0
 wp  wf
wp : Specific work done by pump on water; lbf.ft/slug.
w f : Specific energy losses due to friction in pipe and fittings; lbf.ft/slug.
Energy losses:
-Energy losses due to friction in pipe segments:
L=2000 ft For commercial steel: =1.510-4 ft
Re  uD  2.05105
 from Moody diagram : f  0.0048
 / D  0.0006
 4w
f L u 5657.3lbf.ft/slug
2
f pipe
D2
-Energy losses due to contraction:
Sudden contraction from left reservoir to pipe: Kc=0.5
w 
2
 K u18.8 lbf.ft/slug
f contraction c
2
-Energy losses due to expansion:

Sudden expansion from pipe to the right reservoir: Ke=1.0
w 
2
 K u 37.6 lbf.ft/slug
f contraction e
2
- Energy losses due 2 Globe valve (wide open):
For globe valve (wide open): L eq D  
Globe valve
 340
 Leq  u 2
w 
f  (2) 4 f   491.8lbf.ft/slug
Globe valves
 D valve 2
- Energy losses due 1 Swing check valve:
For swing check valve: LD
eq swingvalve
 135
 Leq  u 2
w   (1) 4 f   97.6 lbf.ft/slug
f
swingvalve
 D swing valve 2
- Energy losses due 9 90o elbows:

For 90o elbowselbow
: LD 30
eq
  Leq  u 2  195.3lbf.ft/slug
wf elbows  (9) 4 f 
 D elbow 2
wf  w f  contraction  wf expansion  wf pipe  wf eswingvalve 

w  f globevalves
 wf elbows
 6498.7 lbf.ft/slug
From MEB :wp  wf  6498.7 lbf.ft/slug
wp  mw f  Qwf  (1.94)(0.4456)(6498.7)  5617.9 lbf.ft/s
wp : Power done by pump on water.
To convert this power to horsepower, use the following
conversion factor: 1hp  550lbf.ft/s
1hp
w 5617.9 lbf.ft/s  10.2 hp
p
550 lbf.ft/s
But the problem asked about the power supplied to the motor of the pump and since the pum
w p
Efficiency ;  
Power suppliedto themotor 10.2
Power suppliedto themotor
 0.6 
Power suppliedto themotor  17 hp

Thus buy a pump with at least 17 hp to have this pumping duty.

(b) Pressure rise across the pump (P2-P1):
P1 P2
Apply MEB across the pump:
P 21P
 wp wf  pump

assumewf pump  0
Pump
P 21P p w  (1.94)(6498.7)  12607.5 lbf/ft 2

 87.6 psi  5.96 atm
Energy losses due to friction for flow across noncircular cross-sections:
The concept of hydraulic radius (HR) permits circular and non-circular cross sections to be tre
HR  Cross  Sectional Area  A

Wetted perimeter W
For circular cross-section:
AD2 / 4 D
HR   D  4HR
W D
For noncircular cross section we define the equivalent diameter Deq:
D 4HR  4 A
eq
W
nd Energy Losses Equivalent diameter is used to determine energy losses due to friction for flow through non-cir
uDeq
;  /eqD;w  L u2
Re   f pipe
4f
D2
eq
Example. Find the equivalent diameter for flow in conduit of square cross-section:
A x2
Deq  4 4 x x
W 4x
x
Example. Find the equivalent diameter for flow between two
concentric cylinders:
 D 2  d 2
A 4 4  D2  d 2  D  d
Dd
Deq  4 W  4
D  d Dd
“Annular cross-section”
Example. Find the equivalent diameter for flow between two 3 pipes an
D2  (3)d 2
4  D2  3d 2
d
A 4
Deq  4 W  4
D  3d D  3d
The equivalent diameter is helpful in the design of

heat/mass transfer equipments such as heat exchangers.
The use of equivalent diameter does NOT work well for cross-sections that depart radically fr
y Losses
nd pressure drop for flow of 300 m3/min of air at 20 oC through a rectangular galvanized iron section of 700 mm wid
x=0.7 m y=0.35 m
x For galvanized iron
=1.5×10-4 m
From physical properties table for air at 20 oC:
 = 1.204 kg/m3
 =1.81×10-5 Pa.s hf =?Type 1 problem
Q  300 m3/min  5 m3/s
A  xy  (0.7)(0.35)  0.245 m2
u  Q / A  20.41m/s
D 4 A  4 xy (0.7)(0.35)
eq 4  0.4667 m
W 2x  2 y(2)(0.7)  (2)(0.35)
Re  equD/   6.3105
 / Deq  0.00032
Turbulent flow: 0 and Re>4000
L u2
hf  4 f  51 m
Deq
2g
Apply MEB to find pressure drop across the duct:
P1  P2  w f  gh f  602.4 Pa

Topic-IV-Fluid Mechanics

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Topic-IV-Fluid Mechanics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fluid Mechanics Course

Flow in Conduits and Energy Losses

Flow in Conduits and Energy Losses

“Pipe” “Rectangular duct” “Annular”

MEB: gz  z   u 2122u

 P1 P2 P1  P2 : is pressure drop

1 /38 Dr. Mohammad Al-Shannag

nduits and Energy Losses

certain time and at each VO.

Flow in Conduits and Energy Losses

Why this strange behavior?!

In the year 1883, Osborne Reynolds explained this

Flow in Conduits and Energy Losses

dye “Reynolds experiment”

Therefore, Reynolds used smooth contraction.

reak down the pipe.

-In this flow region, fluid moves in a thin shells or layers or

Flow in Conduits and Energy Losses

Flow in Conduits and Energy Losses

Smooth pipe Cylindrical shell

x-Forces: Pressure forces Fp and shear stress forces F :

Fp PAx 2rrP ; Fp  PA xx  2rrP xx

F r  A r  2rx ; F r r  A r r  2 (r  r)x r r

Flow in Conduits and Energy Losses

Divide by rx and rearrange Eq. as:

(r  r) r r r r P P

Flow in Conduits and Energy Losses

Thus, the profile becomes: PPr2

Flow in Conduits and Energy Losses

To find the volumetric flow rate for laminar flow:

Flow in Conduits and Energy Losses

The equation can be used:

Flow in Conduits and Energy Losses

- Turbulent flow in pipe (Re4000):

Velocity is averaged in time:

Laminar flow has parabolic Turbulent flowhasflat

Flow in Conduits and Energy Losses

valuesof Therefore centerline

R2u  R2 0.8umax

Flow in Conduits and Energy Losses

dE k  0.5u 2 dm

m  Q  R2u  R2 (umax / 2)

E R2 (0.8u)3 / 20.8u 2 u2

Flow in Conduits and Energy Losses

Comparison between laminar and turbulent flows:

Where f is the proportionality constant which is

Flow in Conduits and Energy Losses

Type Given To find Solution method

How Type 2 can be direct? Use Colebrook Eq. together with

Flow in Conduits and Energy Losses

and 200-mm-diameter. wf =?T

Flow in Conduits and Energy Losses

=0.3 m; L=300 m; hf=6 m

Flow in Conduits and Energy Losses

from Moody diagram : f  0.008

Flow in Conduits and Energy Losses

“Globe valve” “Gate valve” “Check valve-swing type” “Angle valve”

“Foot valve with strainer- hinged disc”

Flow in Conduits and Energy Losses

“Pipe entrance” “Contraction” “Expansion”

“90o smooth bend” “90o miter bend”

There are other fittings in the market……

Flow in Conduits and Energy Losses