oufawmf&mausmf&n

S af paomf0f oifhvl

1
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

tm;vHk;[m olUoabm olaqmifwmyJ/

jzpfp&m&Sdwm[m jzpfudkjzpfrSmyJ/

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2
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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(2)
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b,fvGwfoGm;vJ rodvdkY oHo,awG jzpfaeavmufNyDvm;rod/
3
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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4
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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olY&JU xGufajy;vGwfajrmuf&ef r[mpDrHudef; tnHhpm; BuD;udk
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[dkwpfzufrSmawmh refudkyif; ta0;ajy; um;&yfem;pcef;udk jyL;ae atmif
5
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

jrifae&NyD/ bdk;awmfBuD; t,fvef[m olYcE¨mBuD;udko,fvmwJh ajcaxmufawG

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½Iyfavjcif;qdkwJh rvdkwrmtMunfh rsdK;yJ/ tcef;axmifhrSmxdkifapmifhaewJh
6
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

a&Ta&mifqHyif&Snf rkwfqdwfA&yGeJY jyefvrf;r&SdqdkwJh pmwef;BuD;

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ck t,fvef&,fqdkawmh vufrSwfa&mif; pdwfxJrSm tcef;xJvlawG
t&rf;usyfydwfodyfaew,fvdkY xifaeovm; rod/
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usrSmygvdrfh/ b,fvdk? b,fum;u b,fem; vmrSmygvdrfh/ ckcsufcsif;aemf/
7
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

vufrSwfa&mif;wJhvlcrsm t,fvefY ar;cGef;&SnfBuD;awGaMumifh

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ar;orQ olYnmbufem;u 0ifNyD; b,fbufem;u xGufoGm; yHkyJ/
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2/ um;c b,favmufusrvJ/
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OD;xkyfuav; tomr EIwfquf? aus;Zl;rwifayrJh aus;Zl;wifpum;
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cHkwef;&Snfay: xdkifcs&if; ol tawG;rQif wef;rdaejyefw,f/ arG;aeYyGJu
8
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

oHk;em&D prSmqkdawmh aemuf q,fhESpfrdepfqdk pawmhrSmaygh/

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tJovdk aysmfaewkef; wpfa,mufa,muf olYem;uyfvmwmudk
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tdrfoma&;udk;/ tdrfomxJ ,lvdkYr&wJh olY c&D;aqmiftdwfBuD;udk
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Munfhay;xm;&wJh tvkyf[m olYtwGuf tyef;rBuD;ygaMumif; aygh/ tJ ...
9
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

udk&ifhtaeeJY ratmifhEdkif rtnf;EdkifwJh ta&;ay:udpöudk ajz&Sif;zdkY

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10
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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a&Ta&mifqH&Snfudk apmufjrifuwfvdkYvm;? tdwfxJrSm t0wf tpm;awG?
OD;xkyfawG ygr,fvdkY arQmfvihfvdkYvm;/ 'Dtdwfudk ,lvmjcif; tm;jzifh bmrS
t½HI;r&Sdbl;vdkY ,lqvdkYvm;/ rodbl;/ tajz wdwdyy r&Sd/ uJav ...
b0qdkwm 'DvdkyJ/
tcsdefydkupm;ovdk oufwrf;udkvGefNyD; ae&rifh[m vGwfvGwfvyfvyf
aysmfaysmfyg;yg;aygh/ xHk;pHtwdkif; vkyfcsif&mvkyfruGm/ bmjzpf wkef;/
11
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

qdkzmxdkifcHkay: Zdrfusus vSJcsvdkufw,f/ aumif;w,f/ auseyfw,f/ ZdrfyJ/

rsufawmifawGpif;vmNyD; rsufcGHawGav;vmNyD/ tdceJ? wGJceJ? pdkufceJ?
rdkufceJ/
tJ'DtcsdefrSm vltdk½Hk ñTefrSL;rBuD; tJvpf[m vltdk½Hk tcef;eHygwfwpfudk
vufjyKwfxGufrwwf xyfumxyfum acgufaeav&Jh/
]t,fvef ... raemufeJYawmh? usDpm;wm awmfavmufNyD? NrdKUawmf 0efBuD;
a&mufaeNyD&Sifh? tm;vHk;vnf; vlpHkNyD? Mum;&JUvm; t,fvef ... t&uf
cdk;aomufaejyefNyDvm;? xGufcJh? ckcsufcsif;aemf t,fvef ... t,fvef ...}
wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyJ refudkyif; um;pcef;xJu tdrfomwHcg; yGifhvmw,f/
a&Ta&mifqH&Snf[m ayghyg;vGwfvyfpGm xGufvmw,f/ cg;ywf jyifywf?
vufwpfzufu qHyifawGoyf&if; cHkwef;awGbuf tMunfhua&muf/
b,fMunfh? nmMunfh? awmMunfh? awmifMunfh? Avmewd¬/
][muGm ... awmuf ...}
]awmuf} aemufu pum;vHk;awGaysmuf? tawmfMumrS jyef&Sm awGU/
]aocsif;qdk;BuD; ... jyefawGUvdkYuawmh aoNyDom atmufarhayawmhuGm}

(3)
2005? ar 2? wevFm/
arv ESpf&ufaeY? naeoHk;em&D aemufydkif;rSmawmh refudkyif;&JU
wdwfqdwfNidrfoufrIawG tpdwfpdwf t`rTm`rTm NydKuGJukefawmhw,f/
ppcsif;awmh vltdk½Hk ñTefrSL;r tJvpf[m a'goxuf pdk;&drfylyefpdwf
12
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

i,fxdyfwufNyD; rmpwmuD; aomhwGJBuD; qGJxkwfvdkufw,f/ tcef;xJ

a&mufa&mufcsif; wef;odwmygyJ/ t,fvefu olYajy;vrf;aMumif;udk
bmrS tzHk;tuG,frvkyfxm;cJhawmh jywif;aygufu ausmfcsw,fqdkwm
todomBuD;yJ/ olYajc&m aumufMunfh&if xGufroGm;cif yef;cif;xJ ililBuD;
&yfaeao;w,fqdkwmvnf; od&wmy/
NrdKUawmf0efBuD;[m 'Dta&; igudkifwG,frS jzpfr[hJvdkY tod0ifvmw,f/
0efxrf;awGudk ESpfa,mufwpfzGJU zGJUNyD; csufcsif;vdkuf&SmzdkY ol trdefYay;w,f/
t,fvefvdk tbdk;BuD;[m b,fenf;eJYrS a0;a0;roGm;Edkifbl;/ 'Dem;wpf0dkuf
*½kpdkuf&SmMu/ yef;jcHxJ ol cPcPoGm;aeus/ tpdk;& t&ufqdkifxJ?
rif;vrf;ay:u qdkifawGxJ? awmifukef;ay:u uvsmP,k0 toif;wdkufxJ
&SmMuprf;aygh/ oludk,fwdkifuawmh vltdk½HkxJuae wpfz0g;rSrcGmbJ &SdaewJh
vltdkawG aemufxyf xGufrajy;apzdkY rsufpd a'gufaxmufMunfhaer,fqdkyJ/
wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwf odkodkodyfodyf vkyfMuzdkY? rvdktyfbJ owif;awGrjyefYapzdkY
tBuD;tus,f BudwfrSmae ayrJh vlaysmuf&SmwJh ESpfa,mufwGJ wpfwGJ[m
a'od, owif;pm wpfapmifu owif;axmufreJY "mwfyHkq&mqdkwm ol
yrm' avcNyD; arhae&Smw,f/
um;0if;[m NrdKUawmf0efBuD;&JUrlv &SmazGa&; a&'gxJrSm rygbl;/ tJ ...
tJ'Dum;0if; qdko[mxJrSmawmh a&Ta&mifqHyif&Snf? rkwfqdwfA&yGeJY
jyefvrf;r&SdqdkwJh pmwef;BuD; aemufausmrSma&;xm;wJh 'Deif; *suf uuf
0wfxm;wJh vl&G,fwpfa,muf[m a'go rD;awmifBuD;uae aomu
acsmf&nfawG woGifoGifpD;&if; um;0if;wpfckvHk; ydkufpdyfwdkuf &Smaeav&Jh/
13
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

&Smum; &Sm\? rawGU/ vltdkBuD;a&m olYtdwfBuD;yg aysmuf jcif;rvS aysmuf/

qH&Snf[m vufrSwfaygufbuf OD;vSnfhvdkufw,f/ vufrSwfa&mif;
vlzvHav;qD ol OD;wnfw,f/ aoemusBuD;eJY olYtdwf
b,fa&mufoGm;ovJqdkwm odudkodrS jzpfvdrfhr,f/
vufrSwfa&mif; vlzvHav;[m tvkyfrSm NiD;aiGUw,fqdkayrJh
apmifhxdef;&r,fh usifh0wfw&m;udkawmh razmufzsufzl;/ atmfBuD;
[pfus,fvkyfaewJh qH&SnfhudkMunfh&if; c&D;onfawG&JU twGif;a&;udk
tcGifhr&SdbJ zGifhrajym&bl;qdkwJh usifh0wfoifcef;pmudk ol ydkYcsaew,f/
qH&Snf[m cPNidrfoGm;w,f/ NyD;awmh b,fbufudk ig;udkufavmuf ol
avQmufoGm;w,f/ vufrSwf½kHxJ0ifwhJ wHcg;aygufav; awGUw,f/
aomhcwfxm;vm;? rcwfxm;vm; tvkyf½IyfcHNyD; Munfhrae bl;/
aemufwpfvSrf;qkwfNyD; wHcg;udk aqmifhuefcsvdkufw,f/ wHcg; ywåmawG
avrSm 0JvGifhoGm;w,f/ vlzvHav;[m tultnDac:zdkY w,fvDzkef;cGufudk
vufvSrf;r,fMuHwkef; apGUceJ avxJ ajrmufwuf oGm;w,f/ qH&Snfu olYudk
em;&GufESpfzufpvHk;qGJNyD; avxJ ajr§mufwifvdkufwm/
]'Dr,f usifh0wfawG? eifh0wfawG usKyf rodbl;? at; ... vlawG
pum;ajymatmif b,fvdkvkyf&r,fqdkwmawmh aumif;aumif;odw,f}
qH&Snfu tJovdkajymNyD; vnfaewJh qHkvnfukvm;xdkifay:
vlzvHav;udk aqmifhcsvdkufw,f/
qH&Snf[m olvdkcsifwJhtajz r&&if b,fvdkvkyfr,fqdkwm vlzvHav;udk
ajymjyvdkufwmeJY wpfNydKifeuf usifh0wf apmifhxdef;csif vSwJh vufrSwfa&mif;
14
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

vlzvHav;[m csufcsif;yJ odorQ r>cif;rcsef ajymzdkY

qHk;jzwfcsufcsvdkufw,f/ rcs&ifjzifh olYzGm;zufawmfudk wleJY oH oHk;NyD;
xGif;azmufr,fvdkY qH&Snfaumifu ajymoudk;/ olajymwm uvnf; rsufpdxJ
uGif;uGif;uGufuGufjrifatmif o½kyfay:vGef;oudk;/ 'geJYyJ tbdk;BuD;[m
px&efemhZfoGm;wJh bwfpfum;ay: ygoGm;w,fvdkY xif&aMumif;? tdwfygoGm;
roGm;awmh rodaMumif;? c&D;onfawGudk olvQKdvkyfzdkY ol 0goemrygaMumif;
odorQ tlr acs;cg;rusef ajymcs vdkufw,f/
olajymwJh owif;tcsuftvufawGaMumifh z&PmyDwd *Grf;qDxd rwwf
qH&Snf auseyfaewm owdxm;rdwJh vlzvHav;[m tm;wufvmNyD;
aemufxyf tcsuftvufawG olYyg;pyfu oGefusvmw,f/ refudkyif;eJY
px&efemhZfMum;rSm rSwfwdkif q,fhESpfck&SdaMumif;? tbdk;BuD;[m tJ'DxJu
wpfckckrSm qif;oGm;EdkifaMumif;? twdtusudkawmh um;
q&myJ odrSmjzpfaMumif;? tcsdefZ,m;t&qdk tJ'Dum;[m zvef;udkoGm;
zdkYtwGuf refudkyif; um;0if;udk nckepfem&D q,frdepfrSm jyef0ifvmrSm
jzpfaMumif;? ... aMumif;? ... aMumif;? ... aMumif;/
qH&Snf[m em;&GufawGeD&JNyD; taMumufBuD; aMumufaewJh vlzvH
av;em;rSm xdkifcsvdkufw,f/
]aeOD;? usKyf pOf;pm;OD;r,f} wJh/
tajymeJYtvkyf nDatmif ol pOf;pm;w,f/ vlzvHav;qDu um;q&m&Jh
zkef;eHygwfudk &atmifar;? zkef;qufNyD; tbdk;BuD;udkifvmwJh tdwf[m olYqDu
cdk;oGm;wmvdkY ajymvdkuf&if aumif;rvm;/ 'gqdk um;q&mu &Judk
15
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

taMumif;Mum;vdkuf&if ... [m ... rjzpfbl;? rjzpfbl;/ aeOD;? wu,fawmh

tvsifvdkp&m bmtaMumif;rSr&Sdbl; r[kwfvm;/ 'Davmuf tdkudkif; csdeJYaewJh
romBuD;[m px&efemhZfuae b,fquf oGm;oGm;? jrefjrefoGm;Edkifp&m
vrf;rjrif? wkefwkefcsdcsdeJYoGm;&if oJvGefp awG trsm;BuD; usefrSmyJ/
oloGm;wJhvrf;wpfavQmuf aemufuvdkufNyD; awGUwJhvl em;&GufqGJar;rajym
cHEdkif½dk;vm;/ qH&Snf[m vlawGqDu olwdkYodorQ ajymatmif n§pfxkwfEdkifwJh
olYpGrf;&nftay: enf;enf;rS oHo, r&Sdbl;/
'DvdkeJY um;jyefa&mufwJh txdapmifhzdkY? a&mufa&mufcsif; um;orm;udk
&ifh&ifhoD;oD; tifwmAsL;zdkY ol qHk;jzwfvdkufw,f/ qHk;jzwfNyD; wmeJY xdkif&mu
0kef;ceJxNyD; vufrSwfa&mif; vlzvHav;udk ckudpö &JwdkifvdkYuawmh olYwifru
om;ajr;wDwGwf uRwfqwf aqGpOfrsdK;quf 'ku©a&mufap&r,f
qdkwJhtaMumif; usdefwG,f MuHK;0g;jyvdkufw,f/
wu,fawmhvnf; vufrSwfa&mif;crsm om;ajr;wDwGwfzdkY rdef;r awmif
rl;vdkY ½SLp&mr&Sd/ odkYaomfvnf; em;&GufeJY i,fyg ydkaejrJ usm;aejrJ
jzpfapzdkYta&; &JwdkifzdkY rajymeJY? rsufarG;axmfvdkYawmif armfrMunfhyg aMumif;
tmrbaEÅ cHvdkufw,f/
aemufwpfaeY rwdkifciftxdvnf; 'Duwdudk ol trSefwu,f
xdef;odrf;cJhw,fav/

&SmazGa&;twGJawG vltdk½Hk jyefa&mufvmMuNyD/ bmrS &SmrawGUbl; vdkY

0dkif;tpD&ifcHMuw,f/ NrdKUawmf0efu &Jrac:csifbl;/ qdkawmh wjcm;
16
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

bmrSvnf; rpOf;pm;wwfbl;/ owif;axmufru olYudk t&JpGefY ar;

vdkufw,f/
]'gqdk bmqufvkyfrSmvJ NrdKUawmf0efrif;&Sifh}
NrdKUawmf0efBuD;[m cP NidrfoGm;w,f/ NyD;awmhrS ...
]tif; ...? &Judk taMumif;Mum;&awmhrSmaygh}vdkY av;av;BuD; ajymvdkuf&if;
pdwfxJu rD'D,mvGwfvyfcGifh qdkwmBuD;udk yspfyspfESpfESpf usdefqJaew,f/

um;q&mu nifnifomom vIyfEdI;aewJhtwGuf t,fvef Edk;vmw,f/

bdkif&ifhcsfblwm rSwfwdkifqdkwmudk a&mufNyDwJh/ t,fvef qif;vdkufw,f/
tdwfBuD;udk um;q&mu atmufxd csay;w,f/ ]wpfa,mufwnf;
jzpf&JUvm;}wJh/ pdk;&drfNyD; ar;&Smw,f/ ]jzpfygw,f? rylygeJY}vdkY ajzvdkufw,f/
aus;Zl;wifpum; ajymw,f/ vufjy EIwf qufNyD; bwfpfum;xGufoGm;wmudk
ai;aevdkufw,f/
opfyifBuD;awG tkyfqdkif;vGef;vdkY aea&mifawmif rjrif&bl;/
*sufuuftyg;av;eJY tdrfwGif;pD; ajcn§yfzdeyfpD;xm;wJh t,fvef[m
csrf;pdrfhpdrfh jzpfvmw,f/ bdkif&ifhcsfblwmom qdkw,f/ bmblwm t&dyf
ta,mifrS rawGU&bl;/ Munfhav&m jrifavwdkif; opfyifawGcsnf;yJ/
nmbufrSmawmh ausmufcif;vrf;usOf;av; &Sdw,f/
tif; ... tdwfxJrSmawmh taEG;xnfxlxlawG ygrSmyJvdkY awG;rdvdkY
tdwfBuD;udk zGifhMunfhzdkY BudK;pm;w,f/ 'gayrJh tdwfu aomhcwfxm;wm/ ck
zGifhp&m bmypönf;rSvnf; r&Sdbl;/ uJ ... uJ ... qufoGm;rS/ EdkYrdkY&if at;vdkY
17
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

cJaooGm;vdrfhr,f/
vufudkifwHuae tomav; qGJoGm;½HkyJ/ tdwfu bD;eJYqdkawmh
tawmfoufomygw,f/ 'DvdkeJY ausmufcif;vrf;twdkif; t,fvefu
a&SUuavQmuf? tdwfu aemufuvdkufvmw,f/
udkuf ESpf&m? oHk;&mavmuf avQmufNyD;awmh bdkif&ifhcsfblwm bmwkH;qdkwm
ol rsuf0g;xifxif awGUvdkuf&w,f/ vwfpowfawmh roHk;awmhwJh
&xm;vrf;a[mif;eJY ydwfxm;wJh blwm½Hkyguvm;/ t,fvef[m
olYtawG;awGeJY olYcGeftm;awGudk jyefpkpnf;EdkifzdkY c&D;aqmif tdwfBuD;udk
zifckNyD; xdkifcsvdkufw,f/
olYb,fbufrSmawmh blwmwpfjzpfvJ t0ga&mif ESpfxyf
taqmufttHkwpfck &Sdaew,f/ jywif;aygufawGu tukefydwfxm; w,f/
nmbuf &xm;vrf;a[mif;twdkif; vdkufoGm;&if awmeufBuD;xJ
a&mufoGm;r,f/ roHk;wmMumNyDqdkayrJh &xm;vrf;uawmh jrm;wpfpif;vdk
ajzmifhajzmifhwef;wef; xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jrifae&wkef;yJ/ 'gayrJh tcsdef
odyfMumvm&ifawmh awmxoGm;rSmygav/ tcsdefyJ vdkwmyg/
]&xm;vrf;ay: ravQmuf&}qdkwJh qdkif;bkwfwpfck csdwfxm;wm
awGUw,f/ bm&xm;rS rvmwmudk bZmaMumifh ravQmuf&rwkH;vdkY olYpdwfxJ
apm'uwufaerdw,f/ cPaeawmh blwm½Hka[mif;xJuae vlwpfa,muf
xGufvmw,f/ vQmxdk;OD;xkyfeJY? vnf&SnfzdeyfeJY toufuawmh
ckepfq,favmuf&SdNyD xifw,f/ tJ'Dvl[m olYudkMunfh? rsuf arSmifBuD;
MuKwf&if; wef;wef;rwfrwf avQmufvmw,f/ 'DawmBuD;rsufrnf;xJ
18
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

a&mufvmwJh olpdrf;tbdk;BuD;[m bmvJ? nmvJayghav/

t,fvefuawmh tdwfay: xdkifaewkH;/ olYrSm ajymzdkYpum;vnf; r&Sd/
EIwfqufzdkY tm;vnf; r&Sd/ olYqDvmaewJhvludk pdkufMunfhae½Hkom
wwfEdkif&Smygw,f/ vQmxdk;OD;xkyfeJY vlu olYudk ar;w,f/
]cifAsm;u b,folvJ? 'Dudk bmvmvkyfwmvJ}
t,fvefu ½kwfw&uf rajzEdkifbl;/ &efolvm;? rdwfaqGvm; pdwfxJrSm
csdefqaerdw,f/ odkYyif odkYjim;aomfvnf; ywf0ef;usifrSm
wpfa,mufwnf;awGU&wJh olYudk 'DntwGuf ausmcsp&mae&m? pm;p&m
aomufp&m ay;aumif;ay;zG,f&SdwJh 'DvlYudk pum;rajymvdkY rjzpfacsbl;/ uJ ...
ajymr,f/
olYemrnf t,fvefjzpfaMumif;? 'DaeY toufwpf&m jynfhwJh taMumif;?
bmvkyf&rSef; rodwmeJY vltdk½Hkuae xGufajy;vmaMumif;? vrf;rSm
MuHKaewkef; qHkaewkef; ½dkif;pdkif;wJh vl&G,fwpfa,mufqDu c&D;aqmiftdwfBuD;
cdk;vmaMumif;? tcdk;cH&vdkY um,uH&Sifuawmh aysmfrSmr[kwfwJhtaMumif;?
'l;raumif;aMumif;? 'gaMumifh vrf;MumMum ravQmufEdkifbJ rMumcP
em;em;ay;&aMumif;/
taMumif;pHk ajymNyD;awmh w&m;olBuD; trdefYcsrSwfwm apmifhaewJh
w&m;cHvdk t,fvef[m vQmxdk;OD;xkyfeJY vlqDu pum;oHudk apmifharQmf
aew,f/ OD;xkyfeJYvlu jyHK;vdkufNyD; ...
]'gqdk cifAsm;BuD;u olckd;aygh}vdkY ajym&if; olYudk teD;uyf aphaph
Munfhaew,f/
19
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]cifAsm; wu,fyJ toufwpf&m&SdNyDvm;? 'gqdk cifAsm; qmae a&maygh ...}

wJh/
toufwpf&m &Sdjcif;eJY qmjcif; ESpfckMum;u qufpyfrI ,kwådaA'udk
t,fvef rpOf;pm;wwfayrJh qmwmuawmhtrSefyJ/ 'geJYyJ bmpm;&rSmvJ?
aomufp&ma&m yg&JUvm;vdkY ar;vdkufw,f/
OD;xkyfeJYvlu olYudk,fol rdwfqufw,f/ olYemrnf *sL;vD;,yf
*RefqifwJh/ olu t,fvefYudk qGJxlw,f/ tdwfudk ol o,fcJhr,fh taMumif;
ajymw,f/ pm;p&mu orifom;½dkUpf? aomufp&m usdef;aoayguf
ygr,fhtaMumif; ajymw,f/ 'l;awGtwGuf oabm&Sd uavm[d em;EdkifaMumif;
tmrbaEÅcHw,f/
wu,fawmhvnf; *sL;vD;,yf *Refqif[m b,foleJYrS pum; rajym&wm
ESpfy&dapä' MumcJhNyD/ ck tdwfwpfvHk;eJY tbdk;BuD;udk jrifawmh ol
0rf;omvHk;qdkYaewm/ udkif; ... aomufNyD? nmbuf'l;twGuf wpfcGuf?
b,f'l;twGuf wpfzvm;? ausm½dk;twGuf wpfyuf? vnfyif;twGuf
wpfpuf? cHwGif;vdkufzdkY wpfjrHKU? aomuf&if;eJY pum;ajymMu? *sL;vD;,yf&JU
b0ZmwfaMumif;udk ckvdk t,fvef em;axmif&/
tef'ghpf*RefqifeJY t,fvfADem*Refqif&JU wpfOD;wnf;aom om;vS a&TaoG;
*Refqifav;tjzpf *sL;vD;,yfudk qGD'ifajrmufydkif;rSm arG;zGm;cJh?
vlvm;ajrmufvmawmh rdom;pk ,mcif;rSm ,morm;jzpf? apmufoHk; wpfpufrS
ruswhJtaumifvdkY jrnfwGefawmufwD;NyD; olYtazu olYudk aeYwdkif; ½dkuf? 25
ESpfom;rSm tareJY taz a&SUqifhaemufqifhao? wpfaumif<uufuav;
20
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

*sL;vD;,yf[m v,f,mtvkyfrSm rxGef;um;rSef; udk,fhudk,fudk,fodvdkY

ajcapmifhvufapmifh ajr{u enf;enf;uvGJvdkY &SdorQ tukefa&mif;NyD;
pawmh[krf;wuf? ESpfESpfMumawmh &SdorQaiG tukefajymifvdkY awmjyefajy;?
opfyifawGpdkuf/
[l'pfcfpaAmc½dkif vQyfppfukrÜPDudk "mwfwdkiftjzpfoHk;zdkY opfvHk;
ig;axmifoGif;zdkY uefx½dkuf&? *sL;vD;,yfcrsm 0rf;omtm;&? ½IyfaxG; vSwJh
tcGefpepftaMumif; bmrSrodbJ tm;BudK;rmefwuf "mwfwdkif twGuf
opfawGckwf? tvkyform;cawG weifhwydk;ukef? avmbu ausmr
wufaeawmh &orQopf irf;aZmif;x ckwfvdkufwm vkdcsifwJh
"mwfwdkiftjrifhxuf wpfudkufavmuf wdkae? "mwfwdkifawG qifawmh
v,fuGif;awGxJ BudK;awGus? v,frvkyf&? jyóemawG wpfavSBuD;wuf?
v,form;awG&JU a'go[m vQyfppfukrÜPD? 'Duwpfqifh *sL;vD;,yfqD
a&muf? MuH&mr& jzpf? xGufajy;? qef;pfaAmu [dkw,frSm ckepfvavmuf ykef;?
aemufqHk; jzLcgjymcgus? udkif; ... ajym&wmarm? xyfaomufvdkufMuOD;pdkY/
tdrf; ... [kwfwmaygh? aomufoifhwmaygh/ orifom;½kdUpf
qdko[muvnf; bD,mav;eJY arQmcsrS t&omydk&Sdw,f r[kwfvm;/
tJ'DtcdkuftwefYrSm t,fvef[m touf&Sifae&wmudk auseyfvGef;vdkY
ao&rSmudkawmif aMumufovdk jzpfvmw,f/
*sL;vD;,yfu olYZmwfaMumif;udk qufjyefw,f/ qef;pfaAmudk
v,fxGefpufeJY acG;ajy; 0ufajy; ajy; (armif;ydkYwJh v,form;u olYudk
trIefYBudwfypfcsifwJhtMunfheJY Munfhae) olY&JU rajymyavmufwJh trSm;
21
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

av;udk a'ocH v,form;awGu aemif ESpfwpf&mMumvnf; cGifhrvTwf

Edkifbl;qdkwJh owif;pum;udk Mum;? 'geJYyJ awmifydkif;udk qufajy;?
ar&Dz&ufrSm cP pwnf;cs? cdk;0Sufpm;aomuf? aemufawmh NrdKUjyb0udk
NiD;aiGU? *&pfyf[krf;wnf;cdkcef; rD;cHaowåmwpfvHk;xJu &vmwJh ua&mif;
ESpfaomif;cGJeJY ck bdkif&ifhcsf blwm½Hka[mif;udk 0,fNyD; {upm&D usifh?
opfawmxJ0if? trJypf? t&ufcsuf? pHkpDezmvkyfayrJh pD;yGm;a&;u raumif;?
'DvkdeJY ckcsdefxd jzpfovdk b0udk jzwfoef;ygowJh/
tcsdKyGJtjzpf xyfcsMuzdkY *sL;vD;,yfu tMuHay;wJhtcg touf wpf&m
t,fvefrSm pOf;pm;&&Smw,f/ cswmu csvdkY&ygw,f/ rcscif tdrfom&SmrS
jzpfvdrfhr,f/ arSmifpjyKvmNyDrdkY *sL;vD;,ufu rD;zGifhvdkufNyD;
avSum;nmbufrSm tdrfom&SdwJhtaMumif;? tdrfomujyefvm&if cszdkY
cGuftopf jznfhxm;wJhtaMumif; ajymjyw,f/
tdrfomxJrSm rwfwwf&yf&if; ½SL½SL;yef;? xHk;pHtwdkif; ½SL½SL;u
tm;raumif;? ½SL½SL; zdeyfawGpdkpdk&TJ/ ½SL½SL;yef;jcif;trI wpf0ufavmuf
ta&muf avSum;ay:u toHawG Mum;vdkufw,f/ olcdk;vmwJh tdwfudk qGJNyD;
*sL;vD;,yf avSum;ay:wufoGm;w,f xifrdayrJh ajcoHu odyf
jyif;vGef;w,f/ cPaeawmh ol odvdkufNyD/ 'g[m a&Ta&mif qHyif&Snf
rkwfqdwfA&yGeJY jyefvrf;r&SdqdkwJh pmwef;BuD; aemufausmrSma&;xm;wJh
'Deif;*sufuuf0wfxm;wJh vl&G,fyJ/
tif; ... wu,fyJ olqdk&ifawmh olwdkYawGUqHkrI[m aumif;aom
awGUqHkjcif; rjzpfEdkifbl;av/
22
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

bwfpfum;[m px&efemhZfuae refudkyif;udk owfrSwfcdsefxuf oHk;rdepf

apma&mufvmw,f/ c&D;onfvnf; wpfa,mufrS rygawmhwJh twGuf
um;orm;[m zvefra&mufcif aemufqHk;rSwfwdkifjzpfwJh refudk yif;rSm
at;at;aq;aq; em;zdkY? touf00 ½SLzdkY tcsdef&NyDvdkY xifrd wmaygh/
odkYaomfvnf; pD;u&ufuav;aomufzdkY rD;nd§½Hk &Sdao;/ a&Ta&mif
qHyif&Snf rkwfqdwfA&yGeJY jyefvrf;r&SdqdkwJh pmwef;BuD; aemufausmrSm
a&;xm;wJh 'Deif;*sufuuf0wfxm;wJh vl&G,fwpfa,muf olYa&SU a&muf
vmw,f/
olYMunfh&wm ,D;wD;,m;wm;eJY odyf[efyHkr&bl;/ 'geJYyJ ]cifAsm; u
zvefoGm;rSmvm;}vdkY &GHUwGefYwGefYeJY ar;vdkufw,f/
]usKyf zvef roGm;bl;? cifAsm;vnf; roGm;&bl;} wJh? jyefajzyHku/
bwfpfum;udk av;em&Davmuf apmifhae&wJhtwGuf qH&SnfqDrSm
pdwf&Snfonf;cHrI wpdk;wpdrS rusefawmhbl;/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyJ wu,f
vdkYom um;cdk;NyD; xGufajy;&if px&efemhZf ra&mufcif zrf;rdrSmyJqdkwJh
tawG;uvnf; 0ifvmw,f/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm &Jum;awG[m NrdKUaygufpe
av;xJrSm pka0;pjyKaeNyD/ &Jom;awG[m um;0if;xJ a&mufvmNyD/
vufrSwfaygufrSm ua,mifacsmufcsm;eJY xdkifaewJh vlzvHav;udk bm aMumifh
'Davmuf aMumufae&aMumif;? bmaMumifh vufrSwf½HkwHcg;u
ysufpD;aeaMumif; ppfar;aew,f/
qH&Snfcrsm &JawG bmudpöeJY a&mufvmrSef; rod&Smbl;/ jyefvrf; r&Sd
23
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

*dkPf;u olYabmhpf[m refudkyif;udk taMumif;oHk;ckaMumifh a&G;cs,f cJhwm/

1/ pawmh[krf;eJY eD;jcif;
2/ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; aumif;jcif;
3/ ta&;tBuD;qHk; t"duuswJhtaMumif;u vufwH&SnfvSygw,f qdkwJh
w&m;Oya'[m 'Dae&mudk vufvSrf;rrDvdkY oabm&Sd uavm[d Edkifjcif;qdkwJh
taMumif;awGyJ/ yHkrSeftm;jzifh refudkyif;rSm &Jr&Sd? pHkaxmuf r&Sd/
ckawmh r&Sdoifh r&SdxdkufygbJeJY &JawG ajccsif;vdrfaeNyD/ tHkvdkuf
usif;vdkufyJ/ [kwfw,fav/ &Jum;ESpfpD;eJY &Jav;a,mufBuD;rsm;awmif
qdkawmh tHkvdkufusif;vdkufaygh/ yxrawmh 'D&JawG ighaemuf vdkufvm
wmyJvdkY awG;&if; qH&Snf[m ylxloGm;w,f/ 'gayrJh vufrSwfa&mif;wJh vleJY
&JawG ajymaeqdkaeyHk Munfh&wm olYaemufvdkufwm [kwfyHkr&bl;/
bwfpfum;apmifhaewkef; qH&Snf[m vufrSwfa&mif; ½Hk;cef;xJu zkef;udk
wpfppDjzpfatmif ½dkufcGJNyD; ½Hk;cef;wHcg;udkvnf; ysufoxufysufatmif
wwftm;oa&GU vkyfxm;w,f/ vufrSwfa&mif;aumif aMumufoxuf
aMumufatmifaygh/
bwfpfum;qdkufvdkY c&D;onfwpfa,mufrS rygrSef; aocsmwJh
tcgrSmawmh um;udka&m um;orm;udkyg jyefay;qGJzdkY qH&Snfu qHk;jzwf csuf
csvdkufw,f/ vm&mvrf;twdkif; ajrmufbuf jyefvSnfharmif;zdkY um;orm;udk
pnf;½Hk;odrf;oGif;wm puúefYESpfq,favmuf MumoGm;w,f/ qH&Snf[m
reufu t,fvef xdkifoGm;wJhae&mrSm xdkif&if; um;ay: vdkufvmcJhw,f/
tm½Hk,laeovm;awmh rajymwwfygbl;/
24
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

um;orm;uawmh wpfudk,fvHk; ewfusovdk wkefaevdkY pD;u&uf

rD;n§daomufaerdw,f/ um;ay: aq;vdyfraomuf&qdkwJh Oya'&SdayrJh ck
olYtwGuf wpfckwnf;aom Oya'[m olYaemuf rsufapmif;xdk;cHkrSm
xdkifvdkufvmwJh a&Ta&mifqHyif&Snf? rkwfqdwfA&yGeJY jyefvrf;r&SdqdkwJh
pmwef;BuD; aemufausmrSma&;xm;wJh 'Deif;*sufuuf 0wfxm;wJh qH&Snf
aumifyJav/
oGm;ae&if;eYJ qH&Snf[m um;orm;udk tdwfolcdk; tbdk;BuD; b,f
qif;oGm;ovJ ar;w,f/ um;orm;uvnf; tbdk;BuD;[m bdkif&ifhcsf
blwmrSwfwdkifrSm qif;oGm;aMumif;? ig;q,fwefwpf&GufjyNyD; ig;q,fzdk;
pD;&if b,fxda&mufrvJqdkvdkY bdkif&ifhcsfrSm csay;cJhaMumif; u&m; a&vTwf
wwGwfwGwf ajzaew,f/
wu,fu bdkif&ifhcsfblwmtaMumif; um;orm;vnf; bmrS aocsmodwm
r[kwfbl;/ b,folrS b,fwkef;urSvnf; tJ'DrSwfwdkifrSm
tqif;twufvkyfwm r&SdcJhbl;/ ydwfxm;wJh &xm;vrf;&,f? cyfa0;a0;rSm
bdkif&ifhcsf&Gm&Sdw,f qdkwm&,favmufyJ a&;aw;aw;odwm/ tbdk;BuD;
tvGefqHk;oGm;EdkifvS tJ'D&Gmtxdaygh/ c&D;aqmiftdwfu bD;ygw,f qdkayrJh
tawmfav;wm/ ol ta0;BuD; b,fqGJEdkifrvJ/
'Dpum;awG Mum;&awmh qH&Snf[m tvGefYtvGef pdwfoufom
oGm;w,f/ pawmh[krf;u olYabmhpfudk taMumif;rMum;ao;bl;vdkY
qHk;jzwfvdkufw,f/ olYabmhpfu vlawGudk aMumufatmifvkyfwJhae&mrSm
olYxufomw,fqdkwm ol aumif;aumif;odw,f/ wu,fvdkYrsm; tdwf
25
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

aysmufoGm;wmom odvdkYuawmh trav;avh ... qH&Snf awG;&if; Muuf

oD;xvmw,f/ rjzpfbl;/ olYbmomol ajz&Sif;NyD;rS t&dyftuJMunfh
ajymjyawmhr,f/ tbdk;BuD; b,fa&mufa&muf tjrefqHk;&SmNyD; olYvufxJ
tdwfjyefa&mufrS jzpfrSm/
]uJ ... bdkif&ifhcsfblwmrSwfwdkif a&mufygNyD}
um;orm;[m ajymajymqdkqdk um;ay:u tjrefqif;NyD; vrf;ay:
arSmufcsvdkufw,f/ aozdkY&ef jyifqifxm;vdkufw,f/ odkYaomf olaozdkY
tcsdefrwefao;bl;/ olYvufudkifzkef;uawmh aocsdefwefoGm;cJhw,f/
zkef;uav;[m qH&Snf&JUzdeyfatmufrSm wpfppD 0dnmOfa<uvGifhoGm; &Smw,f/
tJ'Daemufawmh zvefoGm;wJh vrf;wpfavQmuf &JwdkifvdkYuawmh
bdk;ab;bDbif bGwfabmf om;ajr;wDwGwf uRwfqwf toufeJYcE¨m
tdk;pm;uGJap&r,fqdkwJhtaMumif; qH&Snfhyg;pyfu w&pyf xGufvm w,f/
usdefpmwdkufNyD;csdefrSmawmh qH&Snf[m um;ay:uqif;NyD; um;orm;udk
jyefvTwfvdkufw,f/ oem;p&m um;q&muawmh taMumuf vGefNyD; zvef
roGm;EdkifbJ px&efemhZfa&mufatmif armif;rd/ x&uf*wf
vrf;tv,faumifBuD;rSm &yf? a'vD,m[dkw,fxJ aMumifawmifawmifBuD;
0ifoGm;NyD; 0DpuDav;cGuf qifhcsvdkufw,f/ cPaeawmh ol idkyg ava&m/
aemufESpfcGuf xyfaomuftNyD;rSmawmh t&ufbm;u vlu w,fvDzkef;ac:cGifh
ay;w,f/ ol csHK;yGJcs idkvdkufjyef&if; olYaumifrav; qD zkef;ac:ygava&m/
qH&Snf[m vrf;ay:rSm olYtdwfajc&mudk aumufzdkY BudK;pm;ayrJh
arSmifaeNyDrdkY t&mrxifbl;/ 'DawmBuD;xJrSm cPae&if udk,fhvuf
26
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

udk,fawmif rjrif&atmif arSmifoGm;awmhr,f/ bmvkyf&&if aumif;rvJ/

bmvkyf&rvJ/ qH&Snf&JU aomuawG[m tay:xyfrSm rD;vif; aewJh
blwm½Hkt0gudk jrifvdkuf&csdefrSm wpfcgwnf; csKyfNidrf;oGm;w,f/ udkif; ...
bdk;bdk; olcdk;? b,fajy;rvJ ... awGUMuao;wmaygh/

t,fvef[m ½SL½SL;yef;wm &yfvdkufw,f/ tdrfomwHcg;udk owdxm;

zGifhvdkufNyD; rD;zdkcef;xJu toHAvHawGudkem;pGifhw,f/ trav; ...
odyf[kwfwmaygh/ ol xifwJhtwdkif;yJ/ *sL;vD;,yf*Refqifudk udkifvIyfNyD;
][dkromBuD; b,frwkH;}vdkY ar;aewm tD;,dkwJh qH&SnfhtoH tppfyJ/
rD;zdkcef;xJ wpfvSrf;csif; 0ifvdkufw,f/ ½SL½SL;zdeyfawGu bmoHrS
rxGufbl;/ tvdkav; ... qH&Snf[m *sL;vD;,yfudk em;&GufESpfzuf pHkqGJNyD;
avxJ ajr§mufxm;oudk;/ 'g refudkyif;u um;vufrSwfa&mif;wJh vlzvH
av;udk vkyfenf;twdkif; wpfxyfwnf;yJ/ em;&Gufuae qGJ? wpfudk,f vHk;
udkifvIyfNyD; ar;aewm oem;p&m *sL;vD;,yfcrsm 'ku©a&mufae&Sm/ wu,fqdk
tcef;tv,faumif wnfhwnfhrSm&SdwJh olYtdwfBuD; jyefawGU aerSyJ/
auseyfygawmhvm;/ *sL;vD;,yfuvnf; emvGef;vdkY ½HIUrJhaeayrJh acgif;uawmh
rmw,f/ bmrS jyefrajzbl;/ opfukefonfa[mif;BuD;[m acgif;aMum
tawmfrmwmyJ/ 'geJYyJ t,fvef[m wG,fzdkY vufeufvdkuf&Smw,f/
vufeuftavmif;tvsmawG awGUw,f/ ukvm;atmf wpfacsmif;?
opfom;wkwfwpfck? jcifaq;wpfbl;? <uufowfaq; wpfxkyf/ [kwfuNyD/
<uufowfaq;eJY csr,f/ [if ... b,fvkdcsrSmvJ/ olYyg;pyfxJ <uufowfaq;
27
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

ESpfZGef; xnfhay;wmudk yg;pyfav;jzJNyD; vdrfvdrfrmrm pm;rwJhvm;/ 'gqdk

ukvm;atmfa&m? trav; ... 'D oHwl&Gif; tav;BuD; b,frEdkifyghrvJ/
toufujzifh wpf&m&SdaeNyD [mudk/ jcifaq;eJY rIwfrvm;/ zGD ...
wHk;vdkufwJhtMuH/ qdkawmh wkwfaygh vuG,f/
t,fvef[m wkwfudkifNyD; olYtoufeJYpm&if vQyfppfvdkjrefwJh
ajcvSrf;av;vSrf; vSrf;vdkufw,f/ ck ol qH&Snfhaemufausm a&mufNyD/
olYaemufudk wpfa,mufa,mufa&mufaewm qH&Snfvnf; cHpm;rdyHkyJ/
'gaMumifhvnf; *sL;vD;,yfudk vTwfNyD; ol aemufvSnfhvdkufwmaygh/
tJovdkvSnfhvdkufawmh wkwf[m olYezl;wnfhwnfh xdwmaygh/ qH&Snf[m
olYudk,fol bmjzpfoGm;rSef; rodvdkufbJ aemufjyefBuD; vJusoGm;wm
xrif;pm;pm;yGJapmif;eJY aemufaph rdwfqufrdjyefw,f/ udkif; ... aoG;vnf;
rxGuf? toHvnf; rxGufbJ rsufpdpHkrSdwfNyD; NidrfoGm;NyD/
][m; ... aumif;vdkufwmAsm} *sL;vD;,yfu aumif;csD;ay;aew,f/
]tif; ... aus;Zl;ygyJ? 'geJY cifAsm;tcsdKyGJ b,frvJ}
qH&Snf olwdkYajcaxmufem;rSm pif;pif;BuD; arhaewkef; olwdkY
ESpfa,muf[m pm;yGJqufxdkifMuw,f/ *sL;vD;,yfu b&ef'D ESpfcGuf xnfhNyD;
tbdk;BuD;eJY tbdk;av; cGufawGudk,fpDajr§mufvdkY wdkYpfvkyfae Muw,f/
*sL;vD;,yfu cGufjyefcsvdkufNyD; ...
]qdkawmh 'Dtaumif[m tdwfydkif&SifyJ jzpf&r,f? [kwfp ...} vdkY
ar;vdkufw,f/
tif; ... olYudk taotcsm&Sif;jyrS jzpfr,fvdkY t,fvef awG;rd w,f/
28
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

aeprf;ygOD;/ bmudk taotcsm &Sif;jyrSmwkH;/ 'DaeY jzpfcJhwmawGudk

udk,fudk,fwdkifawmif aumif;aumif; em;vnfvdkYvm;/ 'gayrJhvnf;
jzpfysufcJhorQawGudk ol tao;pdwf ajymjyygw,f/ ajymae&if;
[dkqH&Snfaumif owd&vm;NyD; ckeftkyfrvm;vdkY ausmu csrf;aeao; w,f/
ckxd &JwGwfaewJh em;&GufBuD;ESpfzufudk MunfhNyD; *sL;vD;,yfudk
t,fvefu awmif;yefaew,f/ *sL;vD;,yfuawmh rvdkygbl;wJh/ 'grsdK;
MuHKzefrsm;vdkY ½dk;aeNyDwJh/
ck ol MunfMunfvifvif jyefjzpfvmNyD/ 'Davmuf oJBuD;rJBuD; vdkufaewJh
tdwfxJ bm&SdvJqdkwm odatmif zGifhMunfhMupdkYvdkY olajymw,f/ tdwfu
aomhcwfxm;w,fvdkY t,fvefuajymawmh ...
]raMumifprf;ygeJY t,fvef&m? b,faomhrS *sL;vD;,yfudk wm;vdkY
r&bl;As}vdkY 0ifh0ifh<um;<um; jyefajymvdkufw,f/
'gayrJhvnf; t&ifqHk; Murf;jyifay:u[mBuD;udk wpfckck vkyf&r,f/
'Dtaumif owd&vm&if 'ku©awG rsm;ukefrSmudk;/
'Dtaumifhudk blwm½Hktjyifbufu opfyifrSm BudK;eJYwkyfxm;zdkY
t,fvefu tMuHay;w,f/ *sL;vD;,yfu uefYuGufw,f/ owd&vmvdkY
toHjyJeJY atmfae&if &GmxJu Mum;ukefvdrfhr,fwJh/ &GmxJqdkwm tdrfajc
oHk;av;tdrfyJqdkayrJh olwdkYu *sL;vD;,yfeJY rwnfhawmh qH&Snfudk
vmvTwfay;&if b,fhES,fvkyfrwHk;wJh/
wu,fawmh *sL;vD;,yfrSm ydkaumif;wJhtMuH &Sdw,f/ rD;zdkcef;eJY
uyfvsufrSm orifom;awGxm;wJh tat;cef;&Sdw,f/ ckavmavmq,fawmh
29
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

tom;ukefaevdkY tcef;u vGwfaew,f/ tcef;vGwfaewkef; tat;"mwf

vTwfrxm;bl;wJh/ rDwmcu apmufusdK;enf; aps;BuD; wmwJh/ ajymr,fhom
ajymwm/ rD;udk olu cdk;oG,fxm;wm/ awmxJu ,mcif;
opfvHk;tdrfuav;wpfvHk;rSmaewJh a*ghpwmqdkwJhvlu bkrod brodeJY
*sL;vD;,yftwGuf rDwmcyg a&may;ae&wm/ odkYaomf tvum;&wdkif;
rw&m;oHk;vdkY b,fjzpfrwkH;wJh/ MumMum0g;r,fhoGm; t½dk;
Munfha&Smifwwf&rwJhav/
t,fvefu ydwfxm;wJh tat;cef;udk ppfaq;Munfhw,f/
wu,faumif;wJh tusOf;cef;yJ/ ajcmufay udk;ayqdkwJh tus,ft0ef;[m
qH&SnfhtzdkY vkdwmxufawmif ydkaeao;w,f/ [kwfNyD/ at;at;aq;aq;
'if;udk 'DxJxnfhxm;/
tbdk;BuD;ESpfa,muf qH&Snfhudk qGJvmMuw,f/ tat;cef;xJ
ypfxnfhvdkufawmh qH&SnfqDu ]tif; ... tJ ...} eJY toHxGufvmw,f/
trav; ... ol owd&vmawmhr,f/ ydwf[ wHcg;udk jrefjref/
NyD;wmeJY tbdk;BuD;ESpfa,muf 'a&maomyg; jyefajy;vmMuw,f/
c&D;aqmiftdwfBuD;udk xrif;pm;pm;yGJay: rçwifw,f/ cuf&if;cGwpfckeJY
aomhudk [dkvSnfh'DvSnfh vSnfh&if; acsmufceJ yGifhoGm;awmh *sL;vD;,yfu
t,fvefYudk vSnfhMunfhw,f/
]bmypönf;jzpfjzpf? cifAsm;eJY uRefawmf wpfa,mufwpf0ufav? tJ ...
uRefawmfeJYawmfr,fhzdeyf yg&ifawmh ay;ayghAsm ... aemh ...}
t,fvefu *sL;vD;,yfudkajym&if; tdwfudk zGifhcsvdkufw,f/
30
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]tvdk ...}
]bk&m;a& ...}
]aoemBuD;awG ... usKyfudk xkwfay;Muprf;}
tat;cef;xJu toHBuD;u vefYp&m? uvl ... uvl .../

(4)
1905-1929
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arG;zGm;cJhw,f/ ol rarG;cif wpf&uftvdku olYtar[m zvefrSm
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[pfatmfawmif;qdk&if; tusdK;quftjzpf noef;acgifausmfrSm Adkufem
vmygava&m/ 'DvdkeJY olY&JUwpfOD;wnf;aom om;vSa&TaoG; t,fvef av;udk
arG;zGm;cJhw,f qdkygawmh/ uav;arG;wmuawmh ½dk;&mrysuf tdrfrSmwJh/
uav;arG;zdkY tdrfeD;em;csif; uawmfwpfa,mufu ulnDcJhw,f/
tJ'Duawmf[m 0rf;qGJtwwfynmudk ruRrf;usifvSayrJh eydkvD,ef
bdkemywf&JU tMunfawmfjzpfwJh qGD'ifbk&if um;vf 14 ,dk[efudk olYtouf
udk;ESpfwkef;u *g&0jyK zl;awGUcGifh&xm;vdkY *kPf&Sdef owif; ausmfapmygowJh/
tJ'D *kPfowif;ausmfapmol uawmfBuD; ularG;ay;vdkufwJh uav;[m
bmtcuftcJrS r&SdbJ aumif;pGm vlvm; ajrmuf BuD;jyif;vmcJhw,f/
31
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

t,fvefY tazuawmh MuifemwwfNyD; a'goBuD;ol jzpfowJh/ b,fvdk

... b,fvdk ... b,hfESmwkef;/ aMomf ... 'Dvdkav/ ol[m olYudk,foleJY
olYrdom;pkudk tvGeftifrwef Muifemw,f/ usefwJh vlYtzGJUtpnf;
wpfckvHk;tay:awmh tpOftjrJ pdwftvdkrus a'gyGaeygowJh/ vlawGu
vnf; olYudk tvdkrusygbl;/ tJovdk tvdkruswm b,ftcsdefu
povJqdk&if zvefu uGufvyfwpfckrSm rwfwwf&yfNyD; oaE¨wm;jcif;&JU
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a[mMum;vdkY ol[m q,fua&mif; 'Pf½dkufcH&w,f/ 'ghtjyif ydkqdk;wmu
t,fvefYtaru tdyfcef;xJ 0ifrvmeJYqdkwJh wm;jrpfcsufudk cscJhvdkY ol
a[mcJhwJhudpötwGuf ol ylp&myefp&m rvdkawmhbl;/
tJ'Dwkef;u t,fvefu ajcmufESpfom;/ olYtaz bmjzpfvdkY
tdyf&majymif;oGm;wmvJ qdkwmudk olYtarudk wusDusD ar;w,f/
jyef&wJhtajzu em;&Guf vdrfqGJrcHcsif&if xyfrar;eJYwJh/ wjcm;uav;
awGvdkyJ t,fvefvnf; em;&GuftqGJ rcHcsifbl;/ qdkawmh rar;awmhbl;/
tJ'DtcsdefupvdkY t,fvefYtaz[m tdrfrSmaecsdef enf;oxufenf; vmw,f/
aeYbufqdk &xm;bufu olYtvkyfrSm&Sdw,f/ naeqdk qdk&S,fvpf0g'
aqG;aEG;yGJawGrSm &Sdw,f/ nqdk? tJ ... nqdk&ifawmh rodbl;/
tdrfrSmraeayrJh tdrfaxmifOD;pD; 0wå&m;awmh rysufbl;/ tywfwdkif;
rdef;rudk vpmtyfw,f/ aemufqHk; tvkyfjyKwfwJhaeYtxdyJ/ tJ'DaeYuawmh
t,fvefYtaz[m pawmh[krf;udkoGm;NyD; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom vlawGeJYtwl
bk&ifrif;jrwfudk eef;awmfrSm oGm;zl;NyD; tzajrudk pGrf;pGrf;wrH
32
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

umuG,fygr,fhtaMumif; tmrbaEÅoGm;cHr,fh c&D;onf wpfa,mufudk

&efowå½kjyKwJhtwGuf tvkyfu xkwfcH&w,f/
]tzajrudk rumuG,fcif t&ifqHk; udk,fhudk,fudk,f umuG,fvuGm}
t,fvefYtaz[m ajymajymqdkqdkeJY c&D;onfudk cGyfceJ xdk;csvdkufwm
c&D;onf[m ydk;vdk;yufvuf vefoGm;owJh/ tvkyfu xkwfcH&wJhtwGuf
t,fvefYtaz[m rdom;pkudk rauR;Edkif rarG;Edkifawmhbl;/ c&D;onfudk
xdk;w,f/ raxmfrerf; rtyfr&m oaE¨wm;wJhtaMumif;vnf;
avQmufajymw,fqdkwJh *kPf&Sdefowif; ausmfapmjcif;aMumifh
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vkyfp&mqdkvdkY awmfvSefa&;udk xdkifapmifhzkdYyJ &Sdawmhw,f/ awmfvSefa&;u
jrefjrefqefqefjzpfrS jzpfr,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh ckacwfrSm t&m&mu
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jrifcsifvSNyD/ qGD'if qdk&S,fvpfavmutwGuf tjynfjynfqdkif&m rdk',fwpfck
vdkaew,f/ tJ'DtawG;tac:[m jrifjrif av&mudk rD;vdkuf½dIUaewJhtwGuf
vufum;ta&mif;orm; ukefonfBuD; *lpawhAfqifvdk t&if;&Sif
taumifBuD;awG[m t0Dpda&mufovdk zifyl vmcJhw,f/
raeEdkifawmhbl;? rapmifhEdkifawmhbl;qdkwJh t,fvefYtaz[m txkyfjyifNyD;
½k&Sudk xGufoGm;cJhw,f/ &nf&G,fcsufu Zmbk&ifudk jzKwfcs&mrSm
wpfwyfwpftm;yg0ifzdkYwJh/ t,fvefYtar[m &aeus vcuav;awGudk
vGrf;vSayrJh wdkif;jynftwGuf pGefYvTwfpGefYpm;wJh olYa,musfm;twGuf
MunfEl;aejyefw,f/ rdom;pkrSm OD;aqmifaiG&Smol r&SdawmhwJhtwGuf
33
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

aiGaMu;pDrHcefYcGJjcif; wm0ef[m t,fvefYtareJY q,fESpfom;yJ &Sdao;wJh

t,fvefYtay: usa&mufvmw,f/ t,fvefYtar[m olydkifwJh
aumif;pGmBuD;xGm;NyD; opfyif 14 yifudk ckwfvSJ? tydkif;ydkif; txpfxpf ckwfNyD;
xif;tjzpf a&mif;pm;w,f/ t,fvefuawmh Edkufx½dk *vpfx&if;
('dkif;erdkuf) xkwfvkyfa&; ukrÜPDcGJwpfckrSm tcpm; 0ifvkyf w,f/
pdefYyDwmpbwf (aemufawmh yDx½dk*&ufvdkY emrnfajymif;) uae
rSefrSef&aewJh pmawGudkzwf&if; ol ,HkMunfouf0ifvSwJh qdk&S,fvpf 0g'&JU
aumif;csD;r*Fvmtay: csDwHkcswHk oHo,0ifvmyHkawGudk jrif&wJh twGuf
t,fvefYtaztay: t,fvefYtaru tHhMoaecJhw,f/
olYpmawGxJrSm t,fvefYtaz[m yDx½dk*&uf EdkifiHa&;avmuxJu
olYrdwfaqGawGtaMumif; wdkYxm; xdxm;cJhw,f/ trsm;qHk; twdkYcH&wJhvl
emrnfu um;vfwJh/ ½k&SemrnfeJY enf;enf;rSrwlbl;/ t,fvefY tazu
tefu,fum;vf 'grSr[kwf tefu,fvfvdkYyJ pmxJxnfha&;wJh tcgrawmh
um;vfqdkwm ½k&Sr[kwfbl;qdkwJhtawG; t,fvefY acgif;xJ a&mufvmcJhw,f/
t,fvefYtaz tajymt&awmh tefu,fvf&JU tawG;tac:t& omref
jynfolvlxkBuD;qdkwm[m olwdkYtwGuf bmvdktyfw,f qdkwmudk odzdkY a0;pG/
ajcmufyg;? ckepfyg;yJwJh/ olwdkYtwGuf taumif;qHk; awGudk tpOfxm0&
vkyfay;EdkifwJh acgif;aqmifaumif;wpfa,muf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfw,fwJh/
'gaMumifh wpfOD;aumif; wpfa,mufaumif; tkyfcsKyfwJh wpfaoG; wpfoH
wpfrdefY pepf[m trsm;nD ]þ} udk ]uRJ} zwfwJh 'Drdkua&pD qdkwmxuf
wkEdIif;rrDatmif omvGefjrifhjrwfwm ayghwJh/ ynmwwfNyD;
34
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

udk,fhwm0efudk,f,lEdkifwJh vlYtzGJUtpnf;u acgif;aqmifqdkwmudk pdwfwdkif;us

a&G;cs,fEdkifvmNyDqdk&ifawmh wpfrsdK;ayghwJh/ ckavmavmq,frSmawmh abmf&SDApf
q,fa,mufrSm ckepf a,mufu pmrwwfbl;vuGmwJh/ tJ'D pmrwwf
ayrwwfawG vufxJ udk tmPmtyfESif;vdkY jzpfrvm;uGwJh/ tefu,fvfu
½HIUrJhNyD; ajymw,f qdkyJ/
'gayrJh t,fvefYtaz[m olYpmawGxJrSm abmf&SDApfawGudk
wwfEdkifoavmuf umuG,f&Smygw,f/ ½k&Stu©&m pmvHk;awG[m
b,fvdkyHkpH&SdvJqdkwm rif;wdkY awG;rdrSmawmif r[kwfygbl;wJh/ vlawG
pmrwwfwmvnf; rqef;bl;wJhav/
abmf&SDApfqdkolrsm;&Jh trltusifhu omqdk;ao;w,f/ tjrJwrf;
npfywfeHapmfNyD; q,fhESpf&moD aAmh'umrl;aewJh 'DvlawG[m qDG'ifu
rD;&xm;vrf; tvkyform;awGtwdkif;yJ/ odkYaomf ½k&Su rD;&xm;vrf; awG[m
tjrJ ajzmifhwef;aewmudk awGU&wJh t,fvefYtaz[m tjrJwrf; nmbuf
odkYr[kwf b,fbufudk ,drf;aewJh qDG'if &xm;vrf;awGeJY
,SOfMunfh&if; &Suftm;ydkaecJhao;w,f/
odkYaomfvnf; a,bk,stm;jzifhawmh abmf&SDApf qdkolawG[m
qGD'ifawGvdkyJ qdk;wmygyJ/ tefu,fvfqdkoluawmh qdk&S,fvpf0g' qdko[m
wpfa,mufeJYwpfa,muf ay:wifjzpfjzpf aemufausmu "m;eJYxdk;wmjzpfjzpf?
b,fvdkyHkrsdK;eJYjzpfjzpf? awGU&mocsØKif; "m;rqdkif; owfMu? pm;rmefckwfMu?
cGufapmif;ckwfMu&if; aemufqHk; tm;vHk;aom
qHk;jzwfcsufawG csrSwfEdkifwJh r[macgif;aqmifBuD;wpfa,muf ay:awmf
35
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

rlvmwJh tcsdefxd csDwuf&r,fh0g' jzpfowJh/ 'gaMumifh awmfvnf; awmf?

ynmvnf;wwf? urÇmhtjrifvnf;&SdwJh Zmbk&ifudk rSDcdkwmudku
qdk&S,fvpf0g'yJayghwJh/
tefu,fvf[m ol bmajymaewmvJqdkwmudk ol aumif;aumif;
odygw,f/ wu,fawmh ol[m Zmbk&ifeJY wpfBudrfru awGUqHk
aqG;aEG;cJhNyD;om;/ Zmbk&if 'kwd,ajrmuf eDudkvyfpf[m ESvHk;aumif; 0rf;BuD;
bk&ifrif;jrwfygwJh/ uHav; enf;enf;qdk;aewm&,f? oD;ESHawG
ratmifjrifwm&,f? abmf&SDApf awmfvSefa&;&,faMumifh tajctaeawG [m
½IyfaxG;ukefwmwJh/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf wyfzGJUawG pkpnf;aewmudk *smreDu
txifvGJNyD; apmifhMunfhjcif; cHae&&SmowJh/ wu,fawmh Zmbk&if[m
vlaumif;olaumif; w&m;&Sif bk&ifrif;jrwf/ [wf ... [wf ... [wf .../
'g[m b,folrSef;rodwJh tefu,fvfqdkol&JU avmutjrif/ tJ ...
tefu,fvfudk MunfndKol t,fvefYtaz&JU avmutjrifyJaygh/
uHqdk;ae&SmwJh awmfBuD;bk&m; Zmbk&ifudk t,fvefYtaz[m oem;pdwf awG
wawmufawmufeJY ,dkpdrfhae&Smw,f/ olvnf;yJ uHqdk;&Smw,fvdkY awG;&if;
olYudk,folvnf; oem;wmaygh/
odkYaomf ½k&S Zmbk&ifeJY qGD'if zvefa'ou ½dk;om;wJh omref
aus;awmom;wdkYtay: zHk;vTrf;xm;wJh uHqdk;jcif; wdrfrnf;ndKawG[m taES;eJY
tjrefyJ ajymif;vJoGm;rS jzpfvdrfhr,f/
t,fvefYtaz[m ½k&Suae ydkufqHawG bmawG jyefydkYavhr&Sdbl;/ 'gayrJh
ESpfESpfavmufMumawmh t,fvefwdkYtdrfudk a<ueJYvkyfxm;wJh tDpwmyGJawmf
36
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

MuufOwpfvHk; ygq,fa&mufvmw,f/ t,fvefYtaz ydkYvdkufwm/

olYtajymt&awmh tJ'D a<uMuufOawGvkyfwJh ½k&S&Jabmf wpfa,mufqDu
zJupm;&if; EdkifvdkY &vmwmwJh/
cspfpGmaom ZeD;onfudk tJovdk a<uMuufO ydkYwJhtwGuf
t,fvefYtar[m olYa,musfm;udk tBuD;tus,f pdwfqdk;wmaygh/ pm;vdkYr&?
bmr&/ wu,fqdk MuufOtppfwpfvHk;avmuf ydkY&ifawmif pm;ypfvdkufvdkY
&ao;w,f r[kwfvm;/ pdwfqdk;qdk;eJY a<uMuufOudk jywif;aygufu
vTifhypfvdkufrvdkY vkyfNyD;rS vufum;ta&mif;orm; ukefonfBuD;
*lpawhAfqifudk oGm;a&mif;&if aumif;rvm;vdkY tawG; aygufvmw,f/ olu
aumif;ayh ñGefYayhqdkwmudkrS BudKufwmav/ a<uMuufOqdkwm aumif;ayh
ñGefYayqdkwJh pyg,f&S,fypönf; r[kwfvm;/
vufum;ta&mif;orm; ukefonfBuD; *lpawhAfqif[m ESpf&uf wdwd
pOf;pm;cef;0ifNyD;wJhaemuf a<uMuufOudk q,fh&Spfua&mif;BuD; rsm;awmif
ay;0,fvdkufwJhtwGuf t,fvefYtar&Jh tHhtm;oifhrI[m rSef;qvdkYawmif
r&cJhbl;/ odkYaomf wu,fhydkufqHay;wmawmh r[kwfbl;aygh/ t&if&SdcJhwJh
ta<u;awGeJY ESdrfvdkufwmav/ bmyJjzpfjzpf enf;bl;BuD;yJ/
tJ'Daemufydkif;rSmawmh t,fvefYtar[m a<uMuufOawGudk
arQmfawmfaZmeJY armawmhw,f/ arQmfomarQmf ay:rvmawmhygbl;/
aemufpmwpfapmif a&mufvmcJhtcg Zmbk&if&JUppfwyf[m Zmbk&ifudk
ykefuefNyDqdkwJhtaMumif;? a<uMuufOvkyfolBuD;vnf; qGpfZmvefudk
xGufajy;oGm;NyDjzpfaMumif; xnfha&;xm;w,f/ odkYaomfvnf;? tEdkYaomf
37
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

vnf; t,fvefYtazuawmh ½k&SurcGmbJ b,fvdku b,fvdk a&SUwef;

a&mufvmrSef; rodwJh vDeifqdkwJh vljyufeJY qufvufwdkufyGJ0ifzdkY
qHk;jzwfxm;owJhav/
vDeif/ vDeifhtay:jrifwJh t,fvefYtaz&JU tjrifawG[m qGD'if
pawmfb,f&DawGpdkufzdkY ol0,fvdkufwJh 12 rDwmywfvnf ajruav;udk
0,f0,fcsif;aeYrSmyJ yk*¾vduajrydkifqdkifrI r&Sdap&vdkY trdefYxkwfjyefrIeJY
wdkuf½dkuf tcsdK;usaecJhw,f/ 'DtaMumif;udk olYqDu&wJh aemufqHk;pmxJrSm
'Dvdkazmfjyxm;cJhw,f/
]'DajruGufuav;[m av;½lA,fawmif rwefygbl;? 'gayrJh 'g[m ighajr?
igydkifwJhajr? pawmfb,f&DpdkufzdkYajr? ighajrudk wpfvufrawmif
usL;ausmfrcHbl;uG? uJ ... ckawmh ppfjzpfNyD}
rSefw,f/ ckawmh ppfjzpfNyD/ jzpfwmrS urÇmtESHYudk jzpfwm/
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm Mumatmifudk jzpfw,f/ wu,fu t,fvef 'dkif;erdkuf
ukrÜPDrSm tvkyfr0ifcif wpfESpfavmufuwnf;u jzpfcsifaewm/
'dkif;erdkufawGudk aowåmxJ tpDt&Dxnfhae&if;eJY tvkyform;awGajym
aeMuwJh pum;udk tjrJ em;axmifaecJhwm/ em;axmif&if;eJY 'DvlawG[m
bmjzpfvdkYrsm; 'Davmuf odaeygvdrfhvdkY tHhMordao;/ MopBwD;,m;u
qm;bD;,m;udk ppfaMunm? *smreDu ½k&Sudk ppfaMunm? *smreDu jyifopfudk
ppfraMunmcif wpf&uftvdkrSm vlZif;bwfudk 0ifa&muf odrf;ydkufNyD;
b,fvf*sD,He,fxJ usL;ausmf/ *&dwfNAdwdefu *smreDudk ppfaMunm/
MopBwD;,m;u ½k&Sudk ppfaMunm? qm;bD;,m;u *smreDudk ppfaMunm/
38
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

tJovdkeJY rkefYvHk;puúLuyf jzpfvdkufwJhppf/ aemufawmh *syef qdkwma&m

tar&duefqdkwmawGyg ygvm/ Zmbk&ifjyKwfusNyD; venf; enf; Mumawmh
NAdwdefu b*¾'ufudk 0ifodrf;/ cPaeawmh a*s½kpvif udkyg xyfodrf;/ *&deJY
bla*;&D;,m;u jimoHudk,fpDay;NyD; aqmfyavmf wD;Mu? tm&yfawGu
atmfwdkreftifyg,mudk qufawmfvSefaeMu/
qdkawmh ck ppfjzpfNyDqdkwJhpum; aomufusdK;enf;atmif rSefwmaygh/
odyfrMumygbl;/ Zmbk&if awmf0ifrsdK;quf wpfqufvHk; vDeifh vlawGvufxJ
rsdK;jyKwfoGm;NyDqdkwJh owif;pum; Mum;&w,f/ Munfh&wm Zm&JUuHqdk;rI[m
xm0&jzpfvdrfhr,fvdkY t,fvef awG;rdw,f/
tJ ... oHk;av;vMumawmh yDx½dk*&ufu qGD'ifaumifppf0efqDu
aMu;eef;a&mufvmw,f/ t,fvefYtaz aoNyDwJh/
t,fvefYtaz[m olydkif 12 rDwmywfvnf ajrudk ywfywfvnf
jcHpnf;½dk;umNyD; vGwfvyfwJh or®wEdkifiHawmftjzpf aMunmowJh/
wu,fh½k&SvdkY emrnfay;xm;wJh olYEdkifiHawmfBuD;udk vSnfhywfppfaq;aewkef;
ppfom;ESpfa,muf a&mufvmNyD; olYjcHpnf;½dk;awGudk wGef;vSJowJh/ EdkifiHawmf
tcsKyftjcmtmPmudk wpfvufryif tusL;ausmfrcH vdkY oEéd|mefcsxm;wJh
t,fvefYtaz[m e,fpyfrsOf;udk usL;ausmfvmwJh &efolawGudk
vufoD;vufeufoHk;NyD; tjyif;txef wGef;vSefw,f/ ppfom;ESpfa,muf[m
b,fvdkrS tusdK;eJY taMumif;eJY &Sif;jyvdkYr&wJh twGuf
vufoD;vufarmif;wef;aewJh tJ'Dvl&JU rsufcHk;ESpfzufMum;
usnfqefypfoGif;vdkufzdkYqdkwhJ enf;vrf;xuf ydkaumif;wmudk pOf;pm;vdkY
39
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

r&&SmMubl;wJh/ 'grSyJ olwdkYwm0efawGudk at;csrf;pGm xrf;aqmifcGifh

&Mu&SmowhJ/
t,fvefYtar[m olYcspfvif&JU ao#Dumudk emMum;NyD;wJhaemuf
aumifppf0ef&JU aMu;eef;pmudkudkif&if; 'Davmuf ½l;wJhESrf;wJh aoenf; vrf;udk
ra&G;bJ raeEdkifbl;vm;&SifvdkY pdwfysufvufysuf jrnfwGef
awmufwD;vdkufw,f/
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vifhcJhzl;bl;/ ckawmh jyefvm&ifaumif;r,fvdkY wdwfwcdk; arQmfvifh aerdw,f/
toufuaxmuf acsmif;uqdk;? tqkwfu raumif;csif qdkawmh xif;cGJ&wm
t&ifvdk rvG,fawmhbl;/ cRJoHBuD;eJY oufjyif; wpfcsuf ol csvdkufw,f/ 'g
olY&JU 0rf;enf;ylaqG;rIudk tqHk;pGef jyvdkuf wmyJaygh/
t,fvefYtar[m t,fvefYudk ]tm;vkH;[m olYoabm ol
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40
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42
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44
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45
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46
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47
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48
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49
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ygvmcJhw,f/ tJ ... rD'D,mawGudkvnf; jrifa&m a'ocH Xmae&JrSL;[m
'Dudpöudk udk,fwdkifOD;aqmif pHkprf;ppfaq; udkifwG,fr,f qdkwJhtaMumif;
uifr&ma&SUrSm &ifaumh ajymawmhw,f/
ueOD;rSmawmh pnfyifom,m e,fedrdwfwpfavQmuf &Jum;awGudk
tpkeftqef acgufwkYHacgufjyefarmif;NyD; pHkprf;ppfaq;w,f/
at&Gefqefuawmh vltdk½Hku vlawGudk ar;jref;pHkprf;aew,f/ NrdKUawmf
0efBuD;uawmh ysm,D;ysm,meJY tdrfjyefoGm;NyD; zkef;ydwfypfvdkufw,f/
'Dtbdk;BuD; aysmufoGm;wJhudprö Sm 0ifyg&if aumif;usdK;xuf qdk;usdK;u
ydkw,fvdkY ,lqNyD; olYrsufckH;awG vIyfaew,f/
oJvGefpawGuvnf; [dkwpfp 'Dwpfp &vmygw,f/ t,fvefYudk
pufbD;pD;oGm;wm jrifvdkufw,fqdkwma&m? vlwef;&SnfwpfckrSm wef;pD
apmifhaew,fqdkwma&m? aq;qdkifwpfcka&SUrSm atmfBuD;[pfus,f qJaew,f
qdkwma&m/ tJovdk trsdK;rsdK;avQmufajymawmh 'ku©a&mufwmaygh/
apwemh0efxrf; wpf&mwdwdygwJh &SmazGa&;tzGJUBuD;udk pkpnf;apvTwfvdkufwJh
Xmae&JrSL;crsm &Smum; &Sm\? rawGU qdkwJhtajz &wJhtwGuf ydk;vdk;yufvuf
vef&Smw,f/ ckcsdefxd &JrSL;crsm em;rvnfEdkif&Smbl;/ tbdk;BuD;rSm
ausmuf'dk;aumif;aumif;awG trsm;BuD;&Sdw,fvdkY owif; pum;
Mum;xm;&ayrhJ 'g tdkrif;&GwfwGaewhJ tbdk;BuD;wpfa,muf aysmufoGm;wJh
50
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

omrefudpöyJ? bmrsm; xl;jcm;aevdkYvJ/

'DvdkeJY pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;[m a&SUrwdk;om aemufrqkwfomeJY
wefYaevdkufwm n ckepfem&DcGJrSm tufpfuDpwl;em;u teHYcH &JacG;
a&mufvmwJhtcsdeftxdyJ/ &JacG;[m t,fvefY&JU vIyfukvm;xdkifudk teHY
cHw,f/ jywif;aygufudk OD;wnfvSrf;aewJh ajcvSrf;awGudk teHYcHw,f/
yef;cif;udk teHYcHw,f/ vrf;udkjzwf? bk&m;ausmif;0if;? ausmufwHk;eH&H?
ta0;ajy;um;0if;? c&D;onfem;aecef;rSm &yf/
tcef;u aomhcwfxm;NyD/ nydkif;wm0efcHu c&D;onf em;aecef;udk
wevFmuae aomMumxd n ckepfem&DcGJqdk aomhcwfavh&SdaMumif;?
aeYwm0efcH jyefoGm;NyDjzpfaMumif;? ta&;BuD;&if olYtdrf vdkufoGm;zdkY
taMumif;? olYemrnf &GefeDa[mhxf jzpfaMumif;? vdyfpmu zkef;pmtkyfrSm
&SdrSmjzpfaMumif; ajymw,f/
Xmae &JrSL;[m vltdk½Hka&SU uifr&mrD;a&mif wzswfzswfa&SUrSm &yf&if;
oem;p&m pdwfodyfrESHY&SmwJh tdkBuD;tdkrBuD;udk nbufrSmyg quf&SmzdkY
vlxk&JUtultnDvdkaMumif; ajymMum;aecsdefrSm pHkaxmuf at&Gefqefuawmh
&GefeDa[mhxf&JU tdrfwHcg;udk acgufaecJhw,f/ teHYcH acG;&JU tvdkt&
tbdk;BuD;[m ta0;ajy;um;0if; c&D;onf em;aecef;udk a&mufcJhwm
aocsmaMumif;? tJ'Dtcsdef vufrSwf½HkxJrSm&SdaewJh rpöwm a[mhxftzdkY
tbdk;BuD; b,foGm;w,fqdkwmudk ajymjyzdkYvdkaMumif; wHcg; tjyifuae
&Sif;jyaew,f/
odkYaomfvnf; rpöwma[mhxfuawmh b,fvdk&Sif;jy &Sif;jywHcg;
51
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

rzGifhay;bl;/ tdyfcef;xJrSm aMumifwpfaumifudkydkuf? wkefwkef,if,ifeJY

xdkifaeNyD; tdrfa&SUwHcg;udk pdkufMunhf/ ]oGm; ... oGm; ... xGufoGm;}vdkY udk,hfzif
udk,fMum;½kH wdk;wdk;av;ajymaew,f/
b,fvdkrS ac:r&wJhtqHk; aemufqHk;rSm pHkaxmufBuD;[m &GefeDa[mhxf
wpfa,muf &nf;pm;qDa&mufaew,fvdkY aumufcsufcsvdkufw,f/
tbdk;BuD;[m 'Dem;wpf0dkufrSm avQmufoGm;aewm jzpf&if jzpf 'grSr[kwf
bwfpfum;eJY wpfae&m&mudk ygoGm;csif ygoGm;/ b,fvdkyJ jzpfjzpf toufeJY
cE¨mawmh jrJaeOD;r,fvdkY ,lqvdkufw,f/ uJav ... reufjzefusrS
olYtvkyfxJ vdkufoGm;NyD; &GefeDa[mhxfudk awGUwmaygh/ wu,fvdkY reufjzefxd
tbdk;BuD; ay:rvmawmhvnf; ay:rvmvdkYvdkY rSwf&rSmaygh/

n udk;em&D ESpfrdepfrSmawmh c½dkif&JXme[m t0ifzkef;wpfck vufcH

&&Sdw,f/
][,fvdk ... uRefawmfhemrnf bmaw;vfum;vf*&ifyg? uRefawmfh
rdef;rudk,fpm; zkef;qufwmyg? uRefawmfhrdef;r emrnfu *g'g um;vf
*&ifwJhcifAs? [kwfuJh? olu NyD;cJhwJh oHk;av;&ufavmufu zvefudk
a&mufaecJhw,f cifAs? uRefawmfwdkYorD;eJY olYa,musfm;qD oGm;wmyg? orD;u
aeYaphvaph jzpfaeNyDrdkY xHk;pHtwdkif; tvkyfawGrsm;wmayghAsm? 'gayrJh
'DaeYawmh tdrfjyefcsdefwefNyDvdkY ,lqNyD;? aMomf ... [kwfygw,f?
uRefawmfhrdef;rudk ajymwmyg? tJ ... olu refudkyif;udk jzwfNyD; uRefawmf
wdkYaewJh px&efemhZfudkoGm;wJh bwfpfum;eJY jyefvmcJhw,f? tif; ...
52
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

bmrSawmh r[kwfygbl;? uRefawmfhrdef;ruvnf; 'DvdkyJ ,lqygw,f/ 'gayrJh

ckeu a&'D,dkem;axmifawmh toufwpf&m tbdk;BuD; wpf a,muf
aysmufoGm;w,fvdkY Mum;vdkufw,f? tJ'g jyefawGUNyDvm;vdkY? cifAsm ...
rawGUao;bl; [kwfvm;? tif;av ... uRefawmfhrdef;ruawmh refudkyif;uae
tifrweftdkwJh tbdk;BuD;wpfa,muf c&D;aqmifaowåm
{&mrBuD;wpfvHk;eJYtwl wufvmw,fvdkY ajymw,fcifAs? Munfh&wm c&D;a0;
oGm;r,fhyHkyJwJh? tJ ... uRefawmhfrdef;ru aemufqkH;ckH? tbdk;BuD;
u a&S YqHk;cHkrSm xdkifwmrkYd tbdk;BuD;eJY um;q&m bmawGajymaeMuovJ
qdkwmawmh rodbl;wJhcifAs? b,fvdk ... b,fvdk ... *g'g bmajymvdkuf
wmvJ? aMomf ... *g'gu ajymw,f? olrsm; pum;ajymwmudk pyfpyfpkpk
acsmif;em;axmifwwfwJhtxJrSm ol rygbl;wJh? px&if;emhZftxdawmh ol
vdkufrvmbl;wJh? vrf;rSm qif;oGm;owJh? 'gayrJh b,fem; qif;oGm; vJ
qdkwmawmh rodbl;wJh? opfawmBuD;wpfck tv,frSmyJwJh}
tJ'Dzkef;udk toHzrf;xm;vdkufw,f/ NyD;awmh pmtjynfhtpHk jyef ½dkufNyD;
pHkaxmufrSL;BuD;&SdwJh refudkyif;u [dkw,fudk zufpfeJY ydkYay;vdkuf w,f/

(6)
2005? ar 2? wevFm - 2005? ar 3? t*Fg/
tvdkav;av; ... c&D;aqmifaowåmBuD; wpfckvHk; ig;&mwef
ua&mif;aiGtxkyfawG tjynfhyJ/ *sL;vD;,yf[m csufcsif;yJ wGufcsuf
vdkufw,f/ uefYvefYjzwf q,fxkyf? tjrifh ig;xkyf? ig;&mwef tkyfawG ...
53
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

tif; .../
]usKyfwGufcsufwm rSefr,fqdk&if 'gawG tm;vHk;aygif;&if oHk;q,fh
ckepfoef;cGJ &Sdr,fAs}
]tvdk ... 'gqdk tawmfrsm;wmaygh}
tJ'DtcsdefrSm tat;cef;xJu vl&G,fuawmh tmacgifjcpfNyD; atmfaeNyD/
]acG;olcdk;BuD;awG? aocsif;qdk;BuD;awG? ighudk vTwfay;Muprf;}
atmfw,f? aqmifhuefw,f? xyfatmfw,f/ t,fvefeJY *sL;vD;,yf[m
jynfyef;ndK csdKcsifvsuf qm;u zsufaewJh tJ'DtoHaMumifh tjynfht0
raysmfEdkifbJ pdwftaESmifht,Suf jzpfaeMu&Smw,f/ aemufqHk;rawmh
t,fvef[m rD;vQHvdkawmufaewJh vl&G,f&JU a'goawG Nidrf; at;ap&ef
tvdkYiSm apwem teEÅeJY tat;cef; tat;"mwfvTwfwJh cvkwfudk
zGifhay;vdkuf&awmhw,f/
odyfrMumvdkufygbl;/ tat;cef;xJu taumif[m olYtajctae[m
ulu,f&mrJhjzpfNyDqkdwm oabmaygufoGm;w,f/ aocsm pOf;pm;EdkifzdkYtwGuf
ol qlqlnHnH rvkyfawmhbl;/ at;oxuf at;vmwJh tcef;xJrSm
<uufuav;vdk ukyfNyD; w'def;'def;udkufaewJh acgif;udk zdNyD; xdkifaew,f/
rdepfenf;enf;avmuf pOf;pm;vdkufwJhtcgusawmh b,favmuf
atmfatmf? b,favmufuefuef tusdK;rxl;bl;qdkwm v,fjyifrSm
qifoGm;ovdk xif&Sm;vmcJhw,f/ tultnDawmif;rS jzpfawmhr,f/ abmhpfudk
zkef;ac:rS jzpfawmhr,f/ aMumufp&maumif;ayrJh rwwf Edkifawmhbl;/ eD;&m"m;
aMumuf&rSmyJ/
54
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

wpfrdepf? ESpfrdepfavmuf NidrfNyD; pOf;pm;aewkef; rcHr&yfEdkifatmif

at;vmw,f/ aemufqHk;awmh olYvufudkifzkef;udk xkwfvdkufw,f/
tm; ... zkef;rrdbl;/
naecif;u &ifhrSnfhvmNyD; ntoGifajymif;? nu tdkrif;&ifha&mf NyD;
reufrdk;aomuf tvif;a&mufvmcJhw,f/ t,fvef[m rsufvHk; yGifhvmawmh
ol b,fem;a&mufaerSef; ½kwfw&uf rod&Smbl;/ {uEÅawmh tdyfaysmf&if;
aorsm;oGm;ovm;/ aorif;EdkifiHawmfrsm; a&mufae wmvm;/
tJ'DtcsdefrSm a,musfm;oHwpfoHu r*FvmeHeufcif;vdkY olYudk
EIwfqufwm Mum;vdkuf&w,f/ owif;aumif;eJY owif;qdk; b,f'if;udk
t&if udkudkt,fvef em;qifcsifygovJwJh/
]owif;qdk;udk ausmfNyD; owif;aumif; t&ifajymAsm}
tdkau ... reufpmoHk;aqmif&ef tqifoifhygcifAswJh/ *sL;vD;,yfu
owif;aumif;udk ajymvdkufw,f/ aumfzD&,f? orifom;at;at; av;
n§yfxm;wJh qef;'0pfcsf&,f? tdrfeD;em;csif;awGqDu cdk;xm;whJ
MuufOawG&,f/
[kwfwmaygh/ 'g owif;aumif; {ueftrSef [kwfoav/ reuf pm
taumif;pm;udk Nrdef&nf,Suf&nfpm;zdkY pm;yGJxdkifvdkufcsdefrawmh owif;qdk;udk
em;qifzdkY tqifoifhjzpfNyDqdkwm t,fvef odvdkufw,f/
*sL;vD;,yfu toHwdrfav;eJYajymw,f/
]owif;qdk;uawmh raeYu tat;"mwfvTwfwJh cvkwfudk ydwfzdkY
arhoGm;w,f}
55
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]tJ'Dawmh ...}
]tJ'Dawmh ckavmufqdk txJuaumif cJaoaea&maygh}
t,fvefwpfa,muf pdwftdkufoGm;w,f/ vnfyif;udk ol ukwfaew,f/
pdwfxdcdkufae&Smovm;/
]tdk ... tif;av? 'geJY cifAsm; MuufOawGjyKwfxm;wm taeawmfyJAsm?
pm;vdkYodyfaumif;w,f}

reuf&Spfem&DrSm pHkaxmufrSL;BuD; at&Gefqef[m pdwfvuf rMunfromeJY

Edk;vmcJhw,f/ b,fhES,f ... vlMum;vdkYrS raumif;? olYvdk pHkaxmufausmfBuD;udk
tbdk;BuD;wpfa,muf aysmufwJhtrI vdkufcdkif; &w,fvdkY/ pdwfpufrsm;ES,f
npfygw,f/
at&Gefqef[m a&csdK;w,f? t0wfvJw,f? yvufAfem[dkw,f&JU
xrif;pm;cef;udk reufpmpm;zdkY qif;vmw,f/ vrf;rSm raeYnu olYqD
zufpfvmydkYay;wJh {nfhBudKeJYawGUw,f/ raeYu {nfhBudKaumifwm
ydwfoGm;wmawmif olYqD wul;wu vmay;&Smwm/
aemufwpfem&Davmufaeawmh pHkaxmufBuD;[m ol udkifwG,fae&wJh
trIudk aemufxyf tjrifwpfrsdK;eJY jrifvmjyefw,f/ c½dkif&JXmeu ydkYay;wJh
zufpf[m ta0;ajy;um;0if; vufrSwf½HkrSm jzLazsmhaewJh &GefeDa[mhxfudk
at&Gefqef rawGUrcsif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; r&SdcJhbl;/ a[mhxfudk odyfMumMum
rtpfvdkuf&bl;/ a&umwm usdK;aygufovdk at&Gefqef odcsifwmtm;vHk;
olYyg;pyfu a0gceJ a0gceJ oGefusvm w,f/
56
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

odyfrMumbl;/ tufpfuDpwl;em;u zkef;0ifvmw,f/ raeYnaeu

bwfpfum;wpfpD;[m zvefudk jyefa&mufrvmaMumif; um;ukrÜPDu
owif;ydkYowJh/ tJ'Dum;q&mvnf; jyefay;qGJcH&ovdkvdk bmvdkvdk/
um;q&m&JU aumifrav; *sufqDumaAsmhcfref;qD zkef;quf&if aumif; rvm;/
pHkaxmufBuD;[m yvufAfem[dkw,fudk jyefvmw,f/ aumfzD wpfcGuf
aomufw,f/ topfawGU&Sd&wJh owif;tcsuftvuf tm;vHk; udk pkpnf;NyD;
a[movdk csa&;w,f/
tbdk;tdk t,fvefum;vfqefonf &mjynfharG;aeYr*Fvm rusif;y rD
em&Dydkif;tvdkwGif ol rSDwif;aexdkif&m vltdk½HkrS w&m;r0if xGufcGm
oGm;cJhonf/ um;vfqefonf touft&G,f BuD;&ifhvSNyDjzpfaomfvnf;
tm½Hkajcmufyg; aumif;rGefaeao;onf[k qdk\/ ½kyfydkif;qdkif&mvnf;
tweftoifh MuHhcdkifrI&Sdaeao;onf/ xdkodkY MuHhcdkifaejcif;aMumifhvnf;
jywif;aygufrS ausmfxGufNyD; avQmufoGm;Edkifjcif;jzpfonfrSm aocsm vSonf/
tjyifrS tultnD&,lcJhoavm[k oHo,jzpfzG,f&Sdaomfvnf;
aemufydkif;awGU&Sdcsufrsm;t& olYtm;oludk;oGm;onf[kom aumufcsuf
cs&rnf/ vltdk½HkñTefrSL; tJvpft*FvGefuvnf; t,fvef[m tdkaeayrJh
olvkyfcsifwmudk aumif;aumif;BuD; vkyfEdkifao;wJhvlyJ[k xyfqifh
axmufcHxm;onfudk awGU&Sd&onf/
teHYcHacG;rsm;\ awGU&Sdcsuft& um;vfqefonf yef;cif;ay: twefMum
&yfaeNyD;onfhaemuf refudkyif;NrdKUwGif; OD;wnf&mrJh avQmufoGm;&if;
ta0;ajy;um;0if;&Sd c&D;onfem;aecef;odkY a&mufoGm;cJhonf/
57
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

rsufjrifoufao &GefeDa[mhxf\ tqdkt& olonf a[mhxf\ vufrSwf

a&mif; jywif;aygufodkY wef;wef;rwfrwf avQmufvmNyD;? wpfenf;tm;jzifh
w&Syf&Syfjzifh avQmufvmNyD; xdkodkY avQmufvSrf;vmcsdef0,f tbdk;BuD;\
ajcvSrf;pdyfpdyfrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? tdrfwGif;pD; n§yfzdeyf pD;xm;onf
udkvnf;aumif; owdjyKrdcJhonf[k qdk\/
a[mhxf\ xGufqdkcsufrsm;t& um;vfqefonf refudkyif;rS jrefEdkiforQ
jrefatmif xGufcGmcsifaecJhonf[k ,lq&onf/ b,fudk OD;wnfoGm;rnf?
bmESifhoGm;rnfqdkonfu ta&;rBuD;? xGufcGm&zkdYom ta&;BuD;onf[k
t"dyÜm,faygufaeonf/
xdktcsufudk um;q&m vef;euf&rfrfem\ &nf;pm;jzpfol
*sufpDumaAsmhcfref;u wdkufqdkifpGm axmufcHxm;\/ um;q&mum;
tdyfaq;tajrmuftjrm; aomufoHk;xm;rIaMumifh ckcsdefxd ppfar;í
r&Edkifao;/ aAsmhcfref;\ xGufqdkcsufrSm avmufvm;pGm tm;udk;xdkuf
vSonf/ um;vfqefonf &rfrfemxHrS um;vufrSwf0,f&mwGif aiGaMu;
udk e*dkuwnf;u qHk;jzwf uefYowfxm;cJhonf/ olYvm;&monf bdkif&ifhcsf
blwmrSwfwdkif jzpfvmcJhonf/ odkYwnf;r[kwf jzpfoGm;cJhonf/ xdkae&mwGif
wpfpHkwpfa,mufu um;vfqefudk apmifharQmfaecJhonf[k ,HkMunf,lq&ef
taMumif;wpfckrS r&SdcJhyg/
aemufxyf pdwf0ifpm;zG,f tcsuftvufwpfck &Sdao;onf/ um;
vufrSwfa&mif;olonf um;vfqefwGif c&D;aqmiftdwf yg? ryg owd
rxm;rdcJh/ um;ay:wufaomtcg c&D;aqmiftdwfBuD;wpfvHk; ygoGm;cJhonf
58
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

qdkjcif;aMumifh xdktcsufonf jyefvrf;r&Sd vlqdk;*dkPf;rS tzGJU0if wpfOD;OD;ESifh

xdyfwdkufawGUqHkrIwpfck jzpfaumif;jzpfcJhEdkifonf qdkonfh tEkrme
rSef;qcsufwpf&yf ay:aygufapcJhonf/
*sufpDum aAsmhcfref;\ pum;rsm;xJwGif c&D;aqmiftdwf taMumif;
ryg&SdcJhyg/ odkYaomf &JXmerS&&Sdonfh zufpft& um;vfqefonf jyefvrf;r&Sd
*dkPf;0ifwpfOD;OD;xHrS tqdkygtdwfudk cdk;,lcJhonf[k ,lq&ef taMumif;rsm;udk
awGU&Sd&onf/
aAsmhcfref;ESifh zufpfowif;wdkYudk aygif;pyfvQif um;vfqefonf raeYu
aeYv,f oHk;em&D rdepfESpfq,fwGifvnf;aumif;? jyefvrf;r&Sd *dkPf;0ifonf
aemufav;em&D tMumwGifvnf;aumif; bdkif&ifhcsfblwm rSwfwdkifodkY toD;oD;
tou a&muf&SdMuNyD; trnfrod OD;wnf&modkY avQmufvSrf;oGm;Muonf/
yxrvlu toufwpf&m? av;vHonfh c&D; aqmif tdwfBuD;ESifh 'kwd,vlu
yxrvlxuf ckepfq,fhig;ESpf ydki,f ol/
pHkaxmufBuD;[m rSwfpkpmtkyfudk ydwfvdkufw,f/ aumfzD vufusefudk
armhvdkufw,f/ ck q,fem&D ESpfq,fhig;rdepf &SdNyD/
uJ ... aemufrSwfwdkifuawmh bdkif&ifhcsfblwmaygh/

reufpmpm;aewkef; *sL;vD;,yf[m t,fvefYudk reufapmapm t,fvef

tdyfaewkef; ol vkyfcJhwmawG? MuHpnfcJhwmawGudk tlr acs;cg; rusef
ajymjyaew,f/
yxrqHk;taeeJY tat;cef;xJu uHraumif; taMumif;rvS&SmwJh
59
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

rawmfwqrIav;taMumif; ol pajymw,f/ tat;cef; tylcsdef[m

a&cJrSwfatmuf rdkifaygif;rsm;pGma&mufaewm wpfnaevHk;? wpfnvHk;/
tenf;qHk; q,fem&Dxufrenf; &SdcJhNyDqdkwm *sL;vD;,yf owdxm;rdcsdefrSm
ukvm;atmfBuD; udkifNyD; tat;cef;wHcg;udk oGm;zGifhMunfhcJhowJh/ owdqdkwm
ydkw,fr&Sdbl; r[kwfvm;/ awmfMum [dktaumif[m zswfzswfvwfvwf
toifhtaetxm;eJY wHcg;zGifhwmeJY aqmifhuefvdkuf &if b,fhES,fvkyfrwkH;/
'gayrJh ukvm;atmfBuD; udkifxm;wm av;wmyJ tzwfwifw,f/
vl&G,ftwGuf em;&GufqGJwmawG? aqmifhuefwmawG acwfukefoGm;cJhNyD/
aqmifhaMumifhxdkif? wpfudk,fvHk; a&cJzHk;NyD; bmudkrS rjrifawmhwJh rsufvHk;
awGu touf0dnmOf"mwf uif;rJhpGm yGifhvdkY/ wdkwdkajym&&ifawmh a&cJ
½dkufxm;wJh orifvdk vHk;0OóHk aoaecJhNyD/
tjzpfqdk; qdkayrJh 'DvdkjzpfoGm;wJhtwGuf tpp t&m&m vG,ful
acsmarGUoGm;w,fvdkY *sL;vD;,yf awG;rdw,f/ 'Davmuf ½dkif;pdkif; Murf;wrf;wJh
taumifudk touf&Sifvsuf tjyifxkwf&if 'ku©awG tvGefrsm;vdrfhr,f/
*sL;vD;,yf[m tat;"mwfvTwfwJh cvkwfudkydwfNyD; tat;cef; wHcg;udk
zGifhxm;w,f/ tr,f ... aoawmh aow,f/ wpfudk,fvHk;
a&cJ½dkufxm;ovkdBuD;awmh rjzpfao;ygbl;av/
rD;zdk rD;arT;NyD; rD;vHI&if; ydkufqHxkyfBuD;udk aocsm a&Munfhw,f/ [,f ...
ol rlvrSef;xm;ovdk 37 oef;cGJ r[kwfbl;/ oef; ig;q,f wdwd&Sdw,f/
*sL;vD;,yf ajymjywmawGudk t,fvefu pm;&if;aomuf&if;
em;axmifaew,f/ pm;vdkYuvnf; aumif;vdkufwm ajymraeygeJYawmh/
60
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

rSwfrdorQ reufpmawGxJrSm 'DwpfBudrf pm;taumif;qHk;yJ/ aiGtaMumif;

ra&mufrcsif; ol bmrS 0ifrajymbl;/ tJ ... aiGtaMumif;vnf; a&muf a&m
... ]oef;ig;q,fqdkawmh oHk;q,fhckepfoef;cGJxufpm&if tnDtrQ cGJzdkYa0zdkY
ydktqifajywmy? a[m[dkem;u qm;bl;av; vSrf;vdkufprf;yg} vdkY
olajymvdkufw,f/
*sL;vD;,yfu t,fvef ajymwJhtwdkif; vdkufemaqmif&GufNyD; 37
oef;cGJqdkvnf; tnDtrQ cGJvdkY&aMumif;? oef;ig;q,fqdkawmh wpf0ufpDcGJzdkY
ydkvG,faMumif; ajymw,f/ tJ'DaemufrSmawmh *sL;vD;,yfu t,fvefYudk
em;csw,f/ ckcsdef[m 'DuaecGm&r,fh tcsdefyJwJh/ tat;cef; xJu aumifu
tEÅ&m,frjyKEdkifawmhayrJh olYwpfa,mufwnf;vdkY b,folajymvJwJh/
olYvdktaumif aemufxyf q,fa,mufavmuf tcsdef ra&G; rD;zdkcef;xJ
a&mufvmEdkifw,fwJh/
[kwfygw,f/ t,fvef oabmaygufygw,f/ 'gayrJh olu
olYudk,folawmif o,fEdkifawmhwm r[kwfbl;/ *sL;vD;,yfuawmh vrf;
avQmufwmudk wwfEdkiforQ rvkyf&atmif pDrHay;r,fvdkY tmrcHaew,f/
[kwfw,f? ajy;&r,f/
tat;cef;xJu taumifudkyg olwdkYeJYtwl o,foGm;Edkif&if
taumif;qHk;/ wu,fvdkY 'Dtavmif;BuD; 'DxJrSm awGUoGm;&if tbdk;BuD;
ESpfa,muf 'ku©a&mufrSm/
uJ ... uJ ... pm;aeaomufaevdkY rNyD;ao;bl;/ oGm;r,fqdkvnf;
oGm;MurS jzpfr,f/ *sL;vD;,yfeJY t,fvef[m tat;cef;xJu romudk
61
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

rEdkifreif;eJY rçvmNyD; xrif;pm;pm;yGJu ukvm;xdkifrSm cPwif/ tm;arG;/

t,fvef[m tavmif;udk ajcqHk;acgif;qHk; Munfh&if; ... ]'D taumif[m
ajcaxmufawGu udk,fvHk;eJYrvdkufatmif ao;wmyJ? at; av ... ao;ao;?
BuD;BuD; ck olYzdeyfawG bmrS toHk;rusawmhbl; r[kwfvm; ... aem ...} vdkY
ajymvdkufw,f/
*sL;vD;,yfuvnf; pdk;&drfygw,f/ tjyifrSm at;yHkeJY t,fvefY
ajcaxmufawG ESif;udkufukefrSm pdk;ygw,f/ wu,fvdkYom t,fvefY
ajcaxmufeJY awmfr,fxif&if zdeyfawG cRwfay;yghr,fwJh/ ukvm; xdkifay:u
vli,fav;u bmrS rajymyHkaxmuf&ifawmh olYzdeyfawG ,lwm
MunfjzLyHkay:w,fwJh/
pGyfMunfhawmh xifwJhtwdkif; zdeyfawGu BuD;aew,f/ 'gayrJhvnf;
pkwfjywfaewJh ½SL½SL;n§yfzdeyfawGxufpm&if tyHkBuD;omwmaygh/
aemufwpfqifhtaeeJY tbdk;BuD;ESpfa,muf[m romaumifudk
wpfa,mufwpfzuf n§yfNyD; wGJac:vmMuw,f/ 'DvdkeJY &xm;pMuø vrf;ay:
oHk;a,mufom; a&muf? ESpfa,mufu rwfwwf? wpfa,muf u yufvuf?
udkif; ... bmqufvkyfMurwkH;vdkY t,fvefu *sL;vD;,yf udk ar;/
]'DrSmyJ &yfae? b,frS avQmufroGm;eJY}
*sL;vD;,yfu t,fvefYudk ajymw,f/
]rif;vnf; b,frS avQmufroGm;eJY}
yufvufvefaewJh qH&Snfhudkvnf; ajymw,f/
*sL;vD;,yf[m pMuøay:uae &xm;vrf;ay: qif;vdkufNyD; pdkufpdkuf
62
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

pdkufpdkufeJY avQmufoGm;w,f/
cPaeawmh &xm;oHvrf;awG vdkufppfwJh xa&mfvDBuD;udk cefYcefY
xnfxnf armif;vmwm awGUvdkuf&awmhw,f/
]1954 ckESpfxkwf *E¦0ifvuf&mAs? uJ ... <uMu? <uMu}
*sL;vD;,yf[m xa&mfvDudk vufwGef;*D,meJY xdef;armif;aew,f/
olYaemufrSm t,fvef? t,fvefY aemufrSm rom/ romu xdkifvsufom;/
aeumrsufrSefrnf;BuD; wyfvdkY/
tJovdk olwdkYwpfawG xGufawmfrl eef;ucGmcJhMucsdefu q,fh
wpfem&Dxdk;zdkY ig;rdepftvdk/ aemuf oHk;rdepftMumrSm bdkif&ifhcsfblwm½Hk
a[mif;a&SUudk eufjyma&mif aAmfvfAdkum;wpfpD; xdk;qdkufvmNyD; pHkaxmufBuD;
at&Gefqef um;ay:u qif;vmw,f/
blwmtaqmuftOD[m vloluif;rJhaeyHkyJ/ 'gayrJh aocsmatmif teD;uyf
MunfhvdkufOD;r,f/ NyD;rS bdkif&ifhcsf&GmxJoGm;awmhr,f/
,dkifeJYeJY blwmpMuøawGay: owdBuD;BuD;eJY wufvdkufw,f/
wHcg;udkzGifhNyD; ]vl&Sdovm;cifAs}vdkY ar;vdkufw,f/
bmoHrS rMum;bl;/ tdrfxJ 0ifMunfhvdkufw,f/ vlaewJhyHkyJ/
rD;zdkcef;xJrSm avmavmvwfvwf vlESpfa,muf reufpmpm;oGm;wJh
oufaoawG &Sdaew,f/ Murf;jyifay:rSmawmh pkwfjywf&GJjyJaewJh n§yf
zdeyfwpf&ef/

jyefvrf;r&Sdqdkwm w&m;0ifoabmuawmh armfawmfqdkifu,f

63
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

uvyfwpfckayrhJ wu,fu &mZ0wfrIrSwfwrf;&dSwJh vli,fawG pkaygif;

xm;wJh tkyfpkwpfckyJ/ tJ'Dtkyfpk acgif;aqmifuawmh &mZ0wfrIrSwfwrf;
tBuD;tus,f&SdwJh vlvwfydkif;wpfa,muf/ tm;vHk;rSm &mZ0wfrI usL;vGefzdkY
&nf&G,fcsuf wpfvHk;wpf0wnf; &Sdw,f/
acgif;aqmifBuD;emrnfu yg *efem *g'ifwJh/ 'gayrJh olYemrnfudk
b,folrS rac:&Jbl;/ tm;vHk;u olYudk abmhpfvdkYyJ ac:Muw,f/ ol
udk,fwkdifuvnf; abmhpfvdkYyJ ac:apcsifw,f/ abmhpf[m t&yfu ESpfrDwm?
twåabmu 230 uDvdk&SdNyD; olYa&SUrSm ,D;wD;,m;wm;vkyfol rSeforQ
"m;eJYydkif;zdkY 0efrav;wJh vlwpfa,mufyJ/
abmhpf&JU &mZ0wfrIqdkif&m b0vrf;aMumif;tpuawmh cyfrSdefrSdef
cyfukyfukyfygyJ/ olu tpkpyf vkyfief;&Sifwpfa,mufeJYtwl qGD'ifudk
opfoD;eJY [if;oD;[if;&GufawG oGif;w,f/ xkwfvkyfwJhEdkifiHudk nmajym
jcif;tm;jzifh tcGefudk a&SmifvTJNyD; pm;oHk;olawGudk aps;BuD;BuD;eJY a&mif;vdkY
&wmaygh/
jyóemu abmhpf&JU ygwemyJ/ oif;u abmhpfvdkrsdK; b,fol aoao
rmcsifonfh iawpdwf"mwfrsdK; wif;jynfh usyfjynfh r&Sd&Smbl;/ abmhpfu
tpm;taomufawGudk azmfrvifpdrfa&mif;zdkY oabmusw,f/ tm&Swdkufqdk
'DvdkyJvkyfaewm MumMumvSaygh/ 'DvdkeJY zdvpfydkifuae azmfrvifpdrfxm;wJh
qGD'iftom;vHk; qdkwmawGudk oabFmeJYwif? aygaygyJyJeYJ 0,fNyD; nmcszdkY
MuHw,f/ azmfrvifomemempdrf tom;vkH; awG[m okH;veYJvnf; rykyfbl;/
100 'D*&D pifwD*&dwfrSmvnf; rodk;bl;/
64
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

tJ'D[mawG[m aps;aygvGef;vdkY tjrwf&zdkYtwGuf qGD'if tom;

vHk;vdkYawmif wHqdyfuyfp&m rvdkbl;/ 'def;rwf tom;vHk;avmuf nmNzD;&if
tjrwfu tawmf weifhwydk;&rSmvdkY abmhpfu ajymw,f/ olYygwem
apmufxHku Edk;wJh/ azmfrvifqdkwm vlaotavmif; pdrfwmwJh/ tom;vHk;awG
xm0& touf&SnfapzdkY pdrf&wmrsdK; r[kwfbl;wJh/ zsif; ygh/ wHk;ygh/ nHhygh/
tygh/
'DvdkeJY azmfrvifpdrftom;vHk;vnf; roGif;jzpfbJ olwdkYESpfa,muf
cGmjyJoGm;Muw,f/ abmhpfu aemufwpfrsdK; MuHw,f/ ESif;avQmpudwf pD;&if
pGyfwJh rsufESmzHk;av;pGyfNyD; olYNydKifbuf pawmh[krf; opfoD; wifoGif;a&;
vDrdwufudk aeYcif;aMumifawmif 0ifvkzdkY r[mpDrHudef; BuD;aygh/
&Jwif;wpfvuf&,f? &SdorQ tukefxkwfqdkNyD; tmacgifjcpf atmfvdkufwJh
a'gooHBuD;&,f tultnDeJY ol[m ua&mif;aiG av;aomif;
wpfaxmifavmuf ydkcsrf;omvmwm jrifawmh olYudk,folawmif tHhMordw,f/
tvum;ae&if; bmjzpfvdkYrsm; tyifyef;cHNyD; [dk[m wifoGif;csif? 'D[m
wifoGif;csifeYJ zif,m;aerdygvdrhf/ ckvdk bmrS rnfrnf&&
rvkyfvdkuf&bJvnf; aiGqdkwm &EdkifwmyJ r[kwfvm;/
'DvdkeJY olYyg&rDtxHkudk vlrSefae&mrSef toHk;csEdkifcJhw,f/ tEkMurf;pD;
vk,ufjcif; vkyfief;BuD;udk xlaxmifNyD; ESpfESpfq,ftwGif;rSm ol[m
ESpfBudrfavmufyJ roGm;csifwhJae&mudk olYqE´rygbJ twif;tusyf
tyef;ajzc&D; xGufchJ&zl;w,f/
q,fpkESpfESpfck Mumvmawmh abmhpf[m vkyfief;wdk;csJUzdkY pdwful;w,f/
65
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

'DvdkeYJ olYpdwfBudKuf vli,fvl&G,f taytaw ESpfa,mufudk &SmawGUvmw,f/

yxrqHk; olvkyfwJhtvkyfuawmh tJ'DESpfaumifudk ½l;aMumifaMumif
emrnfajymifawG ay;wmyJ/ wpfa,mufudk rif;wHk;wJh? aemufwpfa,mufudk
a&yHk;wJh/ emrnfvSvSawG ol &SmMuHay;w,f/tJ'D rif;wHk;eJY a&yHk; aumif;rIeJY
aiGwdkufum;udk ESpfBudrfwdwd atmifjrif pGm armifydkifpD;EdkifcJhw,f/
wwd,tBudrf armifydkifpD;zdkY BudK;pm;csdefrSmawmh olwdkYoHk;a,muf pvHk;
axmifxJudk av;ESpfcGJpD a&mufoGm;Muw,f/ tJ'DrSmwif abmhpf[m
jyefvrf;r&Sd *dkPf;awmfBuD;udk xlaxmifzdkY tMuH&vmw,f/ yxrtqifh
taeeJY jyefvrf;r&Sduvyf wpfjzpfvJ *dkPf;[m tenf;qHk; *dkPf;0if ig;q,f
&Sd&r,f/ vk,uf? rl;,pfeJY Ncdrf;ajcmuf aiGn§pfqdkwJh XmecGJ oHk;ck xm;r,f/
[muGufr&Sdatmif? axmifhaphatmif jyifqifjcif;tm;jzifh axmifxJudk
b,fawmhrS jyefvrf;r&Sdap&bl;/ jyefvrf;r&Sd *dkPf;[m tuGufcspDrHwJh
ajratmufavmu&JU pHawmf0if &D;,Jruf'&pf jzpfap &r,fvdkY MuHK;0g;w,f/
olu abm½l;av/
ppcsif;awmh axmifwGif; *dkPf;om; vlopfpkaqmif;a&;vkyfief;[m
tqifajy acsmarGUaecJhw,f/ 'gayrJh abmhpftarqDu a&mufvmwJh
pmwpfapmifaMumifh abmhpf MuHorQ ta[moduH jzpfoGm;cJhw,f/ olY taru
bma&;wkH;qdkawmh olom;a&TaoG; yg*efemav;wpfa,muf
uHtaMumif;rvSvdkY axmifxJa&mufaewkef; vlrdkufawGeJY taygif; toif;
vkyfwmudk usyfusyfa&Smif? cPcP a,mifwwfwJh tmoD;udk *½kpdkuf?
axmifuvGwfvm&if &wemuRef; *drf;upm;zdkY apmifhaer,f qdkyJ/
66
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

tJ'DpmtaMumif; vlwdkif; odoGm;NyD;wJhaemuf abmhpfwpfa,muf

'ku©a&mufawmhwmyJ/ aeYv,fpmpm;csdef ,l*dkqvyfAf *dkPf;om;awGudk
aoG;cGJzdkY MuHwmvnf; ratmifjrif? t&ifu vlwdkif;aMumufwJh pdwåZ
vlowform;vdk [efaqmifaewmvnf; ck b,folrS raMumufawmh/ MoZm?
tmPm? odu©m tukefwef;pD xdcdkufawmhwmyJ/ pkxm;NyD;om; *dkPf;om; 30
rSm 27 a,muf EkwfxGufoGm;cJhw,f/ rlv*dkPf;0if rif;wHk;? a&yHk;tjyif
uyfoyfusefcJhwmuawmh AifeDZGJvm;u [dkaq;rm&D,m ½dk'&Da*;qdkwJh
taumifyJ/ olu bmvdkY usm;ydefwG,f wG,faewkef; qdkawmh olu abmhpfudk
arwåm&SdaevdkYyJ/ 'gayrJh ol abmhpfudk usdwf a<uaerSef; b,folrS rodbl;/
olYudk,folawmif rodbl;/ tJ'D AifeD ZGJvm;om;udkvnf; u&muufpfvdkY
emrnfay;w,f/ olYwdkif;jynf NrdKU awmf emrnfyg/ abmhpf[m b,fvdkyJ?
b,favmufyJ Ncdrf;ajcmuf? xkaxmif;? jr§LqG,fwmawGvkyfvkyf
taMumif;rxl;awmhbl;/ wpfaeYrSm awmh oleJY olYom0u oHk;a,muf
axmifxJu vGwfvmcJhMuw,f/
pdwf"mwfusaewJh abmhpf[m jyefvrf;r&Sd*dkPf; xlaxmif&ef r[m
tMuHBuD;udk pGefYvTwfvkqJqJxd jzpfcJhw,f/ 'gayrJh u&muufpf&JU aumif;rIeJY
udkvHbD,mu &Jabmfwpfa,mufeYJ qufoG,frdNyD; tquf toG,fawGrsm; ...
rsm; ... rsm; .../ aemufqHk;awmh jyefvrf;r&Sd *dkPf;[m udkvHbD,m
rl;,pfarSmifcdkvkyfief;BuD; ta&SUOa&myudk pD;0ifwJh r[m vrf;aMumif;&JU
wpfaxmufem; uGef;cdkpcef;tjzpf toHk;awmfcHEdkifvm awmhw,f/
rl;,pfvkyfief;[m BuD;us,foxuf BuD;us,fvmwJhtwGuf vk,ufeJY
67
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

Ncdrf;ajcmuf XmecGJawG zGifhp&mrvdkavmufatmif tvkyf wGifus,fvmcJhw,f/

ckawmh abmhpf[m a&yHk;? u&muufpfwdkYeJYtwl pawmh[krf;rSm ta&;ay:
ppfaumifpD tpnf;ta0;wpf&yf usif;yae&NyD/ rif;wHk;qdkwJh apmuf½l;
wpfckckjzpfaewm aocsmNyD/ *dkPf;&JU ordkif;rSm tBuD;us,fqHk;
aiGvTJrIwm0efBuD;udk oGm;xrf;aqmif&if; vrf;rSm b,fvdkjzpfw,f rod/
reufu 0,fvuf ½k&SawGeJY qufoG,fMunfhawmh ypönf;&NyD? aiGay;
vdkufNyDwJh/ 'gaMumifh aemufydkif;udpö olwdkYeJY rqdkifvdkY ajymvTwfvdkuf w,f/
ckavmavmq,fawmh ½k&SawG trSefajymwmvdkYyJ ,lqxm; vdkufr,f/
aiGjrifvdkY pdwfrcdkifbJ rif;wHk;qdkwJhaumif aiGxkyfydkufNyD; vpfoGm;NyDvm;/
[ifhtif; ... rjzpfEdkifbl;/ rif;wHk;[m 'DvdkvkyfzdkYtwGuf odyfwHk;vGef;w,f/ tJ
... ajymvdkYawmh r&bl;/ odyfvnfvGef;wmvnf; jzpfcsifjzpfEdkifwmyJ/
apmifhMunfh&rSmyJ/
taMumif;od wpfa,mufa,mufu 'Dvkyfief;BuD;udk tptqHk;
refudkyif;uae apmifhMunfhaewmrsm;vm;/ 'grSr[kwf rif;wHk; pawmh[krf;udk
jyefvmwJhvrf;rSm aemufaumufcsNyD; tdwfBuD; rçoGm;wmrsm;vm;/
'gayrJh b,folu tJovdk vkyfrSmvJuGm? b,folvJ/ abmhpf[m
'Dar;cGef;udk tqdkwifayrJh ppfaumifpDu tajzray;Edkifbl;/ b,fay;EdkifrwkH;/
ppfaumifpD0if oHk;a,mufvdkY ol emrnfcefYcefYay;xm;wJh wynfh
oHk;aumifpvHk;u apmuf½l;awGcsnf;yJudk/
b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf ck ol a&yHk;udk vTwf&awmhr,f/ bmvdkYwkH; qkdawmh
apmuf½l;csif; twlwlayrJh apmuf½l; a&yHk;u apmuf½l; u&muufpf xufpm&if
68
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

enf;enf; t½l;oufomvdkYyJ/ 'gaMumifh apmuf½l; a&yHk;udk vTwf&if apmuf½l;

rif;wHk;eJYwuG aiGtdwfBuD;udk &SmawGUEdkifzdkY tcGifh tvrf;rsm;w,fvdkY
xif&wmaygh/
]rif; refudkyif;udk csufcsif;vdkufoGm;? owdvnf; xm;OD;? [dk
*smuifBuD;udk 0wfroGm;eJY? ck refudkyif; wpfNrdKUvHk; &JawGcsnf;yJ? touf
wpf&m tbdk;BuD;wpfa,muf aysmufwmudk &SmaeMuw,fwJh}

*sL;vD;,yf? t,fvefeJY romuawmh opfawmtv,fu jzwfNyD;

xa&mfvDc&D;udk ESifaecJhMuw,f/ Apfum;udk a&mufawmh uHqdk;rdk;arSmif usNyD;
v,form;wpfa,mufeJY yufyif;wdk;w,f/ olYpdkufcif;udk vmMunfhaewJh
v,form;[m roHk;awmhwJh &xm;vrf;a[mif;ay: xl;xl;qef;qef;
armif;vmwJh xa&mfvDeJY xa&mfvDay:u vlawGudk aMumif Munfhaew,f/
]r*FvmeHeufygcifAsm} - *sL;vD;,yf
]aumif;aomaeYyg cifAsm} - t,fvef
olwdkY&JU y#doE¨m& pum;awGudk romeJY v,form;u cGef;wHkYrjyef/
v,form;[m olwdkYudk rsufpdwpfqHk; vdkufMunfhaew,f/
xa&mfvDu oHrPdpuf½Hkem; eD;vmawmh *sL;vD;,yf[m pdwfyl vmw,f/
tpuawmh vrf;rSm a&uefwpfckckudk jzwfoGm;&if romudk uefxJ
ypfcsr,fvdkY ol tMuHBuD; MuHvmcJhwm/ ck bmuefrSvnf; rawGUbl;/
oHrPdpuf½Hk0if;em;rSm *sL;vD;,yf[m xa&mfvDudk aqmifh &yfvdkufw,f/
owdr&SdwJh rom[m ,dkifvJNyD; ezl;eJY oHwdkif aqmifhrd&Sm
69
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

w,f/ 'DtjzpfaMumifh t,fvef[m romudk oem;aerdw,f/

]trav;avh ... tawmfemrSmaemf? tif; ... ckawmh wpfrsdK;ayghav}
]'g touf0dnmOf uif;rJh&jcif;&JU tusdK;aus;Zl;ayghAs}
*sL;vD;,yfu avmavmvwfvwf awGU&Sdcsufu&wJh oifcef;pm tjzpf
t,fvefYudk ajymvdkufw,f/
*sL;vD;,yf[m xa&mfvDay:uqif;NyD; bkZywfyifBuD; wpfyif
aemufuae ykef;vQKd;uG,fvQKd;eJY ajrrsufESmoGifjyif tcif;tusif;udk
avhvmaew,f/ puf½HkwpfckvHk; vloluif;&Sif;NyD; wHcg;awGusawmh
a[mif;avmif;yGifhaew,f/
em&DMunfhawmh q,fhESpfem&D q,frdepf/ aMomf ... aeYv,fpm pm;csdefyJ/
{&mr ukefaowåmBuD;wpfvHk;udk awGUrdw,f/ tJ'DudkoGm;NyD;
tajctaeMunfhr,fvdkY ol aMunmvdkufw,f/ t,fvefu *sL;vD;,yfudk
uHaumif;ygapaMumif; qkawmif;ay;NyD; vrf;raysmufatmif *½kpdkufygvdkY
pdk;&drfwBuD; rSmw,f/
[m[ ... vrf;raysmufatmif *½kpdkuf&rwJh/ ukefaowåmujzifh
rDwmokH;q,favmufyJ a0;wmudk/ ol 0ifoGm;NyD/ wpfrdepftwGif;
rsufpdatmufu aysmufoGm;NyD/ a[m ... jyefvmNyD/ uJ ... ck romudk
b,fvdkvkyf&r,frSef; odNyDwJh/
ukefaowåmxJrSm opfom;yHk;awGeJY xnfhxm;wJh oHrPdypönf;awG
csnf;yJwJh/ opfom;yHk;awGuvnf; &SnfvarsmeJYqdkawmh romtwGuf
wdkif;í&ufonfh yuúvm rdk;&GmonfESifh tcefYoifhyJwJh/
70
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

twGif;tusqHk; opfom;yHk;xJu oHrPd qvif'gBuD;xJudk

tifrwefav;wJh rom ae&mcstNyD;rawmh t,fvefwpfa,muf ajcukef
vufyef;usaechJNyD/ tzkH;udkydwfvdkufawmh ydkY&r,fhvdyfpm ½dkufxm;wm
awGUvdkufw,f/ tuf'pftbmbm whJ (tDoDtdk;yD;,m;EdkifiH NrdKUawmf av)/
'geYJyJ ol ajymjzpfatmif ajymvdkufw,f/
]uJuJ ... rsufpdudkzGifh em;udkpGifhNyD; urÇmwpfcGif jyJjyJpifatmif
oGm;aya&mhAsm? oGm;aya&mh ...}
]AsdKU ... t,fvef jrefjrefvkyfAs? 'DrSm MumMumaevdkY rjzpfbl;}
bmyJajymajym ckxdawmh tqifajyacsmarGUaewkef;/ tbdk;BuD; ESpfa,muf
tvkyfudpöNyD;vdkY bkZywfyifatmuf jyefa&mufwJhtxd aeYv,fpmpm;csdef
rukefao;/ olwdkY xa&mfvDay: jyefem;aecsdefrSmawmh puf½HkxJrSm
vlolvIyf&Sm;rIawG awGUvmw,f/ ckeu olwdkY tavmif; xnfhypfcJhwJh
ukefaowåmxJudk aemufxyf ukefawG tjynfhjznfhaewm
awGU&w,f/ Munfhaewkef;yJ jynfhoGm;wJh ukefaowåmudk aomhcwfvdkufNyD;
aemufwpfvHk;xJ ukefawGqufjznfhaew,f/
'Dvdkae&mrsdK;rSm oHrPdpuf½Hk vmwnfxm;wmudk t,fvefu
tHhMoaew,f/ *sL;vD;,yfuawmh 'Dpuf½Hku &mZ0ifeJYAs/ ES,fES,f&&
rrSwfeJYwJh/ 17 &mpkESpf tESpfoHk;q,f ppfyGJwkef;u owftm;jzwftm;
ydkxda&mufcsifolwdkif;twGuf bufra&G;pwrf; tajrmufawG xkwfvkyf
ay;cJhwm 'DuaeayghwJh/
tif; ... 17 &mpkESpfu vlawG[m w,fwHk;oudk;/ wpfa,mufeJY
71
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

wpfa,muf owfzdkYrsm; 'Davmuf tyifyef;cH? aiGukefaMu;uscHNyD; tajrmuf

vm0,faeMuw,f/ roum cPapmifhvdkufygvm;/ b,folyJ jzpfjzpf
tcsdefwef&if b,folrS owfp&mrvdkbJ rmvuD;,m;rSmyJudk/
*sL;vD;,yfuawmh tJovdkajymaMu;qdk urÇmhtxifu& udpötm;vHk;[m
bmrSrvkyfbJ apmifhae&if jzpfvmrSmawmif r[kwfbl;wJh/ uJuJ ... ckawmh
udk,fhtm;udk,fudk; vrf;avQmuf&awmhr,f/ *sL;vD;,yf&JU tpD tpOfuawmh
atumtxd vrf;avQmufoGm;? NyD;rS aemuf b,foGm;& rvJ pOf;pm;r,fqdkyJ/

bdkif&ifhcsfblwm½Hka[mif;udk 0ifMunfhwm zdeyfpkwfwpf&efuvGJvdkY

pdwf0ifpm;p&m bmrSrawGUwJh pHkaxmufBuD; at&Gefqef[m vltdk½Hkudk jyefjyNyD;
oufaoxlzdkY tJ'DzdeyfawGudk ,lvmcJhw,f/ tdrfxJrSm rD;zdkcef;? a&uef?
tat;cef;awG awGUayrJh bmrS rxl;jcm;bl;/
at&Gefqef[m bdkif&ifhcfs&GmxJ qufavQmufvmNyD; awGUwJhtdrf awG
wHcg;vdkufacgufw,f/ oHk;tdrfu vl&SdvdkY wHcg;zGifhay;Muw,f/ tJ'Drdom;pk
oHk;pkqDuae blwmatmufxyfrSm cdkuyfaewhJ *sL;vD;,yf *Refqif
qdkoltaMumif; ol aumif;aumif;emMum;cGifh&w,f/ *sL;vD;,yf *RefqifqdkwJh
vlnpf vlqdk; olcdk;taMumif; bmrS xl;xl;qef;qef;awmh rMum;rdbl;wJh/
vlaumif;r[kwfbl; qdkwmawmh wnDwñGwfwnf; ajymMuw,f/
]'DvlYudk axmifxJom ydkYxm;prf;yg}
a'gotBuD;qHk; wpfa,mufu tJovdk awmif;qdkw,f/
][kwfNyDAsm? bmtaMumif;awGeJYvJ}
72
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

pHkaxmufBuD;[m yifyef;wJhavoHeJY ar;vdkufw,f/

]bmtaMumif;awG &rSmvJ? nnqdk usKyfjcHxJu MuufOawG vmcdk;w,f?
rESpfu aqmif;wGif;urS 0,fxm;wJh pGyfzm;udk cdk;? aq;opf okwfNyD;
olY[mygvdkY ajAmifvdrfw,f? usKyf pmwdkufyHk;eHygwfeJY pmtkyfawG rSmNyD; ol
apmufujrif;aMumx rSmwJh pmtkyfzdk;udk usKyfu ay;&w,f? 14 ESpfyJ&SdwJh
usKyfom;udk aAmh'uma&mif;zdkY BudK;pm;w,f? NyD;awmh ...}
]&NyD? &NyD? awmfygawmh? uRefawmf olYudk axmifxJydkYyghr,f? ckawmh ol
b,frSm&SdrSef; rodao;vdkY &Smyg&apOD;}
refudkyif;udk jyefvSnfhaewJh at&GefqefYqDudk vrf;wpf0ufrSm zkef;
0ifvmw,f/ v,form;wpfa,muf qufwm/ NyD;cJhwJh wpfem&D
ausmfausmfavmufu bdkif&ifhcsfeJY atumMum; roHk;awmhwJh &xm;vrf;
ay:uae xa&mfvDBuD;pD;NyD; 'Da'o&JU emrnfBuD; &mZ0wform;[m
tbdk;BuD;wpfa,muf&,f? tdwfBuD;wpfvHk;&,f? aeumrsufrSefeJY vl&G,f
wpfa,muf&,fudk wifNyD; xGufoGm;wmudk awGUvdkuf&w,fvdkY ajymw,f/
v,form;&JU xifjrifcsuft& zdeyfrpD;xm;ayrJh rsufrSefeJY vl&G,f[m
acgif;aqmifjzpfEdkifw,fwJh/
at&Gefqef[m um;udkt&SdefeJY jyefauGUvdkufw,f/ ]bmajymwm ygvdrfh? ig
em;rvnfbl;}vdkY nnf;&if; um;jyefauGUwJht&SdefeJY xdkifcHk ay:u n§yfzdeyfawG
um;Murf;jyifay: usoGm;cJhw,f/

rDwmESpf&mavmuf avQmufNyD;wJhtcg t,fvef[m w&GwfqGJ vmw,f/

73
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

olu bmrS rajymayrJh *sL;vD;,yfu tbkd;BuD; 'l;tajctae qdk;aeNyDqdkwm

odvdkufw,f/ [dka&SUrSm a[mha'gha&mif;wJhqdkifav; awGU ae&NyD/
tJ'Dqdkifav;xdom tm;wif;NyD;avQmuf? a[mha'ghvnf; 0,f auR;r,f?
a&SUqufoGm;zdkYvnf; tqifajyatmif ol pDpOfr,fvdkY *sL;vD; ,yfu
tm;ay;w,f/ olYwpfouf b,fwkef;urS rnnf;wGm;cJhzl; aMumif;
jyefajym&if; t,fvefu tm;wif;avQmufaewkef; *sL;vD;,yfu
okwfajcwifoGm;w,f/
a[mha'ghqdkifudk t,fvefa&mufawmh *sL;vD;,yfu a[mha'gh
wpf0ufawmif ukefaeNyD/ tJ ... rNyD;ao;bl;/
]t,fvefa&? befeDudk vmEIwfqufvSnfhOD;? olu usKyfwdkY&JU
um;'½dkifbmjzpfoGm;NyD} wJh/
a[mha'ghqdkifydkif&Sif befeD[m ydkeDaw;vf jrif;NrD;qHyifeJY touf
ig;q,favmuf ieJwpfa,mufyJ/ *sL;vD;,yf[m a[mha'ghwpfck?
vdar®mf&nfwpfcGuf? 1988 xkwf befeD&JU aiGa&mifrmpD'D;um;eJY befeD
'½dkifbm? '½dkifbm befeD av;rsdK;wGJudk ua&mif;wpfodef;eJY ta&mif;
t0,fvkyfzdkY pkpkaygif; ESpfrdepfavmufyJ tcsdef,lvdkuf&w,f/
t,fvefu a[mha'ghqdkif&Sifudk taotcsm Munfhaew,f/
]usKyfwdkYu cifAsm;udk 0,fvdkufwmvm;? iSm;vdkufwmvm;}
t,fvefYtar;udk befeDu ckvdkajzw,f/
]um;u 0,fvdkufwm? uRefawmfhudk,fu '½kdifbmtjzpf iSm;vdkufwm?
a[mha'ghvnf; ygw,fav/ AD,ifem 0uftlacsmif; n§yfay;&rvm; cifAs}
74
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]rn§yfeJY? ½dk;½dk;0uftlacsmif;qdk &NyD? aeOD;? aps;udk oabmrwlao;bl;?

um;u um;a[mif;? '½dkifbmygw,f qdkOD;awmh aps;BuD;vGef;w,f?
acsmuvufEdkYwpfbl;avmuf xyfxnfhrS w&m;rQwrSmaygh}
]trav; ... &ygh? &ygh}
t,fvefY awmif;qdkrIudk befeDu csufcsif;oabmwlw,f/ acsmuvufEdkY
ruvdkY wpfqdkifvHk; jzKwf,loGm;vnf; oabm&Sd uavm [d? a[mha'ghqdkifu
½HI;aewm? jzKwfcsifwm MumvSNyD/ &GmpGefZeyk'frSm
a[mha'gha&mif;pm;w,fqdkwm puwnf;u pkwfyJhwJh tMuHayuyJ/
uJ ... ckawmh *kPfoa&&Sd vlBuD;rif;ESpfOD;&JU udk,fydkif,mOfarmif; BuD;
jzpfuyD/ acsmuvufEdkYbl;awG &SdorQ tukefwifcJhvdkY t,fvefu ajymw,f/
*sL;vD;,yfuawmh ckcsufcsif; qdkifudkydwfNyD; '½dkifbmtjzpf
toGifajymif;vdkufawmhvdkY wGef;aew,f/ tcsdefr&Sdbl;wJh/
tvkyf&SifeJY jiif;cHkwm[m tusdK;r&Sdbl;vdkY befeDu ,lqw,f/ 'DvdkeJY
pm;zdkrSL;0wfpHk cRwf? acsmuvufbl;awG wif? *sL;vD;,yfu tdwfBuD;eJY oleJY
aemufcef;rSm pD;r,f? t,fvefu ajcqefYvufqefY a&SUrSmpD;zdkY ajymw,f/
'DvdkeJY atum&JU wpfckwnf;aom a[mha'ghqdkif refae*sm[m
udk,fydkif,mOfarmif;tjzpf toGifajymif;oGm;cJhawmhw,f/
]'geJY vlBuD;rif;wdkY ESpfa,mufu b,foGm;MurSmvJ}
]ajrmufydkif;udk oGm;Murvm;} *sL;vD;,yf&JU tar;/
]tif; ... aumif;ygw,f? EdkY ... awmifydkif; qdk&ifa&m} t,fvef&JU tajz/
][kwfNyDav? 'gqdkvnf; awmifydkif;aygh} *sL;vD;,yf
75
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

][kwf ... [kwf ... awmifydkif;aemf? [kwfuJhcifAs} befeD/

aemuf q,frdepftMumrSm at&Gefqef[m atumudk a&mufvmw,f/

&xm;vrf;wpfavQmufMunfh&if; oHrPdpuf½Hk aemufausmrSm &yfxm;wJh
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r&/ puf½Hktvkyform;awGvnf; b,folrS xa&mfvDudk rawGU/ 'gayrJh
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vrf;avQmufoGm;wm awGUw,fvdkYawmh ajymMu w,f/ a[mha'ghqdkifbuf
OD;wnfoGm;MuwmwJh/
at&Gefqefu aocsm ar;w,f/ ESpfa,mufwnf;vm;? oHk; a,muf
r[kwfbl;vm;vdkYaygh/ b,ftvkyform;rS wwd,vludk rawGU rdygbl;wJh/
a[mha'ghqdkifbuf avQmufvm&if; at&Gefqef trsdK;rsdK; pOf;pm;
MunfhayrJh bmrS aumufcsufqGJr&bl; jzpfaew,f/ a[mha'ghqdkifrSm
&yfvdkufawmh Adkufu qmvmw,f/ 'gayrJh a[mha'ghqdkifu ydwfxm; w,f/
at;av ... 'Davmuf acgifwJhae&mrSm a[mha'ghqdkif a&&Snf b,fzGifhEdkifrvJ/
'geJY "mwfqDqdkifbuf qufoGm;w,f/ "mwfqDqdkif uawmh bmqdk bmrS
rodvdkuf? rjrifvdkuf? rawGUvdkufygbl;wJh/ "mwfqDapmfeHaewJh
a[mha'ghwpfckawmh olYudk a&mif;vdkufw,f/
pm;NyD;awmh at&Gefqef[m plygrm;uufudk oGm;w,f/ yef;qdkifudk
oGm;w,f/ tdrfjcHajryGJpm;qD oGm;w,f/ awGUorQvl tukefvdkufar; ayrJh
b,folrS bmrS rodMubl;/ uJ ... ckawmh vrf;qHk;NyD/ refudkyif; jyefzdkYyJ
76
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

&Sdw,f/ bmyJjzpfjzpf tenf;qHk;awmh olYrSm n§yfzdeyfpkwfwpf&H &SdaeNyD

r[kwfvm;/
um;ay:uae &JXmeudk zkef;quf&jyefw,f/ &JrSL;u yvufAfem
[dkw,frSm ESpfem&Dudk owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ vkyfrwJh/ tJ'Drwdkifcif bmrS
rajymEdkifbl;wJh/ cyfwif;wif;yJ/
'DvdkeJY &JrSL;[m at&Gefqef wm;csdefr&cif owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ BuD; 0SJcsD;
usif;yawmhw,f/ &JXmetaeeJY t,fvefum;vfqef aysmuf qHk;rIudk
raeYuxkwfwJh owif;pmrSm azmfjyovdk jyefay;rIvdkY ,lq aMumif;?
um;vfqef[m ckxd touf&Sifaeao;aMumif;? 'gayrJh i&Ju vlawG&JU
vufxJrSm a&mufaeaMumif;/
ar;cGef;awG toFacs teEÅ wufvmayrJh &JrSL;u uRrf;usifpGm
qifa0SY&efa&SmifEdkifcJhw,f/ um;vfqefeJY jyefay;orm;awG[m aeYv,f pm
pm;csdefavmufrSm atum&Gmudk a&mufcJhaMumif;? &J&JU taumif;qHk;
rdwfaqGjzpfwJh jynfolu rsufpdudkzGifh em;udkpGifhNyD; ulnDzdkYvdkaMumif;/
&JrSL;[m ajymom ajymae&ayrJh ½kyfjrifoHMum;½dkuful;a&;tzGJU tapmBuD;
xGufoGm;vdkY w,frMunfcsifbl;/ wu,fvdkYom at&Gefqefu
jyefay;Zmwfvrf;udk ckxufydk zG,fzG,f&m&m pHkprf;EdkifcJh&if olwdkY ckvdk
b,fxGufoGm;vdrfhrvJ/
'gayrJhvnf; wpfEdkifiHvHk;u twif;tzsif; owif;pmawG? a'ocH
owif;pmawG? a&'D,dku owif;axmufawG usefao;wmyJ/ 'gayrJh [dkw,f
xrif;pm;cef; aemufausmrSm &yfaewJh vlwpfa,mufudkawmh &JrSL;
77
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

owdrxm;rdbl;/ olu EdkifiHydkif owif;Xmeursm;vm;/

a&yHk;u b,fowif;XmeurS r[kwfbl;/ 'gayrJh Mum;&orQ oHk;oyf&&if
rif;wHk;wpfa,muf 'DNrdKUrSmawmh r&Sdavmufawmhbl;/ ol aoaeavmufNyDvdkY
cefYrSef;rdw,f/
pHkaxmufBuD; at&Gefqefvnf; yvufAfem[dkw,f a&mufa&m
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGvnf; NyD;a&m/ 'geYJ at&Gefqef[m vltdk½kHudk ajy;w,f/
n§yfzdeyfawGudk jyw,f/ tppfayghwhJ/ 'g t,fvefY[mawG yJwhJ/ ñTefrSL;
tJvpfu zdeyfawGudk erf;MunfhNyD; ½HIUrJh acgif;ndwfvdkY twnfjyKw,f/
[dkw,f {nfhcef;rSm &JrSL;eJY jyefawGUwmuawmh pHkaxmufBuD; twGuf
uHqdk;jcif;vufaqmifyJ/ &JrSL;u pHkaxmufudk owif;pm &Sif; vif;yGJtaMumif;
ajymjyNyD; 'DtrIudk ol owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrSm ajymcJhwJh tcsufawGeJYtnD
ajyvnfatmif ajz&Sif;zdkY trdefYawmfjrwf csrSwfcJhw,fav/ NyD;NyD;csif; &JrSL;[m
jyefajy;ygava&m/ tvkyfawG rsm;w,fav/
qGJcs a&SUaeeJYawGUzdkY tcsdefa&mufNyD/
at&Gefqefuawmh aumfzDwpfcGufaomufNyD; aemufqHk;&&SdwJh
tcsuftvufawGaygif;pyfvdkY trIudk jyefwnfaqmuf&w,f/ xa&mfvD
ay:u c&D;onfoHk;a,muf&JU qufET,frIudk A[dkjyKzdkY qHk;jzwfvdkufw,f/
tu,fírsm; v,form;ajymovdk r[kwfbJ um;vfqefeJY *Refqif
ESpfa,mufpvHk;[m wwd,c&D;onfeJY ywfoufrI wpfpHkwpf&m uGJjym;
jcm;em;r,fqdk&if trIwpfckvHk; ajymif;vJoGm;Edkifw,f/ owif;pm
&Sif;vif;yGJrSm &JrSL; bmawGyJ ajymoGm;ajymoGm;? olajymwm rSefzdkY
78
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

cJ,Of;vGef;w,f/ jyefay;oDtdk&DawGudk tdk;rnf;okwfovdkyJ aerSm/

rsufjrifoufaoawG&JU xGufqdkcsuft& um;vfqefeJY *Refqef[m atumrSm
tdwfqGJNyD; avQmufoGm;cJhMuw,fqdkawmh 'Dtbdk;BuD; ESpfa,muf[m
qdk;oGrf;rdkuf½dkif;wJh jyefvrf;r&dS *dkPf;0ifudk b,fvdk EdSyfuGyf chJovJ
qdkwhJar;cGef; ay:vmchJw,f/
'g[m xl;qef;aeayrJh rjzpfEdkifwmawmh r[kwfbl;/ 'DvdkeJY tufpfuD
pwl;em;u teHYcH &JacG;udk jyefac:&jyefw,f/ acG;eJY acG;xdef;[m v,form;&JU
v,fuGif;uae atum oHrPdpuf½Hktxd vrf;t&SnfBuD; avQmuf&w,f/
'DMum;xJrSmyJ jyefvrf;r&Sd *dkPf;0if aysmufuG,foGm;cJh wmudk;/
um;vfqefeJY *Refqif[m oHrPdpuf½HkeJY "mwfqDqdkifMum; rDwm
ESpf&mavmuf&SdwJh tuGmta0;twGif; taiGUjyefovdk aysmufoGm;wmuawmh
tifrwef tHhMop&maumif;w,f/ bmoJvGefprSudk &SmrawGUbl;/
tJ'Dvrf;ay:rSm ydwfxm;wJh a[mha'ghqdkifwpfqdkifyJ &Sdaewmudk;/
at&GefqefY vufudkifzkef;[m jrnfvmjyefw,f/ &JXmeu zkef;0if
vmw,f/ &mjynfhtbdk;BuD;udk *sdKvfbDrSm awGUjyefowJh/ aiGa&mif rmpD'D;
um;wpfpD;eJY jrif;NrD;qHyifydkif&Sif vlwpfa,mufu jyefay;qGJoGm;wmwJh/
]aocsmatmif vdkufpHkprf;rvm; q&m}
]rpHkprf;eJY? aeayhap}
olYwynfh tar;udk at&Gefqefu oufjyif;cs&if; ajzvdkufw,f/
pHkaxmufvkyfouf Mumavav tJovdk r[kwfu [kwfu owif;awG aemuf
rvkduf&bl;vdkY tvkyfu oifay;avav/ ckqdk t&mtm;vHk;[m jrLqdkif;ovdk
79
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

rdIif;aew,f? a00g;aew,f/

befeD[m *sdKvfbDrSm "mwfqDxnfhzdkY &yfvdkufw,f/ *sL;vD;,yfu

tdwfBuD;udk cJ&mcJqpfzGifhNyD; ig;&mwefwpf&Guf xkwfay;vdkufw,f/
"mwfqDxnfhaewkef; *sL;vD;,yfu um;jyifxGuf tanmif; qefYw,f/
t,fvefYudk tdwfaocsmapmifhMunfhxm;zdkY rSmw,f/ wpfaeYvHk; yifyef;vGef;vdkY
t,fvefuawmh wpfvufravmufawmif rvIyfEdkif awmhbl;/
befeD jyefa&mufvmw,f/ cPaeawmh *sL;vD;,yf jyefvmw,f/
awmifydkif;udk OD;wnfNyD; rmpD;'D; c&D;qufcJhw,f/
cPaeawmh um;aemufcef;u csdK;csdK;cRwfcRwf toHawG Mum;w,f/
*sL;vD;,yfu csdKcsOfxkyfazmufNyD; t,fvefeJY befeDudk csdKcsOfawG
a0ay;aew,f/
][D;[D; ... usLyftdwfxJu awGUwmAs}whJ/
t,fvefu tJ'Dpum;Mum;awmh rsufcHk;yifhvdkufNyD; ... ]tdwfBuD; xJrSm
oef;ig;q,f ygwmawmif csdKcsOfxkyf cdk;jzpfatmif cdk;cJhao;w,f} vdkY
ajymvdkufrdw,f/
]b,fvdk ... tdwfxJrSm oef;ig;q,f? [kwfvm;}
olYpum; Mum;oGm;wJh befeDu csufcsif;ar;w,f/
]tdk ... tdk ... 'ku©ygyJ} t,fvef/
]oef;ig;q,f r&Sdygbl;? usKyfwdkY cifAsm;udk wpfodef;ay;&r,fav}
*sL;vD;,yf/
80
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]tJ ... ckeu "mwfqDzdk; ig;&mvnf; ygw,fav} t,fvef/

befeDuawmh bmrS rajymEdkifbJ ilidkifidkifBuD; jzpfaew,f/ awmfawmfav;
MumawmhrS olYtoH xGufvmw,f/
]'gqdk tdwfxJrSm av;q,fhudk;oef; &Spfodef; udk;aomif; udk; axmifhig;&m
ua&mif; &Sdw,faygh}
]tif; ... cifAsm; twGuftcsuf awmfoudk;As}
t,fvefu ajymvdkufw,f/
wdwfoGm;Mujyefw,f/ cPMumawmh udk,fydkif,mOfarmif;udk
taMumif;pHk&Sif;jyvdkufwm aumif;r,fvdkY *sL;vD;,yfu ajymw,f/
&Sif;jyNyD;vdkY befeDYtaeeJY olwdkY&JU ueOD; oabmwlnDcsufudk vufrcHEdkif
awmh&ifvnf; jzpfygw,fwJh/
olwdkYajymjywJhZmwfvrf;udk em;axmif&if; befeD MuufoD;awG
xvmowJh/ vlwpfa,mufudk tat;cef;xJxnfh? cJaoatmif xm;NyD;
oHrPdqvif'gawGxJxnfh? EdkifiHjcm;ydkYvdkufowJh/ trav;avh ... tdk ...
'g[m aAmh'umaMumifh rawmfwq jzpfoGm;wmyJav/ jzpfrSmaygh?
aomufwmudk;/ befeDwdkYuawmh t&ufqdk a0gifa0gifa&S;oav/
'DvdkeJY udk,fydkif,mOfarmif; topfpufpufBuD;[m av;av;eufeuf
pOf;pm;w,f/ 'DaiGoef;ig;q,f[m rlvu ydkif&SifrSm;? ae&mrSm; a&mufcJhwm/
ckrS vlvlololvufxJ a&mufwm/ aemufNyD; tvkyf 0if0ifcsif;aeYrSm
jyKwfw,fqdkvnf; vlMum;vdkY b,faumif;yghrvJ/
'DvdkeJY olvnf; MuH&mygjzpfoGm;w,f qdkMuygpdkY/ ck MuH&mygBuD; befeDu
81
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

ar;NyD/ a&SUqufNyD;awmh bmtpDtpOf &SdMuwkH;wJh/ wu,fawmh

rar;csifygbl;/ rar;vdkYuvnf; rjzpfbJudk;/
t,fvefeJY *sL;vD;,yfuvnf; ajzygw,f/ bmrS r&Sdbl;wJh/ rarSmifrcsif;
vrf;ay:rSm armif;aeNyD; arSmifrSyJ qufaqG;aEG;MuzdkY MuHxm;wmwJh/
]oef;ig;q,f ... oef;ig;q,f ...}
befeDu ajymvdkuf? jyHK;vdkufeJY *D,mcsdef;aew,f/
]av;q,fhudk;oef; &Spfodef; udk;aomif; udk;axmifh ig;&myg}
t,fvefu trSm;jyifay;w,f/
*sL;vD;,yfuawmh cktcsDBuD; cdk;cJhNyD;jzpfwJhtwGuf cdk;jcif;trIudk
a0&mrPdygawmhr,fvdkY tmrbaEÅ cHaeav&JU/ cHom cHwm? olYuwd ol
rwnfEdkifbl;qdkwma&m? apm&eu©wfeJY olcdk;aoG;u wpfudk,fvHk; pD;aew,f
qdkwmudka&m olYudk,fol odyfod/
oHk;a,mufom; wdwfoGm;Mujyefw,f/ t,fvefu wacgacg?
*sL;vD;,yfu csdKcsOfwjrHKUjrHKU? befeDu emrnfarhaewJh oDcsif;wpfyk'fudk
wnnf;nnf;/

'DZmwfvrf;[m awmf½HkeJY vG,fvG,fululqHk;rSm r[kwfbl;qdkwm

twif;tzsif; owif;axmufwpfa,mufu tm½Hk&aew,f/ aeYv,fu
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrSm &JrSL;avQmufajymaewm em;axmifNyD;uwnf;u
wu,fhtjzpftysufudk cefYrSef;zdkYtwGuf 0g&ifhowif;axmufawGtzdkY
tcsdefodyfr,lvdkuf&bl;/ enf;enf;av; teHYcHvdkufawmh owif;pOf
82
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

owif;pmwdkuf[m vufrSwfa&mif; &GefeDa[mhxfudk tdrfrSm awGUcGifh

&vdkufw,f/ olYaMumifudk tazmf&Smay;ygr,fqdkwJh uwdu0wfeJYaygh/
owif;axmuf[m &GefeDa[mhxfudk tufpfuDpwl;em;u [dkw,fav; wpfckudk
aoG;aqmifjzm;a,mif;NyD; ac:vmcJhw,f/ NydKifbuf owif;pmwdkufu
owif;axmufawG &Smr&atmifaygh/ yxrawmh a[mhxfu zGifhajymzdkY
aMumufaew,f/ olYem;&Gufudk jywfrwwf qGJoGm;wJh [dktaumifudk awG;&if;
awG;&if; pdrfhaMumufaew,f/ 'gayrJh owif; axmufu a[mhxfudk bmrS
aMumufp&mr&SdaMumif;? ck &JawG&SdaeNyD jzpfaMumif; ajymNyD; odorQ zGifhajymzdkY
jr§Lw,f/
owif;pOf[m a[mhxfwpfa,mufavmufeJY b,fauseyfyghrvJ/ 'DvdkeJY
bwfpfum;q&m? bdkif&ifhcsf&Gmom;awG? xa&mfvD awGUvdkufwJh v,form;eJY
atumu vlawG[m jcifaxmifxJuae owif;pOfvufxJ
usa&mufukefMuw,f/ aemufwpfaeY owif;pmtwGuf taMumif;t&mawG
yGxaeatmif &w,f/ xif&majymMuwJh aumufcsufawG wpfyHk wpfacgif;ayrJh
owif;axmuftwGufuawmh auseyfp&mawGcsnf;yJ/
aiGa&mifrmpD'D;[m armif;jrJ armif;qJyJ/ t,fvefu a&SUcHkrSm
a[mufoHay;? *sL;vD;,yfu tdwfBuD;udk acgif;tHk;NyD; roufrom tdyf/
befeDuawmh b,foGm;&&if aumif;rvJqdkwm tvl;tvJ tjyL;tNyJ pOf;pm;/
ta0;ajy;vrf;rBuD;udk a&Smifr,fvdkY qHk;jzwfcsufcs/ awmifydkif;udk OD;wnfayrJh
prmvef opfawmtkyfxJu jzwfarmif;r,fvdkY pOf;pm;/ nusrSyJ
uGef;cdk&mae&m &Smr,f/ jzpforQtaMumif; taumif;csnf;aygh/
83
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

t,fvef Edk;vmw,f/ tdyfcsdefa&mufcgeD;NyD r[kwfvm;wJh/ olY

toHMum;awmh *sL;vD;,yfvnf; Edk;vmw,f/ ab;bD b,fnm? usD; Munfh
aMumifMunfh Munfhw,f/ jrifjrifav&m opfyifawGcsnf;yJ/ wdkY
b,fa&mufaewmvJ/
befeDu &Sif;jyw,f/ ck Aufpf*sdKajrmufbuf q,fhig;rdkiftuGm
a&mufaeNyD jzpfaMumif;? vlBuD;rif;wdkYESpfa,muf pufawmfac:aewkef;
olYbmomol awG;? olYbmomol tqdkjyK? olYbmomol axmufcHNyD;
olYbmomol twnfjyKvkdufwJh qHk;jzwfcsufjzpfaMumif;? t"duuawmh
vHkjcHKa&;twGufjzpfaMumif;? ntdyfzdkY pdwfcs&wJhae&mudk &SmrSmjzpfaMumif;
ajymMum;w,f/
[kwfawmhvnf; [kwfw,f/ olwdkYaemufudk ck b,folawGvdkuf
aeNyDqdkwm rodayrJh oef;ig;q,fygwJh tdwfBuD;wpftdwfudk cdk;vmNyDqkd&if
at;at;csrf;csrf; raeEdkifawmhwmawmh trSefyJav/ 'gaMumifh
Aufpf*sdKudkOD;wnfaewJh ta0;ajy;vrf;rBuD;ay:u qif;vmNyD; a&mhxfeD; qdkwJh
Zeyk'fudk OD;wnfaew,f/ nbufwnf;zdkY [dkw,fav;awGawmh vrf;rSm
&SmawGUaumif;yg&Jh/
*sL;vD;,yfu awmfouGmvdkY csD;usL;w,f/ odkYaomfvnf; odyfBuD;awmh
rawmfvSao;bl;wJh qufajymw,f/ bmawG ajymaewmwkH;/
olajymwJhpum;udk ckvdk &Sif;jyw,f/ uJ ... a&mhxfeD;a&mufvdkY b,folrS
rodEdkifwJh [dkw,fao;ao;av;rSm wnf;NyD qdkygpdkY/ toHrMum;? rzdwf
ac:bJ 0kef;ceJ rdk;ay:u usovdk a&mufvmwJh {nfhonfoHk;a,mufudk
84
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

&Gmom;awGu owdrxm;rdbJ aerwhJvm;/ 'gaMumihf [dkw,fudk r&SmeYJ/

'DopfawmxJu ,mawmtdrf wpfvHk;vHk;udk &Sm/ aiGav; bmav;ay;NyD;
pm;zdkYaomufzdkY? tdyfzdkY pDpOfwm ydkaumif;r,f/
[kwfoav? w,fawmfwJhvl/ befeDu oabmusw,f/ 'geJYyJ
awGUawGUcsif; ausmufcif;vrf;wpfckxJ auGUcsvdkufw,f/
ESpfrdkifavmuf vrf;Murf;rSm armif;NyD;wJhaemuf arSmifpysdK;vmcsdefrSm
vrf;ab;u pmwdkufyHk;wpfvHk;udk oHk;a,mufom; awGUvdkufMu &w,f/
pmwdkufyHk;rSmuyfxm;wJh vrf;ñTeftwdkif; vrf;usOf;uav; uae cufcufcJcJ
udkufwpf&mavmuf armif;0ifoGm;awmh ,mcif;tdrf wpfvHk;qD
wef;wef;rwfrwf a&mufoGm;Muw,f/ ESpfxyf tkwfwdkuf
eDeD? jywif;ayguf jzLjzLeJY pyg;usDygwJh tdrfuav;/ a&uefBuD;wpfckab;rSm/
Munfh&wm vlaeyHkray:bl;/ befeDu rmpD'D;udk tdrfayguf0
a&SUwnfhwnfhrSm &yfvdkufw,f/ ½kwfw&uf qHyifeDeD? tvkyform;0wfpHk eDeDeJY
toufav;q,favmuf rdef;rwpfa,muf tdrfxJu xGufvm w,f/
olYab;rSm {&mr t,fvfaZ;&Sif;acG;BuD;u vQmBuD;xGufvdkY/
oHk;a,mufom; um;ay:u qif;vdkufMuw,f/ *sL;vD;,yfu acG;udk
rsufpda'gufaxmuf Munfhaew,f/ Munfh&wm &efvdkyHkawmh r&bl;/
rdwfaqGzGJUcsifyHkygyJ/
*sL;vD;,yfu wpfudk,fvHk;eDaewJh rdef;rudk EIwfqufNyD; pm;zdkY tdyfzdkY
pDpOfay;Edkifrvm;vdkY wJhyJ ajymvdkufw,f/
r,feDr[m olYrsufpda&SUrSm bGm;ceJay:vmwJh tzGJUom; oHk; a,mufudk
85
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

Munfhaew,f/ tifrweftdkwJh tbdk;BuD;&,f? rtdkYwtdk tbdk; BuD;&,f? tdk ...

pwdkifvfxGm;wJh trdkufpm;av;&,f? [d ... toufu vnf; taeawmfyJ? [ifh
... jrif;NrD;qHyifav;eJYawmh/ ol jyHK;vdkufwm jrifawmh *sL;vD;,yfu
tqifajyNyD atmufarhwm/ yg;pyfu xGufvm awmh ]'g
[dkw,fr[kwfbl;awmh ...} wJh/
t,fvefcrsm oufjyif;armBuD; cs&Smw,f/ olYtaeeJY pm;zdkYeJY tdyfzdkY
vdktyfaeNyD/ b0[m odyfyifyef;vGef;aeNyD/ vltdk½HkrSmqdk tenf; qHk;awmh 'Dvdk
ryifyef;bl;av/
*sL;vD;,yfvnf; pdwfysufwmygyJ/ 'geJY olu qufajymw,f/ tck
olwdkYtm;vHk; odyfyifyef;aeNyD/ 'gaMumifh pm;zdkYeJY tdyfzdkY pDpOfay;Edkif &if
ua&mif;wpfaxmif ay;r,fvdkY ajymrdajym&m ajymcsvdkufw,f/
]b,fvdk ... ua&mif;wpfaxmif [kwfvm;? &SifwdkYu bmvJ?
"m;jyawGvm; ... 0&rf;ajy;awGvm; ...}
olajymwm rSefvGef;vdkY aemufxyf ar;cGef;awG xGufrvmatmif
*sL;vD;,yfcrsm ydwf&w,f/ c&D;a0;BuD; ESifvm&vdkYyg/ olu c&D;quf
EdkifayrJh t,fvefu tdkvSNyD/ c&D;rqufEdkifawmhbl;/ 'gaMumifhyg? bmnm/
yvDw,f? cRJw,f/ t,fvefuvnf; toHwkefBuD;eJY 0ifajym w,f/
][kwfw,f? raeYu usKyf toufwpf&mjynfh arG;aeYAs}
]b,fvdk ... toufwpf&m ... [kwfvm;? bk&m; bk&m; ...}
toufwpf&mudk o&Jobufvkd teDru ajymaew,f/ NyD;awmh ol
pOf;pm;aew,f/ NidrfoGm;w,f/ aemufqHk;awmh uJ ... aecsifvnf; aeMuwJh/
86
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

ua&mif; wpfaxmifawG bmawG vmrvkyfeJYwJh/ 'g [dkw,f r[kwfbl;wJh/

w,foabmxm;jynfh0wJh trsdK;orD;yJ/ befeDu r,feDrudk av;pm;Munfh
Munfhaew,f/ ol 0ifajymvdkufw,f/
]tvSuav;a& ... uRefawmf cifAsm;&JUacG;eJY rdwfaqGzGJUvdkY &rvm; cifAsm}
]bm ... tvSuav; [kwfvm;? &Sif uef;aeovm;? bwfpwmeJY
rdwfaqGzGJUcsifoyqdk zGJU? tcef;uawmh tay:xyfrSm wpfa,muf wpfcef;
&r,f? tcef;vGwfawG trsm;BuD;? Murf;jyifay:u <uufaq; awGudk
owdxm;? aumufrpm;eJY aowwfw,f? aemufwpfem&DtwGif; npm&r,f}
ajym&if; qdk&if; teDr[m pyg;usDbuf aumhyuf aumhyufeYJ
xGufoGm;w,f/ olYacG; bwfpwmuvnf; z0g;ajcxyf vdkufoGm;w,f/
olYem;u jzwfoGm;wkef; befeDu emrnfvSrf;ar;w,f/ teDru vSnfh
rMunfhbJ ajzw,f/ olYemrnf *efeDvmwJh/ 'gayrJh ckeuvdk tvSuav; vdkYyJ
ac:wJh/ tdkau ... tdkau/ befeDu uwday;vdkufw,f/ ac:r,f/ ac:r,f/
]uRefawmfawmh cspfrdNyD xifw,fAsm}
befeD&JU wkef,ifvdIufarmoH/
]usLyf odyfyifyef;aeNyDAsm}
t,fvef&JU toHwkefBuD;/
tJ'DtcsdefrSmyJ pyg;usDxJu xGufvmwJh toHBuD;aMumifh ajcukef
vufyef;usaewJh t,fvefawmif qwfceJ x&yfvdkufrdw,f/ toH BuD;u
{&mr wd&pämefBuD;wpfaumif ememusifusif atmfvdkufwJh toH BuD;/
tvSuav;uawmh at;aq;yJ/
87
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]qGefnm ... NidrfNidrfaeprf;? ig vmaeNyD}

(7)
1929-1939/
tdrfu tedpöoabmeJY udpöacsmvkeD;yg; tajctae jzpfaecJhNyD/
t,fvefwpfa,muf ygarmu© ,Gef;abmh&JU jyKpk,k,rIudk cHae&wJh
ESpfawGtwGif; tdrfu trdk;awGvef? tumawGjyKwf? jywif;aygufawG uGJNyD;
pkH;pkH;ajrodkY usvkeD;/
t,fvef[m tdrftajctaeudkMunfhNyD; zkefEdkif;csif;eJY rD;zdkacsmifxJrSm
ililBuD; xdkifaew,f/ jywif;aygufudk zGifhvdkufw,f/ AdkufqmaeayrJh
wpftdrfvHk; vdkufMunfhcsifao;w,f/ vdkufMunfhvdkufawmhvnf;
pdwf"mwfwufrvmygbl;/
olu 'DrSmarG; 'DrSmBuD;cJhw,f/ 'gayrJh ckwpfcgawmh tdrfu olYtay:
t&rf;udk pdrf;um;aew,f/ twdwfumvu tdrfeJY ol&JU y|mef; qufawGudk ck
jzwfypfzdkY tcsdefwefNyDvm;/ tcsdefwefavmufNyD/ aocsm wmaygh/
t,fvef[m 'dkif;erdkufacsmif;awG trsm;BuD; xkwfvdkufw,f/
olYypönf;awGudk xkyfydk;NyD; pufbD;ay: wifvdkufw,f/ NyD;awmh 1929 ckESpf?
ZGefv 3 &ufaeYrSm ol tdrfuxGufvmcJhw,f/ wifBudK pDrHxm;wJh twdkif;
aemuf oHk;rdepftMumrSm 'dkif;erdkuf aygufuGJw,f/ tdrfuav;[m wpfppD
jzpfoGm;cJhw,f/ tdrfeD;em;csif;&JU EGm;rBuD; aemufwpfBudrf
om;avQm&&Smjyefw,f/
88
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

aemuf wpfem&DMumawmh t,fvef[m zvef&JXme tcsKyfcef;xJ a&mufNyD;

olYudkapmifhMuyfaewJh &JtMuyfBuD; c&Gwfcf&JUa&SUrSm npm pm;aeNyD/ &JXmerSm
&Jum;qdkwmBuD; &SdaeNyDrdkY udk,fhtdrfudk,fazmufcGJNyD; xGufajy;wJh olYudk zrf;zdkY
tcsdefodyfr,lvdkuf&bl;/ 'DwpfBudrf jypfrIu ydkxif&Sm;w,f/ &JMuyfBuD;
c&Gwfcf&JU tqdkt& wm0efodpdwfrJhpGm zsufqD; jcif;qdkyJ/ tif;aygh/ a&SUu
aygifrkefYav; urf;vdkufprf;ygvdkY Aspfawmuf AspfawmufeJY olYudk
tjypfwifaewJh c&Gwfcfudk t,fvefu ajymvdkuf w,f/
urf;bl;/ bmvdkY urf;&rSmwkH;/ &JMuyfBuD; c&Gwfcfuom rurf;wm/
olYvufaxmufuawmh urf;ay;vdkufoAsm;/
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89
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94
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95
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96
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nmbufvufudk avxJqefYwef;&if; wuf<uwJh MuufzBuD;
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98
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rdk;rTefatmif ypfaewJhMum;u ausmufwHk;ay:wuf? toHukef
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99
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100
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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tcsdefwdkif;awmh eb,H ab;r&Sd b,f[kwfyghrwkH;/ azmufcGJzdkY
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olYaemufu t&dyfyrmvdkufaewJh ppfom;ESpfa,mufxJu yxr wpfa,muf
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a&mufoGm;vdkY)/ ajcmufvaeawmh aemufwpfa,muf xyf<u/ odkYaomf
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rNyD;cifuav;rSm ol aemufqHk; azmufcGJa&;wm0ef,l&wJh wHwm;txd tjrJ
tJovdkyJ ol vkyfcJhw,f/ tm;vHk; jyifqifNyD;oGm;vdkY wHwm; atmufbufu
101
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rMumcif tufpwDAifeJYwuG axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom pydefom;
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aemufwpfcku t,fvefYyHkyef;u tEÅ&m,fr&SdwJh t&yfom;vdk jzpfaew,f/
tm;vHk;NyD;oGm;wJhtcg wHqdyfawGeJY vlzvH av;[m ukef;½kef;xvmNyD;
r[maoemywdwdkYrnfonf ppf&dyfppfuJudk Munfhwwf&aMumif;? ck
wHwm;r&SdawmhvdkY jyefqkwfwm taumif;qHk; jzpfaMumif; rdefYcGef;awG
a>caew,f/ olYtoufudku,fcJhwJh aus;Zl;&SifBuD; t,fvefudk
102
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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olwdkYac:ac:aewJh pydefwyfrawmf&JU r[maoemywd AdkvfcsKyfBuD; z&efudkudk
ol r&nf&G,fbJ u,fwifvdkufovdk jzpfoGm;cJhNyD/ ckaersm; or®w*dkPf;om;
,leDazmif;eJYqdk aowm Mumaygh/ t&yf0wfeJYqdkawmh olYudk bmoHo,rS
r&Sdbl;/ ckavmufqdk awmifukef;ay:uaeNyD; t,fvef jzpfysufaeorQudk
or®wwyfaygif;pku rSefajymif;eJY Munfhae rSm taotcsmyJ/ usef;rm
touf&Snfcsif&if ckae bufajymif;rS wefumusr,f/ wu,fawmhvnf;
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olYtdrfudk azmufcGJypfcJhaMumif; t,fvef wpfcGef;rS r[cJhbl;/ 'gaMumifhvnf;
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103
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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b,fjzpfvdrfhrvJ/ 'gaMumifh t,fvef[m AdkvfcsKyfBuD;udk r,kwfrvGef
ajymw,f/ or®wwyfaygif;pkbufuae xGufajy;vm&if;
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awGUaMumif;? 'gaMumifh AdkvfcsKyfBuD;udk pdk;&drfvGefvGef;? tm;BuD;vGefvGef;vdkY
toufudk y"merxm; pGefYvTwfpGefYpm; owday; &jcif; jzpfaMumif;/ ol
pydefrSma&mufae&jcif; taMumif;uawmh vGefavNyD;aom 0efBuD;csKyf y½dkifrdk 'D
a&Am&meJY xJxJ0if0if ywfoufrI &SdwJh olYrdwfaqGBuD;wpfa,mufaMumifh
jzpfaMumif;? ckawmh tJ'D rdwfaqGBuD; armfwmusnfoifhNyD; tedpöa&mufwm
MumNyDjzpfaMumif;? or®wwyfaygif;pk Mum;uae ckawmh
vGwfatmifajy;EdkifcJhNyDjzpfaMumif; ajymjyw,f/
t,fvef[m taMumif;t&m ajymif;vdkufw,f/ olYtaz[m Zmbk&if
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wdkufyGJudk wpfudk,fawmfqifETJ&if; tmZmenfyDyD toufpGefY cJhaMumif;awGudk
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olYtoufudk u,f? ck ... awmfBuD;bk&m; Zmbk&ifeJY tquf toG,fuvnf;
&Sd/ Munfhprf; ... awmfvdkufwJhvlES,f/tpm;taomufuvnf; aumif;ygh/
0dkifuvnf; acsmif;pD;rwwf/ t,fvefYtwGuf ...? t,fvefYtaz
tmZmenftwGuf ...? awmfBuD;bk&m; 'kwd,ajrmuf eDudkvyfeJY awmf0if
104
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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aemufqHk;awmh t,fvefYvdk rsdK;BuD;½dk;BuD;eJY rdwfaqGjzpf&wm
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yufvufvef/
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aus;Zl;wifygw,fayghaemf? odkYaomfvnf; jrifhjrwfawmfrlayxaom
acgif;aqmifBuD;u cGifhjyKawmfrlw,fqdk&ifjzifh ae&yfcsufa<u Zmwdajrudk
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xifae&Smwmudk;/
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t&m&m tqifajyacsmarGU yef;cif;aomvrf;wrQ/ odkYyifodkYjim; xdkoabFmu
105
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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jyefar;cGef;xkwf? xkwfyifxkwfjim; ... tajzum; r&/

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jyefay;qGJoGm;wmvm;? rif;wkH;udk tbdk;BuD;u jyefay;qGJwmvm;?
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awmfNyD? rpOf;pm;bl;/ abmhpfqD zkef;quf/ owif;ydkY&avmufatmif
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aemuftrdefYudkapmifhvdkY abmhpf ajym wmudk wpfoa0rwdrf; em,l/
uJ ... zkef;ajymNyD;NyD/ ckawmh udk,fhwpfa,mufwnf;yg/ bD,mav;udk
aomufum acgif;uav; yGwfvdkY? pdwfuav; ½IyfvdkY twdwf jyefvGrf;um
rSdef;aewm? tcsdef&rS em;qifyg/
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ae&mwpf0dkufaygh/ olYvdk pdwfwludk,fwlawG pkNyD; vlwum zdefYzdefYwkef

106
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

oGm;atmif tMurf;pm;rsm; (The Violence) vdkY emrnfay;NyD; armfawmf

qdkifu,f*dkPf; zGJUw,f/ owif;pmwdkufudk vkr,f? NyD;&if pD;u&ufqdkifudk
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cHhnm;atmif qGD'ifvdkra&;bJ t*Fvdyfvdka&;zdkY acgif;aqmif a&yHk;
qHk;jzwfawmfrlw,f/ ckd;vmwJh om;a&*smuif topfpufpufawG&JU
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cdkif;rdw,f/ cufwmu tpöb,fvm[m wpfcgrS aocsm ausmif;rae
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aocsmraygif;wwfwm t*Fvdyfvdkawmh a0;aygh/
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tJ'DtaMumif;udk a&yHk; odwJhtcg temay: wkwfusovdk

107
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

qwfqwfcgoGm;w,f/ 'geJYyJ owif;pmwdkufudk ynmray;cif *Dw cef;rudk

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108
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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109
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110
oufawmf&mausmf&n
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111
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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112
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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113
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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114
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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115
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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116
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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117
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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taetpm; acsmifvnfaecsdefrSm uHqdk;ol armif&Sif abmfqDuawmh yg;pyfu
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ESpfa,mufpvHk; wu,fcHpm;&r,fh tarGqdkwmBuD;udk arhawmifarhae MuygNyD/
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ajymif;oGm;cJhawmhw,f/
vGefcJhwJh wpfywf? ESpfywfavmufu tJ'DudpöawGeJY ylylaEG;aEG;
MuHKawGUcJhNyD; aemufrSmawmh tvkyfwpfckck rjzpfrae vkyfudkvkyfrS
jzpfawmhr,fqdkwmudk befeD odvdkuf&w,f/ qGD'ifrSm ynmtwwfqHk;
yk*¾dKvfjzpfaewJh befeD[m aps;uGufoDtdk&DawGudk apmazu aemausaeayrJh
wu,fhtvkyfudk bmrS rnfrnf&& rvkyfwwfawmhbl;/
olom pmar;yGJajzr,fqdk&if tenf;qHk; bGJUq,fckavmuf &NyD;aeNyD/
ckawmh bmrS vkyfp&mr&SdwJhtwGuf a[mha'ghqdkifav;wpfck
118
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

ua,mifacsmufcsm;eJY xaxmifw,f/ ckawmhvnf; befeD? abmfqD

nDtpfudkESpfa,mufpvHk;&JU tarGZmwfvrf; wpfcef;&yfNyDaygh/
befeDY b0ZmwfaMumif;udk em;axmifNyD;wJhtcg *sL;vD;,yf wpfa,muf
pdwfylvmw,f/ tJoavmuf ynmawGoifvmwhJ t|m&o q,fh&Spf&yf
wwfvkwwfcif taumifBuD;[m b,fhES,faMumifhrsm; 'D tbdk;BuD;awGeJY
taygif;toif; jzpfaewmwkH;vdkY tvSuav;u ar;vm&if
b,fvkdvkyfrvJaygh/ 'gayrJhvnf; tvSuav;u 'gawG pdwfr0ifpm;ygbl;/
befeDYudkyJ pdwf0ifpm;wm/ tvSuav;[m wzswfzswf awmufaewJh
rsufvHk;awGeJY befeDYudkMunfh&if; ...
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r[kwfavmufbl; r[kwfvm;}vdkY ar;vdkufw,f/
awGUawGUcsif; tukeftpif ZmwfaMumif;vSefvdkY rjzpfao;bl; qdkwm befeD
oabmaygufygw,f/ EdkYayod olYb0ZmwfaMumif;uawmh ar;&if
ajymxdkufw,fr[kwfvm;/ ESpfaygif; oHk;q,favmuf av;zufywf&H
tkwfeH&HwGif; tcef;usOf;rSm pmtkyfeJY rsufESm uyfvmwm? wd&pämefq&m0ef
jzpfvkjzpfcifwif b,furvJ? q&m0ef jzpfvkjzpfcif? Adokum jzpfvkjzpfcif?
tif*sifeD,m jzpfvkjzpfcif? ½ku©aA'ynm&Sif jzpfvkjzpfcif? bmomaA'orm;
jzpfvkjzpfcif? tm;upm;enf;jy jzpfvk jzpfcif? ordkif;ynm&Sif jzpfvkjzpfcifeJY
wjcm; tjym;jym;aom ynm&Sif jzpfvkjzpfcif tqifhygcifAs/ bGJUvdk
ESpf&Snfoifwef;rsdK; r[kwfbJ taxGaxG &ufwkdoifwef;av;awGvnf;
yGpdwufatmif ol wufzl; w,f/ wpfcgwav ESpfck? oHk;ck wpfNydKifeufwnf;
119
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

wufw,f/ tJ ... ol jzpfvkjzpfcif aemufwpfckusefao;wm owd&vmw,f/

befeDu tvSuav;udk ai;? ajczsm;axmufvdkuf&if; tifrwefom,mwJh
toHeJY
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txD;usefa0'emtwGuf oDcsif;oH nnf;qdk
cspfZeD;twGuf 'DoDcsif;[mjzifh
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vdkufw,f/ tvSuav;crsm rdef;armvdkYaeawmh&Sm/
befeDu xyf&Sif;jyjyefwm/
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{nfh0wfausrIudk udk,fu *kPfjyKwmyg? udk,f[m pmayynm&Sif wpfa,muf
jzpfvkjzpfcifqdkwm rajym&ao;bl;eJY wlw,faemf ...}
rD;vif;zdka&SUrSm uMuzdkY urf;vSrf;vdkufwmudk tvSuav;u [ifhtif;vdkY
csufcsif; jiif;wJhtwGuf befeDwpfa,muf udk,f&Sdef owfvdkuf&w,f/ 'g
r,feDr yvDaew,fqdkwmudk *sL;vD;,yfuawmh csufcsif;odwmaygh/ ckawmh
tm;upm;0wfpHkudk ZpfqGJcsNyD; befeDYtwGuf ol jyifqifaeNyDyJ/
t,fvef tem;,loGm;csdefrSmawmh usefwJh oHk;a,muf[m aumhnuf?
aumfzD pyfcszdkY pdkif;jyif;aeMuw,f/ *sL;vD;,yfu tl,m; zm;,m;? befeDu
tifwifwif/
120
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

tJ'DtcsdefrSm *sL;vD;,yf[m tvSuav;tay:udk ar;cGef;rdk;BuD;

&GmoGef;NzdK;awmhw,f/ 'D,mcif;taMumif;eYJ olYtaMumif; pHkwum aphatmif
ar;w,f/ odcsifwmu wpfydkif;? odoifhvdkYu wpfydkif;/ 'gayrJh ol
tyltyifawmh r&Sdygbl;/ t&Sdef&vmNyDrdkY tvSuav;uvnf; tm;vHk;
r>cif;rcsef ajymwmyJ/ ol i,fi,fwkef;utaMumif;? q,fh&Spf ESpfrSm
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tarqHk;oGm;wm ckepfESpf&SdwJhtaMumif;? taz xGufoGm;wJhtaMumif;? t&ifu
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ajymvdkufw,f/

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upfuDuvnf; ESmacgif;w½HIU½HIUeJY xa&mfvDay:u qif;vmw,f/
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teHYcHaewmyJ jzpf&r,f/ at&Gefqefwpfa,muf arQmfvifhcsufBuD;pGmeJY
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olYocif acG;xdef;udk vSnfhMunfhw,f/ upfuDhrsufESmu tDvnf vnfBuD;/
121
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

olYacG;r&JU trlt&mudk acG;xdef;u a[movdk bmomjyefjyw,f/

]upfuDu ajymaew,f? ol pdwfraumif;ygbl;wJh? tavmif;
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tavmif;uawmh ajrvQKd;NyD; rdk;ysHoGm;ovdk tpteawmif rawGU/
aemuf oHk;ywfMumwJhtcgrSm pl;tufwl;ajrmif; awmifbufpGefrSm
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uif;apmihfaumifav;[m ESmacgif;eYJ yg;pyfudk t0wfpnf;NyD; teHYvm&m
ukefaowåmudk jzJ&J&Smawmh ykyfodk;aewJh tavmif;wpfavmif;
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tm;vHk; udk,fusdK;enf;ukefr,f/ 'geJYyJ tavmif;qDu wefzdk;&Sdr,fxifwmawG
tukef,lxm;NyD; tavmif;udk yifv,fxJ ypfcs vdkufawmhw,f/
'DvdkeJY a&Ta&mifqHyif&Snf? rkwfqdwfA&yGeJY jyefvrf;r&SdqdkwJh pmwef;BuD;
122
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

aemufausmrSma&;xm;wJh 'Deif;*sufuuf 0wfxm;wJh vl&G,fwpfa,muf&JU

b0[m yifv,feDxJrSm ig;pmtjzpf jyefvrf;r&SdbJ ed*Hk;csKyfcJhawmhw,f/

uefom,m,mcif;xJu aysmfyGJzGJYaewJh tkyfpk[m oef;acgif rwdkifcif

vlpkcGJMuw,f/ *sL;vD;,yfu tay:xyfwuf pufawmfac:zdkY jyifaecsdefrSm
befeDeJY tvSuav;u a&mhxeD;u aq;cef;udkoGm;zdkY rmpD;'D;ay:
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tdyfaewJh t,fvefYudk jrifMuw,f/ t,fvefu Edk;vmNyD;
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tay:xyfwufzdkYu olY'l;eJY rjzpfEdkifwJhtwGuf um;xJyJ 0iftdyfvdkuf aMumif;?
olu i,fi,f&G,f&G,f toufuav; udk;q,f r[kwfaMumif; &Sif;jy&Smw,f/
ESpfa,mufuae oHk;a,mufjzpfoGm;vnf; udpöawmh r&Sd/ tvSuav;u
olYtMuHudk &Sif;jyw,f/ tvkyfxGufvdkufayrJh aq;cef; aomhawG olYrSm
&Sdaeao;aMumif;? txJa&mufwmeJY a'gufwm tmvef qef&JU uGefysLwmxJ
0ifr,fhtaMumif;? q&m0efYemrnfudk tvGJoHk;pm; vkyfNyD; y#dZD0aq;ñTef;
a&;r,fhtaMumif;? uGefysLwmu vQdKU0Sufukwf
awmif;vnf; udpör&SdaMumif;? a'gufwmtmvefqef[m uGefysLwm
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'gaMumifh tpp t&m&m tqifajyaMumif;aygh/
rmpD;'D;[m &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefr,fht&yfudk OD;wnfarmif;vmw,f/
um;[m tyfusoH rMum;avmufatmif wdwfqdwfNidrfoufaewJh
123
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

a&mhxeD;NrdKUav;xJ 0ifvmw,f/ befeD? t,fvefeJY tvSuav;[m

um;xJuxGufNyD; a&SUMunfh? aemufMunfh? awmifMunfh? ajrmufMunfh
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vlav;a,muf Edk;aew,fqdkwm vGefvSNyD/
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&w,fav/ 'Davmufuawmh ynm&SifBuD; befeDtzdkY taysmhaygh/
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*&rfpD a&;vdkuf? a&mifaewmudk y#dZD0aq; rsdK;pHkeJY axmifhaygif;pHku
wdkufr,f}
tvSuav;[m befeDYudk vTwftxifBuD;oGm;w,f/ 'gaMumifh
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ta&;MuHK&ifoHk;zdkY aq;tawmfrsm;rsm;udkyg wpfcgwnf; aq;ñTef;
a&;cdkif;vdkufw,f/
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acsmarmarm jyefa&mufMu/ t,fvefYudk tay:xyf vdkufydkYNyD;wJhtcg reuf
ESpfem&DcGJrSmawmh uefom,m ,mcif;tdrfu rD;yGifhawG Nidrf;oGm; cJhawmhw,f/
ysif;&dNiD;aiGUzG,faumif;vSwJh 'Da'orSm nq,fem&Davmufqdk
124
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

Edk;Edk;Mum;Mum;&Sdaeol vufcsdK;a&vdkY &w,f/ 'gayrJh uefom,m ,mcif;tdrfeJY

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vufusefpD;u&uf ukefoGm;wJhtcg 'Dn awmh 'ku©a&mufNyDqdkwm ol
odvdkufw,f/
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ausmfMum;wJh olYtaeeJY b&mhZfrSm xyftrnf;pufxifvdkY rjzpfa&;csrjzpf/
'DvdkeJY q,fhig;rdepf um;armif;&r,fh a&mhxeD;txd oGm;zdkY ol qHk;jzwfw,f/
oef;acgifausmfausmfav;rSm olY&JU aAmfvfAdk 240 um;a[mif;BuD;xJ0ifNyD;
armif;vmcJhw,f/ a&mhxeD;a&mufawmh aq;cef;em;rSm
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rdef;ru wpfa,muf? jrif;NrD;qHyifeJY ieJu wpfayG? tdkrif;&GwfwGaewJh
tbdk;BuD;u wpfa,muf/
a&yHk;&JUnD[m 'Dudpöudk eufeufeJeJ roHk;oyfrdygbl; (wu,fawmh
eufeufyJjzpfjzpf? wdrfwdrfyJjzpfjzpf b,fwkef;urSvnf; roHk;oyf cJhzl;ygbl;)/
pwdk;qdkifawG avQmufMunfhw,f/ oHwl&Gif;eJY uavmfzGifhvdkY &wm wpfqdkifrS
rawGU/ aq;vdyfaomufcsifvdkufwmvnf; aorwwf jzpfaecJhNyD/
125
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

aemufwpfaeYreuf q,fhwpfem&Davmuf Edk;vmcsdefrSmawmh t,fvef[m

tm;jynfhtifjynfh jyefjzpfaeNyD/ jywif;aygufuwpfqifh a&uefeJYtem;rSm
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om,mygh/ olY&JU wpfpHkwnf;aom t0wfawGudk 0wfvdkufw,f/
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oGm;yGwfwHawmif rygcJhMubl;/ rygawmhvnf; rwdkuf ½Hky/
t,fvef qif;vmawmh *sL;vD;,yfeJY befeDu reufpm pm;ESifh aeMuNyD/
tvSuav;uawmh a&mhxeD;udk xGufoGm;NyD/ udk,fhbmom xnfhpm;Mu/
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trSmawmf yg;xm;cJhw,f/
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bmta&;wkH;/ tdrf&Sif oabmwl&if ae½Hky/
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rMumcif oljyefvmrSmyJav/
wpfem&Davmufaeawmh jcH0rSm tvSuav; bGm;ceJ ay:vmw,f/
befeDYrsufvHk;xJrSm um;ay:uqif;vmwJh tvSuav;[m vSoxufvSvmNyD;
tvSya*;jzpfvmw,f/ tm;upm;0wfpHk eD&J&JBuD; r0wfawmhbl;/
126
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

qHyifawGvnf; jyifvmw,f/ befeD[m tvSuav;qD ajcvSrf;usJBuD;awG

vSrf;&if; ...
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rMumcif olwdkYrsufESmay:u tjyHK;awG aysmufukefw,f/ tvSuav;
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uav;[m befeDYtwGuf tvSenf;enf;jyifzdkY tMuH&w,f/ tm;upm; 0wfpHk
teDBuD;udk t0gEka&mif 0wfpHkav;eJY vJ0wfw,f/ qHyifawGudk uspfqHNrD;ESpfcG
pnf;w,f/ rdwfuyfjyifNyD; olYaAmufpf0uf*Gef teDav;eJY a&mhxeD;udk
aps;0,fxGufcJhw,f/ olYacG; bufpwmu xHk;pHtwdkif; ab;cHkrSm xdkifvdkYaygh/
plygrm;uufa&mufvdkY aps;0,faewkef; bufpwmu owif;pmudk
127
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

jyL;Munfhaewm owdxm;rdvdkY olvnf; Munfhvdkufawmh vm;vm; ...

tbdk;BuD; *sL;vD;,yfeJY tbdk;BuD; t,fvefY ykHawGudk awGUvdkuf&yg
ava&mvm;/ owif;acgif;pOfu ...
]vlqdk;rsm; &mjynfhtbdk;BuD;udk jyefay;qGJ? ,aeY apm&xdyfacgif
iwufjym;aemufodkY &JwdkY vdkufacsNyD} wJh/
tJ'gudkvnf;jrifa&m tvSuav;rsufESm[m yef;oD;vdk &JwGwf oGm;w,f/
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zsufodrf;vdkufw,f/ olawmif;pm;BuD; oHk;aumifudk aeYv,frwdkifcif
ESifxkwfrS jzpfr,f/ ckawmh aq;qdkif0ifNyD; raeYnu aq;ñTef;awGeJY aq;awG
ol 0,fw,f/ owif;pmudk0,fNyD; taotcsm zwfw,f/
taMumif;pHkodav ol a'goxGufavyJ/ wefawmh jyefvrf;r&Sd
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apm&xdyfacgif iwufjym;vm;/ b,folu b,folYudk jyefay;qGJvm wmvJ/
olwdkYMunfh&wmawmh wnfhvdkufMuwm tvGefyJ/
tdk ... bmyJjzpfjzpf aemufqHk;awmh a'gou tEdkif&oGm;w,f/ 'g
bmyJjzpfjzpf ighudk vSnfhpm;wmyJ/ tvSuav;a& ...? bma& ... yvDpd
acsmufcsufvkyfNyD; *efeDvm aAsmhcf,Gef;udk 'grsdK;vmvkyfvdkY &½dk; vm;/ odr,f/
um;xJ0ifNyD; owif;pmudk aemufwpfBudrf xyfzwfvdkufw,f/
]wevFmaeYreuf &mjynfharG;aeYyGJ rusif;yrD refudkyif;vltdk½HkrS arG;aeY&Sif
t,fvefum;vfqef aysmufqHk;oGm;cJhonf/ ,cktcg olYudk jyefvrf;r&Sd[k
trnf&aom vlqdk;*dkPf;u jyefay;qGJoGm;onf[k &JwyfzGJYu
128
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

,HkMunf,lqvsuf &Sd\/ uREfkyfwdkYowif;axmuf\ pHkprf;rI t&

tqdkygudpöwGif *sL;vD;,yf*Refqif trnf&Sd apm&xdyfacgif
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tJ'DaemufrSmawmh oufaoawGqDu&wJh owif;tcsuftvuf awGudk
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jyefvrf;r&Sd*dkPf;0if? [kwfvm; .../ tdk ... 'gqdk befeD r[kwfbl;bJ/ [if; ...
bmvdkYrsm; &ifxJu tvHk;BuD; usoGm;wmvJuG,f? rd*efeDvm&,f/
raeYu qdk'grefvef; awmtkyftv,fu xa&mfvDay:rSm
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twlwuG awGUvdkuf&w,fqdkwJh ae&ma&mufawmh olYpdwfawG ½Iyfvmw,f/
olwdkY&JUywfoufrIudk owif;pmu a&a&&m&m ajym rxm;bl;/
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olcdk;tbdk;BuD;wdkYudk aemufqHk;awGUvdkuf&wJhae&mu a[mha'ghqdkifydkif&Sif
befeD,Gef;bwfvnf; tpte &Smr&atmif aysmufaew,fqdkyJ/
tvSuav;[m owif;pmudkvdyfNyD; bufpwmhyg;pyfxJ xdk;
xnfhvdkufw,f/ NyD;awmh olY,mcif;tdrfudk jyefvmcJhw,f/ &mjynfh tbdk;BuD;?
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a[mha'ghqdkifydkif&Sif qdko[mjzifh acsmvnf;acsm? cefYvnf; cefY? ynmuvnf;
jynfhpHkygbdoeJY/ tdk ... ckcsdef[m tcspfawG? tESpfawG vkyfae&r,fhtcsdef
129
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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{nfhcef;xJ a&mufa&mufcsif; bufpwmhyg;pyfxJu owif;pmudk qGJ,lNyD;
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acG;yg;pyfxJ jyefxnfh? vufydkuf&if; apmifhaevdkufw,f/
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awmif;w,f/ tvSuav;&JU cGifhjyKcsufeJY *sL;vD;,yfudk [dkbufcef;
ac:oGm;NyD; aqG;aEG;cGifhawmif;w,f/ tvSuav;u ay;ygw,f/ 'gayrJh
130
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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oabmwlw,f/ 'gayrJh tdwfydkif&Sifudk tat;cef;xJ xnf?h
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awG;rdayrhJ xm;ygawmhav/ rajymeJYqdk rajymbl;aygh/
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tjrwftjzpf 'Duefom,m,mcif;tdrfrSm wpfaEGvHk; aecsifae&OD;r,f/
[dk*dkPf;qdkwmu olwdkYudk ajrvSef&SmaeNyD r[kwfvm;/
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b,fwwfEdkifrwkH;? oabmwlw,f? wlw,fuGm}
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jyefa&mufvmMuw,f/ befeDeJY tvSuav;udk aemufxyf rdepf0ufavmuf
onf;cHapmifhzdkYajym&if; *sL;vD;,yfu aiGtdwfBuD; rcs vmw,f/
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]'DaiGawGudk av;a,muf tnDtrQcGJzdkY t,fvefeJY usKyf oabmwlNyD;NyD}
vdkY aMunmvdkufw,f/
131
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

tvSuav;[m ESvHk;ckef&yfrwwf jzpfoGm;w,f/ tvdkav; ... bk&m;

bk&m; ... vdkY ol a&&Gwfaew,f/ *sL;vD;,yfuawmh ... ]xdkifyg OD;av? usKyf
&Sif;jyyghr,f}wJh/
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ay;oav/ ][dk ... olawmif;pm;aumifeYJ vufxyfNyD; q,hfav;&uf avmuf
tMumrSm uRefrvnf; tJovdk vkyfcJhvdkuf&rSm}vdkY 0rf;enf; yufvuf
olajym&Smw,f/
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bufpwm[m NrdKUxJ wpfacgufjyefxGufoGm;w,f/ ig;&mwef
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MuHK;0,fawmhr,fayghav/

at&Gefqef[m rsufjrifoufao rdef;rBuD;wpfa,mufudk ar;cGef; awG

xkwfaew,f/ olu t,fvefYudkvnf; jrifzl;owJh/ vltdk½Hk ñTefrSL; rBuD;
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ar;p&m&Sdwm ar;NyD;wJhaemuf at&Gefqef[m &orQ tcsuf tvufawGudk
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odNyD;oGm;Muwmvm;? 'grSr[kwf MuHK&musyef; ajcOD; wnfh&m oGm;wmvm;/
132
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

odNyD; oGm;wmu rodbJ oGm;wmxuf ajc&m cH& vG,fwmaygh/ 'gayrJh

'DvlawGeJYawmh bmrS uHaouHr rajymEdkifbl;/ t,fvefum;vfqef?
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&mjynfh tbdk;BuD;udkvnf; xdkenf;vnf;aumif; ZGwftwif;t"r®
ac:vmwmvm;/ 'gqdk ...
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'gawGu bmvJ/ bmudk &nfñTef;ovJ/ b,fvdkem;vnf&rSmvJ/
rsufjrifoufao rdef;rBuD;uawmh aiGa&mifrmpD;'D;um;[m vrf;rBuD; uae
qif;NyD; x&efewfpfudk OD;wnfarmif;oGm;w,fvdkY qdkw,f/ 24 em&D
MumoGm;cJhNyDqdkayrJh tcsuftvufawGu pdwf0ifpm;zdkY aumif; wkef;yJ/
Munfh&wm atmhpum&Srf;txd armif;NyD; a*ghvefuRef;buf ul;rvdkYvm;/
'gayrJh z,f&Dc&D;onfxJrSm olwdkYeJYwlwm rawGU&bl;wJh/'gqdk prmvef
ajrmufydkif;bufrsm; a&mufoGm;ovm;? tJoavmuf
133
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

jrefjrefarmif;Edkifyghrvm;/ aemufuvdkufaerSef; od&ifawmh armif;csif

armif;rSmaygh/
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ywfcsmvnfu &SdorQ"mwfqDqdkif tukef zkef;quf taMumif; Mum;xm;w,f/
aiGa&mif rmpD;'D;eJY vloHk;a,mufudk b,folrS rawGUrdMu bl;wJh/ vlr&SdwJh
udk,fwdkifxnfh "mwfqDqdkifawGrsm; 0ifxnfhMuovm;/ tdk ... um;tMumBuD;
armif;vmNyD;rSawmh "mwfqDxnfh&if; ½SL½SL;av; yef;? tat;av;aomuf?
a[mha'ghav; 0g; vkyfcsifrSmaygh/ 0efaqmifrI ay;wJh qDqdkifawGrSmyJ
xnfhrSmaygh/ uJ ... b,fem;awGrSm &SdEdkifvJ/
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b,fem;wkH;uGm}

aq;vdyfiwf a0'emnudk tvl;tvJ ukefqHk;apNyD; tdyf&mEdk;vm wmeJY

wpfNydKifeuf b&mhZf&JU tMurf;pm;rsm; acgif;aqmifBuD;[m aq;vdyf&SmyHkawmf
zGifhawmhw,f/ tJ'DrSm owif;pm a&SUrsufESmzHk; acgif; BuD; owif;udkvnf;
jrifvdkufa&m ol aq;vdyfudk arhoGm;w,f/ owif;pmudk 0,fw,f? zwfw,f/
NyD;wmeJY olYtpfudk a&yHk;qD zkef; aumufqufawmhw,f/
aemufqHk;awmh xl;qef;pGm aysmufqHk;oGm;wJh &mjynfhbdk;bdk;[m
wpfjynfvHk; tm½Hkpdkuf&m owif;vlom; jzpfvmawmhw,f/ tJ'D taMumif;
wDADuae owif;um;vTifhwJhtcg wpfjynfvHk;u vlwpfoef; cGJavmuf
134
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

tkwftkwfusufusuf MunfhMuw,f/ t,fvefeJY uefom,m ,mcif;u

olY&Jabmfopfrsm;vnf; owif;um;y&dowfaygh/
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jzpfrdrSmAs}
t,fvefu tJovdk rSwfcsufay;vdkufw,f/
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rmpD;'D;um;udkvnf; pyg;usDxJrSm xnfhxm;&r,f/ aemuf wpfaeYrSmawmh
tvSuav;[m ol umvMum&Snf rsufpdusaewJh {&mr bwfpfum;BuD;udk
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oGm;&awmhr,f/ oGm;Muawmhr,f/ rMumcifaygh? tukefvHk;aygh?
wpfrdom;pkvHk;? qGefnma&maygh/

(9)
1939-1945/
1939 ckESpf? pufwifbm 1 &ufaeYrSm pydeftvH vTifhxlxm;wJh
t,fvefY&JUoabFm e,l;a,mufqdyfurf;udk uyfvmcJhw,f/ tar&duef
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tJ'DoabFm[m tar&duefa&wyftwGuf trIawmfxrf;&awmhwmaygh/
oabFmay:ygorQ vl? ukef tJvpfuRef;u vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;½Hk;udk
135
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

ydkYcH&w,f/ av;ckaom ar;cGef;BuD;awGudk omwlnDrQ tar;cH&w,f/

1/ emrnf
2/ wdkif;jynfeJY vlrsdK;
3/ tvkyftudkif
4/ tar&duefudk bmvmvkyf
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olYtxuftxufvlBuD;udk tqifhqifh taMumif;Mum;Muw,f/
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tMuHjzpfMuw,f/ ]usKyfjyefzdkY oabFmom &Smay;? 0rf;omtm;&udk jyefOD;rSm}vdkY
t,fvefu jyefajymwmaygh/
136
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

tJovdkvnf; rjzpfao;bl;av/ 'DvdkeJY qufar;w,f/ ar;av

xif&Sm;av jzpfvmwmu t,fvef[m zufqpfvnf; r[kwf? uGef
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uRrf;usifwm wpfckuvGJvdkY usefwm bmrSr[kwfbl; qdkwmygyJ/ 'Dvdk
taumifrsdK;u AdkvfcsKyfBuD;z&efudk&JU &ifbwfrdwfaqGwJhvm;uG,f/
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wduwfu ,mcif;tdrfrSm aus;Zl;awmfaeY tcrf;tem; rdom;pk jyefqHk Muwkef;
olYtpfudku olYudk ppfwyfu r[mazmufcGJa&; ypönf;BuD;wpfrsdK;
trSmpm&SdwJhtaMumif; wdk;wdk;ajymw,f/ azmufcGJa&;orm;rSeforQ vdkcsif
aewJh olYtpfudktwGuf vufwkdvufawmif;cdkif;&vnf; rqdk;bl;qdkNyD;
[dkqGD'ifaumifudk ay;vdkufzdkY tMuH&w,f/ Muufqifom;udk vSD;&if;
nDtpfudkESpfa,muf tJ'DtaMumif; ajymaeMuw,f/
'DvdkeJY 1943? aqmif;&moDrSm t,fvefwpfa,muf olYb0rSm
yxrqHk;tBudrftjzpf av,mOfysHpD;NyD; avmhpftvm;rdkYpfu tar&duef
trsdK;om;"mwfcGJcef;qD a&mufvmcJhw,f/ ol t*Fvdyfvdk wpfvHk;rS
137
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

rajymwwfwJhtwGuf pydefpum;ajymwwfwJh Adkvfav;wpfa,mufu olYudk

ulnDw,f/ t,fvefu olodwJh aygufuGJypönf;qdkif&m "mwkaA'
azmfjrLvmawGudk ajymjy&w,f/ olYaygufuGJa&; azmfjrLvmawGu
um;wpfpD;azmufcGJ&ifawmif tvkyfrjzpfbl;vdkY ajymcH&wJhtcg t,fvefu
'Dvdkjyefajymw,f/ ]tvkyfjzpfygw,f? um;xJrSm vlyg&if ydkawmif
tvkyfjzpfao;? usKyfu vufawGUprf;cJhNyD;NyD} wJhav/
t*Fvdyfvdk ydkydkNyD; ajymwwfvmavav wjznf;jznf; ae&mtESHY
vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ol oGm;Edkifvmavav jzpfvmw,f/ waphwapmif;
avhvm&if; azmufcGJenf;topfawGvnf; wwfvmw,f/ naenae
"mwfcGJcef;u vlawG toD;oD; tou NrdKUxJxGuf rdwfvdkufaecsdefrSm
t,fvef[m "mwfcGJcef;xJ0ifNyD; tyDtjyif avhvmwmav/
Oa&myrSmawmh ppf&Sdefu w&dyf&dyfwufNyD; ppfrD;u [kef;[kef;
awmufaeNyD/ t,fvef&JU azmufcGJa&;enf;ynmawG[mvnf; w[kef;[kef;
wufaeNyD/ ckqdk olYtzdkY Edkufx½dk*vpfq&if;wdkY? qdk'D,rfEdkuf x&dwfwdkYqdkwm
taysmfwrf;orm;awG oHk;wJhypönf; jzpfoGm;cJhNyD/ [dkufx½dk*sifwdkY?
,la&eD,rfwdkYeJYrS qdkwJhtqifh a&mufaeNyD/
wu,fawmh 1942 uwnf;u avmhpftvm;rdkYpfrSm vHkjcHKa&;awG
tBuD;tus,f wif;usyfxm;wm/ or®w ½kpAJh trdefYeJY {&mrAHk;BuD; wpfvHk;udk
odyÜHynm&SifawG BudwfvkyfaeMuwm/ tawmfBuD;w,f/ r[m;w&m;
BuD;w,f/ apmufusdK;enf;atmif BuD;w,f/ tJ'DAHk;BuD;eJYqdk pydefwHwm;
tpif;ESpfq,favmuf wpfNydKifeuf azmufcGJEdkifvdrfhr,f xifw,f/
138
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

bmyJajymajym t,fvef[m "mwfcGJcef;vufaxmuf jzpfwJh twGuf ae&mra&G;

0ifvdkY&w,f/ t,fvef[m olwdkYvkyfaewmawGudk tukefodaew,f/
1945? {NyDrSmawmh olwdkYvkyfief; NyD;vkNyD;cif jzpfvmw,f/
tPkjrLaygufuJGrI pGrf;tm;udk b,fvdk&atmif vkyf&r,fqdkwm olwdkY
odaeMuNyD (t,fvefvnf; odaeNyD)/ 'gayrJh 'DpGrf;tm;udk b,fvdk
xdef;csKyf&r,fqdkwm rodMuao;bl;/ t,fvef[m tJ'Dudpöudk aeYrem;
nrtm; pOf;pm;w,f/ olYudk b,folrS rar;ayrJh olpdwfylw,f/
aemufqHk;awmh b,folrSrodao;whJ xdef;csKyfenf;udk ol odvmcJhw,f/
tywfwdkif; wyfu xdyfwef;acgif;aqmifawG&,f? a*s a&mbwf tdkyif
[def;rm; acgif;aqmifwJh xdyfoD; ½lyaA' odyÜHynm&SifawG&,f pka0;
nDvmcHMuw,f/ olwdkY aumfzDcGufawGudk jznfhay;&if; t,fvef em;pGifh
aewmaygh/ odyÜHynm&SifawG[m qHyifawGxJ vufxdk;zGNyD; t,fvefYudk
aumfzDxyfjznfhcdkif;w,f/ AdkvfcsKyfBuD;awG[m acgif;ukwf&if; t,fvefYudk
aumfzDxyfjznfhcdkif;w,f/ acgif;csif;qdkif aqG;aEG;Mu/ ESpfzGJYpvHk;
yufvufvef&if; t,fvefYudk aumfzDxyfjznfhcdkif;w,f/ tywfpOf tjrJwrf;
'gyJ ... 'gyJ .. 'gyJ ... 'gyJ/ 0ifajymvdkuf&if aumif;rvm;vdkY t,fvef
pOf;pm;ao;w,f/ 'gayrJh &m&mpp rif;vdkaumifu qdkwmrsdK;
tajymcH&r,fav/ 'gaMumifh a&iHkEIwfydwfaecJhw,f/
'gayrJh wpfBudrfrSmawmh ol bmvkyfrSef; rodvdkufcif olYyg;pyfu
xGufvmwJh pum;oHudk olYem;u Mum;vdkuf&ygava&m/
]cPav;yg? cifAsm;wdkY bmjzpfvdkY ,la&eD,rfudk ESpfydkif; tnD ydkif;zdkY
139
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

rpOf;pm;MuwmvJ cifAs}
a&mbwf tdkyif[def;rm;&JUcGufxJ aumfzDjznfhay;&if; olYyg;pyfu tJovdk
xGufoGm;w,f/ yg;pyfa[mif;avmif;jzpfoGm;wJh tdkyif[def; rm;[m
awmufwdkrnf& pm;yGJxdk;av;udk vSnfhMunfh&if; ...
]b,fvdk ... b,fvdk ... rif; bmajymvdkufw,f}vdkY ar;vdkufw,f/
uJ ... qwfaqmhawmh ckrS bmrS[kwfbl;vdkY
jiif;vdkYr&awmhbl;/qufajym&awmhr,f/
]'Dvkdav ... ,la&eD,rfudk ESpfjcrf; tnDtrQjcrf;NyD; vufckyf vuf0g;
tkyfxm;vdkuf? udk,fvdkcsifwJhtcsdef aygufuGJatmif vkyfvdkY &wmaygh}
]ESpfjcrf; tnDtrQjcrf;? [kwfvm; ...}
tdkyif[def;rm;[m acgif;xJrSm tawG;awG yvHkpD&if; aocsmatmif
xyfar;vdkufw,f/
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ttkyftcH vkyfEdkifzdkYyJ ta&;BuD;wmyg}
t,fvefYudk pm;yGJxdk;cefYxm;rdwJh Adkvfav; vl;0pf[m rwefr&m
0ifajymaewJh olYtaumifudk owfcsifwJh rsufESmay;eJY Munfhaew,f/ 'gayrJh
odyÜHynm&Sifwpfa,mufuawmh wvufvuf awmufaewJh rsufvHk;awGeJY
t,fvefYudkMunfh&if; ...
]tJ'Dawmh b,fvdkazmufcGJrSmvJ? avxJrSm azmufcGJrSmvm;}vdkY
ar;vdkufw,f/
ynm&J&ifh yGJv,fwifhvSwhJ t,fvefu &J&Jwif;wif; ajzcsvdkufw,f/
140
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]aocsmwmaygh cifAs? ig;Muif;qDeJY ig;Muif;aMumfwJh enf;ygyJ}

tdkyif[def;rm;[m t,fvefYudk aphaphMunfh&if; ]rif;emrnf b,folwkH; ...}
vdkY ar;vdkufw,f/
]t,fvefyg cifAs}
][kwfNyD rpöwm t,fvef? azmufcGJr,fhtcsdefrSm tJ'Dtydkif;ESpfck
wpfNydKifeuf aygufuGJatmif b,fvdkvkyfrSmvJ}
]'gu vG,fygw,f? tjrJoHk;aeus azmufcGJenf;udk oHk;ayghcifAs?
'Davmufuawmh ygarmu©BuD;wdkYtm;vHk; odMurSmyg}
'Dtpnf;ta0;cef;xJu [mBuD;awGtm;vHk; zGwfusm;awG r[kwfbl;/
olYe,feJYol NydKifbufr&SdawGcsnf;yJ/ puúefYydkif;twGif; tdkyif[def;rm;[m
acgif;xJudk azmfjrLvmawG wef;pD0ifvmNyD; pdwfwGufwGuf&if;
pm;yGJxdk;aumifav; rSefw,fqdkwm odvdkufw,f/ Munfhprf;? &csifawmh vnf;
vG,fvG,fav;yguvm;/ AHk;&JUaemufausmrSm omref aygufuGJypönf;av;
uyfay;vdkuf? ta0;xdef;csKyfcvkwfeJY azmufcGJ? olY[meJYol tqifhqifh
aygufuGJoGm;&if; ... [m; ... w,f[kwfygvm;/
]0kef; ... 'kef; ...}
tdkyif[def;rm; yg;pyfu toHxGufvmw,f/
t,fvefu jyHK;Munfh&if; ...
]'gaygh ygarmu©BuD; odoGm;NyD? 'geJY aumfzD,lMuOD;rvm;cifAsm} vdkY
ar;vdkufw,f/
tJ'DtcsdefrSm tpnf;ta0;cef;wHcg; 0kef;ceJyGifhoGm;NyD; 'kwd,
141
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

or®wx½l;ref; qdkif;rqifh AHkryg 0ifcsvmw,f/ xHk;pHtwdkif; taMumif;

rMum; bmrMum;eJYaygh/
0kef;ceJ x&yfvdkufwJh vlpkudk ]xdkifMu? xdkifMu}vdkY 'kwd,or®wu
ajymvdkufawmh t,fvefvnf; ua,mifacsmufcsm;eJY xdkifcsvdkufw,f/
[kwfw,fav/ 'kwd,or®wavmuf tqifh&SdwJh yk*¾dKvfu xdkifyg qdkwmudk
vdrfvdrfrmrm xdkifrSayghvdkY ol awG;aew,f/
'kor®wu tdkyif[def;rm;udk tajctae tpD&ifcHcdkif;w,f/ tdkyif
[def;rm;vnf; uref;uwef; x&yf&if; [dkacsmifxJrSm xdkifaewJh rpöwm
t,fvef&JU aus;Zl;eJY ckjyóemudk ajz&Sif;NyD;NyDjzpfaMumif; tpD&ifcHvdkuf
w,f/ rpöwmt,fvef&JU ajz&Sif;csuf[m rprf;oyf&ao;ayrJh usdef;ao
ayguf tvkyfjzpfrSmjzpfaMumif;? aemufoHk;vqdk prf;oyfazmufcGJzdkY
tqifoifhjzpfrSmjzpfaMumif; ajymvdkufw,f/
'kor®wu wpfcef;vHk;udk acgif;wndwfndwfeJY vdkufMunfhaew,f/
Adkvfav; vl;0pfvnf; ckrS touf00½SLEdkifw,f/ aemufqHk;awmh x½l;ref;[m
t,fvefYudk Munfh&if; ...
]uJ ... 'DaeY ol&Jaumif;uawmh rpöwmt,fvefayghuG,f? tif; ...
AdkufqmouGm? 0g&Sifwef rjyefcif wpfckckpm;OD;rS? usKyfeJYtwl vdkuf
pm;vSnfhygvm; rpöwmt,fvef}vdkY zdwfac:vdkufawmhw,f/
Munfhprf;/ q,fpkESpfwpfpktwGif; AdkvfcsKyfBuD;z&efudk&JU npm? ck
x½l;ref;&JU aeYv,fpm/ Munfh&wm urÇmhacgif;aqmifqdkwJh vlBuD;awG[m
olwdkYBudKufwmwpfckck vkyfay;&if pm;zdkYaomufzdkY zdwfwwfMuw,f xifw,f/
142
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

'g t,fvefYpdwfxJu tawG;/ yg;pyfuawmh 'k or®wBuD;&Jh zdwfMum;rIudk

aus;Zl;wif *kPf,lpGm vufcHygw,faygh/ 'DvdkeJY olwdkYESpfa,muf
tpnf;ta0;cef;xJu xGufvmcJhw,f/ tdkyif [def;rm;uawmh tDvnfvnf
rsufcGufBuD;eJY usef&pfcJhw,f/
avmhpftvm;rdkYpfu olYtBudKuf ruúpDuef pm;aomufqdkifrSm
olwdkYESpfa,muf tuste xdkifMuw,f/ oufawmfapmifhawGuawmh
axmifhwdkif;axmifhwdkif;rSm ajccsif;vdrfvdkYaygh/ vHkjcHKa&;tzGJUtBuD;tuJu
'kor®wem;uyfNyD; rpöwmt,fvef[m tar&duefr[kwfaMumif;?
oleJYtwlxdkifvdkY rjzpfaMumif; tpD&ifcHw,f/ x½l;ref;u em;raxmifbl;/
rpöwmt,fvef&JU rsdK;cspfpdwfudk *kPfjyK&rwJh/ ZGwfajym? ZGwfxdkif w,f/
'kor®w[m tifrwef pdwfvufMunfom &Tifysaew,f/ 0g&Sifwef
tjyefrSm a*smf*sD,mu ydkvD,dkaq;½HkrSm em;ae&wJh or®w½kpAJh qD0ifNyD;
owif;aumif;ajymzdkY qHk;jzwfvdkufw,f/ or®wBuD;vnf;
Mum;csif&SmrSmyJav/
tifrwefaysmfaewJh 'kor®w[m ...
]udkif; ... usKyfu tpm;rSmr,f? udk&ifav;u taomufrSm ...}vdkY
&TifjrL;jrL; ajymvdkufw,f/
pm;yGJxdk;csKyfudk x½l;ref; pm;zG,fawG rSmNyD;csdefrSm taomufudpö
t,fvefYbuf vSnfhvmw,f/
]wuGDvm ESpfykvif;ay;}
t,fvef rSmwmudkMum;awmh x½l;ref;[m tlwufrwwf &,fw,f/
143
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]wuGDvm ESpfykvif;qdk pm;yGJatmuf arSmufaomuf&udef; jrifoa[h}vdkY

olajymw,f/ t,fvefuvnf; rESpfu ruúpDuefawG ajymwm Mum;zl;owJh/
wu,f owåd&SdwJhvlrSom wuGDvm aomuf wmwJh/ 'kwd,or®wBuD;u
roifhawmfbl;xif&ifawmh EGm;EdkYyJ aomuf ygvdkY ajymw,f/
]tr,fr,f ... usKyfpum; usKyfwnf&rayghAs}
x½l;ref;u &,f&,farmarmajym&if; oHy&m&nfeJY qm;yg rSmvdkufw,f/
aemuf oHk;em&DavmufMumawmh ESpfa,mufom; ][,f&Da& ...?
t,fvefa& ...} eJY jzpfukefMuNyD/ wuGDvm ESpfykvif;[m tjynfjynf qdkif&m
qufqHa&;rSm w,fvnf;tvkyfjzpfoudk;/ t,fvefu ol AdkvfcsKyfz&efudk&JU
toufudk b,fvdk u,fwifcJh&w,fqdkwm x½l;ref; udk ajymjyw,f/
tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh x½l;ref;uvnf; or®w½kpAJh bD;wyfukvm;xdkifay:uae
',D;',dkifxwJhyHk vkyfjyNyD; t,fvefYudk azsmfajzw,f/
ESpfa,mufom; tBuD;tus,f &,fyGJzGJUaeMuwkef; vHkjcHKa&;tzGJU
acgif;aqmif[m 'kwd,or®wem;udk ukef;uGNyD; uyfvmw,f/
]ajymp&m&SdvdkYyg 'kwd,or®wBuD;cifAsm ...}
]tdrf; ... ajymvuGm}
'kwd,or®wu rl;oHBuD;eJY ajymw,f/
]oD;oefY ESpfudk,fMum;ajymrS jzpfrSmyg cifAsm}
]oD;oefY ESpfudk,fMum;ajym&atmif rif;udk,frif; [rfza& bdk;*wf rsm;
atmufarhaevm;? 'geJY rif; olYudk jrifzl;vm;}
t,fvef - ]'kwd,or®wBuD;cifAsm}
144
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]bmwkH;[ ... bmvdkY wpmpm ac:aewmwkH;}

][kwfuJh? ckajymrSm or®wBuD; ½kpAJhudpöygcifAs}
]at; ... ajymav? eifhtaz qdwftdkBuD; bmjzpfwkH;}
]or®wBuD; qHk;NyDwJh vlBuD;rif; cifAs}

(10)
2005? ar 9? wevFm/
a&mhxeD;u plygrm;uuftjyifrSm av;&ufwdwd a&yHk;wpfa,muf
pdwf&Snfvuf&SnfeJY apmifhaew,f/ ol arQmfvifhaewmu yxr olYabmf'g
rif;wkH;? 'kwd, toufwpf&m tbdk;BuD;? wwd,qHyifeDeJY aumifreJY
jrif;NrD;qHyifeJY taumif (b,fvdkyHkpHawGrSef;awmh aocsmrod)/ aemufqHk;
rmpD;'D;udkaygh/ 'DrSm xdkifapmifhzdkYtMuHu olYudk,fydkiftMuHr[kwf?
abmhpf&JUtMuH/ zkef;ajymNyD;NyD;csif; a&mhxeD;u aq;cef;wpfck a&SUrSm
olwdkYypfrSwfawGudk awGUcJhwJhtaMumif; olYnD ajymw,fvdkY abmhpfudk
tpD&ifcHawmh abmhpfu pOf;pm;NyD; 'gqdk taES;eJYtjref aps;0,fvmMurSmyJ/
plygrm;uufa&SUu apmifhvdk ñTefMum;ygawmhw,f/ 'gaMumifhvnf; abmhpf[m
abmhpfjzpfwm/ abmhpfxuf abmhpfwJhvlawmif abmhpfavmuf
rabmhpfEdkifbl;av/ 'gayrhJ ckig;&ufawmif &dSoGm;NyDav/ a&ykH;wpfa,muf
aerxd xdkifrom jzpfvmw,f/ tm½kHpl;pdkufrIvnf; enf;vmw,f/
o[maMumihfvnf; qHyifeDeYJ trsdK;orD;? teDa&mif aAmufpf0uf*Gefav;
armif;vmwmudk owdrxm;rdbl;/ odkYaomf tJ'Drdef;r olYa&SUu
145
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

jzwfavQmufoGm;csdefrawmh ol aumif; aumif;BuD; owdxm;rdvdkufw,f/

qHyifeJY touft&G,ft&awmh [kwfavmufw,f/ aoawmh raocsmbl;/
pawmh[krf;u abmhpfudk tpD&ifcHvdkufw,f/ xifwJhtwdkif;
abmhpfavoHu odyftm;&p&mr&Sdbl;/ rif;wkH; odkYr[kwf tbdk;BuD;udk
arQmfvifhaeMuwmudk;/ bmyJjzpfjzpf um;eHygwfrSwfNyD; olYaemufvdkuf? NyD;rS
jyeftpD&ifcHqdkwJh ñTefMum;csufudk &vdkufw,f/

tZD'gu [dkw,fwpfckrSm at&Gefqef av;&ufvHk;vHk; atmif;ae cJhw,f/

rsufjrifoufaoawG&JU xGufcsuftopfawGaMumifh ck A[dkcsufrudk
a&mufcgeD;NyDvdkY ol cHpm;ae&w,f/
'gayrJh rSef;csufeJY ESrf;xGuf rudkufbl;/ jyefrvdkY vkyfaewkef; zkef;owif;
0ifvmw,f/ olYtzGJUawG[m jyefvrf;r&Sd*dkPf;csKyf yg*efem *g'if&JU zkef;rSm
toHzrf;puf cdk;wyfwm atmifjrifowJh/
abmhpfwpfjzpfvJ *g'if[m ausmfapmowif;eJY &Jpm&if; ayguf aewm
MumcJhNyD/ rD'D,mawGawmif *g'ifhemrnfeJY "mwfyHk owif;pmxJ
xnfhzl;ao;w,f/ 'gaMumifh olYzkef;udk toHzrf;pufwyfzdkY ñTefMum;wm
ckawmh atmifjrifNyDwJh/ zkef;ajymorSs toHzrf;? pmjyef½dkufNyD; tZD'gudk
zufpfydkYay;vdkufMuw,f/
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146
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]plygrm;uuftjyifrSm xHk;pHtwdkif; xdkifapmifhaewkef; qHeDr wpfa,muf

txJ0ifoGm;w,f cifAs}
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]rmpD;'D;eJY vmwmvm; ...}
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wpfpD;rS r&Sdbl;cifAs? wpfckck armif;vmwmaerSm}
(ig;puúefYavmuf Nidrf)
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(ig;puúefYavmuf Nidrf)
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udpötwGufyJvdkY ajymxm;w,fr[kwfvm;}
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147
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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][m ... 'D acG;om;uawmh ...}
(qJoHawGeJY zkef;ajymjcif; ed*Hk;csKyf)
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trIudk jyefpDaew,f/ olwdkYajymwJh rif;wHk; qdkwm ckaoNyDvdkY ,lqxm;wJh
jyefvrf;r&Sd *dkPf;0if AsefYAdkifvGef; jzpfr,f/ 'gqdk *g'ifhqD zkef;qufwmu
a&yHk;vdkYac:wJh [ef;&pf[lvfwefaygh/ [kwfNyD/ 'gqdk vrf;aMumif;rSefay:
a&mufaew,fqdkwm aocsmoGm;NyD/ t,fvef
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ajymoHt& toufi,fi,fawmh rjzpfEdkifbl;/ tvGef trif; toufBuD;NyD;
tdk&GJaewmvnf; r[kwfavmufbl;/
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tJ'DqHeDru b,fu b,fvdk ygvmwmvJ/
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udkufw,fvdkY a&yHk; ajymoGm;w,f/ bmowif; &wmwkH;? olwdkYudk b,fol
owif;ay;wkH;/ 'gqdk wpfa,mufa,mufu olwdkY tkyfpkudk jrifNyD; a&yHk;udk
vSrf;ajymwmaygh/ toHzrf;puf apmapmwyfvdkY r&wm emouGm/
148
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

bmyJajymajym a&yHk;qdkwJhaumif qHeDraemuf vdkufaeavmufNyD/

rSm;vdkuf&if udpör&Sdbl;/ rawmfvdkY [kwfae&if pawmh[krf;u olYabmhpf
vdkufvmNyD; tbdk;BuD; t,fvefwdkYtkyfpkawmh trIeYfBudwfcH&rSm/
tufpuDwlemu qGJcsa&SUae uGefeD&meDvpfqD zkef;quf&w,f/ tp uawmh
&meDvpfu pdwfr0ifpm;bl;/ at&Gefqef&JU owif;tcsuftvuf awGudk
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b,fjzpfyghrvJvdkY MuHK;0g;ygawmhw,f/

ypönf;tjynfhtodyfxnfhvmwJh tdwfBuD;ESpftdwfudk um;ay: wif&if;

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cyfvSrf;vSrf;u aemufa,mifcHvdkufvmw,f/ vrf;rBuD;ay: a&mufawmh
abmhpfudk zkef;qufw,f (vufukdifzkef;udkaygh)/ qHeDrBuD;&JU um;trsdK;tpm;eJY
eHygwfudk owif;ydkYvdkufw,f/
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vdkufw,f/ ausmufcif;vrf;av;yJ/ ol rSwfrdNyD/ t&ifu 'Dae&mrSm
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qHeDrum;[m zkefwaxmif;axmif;eJY a&SUu armif;aew,f/ zkefvHk;BuD;udk
tumtuG,f,lNyD; aemufuvdkuf&vdkY olYudk rjrifEdkifbl; qdkNyD; a&yHk;
auseyfaew,f/ 'gayrJh cPaeawmh a&SUu zkefvHk;BuD; ½kwfw&uf
149
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

t0Dpdusovdk aysmufoGm;w,f/ apmufusdK;enf;rSyJ/

½kwfw&uf ysm,mcwfoGm;ayrJh udk,fhudk,fudk,f xdef;/ romr
wpfae&m&mrSm vrf;csdK;oGm;jyefNyD/ aemufudk wpfuDvdkrDwmavmuf
jyefqkwfawmh nmbufrSm pmwdkufyHk;uav;&SdwJh vrf;usOf;av;wpfck
awGUvdkuf&w,f/ 'DxJ0ifoGm;wmaygh/ 'gqdk .../
a&yHk;[m tm;wufvmw,f/ vrf;usOf;xJ ZGwfarmif;0ifvdkufw,f/
odkodkodyfodyfvkyfzdkY abmhpf rSmvdkufwmawG arhoGm;w,f/ um;udk apmuf&rf;
armif;aew,f/ cPaeawmh um;vrf;qHk;oGm;NyD; jcH0if; wpfckudk awGU?
enf;enf;xyft&Sdefwif? ydkjrefjrefarmif;? ½kwfw&uf tbdk;BuD;wpfa,muf
wd&pämefBuD;wpfaumifudk tpmauR;aewm awGU? trav; ...
olYa&SUwnfhwnfhrSm tm; ... bmaumifBuD;wkH;? tvdk ... qif ... qif .../
tbdk;BuD; t,fvef[m cyfjrefjrefyJ qGefnmeJY rdwfaqGjzpfoGm; w,f/
olwdkYu tawmfwlw,fav/ t,fvefu vltdk½Hkuae jywif; ayguf ausmfcs
ajy;cJhovdk qGefnmuvnf; qyfuyfxJuae a&uef jzwful; ajy;cJhwmyJ/
qGefnmhrsufESmay:u ta&;taMumif;awGuvnf; oleJY tawmfwlw,fvdkY
t,fvef xifaew,f/
qifr qGefnmuvnf; t,fvefYudk tvGefcifygowJh/ olYudk
toD;auR;w,f/ Adkufukwfay;w,f/ at;at;oufom pum;ajymw,f/
bmajymrSef; em;rvnfayrJh okwdom,mpum;awGyJ aerSm/ 'gaMumifh
tbdk;BuD;pum; ol em;axmifw,f/ tbdk;BuD;u xdkifvdkYajym&if zifxdkif
csvdkufa&m/ vSnfhvdkYajym&if aysmfaysmfBuD; vSnfhvdkufwmyJ/ rwfwwf&yf
150
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

qdk&ifvnf; &yfrSmyJ/ 'gayrJh tbdk;BuD;u tJvdkawmh rcdkif;wwfzl;/ NyD;&if

yef;oD;pm;&r,f/ Adkufudk ukwfay;r,f/ ZdrfyJ/
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ig;rQm;aew,f/ aEGtylcsdefu ododomom wufvmw,f/ wpfywfvHk;
aeylaew,f/ &moDOwku om,maew,f/
jzpfvkjzpfcif ynm&SdBuD; befeD[m Adokumvnf; jzpfvkjzpfcif
qdkwJhtwGuf tvSuav; 0,fvmwJh puefeD,mum;BuD;ay: qifwifzdkY
'DZdkif;qGJw,f/ *sL;vD;,yfuvnf; acolr[kwf/ apm&xdyfacgif rjzpfcif
opfukefonfBuD;rdkY avSmiftdrfavmufuawmh aumif;aumif;½dkufwwf oav/
rdwfaqGopfawGudk Munfh&if; tvSuav; yDwdjzmvmw,f/ befeD&JU
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tNyD;qifEdkifw,f/
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nmbufrSm a&yHk;? av0ifavxGufuvnf;aumif;? tm;vHk; uGufwd/
aumif;vdkufwJh qifo,f,mOfBuD;/
tJovdk jyifqifNyD;av? uefom,m,mcif;u rcGmcsifavjzpf
vmMuw,f/ befeDeJY tvSuav;u wwd,ajrmufnu pvdkY wpfcef; wnf;
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pum;ajymvdkufeJY ukefcJh&wJh ncsrf;awG[m t,fvefYtzdkY rarhEdkifp&m ygyJ/
151
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

ck wevFmaeYrSmawmh &du©mjywfNyDrdkY tvSuav;u a&mhxeD;oGm;NyD;

aps;0,fw,f/ aAmufpf0uf*GefeJYaygh/ rmpD'D;uawmh pyg;usDxJ wkwfwkwfrQ
rvIyf/
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t,fvefYudkay;NyD; befeD? bufpwmwdkYeJYtwl aumfzD? b,fvf*sD,rf
pawmfb,f&D oHk;aqmif&if; 0&efwmrSm Nidrfh/ *sL;vD;,yfvnf; ig;rQm;wm
em;NyD; tdrfxJ jyef0ifvm/
tJ'DtcsdefrSm t,fvefeJY qGefnmhqD wnfhwnfhBuD; wdk;0ifvmwJh
zdkYxfrufpwef;um;udk olwdkY jrifvdkuf&wm/
tm;vHk;xJrSm qGefnmu tat;aq;qHk;yJ/ t,fvefauR;wJh
yef;oD;awGpm;&if; ck0ifvmwJh {nfhonfudk zifay;xm;w,f/
t,fvefu 'kwd, tat;aq;qHk;/ aojcif;w&m;qdkwm b0rSm
tBudrfBudrf tcgcg MuHKcJhNyD;om;rdkY zdkYxfrufpwef; ruvdkY wifhum;
0ifvmvnf; rwkefvIyf/ tcsdefwef &yfoGm;rSmr[kwfvm;/
bufpwmu wwd, tat;aq;qHk;/ vlawGYwdkif; xdk;a[mif
wwfwJhtusifh olYrSm r&dSwhJtwGuf em;&GufawGaxmif&if; um;udk
pdkufMunfhaew,f/ vdktyf&if vIyf&Sm;zkdY tqifoifh/
tvSuav;? befeDeJY *sL;vD;,yfuawmh ajy;qif;vmNyD; twGJvdkuf
wef;pD&if; jrifuGif;udk Munfhaew,f/
a&yHk;[m um;udk ZGwftwif;aqmifh&yf? ajcmufvHk;jyL;udk udkif&if;
152
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

qif;vmw,f/ yxrqHk; aoewfeJY xdk;csdefvdkufwm qifzifBuD; jzpfae wmudk

odoGm;wJhtwGuf t,fvefeJY rdwfaqGoHk;a,mufudk jyefajymif; csdefw,f/
]a[h ... vufajr§muf ...}
tvdk ... a[h ... vufajr§muf qdkyJ/ olYudk,fol bmxifaeowkH;/
vufxJu yef;oD;eJY aygufvdkuf&&if aumif;rvm;? 'grSr[kwf pawmfb,f&D
jcif;vdkuf avmif;csvdkuf&rvm;? 'grSr[kwf ... ... .../
][dktbdk;BuD; ,D;wD;,m;wm;rvkyfeJY? vufxJu[mBuD; cs}
],D;wD;,m;wm; ... [kwfp}
]cifAsmh apmufyg;pyfBuD; ydwfxm;prf;? aiGtdwf b,frwkH;? aiGtdwf
o,fvmwJhaumif b,frwkH;}
aMomf ... ckawmh olwdkY a&mufvmMuNyDaum/ tvSuav; awG; aew,f/
uHaumif;jcif;vufaqmifawG ed|dwHNyDaum/ b,folrS tajz ray;Mubl;/
qifuvGJvdkY tm;vHk; pdwfnpfaeMuw,f/ qifr qGefnmuawmh oGif;ukef
oGif;NyD;vdkY xkwfukefxkwfzdkY tcsdefusNyD/ 'gaMumifh a&yHk;bufvSnfhxm;wJh
zifBuD;uae tD;wHk;awG 'va[m oGefMuvm w,f/
][m ... apmufusdK;enf;rSyJ}
a&yHk;[m qifacs;ayrSmpdk;vdkY a&SmifvdkufNyD; ...
]bmvdkY qifBuD;u a&mufae&wmvJ}vdkY aMumifawmifawmif ar;
vdkufw,f/
bufpwm[m raeEdkifawmhbl;/ a[mifcsifpdwf i,fxdyfwufvmw,f/
odkYaomfvnf; b,fvlpdrf;udkrS ra[mif&bl;qdkwJh ocifr ñTefMum;csufu
153
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

&Sdavawmh w0k0keJY nnf;aew,f/ 0&efwmu t,fvfaZ;&Sif;BuD;udk jrifawmh

a&yHk;[m aemufESpfvSrf; qkwfvdkufw,f/ ypfzdkY toifhjyifxm;vdkufw,f/
tJ'DtcsdefrSmyJ ESpfwpf&m oufwrf;&SdaewJh t,fvefYOD;aESmufBuD;[m
tMuHopfwpfckudk arG;zGm;oefYpifvdkufw,f/ tMuHrS wu,fhtMuH/
apmufusdK;BuD;enf;r,fh tMuH/ tcefYroifh&if aoewfrSefr,f/ 'gayrJh
aMumuf½dk;vm;/ toufjyif;jyif; wpfcsuf½SL? tjrJjyHK;aewJh EIwfcrf;awG u
ydkjyHK;&if; jyóemaumifqD wef;wef;rwfrwf avQmufoGm;w,f/
yg;pyfuvnf; ...
]Munfhprf;? Munfhprf; ... aumif;vdkufwJh aoewfav;? 'g tppf vm;?
usKyf udkifMunfhvdkY &rvm;}vdkY wwGwfwGwf ajymaew,f/
tbdk;BuD;awmh tqefacsmifoGm;NyDvdkY usefwJhoHk;a,muf tawG; ayguf/
a&yHk;uvnf; ]a[h ... aoemusBuD; a&SUrwdk;eJY? usKyf ypfrSmaemf} vdkY
w&pyfajym? tJovdkeJY t,fvefu a&SUwdk;? a&yHk;u aoewfeJYcsdef&if;
aemufqkwf ... qkwf ... qkwf .../
ylylaEG;aEG; qifacs;yHkBuD;udk eif;rd&if b,favmuf [efcsufxdef;&
cufovJqdkwm MuHKzl;rS odvdrfhr,f/ ck a&yHk; MuHKNyD/
bmjzpfrSef; rodcif 0kef;ceJ vJoGm;w,f/ t,fvefu olYpDrHudef;
aemufqHk;tqifhudk taumiftxnfazmfNyD/
]xdkifcsvdkuf qGefnm? xdkifcs? xdkifcs ... xdkif ... xdkif ... xdkif}
tvdkav; ... t,fvefYtMuHukd odoGm;wJh tvSuav;u ]rvkyfeJY
qGefnm? rxdkifeJY} vdkY vSrf;atmfaew,f/
154
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

qifacs;yHkay: yufvufuav;vefaewJh a&yHk;vnf; ckrS olY uHMur®mudk

aocsm oabmaygufoGm;NyD; apmufusdK;enf;NyDvdkY xatmf vdkufw,f/
tm;vHk;udk zifay;xm;wJh qGefnmuawmh t,fvefYpum;udkyJ
aocsmMum;vdkufw,f/ olYtay: aumif;&SmwJh tbkd;BuD;/ ol jzpfap csifwm
jzpf&raygh/ tvSuav;u rvkyfeJY qdkwmudkvnf; olu vkyfvkyfvdkY
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xdkifcsvdkufawmh *sdK;*sdK;*Rwf*RwftoHawG Mum;vdkuf&w,f/ cPaeawmh
tm;vHk; Nidrf? qGefnmuawmh yef;oD; aemufwpfvHk;pm;zdkY tqifoifhyJ/
*sL;vD;,yfu ajymvdkufw,f/
]'g eHygwfESpf taumifyJ jzpf&r,f}
tvSuav;uawmh ]tvdkav; ... bk&m; ... bk&m;udk,fawmfjrwfBuD;
u,fawmfrlyg} vdkY nnf;aew,f/
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aemufwpfvHk;} qdkNyD; qGefnmhudk yef;oD;ypfauR;aew,f/
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r[kwf/
abmhpf[m aemufoHk;em&Davmuf MumwJhtxd a&yHk; qufoG,f vmrSmudk
apmifhw,f/ bmoHrS rMum;wJhtqHk; tajctae raumif;bl; vdkY
wGufvdkufw,f/ ]vlawG ... vlawG ... igcdkif;wJhtwdkif; wpfoa0 rwdrf;
bmjzpfvdkYrsm; rvkyfMuygvdrfhaemf} vdkY ol nnf;wGm;aew,f/
155
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

ckawmh oludk,fwdkif udkifwG,f&awmhr,fqdkwm aocsmaeNyD/

a&yHk;qDu&wJh um;eHygwfudk armfawmf,mOfXme vSrf;ar;vdkufwm
cPaeawmh aAmufpf0uf*Gef teDa&mifqdkwm odvm&ygava&m/

(11)
1945-47/
wuDGvm wpfykvif;vkH; aomufNyD; toHqdk;BuD;eYJ wtDtDidkzdkY
jzpfEdkifr,fqdk&if tJ'g 'kwd,or®w [,f&D tufpf x½l;ref;yJvdkYom
rSwfvdkufMuayawmh/
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ckcsufcsif; jyef&rSmjzpfw,f/ t,fvefuawmh aiG&Sif;zdkYta&; pm;yGJxdk; csKyfeJY
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'DvdkeJY tvkyfajymif;zdkY pOf;pm;aewkef; olYqD 0g&Sifwefu zkef;0ifvmw,f/
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]b,fu [,f&DwkH;As ...}
][ ... x½l;ref;v[? [,f&Dx½l;ref;? or®w x½l;ref;? vzGwf wJhrSyJ ...
156
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

arhaeNyDvm;}
]Mo ... [kwfuJh or®wBuD;cifAsm;? aeYv,fpmpm;vdkY odyfaumif;
w,faemf? av,mOf rDw,fr[kwfvm;}
bm rrDp&m taMumif;&SdvJ/ olYudk,fydkifav,mOf tJzdkYpf 2 ay: wufNyD;
ig;em&DvHk;vHk; ukvm;ao ukvm;arm tdyfvdkufoGm;½Hk Opömudk/
ckawmh oGm;avolBuD; ay;cJhwJhtarGawGudk [,f&D qufcHae&NyD/
tJ'gtwGuf t,fvefYtultnD vdkw,f/ ulnDay;Edkifrvm;wJh/
&wmaygh/ ulnDrSmaygh/ aemufwpfaeYreufrSm avmhpftvm;rdkYpfuae
tNyD;xGufcJhvdkufw,f/
bJOyHk½Hk;cef;qdkwm wu,fyJ bJOyHkyguvm;vdkY t,fvef awG;aew,f/
tJ'D½Hk;cef;xJrSm olYaomufazmfaomufzufBuD;eJY tck twl xdkifae&NyD/
or®wBuD;crsm trsdK;orD;wpfa,mufaMumifh tusyf½dkufae&Smw,f/
EdkifiHa&;udpöygyJ/ olYemrnfu pkarvif;wJh/ Mum;zl;ovm; t,fvef/ aMomf
... rMum;zl;bl;vm; ... tif; ... tif; .../
pkarvif;qdkwm w½kwfqdkwJh wdkif;jynfu ulrifwefacgif;aqmif
csefau&Sdwf&JUrdef;r/ tar&durSm ynmoif/ oGm;avolBuD;uawmf rpö½kpAJh&JU
cspfoli,fcsif;/ tifrwef vSyacsmarmaom w½kwfrav;ayghvuG,f/
oGm;av&m y&dowfaxmifcsDpkEdkifwJh? tar&duef atmufvTwf awmfvdk
ae&mrsdK;rSm rdefYcGef;ajymcGifh&wJh acolr[kwf tpm;xJuaygh/ ckvnf;
or®wBuD;½kpAJh ay;cJhwJhuwdpum; qdkwmudk udkifpGJ&if; or®w x½l;ref;udk
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157
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158
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159
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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160
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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161
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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162
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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163
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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164
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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165
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166
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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167
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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168
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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169
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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xifaeMuwmudk;/
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170
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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ydkufqHu r&Sdqdkawmh vrf;avQmufjyefr,fwJh/
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ESpfvavmufvnf; Muma&m ol vrf;rSm;aeNyDvdkY t,fvef
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r,fvdkY qHk;jzwfw,f/ aemuf av;vavmufvnf; Muma&m oGm;wm
171
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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oHk;a,muf&Jh rsufvHk;awG qefaumavmuf jyL;ukefw,f/ Oa&myajrmuf
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172
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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173
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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174
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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raumif;&Smbl;aygh/
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aumif;aumif;oabmaygufw,f/ 'gaMumifh yg;pyfydwfxm;vdkufw,f/
175
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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ol ajz&r,f/ acwfqefwm&,f? acgif;rmwm&,fMum; [efcsufnDatmif
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enf;enf;rS raumif;/
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176
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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177
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178
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179
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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180
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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181
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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182
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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183
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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184
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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185
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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186
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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&av vdkav tdkwapä abmfqDhtaMumif; ol aumif;aumif;odwmaygh/
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oHk;oef;ay;csifvnf; rjiif;ygbl;av? rsm;av aumif;avaygh}
abmfqDu olYtdrfvdyfpm ay;vdkufw,f/ 'Da&mufzdkYqdk tenf;qHk;
ESpfem&Davmufawmh MumOD;rSmaygh/ uJ ... ckawmh tm;vHk; aumif;oGm;NyD/
187
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

ausmufcif;vrf;ayrJh vrf;uvnf; us,fvdkufwm? ajzmifhvdkufwm? jzL;vdkY/

tJovdk us,fus,fajzmifhajzmifh vrf;udkyJ abmhpfu apmifhaewm/ [if; ...
[if; ... awGUMuao;wmaygh/ aeESifhOD;? q,frdepfavmufawmh
arS;vdkufaeOD;r,f/ [if ... [Jh ... ig pawmh[krf;u xGufvmuwnf;u
wpfcgrS qDrxnfh&ao;bl;/ um;u tcsufjyaeNyD/
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um;0gBuD; zifydkif;udk BudwfrEdkif cJr& Munfh&if; vlolreD;eJY
awmtkyfBuD;tv,frSm wpfa,mufwnf; usefcJh&r,fh tdyfrufqdk;BuD;
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puúefYydkif;twGif; ausmfwufoGm;w,f/ rDwmwpf&mhig;q,favmuf
a&SUausmfarmif;vdkufNyD; um;udk vrf;ay:rSm uefYvefYjzwf &yfypfvdkufw,f/
ajcmufvHk;jyL;udkxkwfNyD; toifhtaetxm;eJY aevdkufw,f/
ck r&SdawmhwJh olYwynfhawGxuf abmhpfu ÓPf&nfomwm
aocsmw,f/ bwfpfum;udk bDtrf'bvsLeJY ydwfwm;&wJh &nf&G,fcsufu
olYrSm qufarmif;p&m "mwfqDr&dSawmhvdkYbJ/ vrf;v,frSm uefY vefYjzwf
&yfxm;whJ um;udkjrif&if bwfpfum;orm;[m b,fenf;eJYrqdk um;udk
&yfrSmyJvdkY ol tydkifwGufxm;w,f/ 'g yHkrSefpdwf? yHkrSeftawG;&SdwJh vlawG&JU
oabmtwdkif;yJaygh/ vrf;ay:rSm wpfckckawGU&if &yf&pjrJ r[kwfvm;/
r&yfbl;uGm? bmjzpfjzpfvdkY pGefYpm;wJhvl &SdvdkYvm;/
abmhpf wGufxm;ovdkyJ befeD[m vrf;v,faumifrSm ydwf&yfxm;wJh
188
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

bDtrf'bvsLudk jrifawmh b&dwfeif;&rvm;vdkY t&ifqHk; pOf;pm;w,f/

odkYaomf befeD[m jzpfvkjzpfcif ynm&Sif r[kwfvm;/ olYacgif;xJrSm
twGuftcsufawGeYJ jynhfoGm;w,f/ qifwifvmwJh olwdkYum;[m
wefaygif;rsm;pGm tav;csdef&dSw,f/ ½kwfw&uf b&dwfxtkyf&if ckvdk
ausmufcif;vrf;ay:rSm 'ku©awGUEdkifw,f/ tcefYroifh&if arSmufvdrfhr,f/
um;udkr&yfbJ bDtrf'bvsLudk a&Smifarmif;zdkY BudK;pm;ayrJh wpfem&D
uDvdkrDwmig;q,fEIef; oGm;aewJh q,fhig;wefav;wJh bwfpfum;[m {&mr
awmfyD'dkBuD;wpfvHk;vdk bDtrf'bvsLudk 0ifMuHK;vdkufawmhw,f/
bDtrf'bvsL[m avxJ ajrmufwufoGm;NyD; rDwmESpfq,favmuftuGmu
ESpf&Spfq,f oufwrf;&SdwJh xif;½SL;yifBuD;udk 0kef;ceJ 0ifaqmifhawmhw,f/
*sL;vD;,yfu tJ'DjrifuGif;udk Munfh&if; ...
]'g eHygwfoHk;taumif jzpfvdrfhr,f} vdkY aoaocsmcsm rcsmwJh rSwfcsufudk
ay;vdkufw,f/
bwfpfum;ay:u ajcESpfacsmif;eJY c&D;onftm;vHk;[m um;ay:u qif;NyD;
bDtrf'bvsL&JU tajctaeudk 0dkif;MunfhaeMuw,f/ vuf wpfzufu
pwD,m&ifudkudkif? aemufvufwpfzufu ajcmufvHk;jyL;udk udkifxm;wJh
taumifwpfaumif[m romwpfavmif;vdk Nidrfoufaew,f/
aoewfudkifxm;yHku [dkwpfaeYu qifeif;cH&wJhaumiftwdkif;yJ/ *sL;vD;,yfu
tJ'DtaumifudkMunfh&if; ...
]wwd,tBudrf uHprf;rJaygufoGm;jyefya[h? 'Davmufqdk 'DaumifawG
odoifhNyD} vdkY tl&TifaewJhavoHeJY ajymvdkufw,f/ befeDuawmh
189
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

pdwfnpfae&Smw,f/ wpf&uf wpfa,muf owf&ifawmif vGefvSNyD/ 'DaeYudk

nae ajcmufem&Drxdk;cif ESpfa,muf&SdNyD/ uHraumif;&if aemufxyf
armif&Sifrsm;vnf; &SdOD;rvm; rod/
'Dromudkvnf; 0Sufxm;rSjzpfr,fvdkY t,fvefu tMuHay;w,f/
tJ'DtcsdefrSm tvSuav;&JU pl;pl;0g;0g;atmfoHudk Mum;vdkuf&w,f/
um;ay:u rom touf0ifvmvdkYav/ aMumufvdkYatmfwm r[kwfbl;/bmvkdY
um;udk uefYvefYjzwf&yfxm;&wmvJvdkY atmf[pf &efawGUaewm/
romcrsm wathatheJY tefae½HkuvGJvdkY bmrS jyefrajymEdkif&Smbl;/

vGefcJhwJh em&D0ufu *g'if xGufoGm;wJh vrf;aMumif;twdkif; at&Gefqef

vdkufvmcJhw,f/ rDr,fvdkY rxifayrJh wpfckck awGUvdkawGUjim; vdkufcJhwm?
bmyJjzpfjzpf Aufpf*sdKtxd a&mufatmifoGm;NyD; [dkw,f aumif;aumif;rSm
cPem;rS jzpfr,f/
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bDtrf'bvsLudk awGUvdkuf&w,f/ *g'ifawmh apmuf &rf;armif;NyD;
apmuf&rf;wdkufNyDvdk yxrawmh xifvdkufao;w,f/ 'gayrJh tem;a&mufvdkY
aocsmMunfhawmh ol xifovdkr[kwfbl;/
yxrtcsuf - um;xJrSm b,folrSr&dSbl;/ '½dkifbmckHrSm aoG;awG
&TJaeayrJh b,folYrS rawGUbl;/
'kwd,tcsuf - um;nmbufwpfjcrf;vHk; twdkufcHxm;&wm/aq;0gawG
pGef;aew,f/ um;0gBuD;u t&Sdefjyif;jyif;eJY 0kef;oGm;wm odyfodomw,f/
190
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

1992 ckESpfxkwf puefeD,m t0ga&mif au 113 qdkwm at&GefqefY

acgif;xJ tvdkvdk 0ifvmw,f/ r0ifvdkYvnf; r&bl;/ bDtrf 'bvsL
nmbufaemufwHcg;rSm puefeD,mum;0gBuD;&JU eHygwfjym;u urÜnf;xdk;ovdk
jr§KyfESHxm;wmudk;/
uJ ... bmawGjzpfaerSef;awmh ckxd aocsmrodao;bl;/ 'gayrhJ
&Sif;onfxuf &Sif;vif;onfxuf vif;vmwmuawmh &mjynfhbdk;bdk;
t,fvefum;vfqefeJY olYa>c&Hoif;yif;wpfodkuf[m &efrsm;udk udk,f &Sif;r,f
vkyfNyD; tavmif;awGudk azsmufypfaewmuawmh taotcsmyJ/

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1947-48/
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wD[D&efoGm;&wJh c&D;xufpm&if usefwJh[mawG[m t,fvefYtwGuf
yef;cif;aom vrf;yJ/ at;uvnf;at;? aEG;axG;atmif vkyfay;EdkifwJh
qdwfEdkYylylav;awmifrS raomuf&eJY t,fvefYcrsm 'ku©tawmfa&muf
&Smw,f/
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axmif;tm;& jzpf&w,f/ NrdKUv,faumifu tndKa&mif taqmufttHk BuD;
t0ifwHcg;a&S YrSm um;&yfvdkufwJhtcg aeawmiftawmfapmif;aeNyD/
ppfom;ESpfa,mufu olYudkwGJNyD; um;ay:ucsw,f/ BudK;awG jznf ay;w,f/
NyD;awmh aoewfeJYcsdef&if; ac:oGm;Muw,f/ tu,fírsm;
191
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

zm&pDpum;udk olwwfcJh&if t0if0u t0ga&mifqdkif;bkwfav;xJu

pmom;awGudk ol zwfwwfrSmyJ/ ck rwwfawmh rzwfbl;aygh/ tif; ...
odyfawmhvnf; *½kpdkufrSm r[kwfygbl;av/ ckcsdefrSm ol *½kpdkufwm uawmh
reufpmjzpfjzpf? aeYv,fpmjzpfjzpf? ESpfrsdK;pvHk;jzpfjzpf olYudk
wpfa,mufa,mufu auR;zdkYyJ/
oluom rodom? olYudkac:vmwJh ppfom;ESpfa,mufuawmh
aocsmodoav/ t,fvefYudk ae&mcsNyD;wJhaemufrSmawmh oGm;jzJjyNyD;
uHaumif;ygapvdkY t*Fvdyfvdk ajymoGm;Muw,f/ t,fvefuvnf;
aus;Zl;wifpum; ajymvdkufygw,f/ &GJUajymwmyJjzpfjzpf? bmyJjzpfjzpf
cGef;wkHYjyef&rSm vlY0wå&m;udk;/ rSwfwrf;wifNyD;wJhtcg t,fvefYudk
tcsKyfcef;xJ ydkYvdkufMuw,f/
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bHkom,myJ/ ckwifav;vHk; wef;pDcif;xm;w,f/ ckwifwpfvHk;pDrSm
apmifESpfxnfpD wifxm;w,f/ vQyfppfrD; &Sdw,f/ a&bHkbdkifeJY vufaq;ZvHk
&Sdw,f/ trdIufyHk; &Sdw,f/ tpm;taomufvnf; csufcsif; auR;w,f/
pGyfjyKwfwpfZvHkeJY a&wpfvDwm aomufvkdufw,f/ tvGef t&om&Sd/
ckwifoHk;vHk; vGwfaew,f/ pwkw¬ ckwifay:rSmawmh vlwpfa,muf
olYudkausmay;NyD; tdyfaew,f/ t,fvef a&mufvmawmh ol Edk;oGm;w,f/
xxdkifw,f/ ydefydef&Snf&Snf t0wfeuf0wfNyD; aumfvmjzL wwfxm;w,f/
t,fvefu tJ'Dvludk t*Fvdyfpum; ajymwwfvm;vdkY ar;vdkufw,f/
0wfpHkeufeJY aumfvmjzLyk*¾dKvfu ajymwwfw,f xifwmyJwJh/
192
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

atmufpzdkY'frSm arG;? atmufpzdkY'frSm BuD;? atmufpzdkY'frSm ynmoifcJhwJh

olYemrnfu uDAifzm*lqefygwJh/ vGefcJhwJh 12 ESpfu tD&efudk omoemjyKzdkY
a&mufvmwJh t*Fvduef oif;tkyfbkef;BuD;ygwJh/ rpöwmumvfqefua&m
b,fbufu &yfwnfygovJwJh ar;w,f/
b,fbufu&yfwnfvJ ... [kwfvm;/ b,fbufurS r&yfwnfbl;/
vrf;aysmufaeaom 0dnmOfaygh/ udk,frodwJh bmoma&;qdkwmudk
rSef;qa0zefwJh tvkyfudk ol 0goemrygbl;/
bkef;awmfBuD; zm*lqef[m tJovdkvnf; Mum;vdkufa&m olYudk
tjyif;txef a[mMum;awmhw,f/ 'gayrJh t*Fvduefwpfa,muf
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vdkufemrSmygwJh/ 'gayrJh 0dnmOfat;csrf;zdkYawmh vdkowJh/ o[maMumifhrdkY
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yxrqHk; w&m;OD;ayghwJh/
t,fvefuvnf; ½dk;½dk;om;om;yJ jyefajymygw,f/ urÇmay: &SdorSs
taMumif;udpö tm;vHk;xJrSm ol pdwfr0ifpm;qHk;u tJ'D oHk;yg;wpfql
BwdedwDyJvdkYav/
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&SdawmfrlvdkY wdkYESpfa,mufudk 'DtusOf;cef;xJrSm qHkpnf;apwm jzpfrSmygav/
aumif;awmh raumif;bl;aygh/ 'gayrJh usKyfwdkYESpfa,mufpvHk;
zefqif;&SifeJYawGUzdkY udk,fhenf;udk,fh[efeJY oGm;aeMuwmyJav/ ckeu
cifAsm;&yfwnfcsufudk av;pm;yghr,fvdk uwdray;rdbl;qdk&ifawmh
193
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

wu,fhtrSefw&m;? tppftrSef,HkMunfrIudk axG;ayGUEdkifzdkY usKyf vrf;jy

ay;vdkufcsifwmvdkY bkef;awmfBuD;u rcsdwifuJ ajymw,f/
t,fvef[m bkef;BuD;udk jyL;Munfhaew,f/ bmrSawmh rajymbl;/
cPaeawmh 'Dutajctaeudk bkef;BuD;u olYudk&Sif;jyw,f/
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at;csrf;apcsifwJh pdwf&if;apwem tjynfh&dSaMumif;/
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ygaeovm;}
t,fvefu 'Dvdkar;awmh rpöwmzm*lqefu a[movdk &J&Jawmuf
ajzw,f/
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rcHEdkifaMumif;eJY tJ'gawGudkawmh aMumufrdaMumif; 0efcHawmfrl&Smw,f/
jzpf&av .../ t,fvef[m olY&JUtdk;pm;zuf tusOf;om;udk oem;oGm;w,f/
bkef;BuD;jzpfNyD; crsmrSm bkef;rBuD;Edkif&Smygvm;/ taMumif;t&m ajymif;OD;rS/
194
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

'Dtcef;xJ b,fvdkvkyf a&mufvmovJ q&mawmf/

bkef;awmfBuD;u olYb0 ZmwfaMumif;udk 'Dvdk cif;cJhw,f/
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olYa&mif;&if; bkef;awmfBuD;wpfyg; qDuom Mum;cJh&w,f/
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wjcm; ,D;wD;,m;wm; bmom0ifawGeJYom jynfhESufvdkYaeygowJh/
c&pf,mefqdk&ifvnf; tmar;eD;,ef;-tufqD;&D;,ef;awGavmufom
&SdygowJh/
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t,fvefu bkef;awmfBuD;udk aus;Zl;wifpum; ajymvdkufw,f/
tdk ... 'gayrJh EdkifiHa&;t& r[mNAdwdoQeJY tD&ef[m r[mrdwf aumif;
r[kwfvm;/ t*Fvduefausmif;awmfu {&mrBuD;awG&Jh tquftoG,feJY
bkef;awmfBuD;[m NAdwdoQav,mOfBuD; pD;&if; wD[D&efudk cefYnm;pGm
qdkufa&mufvmw,f/
tJ'g vGefcJhwJh q,fESpfausmf 1935 avmufwkef;u udpö/ a&mufw,f
195
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

qdkuwnf;u bkef;awmfBuD;[m rem;rae tvkyfvkyfw,f/ AvDawG?

ewfeef;awG? bk&m;ausmif;awGxJudk vlpHkcsdef jAKef;ceJ0ifNyD; olwdkY
bmoma&;tcrf;tem;awG rpcif pum;jyefwpfa,muf tultnDeJY
wu,fhtppftrSef bmomw&m;eJY ,HkMunfrItaMumif;udk a[mMum; w,f/
bkef;awmfBuD;&Jh r[mowådudk vufzsm;cgatmif csD;usL;rdwJh t,fvef[m
wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyJ bkef;awmfBuD;crsm pdwfrSefawmf rl&Sm&JU vm;vdkY
oHo,jzpfrdw,f/ tJovdka[mawmh bmrsm; jzpfukefovJ/
wpfcgwnf;eJYawmh b,fatmifjrifyghrvJwJh/ qHk;cef;wdkifwJhtxdvnf;
b,fwkef;urS a'oemw&m;rsm;udk a[mMum;awmfrlcGifh r&cJh&Smygbl;/
pum;jyefudk qGJxkwfwJhtcg xkwf? olYudk awGU&mypönf;eJY ayguf wJhtcg
ayguf? ESpfa,mufpvHk;udk uefxkwfcH&wmvnf; tBudrfaygif; ra&rwGufEdkif/
odkYaomfvnf; olwdkY&ifxJudk t*Fvduef omoemrsKd;aphav;awG
csay;EdkifcJhNyDvdkY ol xifaecJhw,f/
odkYaomfvnf; ausmfapmowif; tifrwef BuD;rm;vmwJhtcg olYtwGuf
pum;jyefvkyfay;r,fhvl r&Sdawmhbl;/ 'geJYyJ bkef;awmfBuD;[m zm&pDbmomudk
usm;ukwfusm;cJ oifw,f/ enf;AsL[mawG ajymif;vJ w,f/ tpDtpOfopfawG
csrSwfw,f/
bk&m;ausmif;awG? AvDawGudk roGm;awmhbJ aps;awGxJ oloGm;w,f/
tm;vm;vm; ... trSm;awG oifaew,fvdkY ol xifwJh bmomw&m;rSm
aemufvdkufawG w,frsm;yguvm;/ aps;olaps;om;awG tukefvHk;
'Dbmom0ifawGcsnf;yJ/
196
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

odkYaomf avScGufcsnf;usef tvHrvSJpwrf; opfom;yHk;wpfvHk;ay:

wufNyD; ol a[mw,f/ wpfESpfNyD; wpfESpf tcsdefawG ukefoGm;ayrJh ol
arQmfvifhovdk rjzpf/ 0dnmOfawGu u,fwifrcH/
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Muwmaygh/
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197
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

bkef;awmfBuD; zm*lqef[m vQKdU0Sufykvdyfu olYomoemjyK vkyfief;udk

olvQKd'vefawGeJY 0ifaESmifh,SufwJhtwGuf enf;vrf;topfawGudk
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wkefap&r,f/
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p&rSmyJav/
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xkwfjyefNyD; ydwfypf? 'DtMuHudk vlBuD;rif;wdkY b,fvdk,lqygovJ/
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r&SdMubl;/ pyfpkcsifpdwfav;awmif r&SdMubl;/
awmfvSefa&; atmifjrif&if uGefjrLepf0g'rSwpfyg; wjcm; bm0g'rS
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198
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

tv[ó jzKef;wD;wJhtwGuf olYudk [def;oGm;? a[mufoGm;? aigufoGm;?

irf;oGm;Muao;w,f/
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tdk;pm;ruGJcsif&if aemufwpfcg jyefrvmeJYwJh/
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wef;tzrf;cH&wmaygh/
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199
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

ykvdyfESdyfpufwmu tqaygif;rsm;pGm qdk;wmudk;}

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vef'efudk c&D;xGufaeowJhav/
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r>cif;rcsef tukefajymjyw,f/ taMumif;pHkvnf; oda&m? bkef;BuD;u olYudk
pum;rajymawmhbl;/ xm0&i&JrSm avmifrD;usr,fh [,f&Dx½l;ref;&JU
200
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

taygif;toif;? *syefrSm cscJhwJh i&JAHk;udk tpjyKcJhol i&Jwumh xdyfacgifrSm

urÇmwnfoí cH&r,fhvl t,fvef/
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tm;avQmhvdkYawmh b,fjzpfrvJ/
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ra&mufcif MuHpnfEdkif&if taumif;qHk;yJ? 'gaMumifh tomav; xdkifae?
tdyfaevdkY rjzpfbl;r[kwfvm;}
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201
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

tusOf;cef;[m wu,fhaxmiftppf r[kwfao;bl;/ tapmifhawGuvnf;

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tapmifhav;a,mufavmuf &Sdwm/ t,fvefeJY bkef;BuD; wHcg;Mum;u
wdk;xGufoGm;wmudk jyL;jyL;BuD; awGawGBuD;
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tvkyfudk at;at;aq;aq; vkyfvdkY&atmif bkef;BuD;udk tapmifhawGeJY
pum;a&m zGJa&m jzpfatmifvkyfNyD; awmar; awmifar;awG
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bmwdkYaygh/
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taumiftxnfazmfr,fhtaMumif; uwday;w,f/
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toHMum;&w,f/ tapmifhawGxJu ti,fqHk;eJY oabmtaumif;qHk;
aumifav;&JU rsufESmudk olwdkY awGUvdkuf&w,f/
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tBuD;tuJvnf; jzpfwJh ykvdyfrif;BuD;[m vlowfcsifpdwfawG wzGm;zGm;
ay:aew,f/ vef'efa&mufawmh NAdwdoQawGu olYudk tBuD;tus,f qlvTwf?
202
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

yGrfvTwfvdkufw,f/ 0efBuD;csKyfvnf;jzpf? ta&;ygwJh tpdk;&|me

tBuD;tuJvnf; jzpf? tD&ef&JU xdyfoD;vlYrvdkifvnf; jzpfwJh olvdkvludk
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&Sm;qdkwJh vluvnf; bmrS jyefrajymcJheJYwJh/ olwdkYajymorQ acgif;iHkYcHwJh/
olwdkY pdwfauseyfzdkY ta&;BuD;w,fwJh/ a&eHaps;uGufu olwdkY vufxJrSmwJh/
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uefYvefYwdkufwJh taumifwpfaumifudk vkyfvdkufwm vufenf; enf;
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tjypfqdkvdkY trJom;qdkifqdkwm tm;vHk;twGuf/ vQKdU0Sufykvdyf
vuf0g;BuD;tkyfzdkYr[kwfvdkY ajymrdwmyJ &SdowJh/
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'gaMumifh pDtdkifat ESdyfpufenf;av;awG oHk;NyD; enf;enf;ynmay;vdkuf
w,f/ jyóemu tJ'Dtaumif[m NAdwdoQoH½Hk;u vufaxmuf twGif; 0ef
jzpfaewmyJ/
arsmhaeatmif ESdyfpufxm;wJh tJ'D vufaxmuftwGif;0efudk zkwf zufcg
203
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

ausmoyf&ifoyfvkyfNyD; jyefvTwf/ 0if;wHcg;0 a&mufwmeJY x&yf

um;BuD;wpfpD;u olY0ifBudwfNyD; armif;ajy;/ vufaxmuf twGif;0ef
tpdwfpdwf t`rTm`rTmjzpf/ oHwrefjyóemqdkwm 'Dvdkajz&Sif;&w,fvdkY
txifa&muf&if; auseyfae/
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ar;jref;NyD; cyfjrefjrefav; pD&if? NyD;&if xHk;pHtwdkif; oN*ØK[fay;vdkuf
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204
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

aeYv,fpm pm;NyD;&ifawmh aemifvmvwåHYaom wdkif;jynf&efolrsm;udk

b,fyHkb,fenf; pD&if&r,fqdkwm pOf;pm;csdef&aumif;yg&JU/
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tif;av ... ppcsif;rdkY aerSmyg/ MunfhMuao;wmaygh/ ckawmh olaysmfatmif
205
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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avSum;axmifqdkwJh awmifrsdK;jzpfaMumif; ajymw,f/
ykvdyfrif;BuD;[m [dr0EÅmwufzdkY pdwful;r&Sdovdk t,fvefYudk
vTwfay;zdkYvnf; a,mifvdkYawmif pdwfrul;cJhbl;/ 'gayrJh tjynfjynf qdkif&m
tawGUtMuHK&ifh azmufcGJ0dZÆmwpfa,mufudk 'Dwdkif; owfypfvdkuf &rSm
206
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

ESajrmp&maemf/ ol t,fvefYudkar;vdkufw,f/ xifay: ausmfMum; NyD;

udk,f&Hawmf toacsF teEÅ&SdwJh vlrsdK; b,fESa,mufavmufudk
vkyfMuHcJhzl;ovJwJh/
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bmawGMuHaeNyDvJ rod/ bmjyefajym&rvJ pOf;pm;prf; ... pOf;pm;prf;/
t,fvef tjyif;txef pOf;pm;w,f/ olYyg;pyfu xGufus vmwmu ...
]*vef; arvm} wJh/
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]bm&,f ... b,fol ... *vef;arvm ... [kwfvm;}
tif; ... avmhpftvmrdkYpfrSm aecJhwkef;u vlwdkif;yg;pyfzsm;rSm
a&yef;pm;cJhwJh owif;av/ tifrwefausmfMum;wJh *syfZf*Dworm;
*vef;arvm/ tar&duef avwyfrSm wm0efxrf;aqmifae&if; t*Fvef
urf;½dk;wef;rSm olYav,mOfeJYtwl pkyfpjrKyfp aysmufoGm;wJhtaMumif;aygh/
t,fvefu tufuGJuGJ avoHBuD;eJY qufajymw,f/
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t*Fvdyfwl;ajrmif;xJ xdk;usoGm;cJhw,f? emZDwpfa,muf twGuf
aemufqHk;oGm;&mvrf;aygh 0efBuD;csKyf cifAsm;}
ykvdyfrif;BuD;rsufvHk; qefaumavmuf jyL;xGufvmw,f/
]b,fvdk ... b,fvdk ... *vef;arvmu emZD ... [kwfvm;}
(pdwfxJu *vef;arvm&JU usef&pfolrdom;pkrsm;udk Budwfawmif; yef&if;)
207
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

t,fvef acgif;ndwfjyvdkufw,f/ ol tvGefESpfNcdKufwJh olY&JU

*syfZfol&Jaumif;[m [pfwvmhaemufvdkufqdkwmudk ½kwfw&uf odvdkuf&vdkY
ykvdyfrif;BuD;[m pdwfua,mufu,ufawmif jzpfoGm;&Smw,f/ uJuJ ...
*vef;arvmtaMumif; xyfrar;cif taMumif;t&majymif;rSvdkY t,fvef
pdwful;&w,f/
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r[kwfbJ/ t,fvefY tem*wftwGuf nd§EdIif;ay;zdkY pdwful; olYrSm
enf;enf;rSr&Sdbl;/ b,folu q&mvJqdkwm 'DqGD'ifaumifudk jyzdkY
tcsdefa&mufNyD/
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tJovdk wif;wif;jywfjywf ajymvdkuf&if; wpf0ufavmuf usef
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t,fvefYudk 'DvdkvmvkyfvdkY b,f&rvJ/
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cifAsm;} vdkY Muufacgif;qdwfrcH ol jyefajymvdkufw,f/
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NyD;qHk;oGm;w,f/ ck tajctaeu tBuD;tus,f ajymif;oGm;NyDudk;/ aeYv,fpm
pm;NyD;wmeJY olwdkY&JU 'l;wdkufaqG;aEG;yGJudk jyefpw,f/
208
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

olY&JU tEÅdr&nfrSef;csufuawmh &Sm;&JU oufawmfapmifhaumifawG

jcH&Hxm;wJh 0ifpwefcsmcsDqdkwJh taumifBuD;udk cszdkYyJ/ jynfwGif;vHkjcHKa&; eJY
axmufvSrf;a&;Xmetay: enf;enf;rS oHo,r0ifapbJ acsmacsm arGUarGU
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jzpfrSm/
ck NAdwdoQu olYudk t,kHtMunfr&dSvkdY eef;&if;0efa[mif;BuD;&JU
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atmifoGm;cJh&if aemiftem*wf tD&ef&JU vHkjcHKa&;rSeforQ olY vufxJuae
b,fudkrS ajy;rxGufEdkifawmhbl;av/
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tm;yg;w& aqG;aEG;aecJhw,f/ 'gayrJh odyf&if;ESD;vmNyDvdkY xifxifvmwdkif;
atmufajcrvGwfatmif owday;wJhtaeeJY ykvdyfrif;BuD;[m t,fvefY
aumfzDcGufxJ pD;u&ufawG pGyfceJ pGyfceJ xdk;xdk;ajc wwfw,f/
tMuHtpnfu 'Dvdk .../
tD&ef wpfEdkifiHvHk;rSm wpfpif;wnf;&SdwJh usnfumum;[m olwdkY
atmufwnfhwnfhu um;*dka'gifxJrSm &Sdw,f/ tifrwefvSwJh 0dkifeDa&mif
'Dqdkwdkum;wJh/ 0ifpwefcsmcsDudk avqdyfuae eef;awmfudkydkYzdkY &Sm;&JU
udk,f&HawmfawG[m tJ'Dum;udk usdef;aoayguf vmiSm;rSmyJwJh/
azmufcGJypönf;udk taotcsm csdefqNyD; um;&JU csufqDem;rSm wyfqif&if
vdktifqE´ NyD;ajrmufEdkifzG,f&Sdw,fvdkY t,fvefu ajzw,f/ odkYaomf
209
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

ajc&mvuf&m rusefzdkYeJY bmoHo,rS r0ifapzdkYtwGuf txl; tpDtrHESpfckudk

t,fvef wifjyw,f/
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ypönf;awGtwdkif; twdtusoHk;/ 'gqdk trItcif;jzpfvm&if uGefjrLepf
vufcsufvdkY wxpfcs ,dk;pGyfvdrfhr,f/
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taotcsmwyfqif? atmufudk,dkusatmif vkyfxm;? azmufcGJa&;ypönf;
ajrBuD;ay: puswJhtcsdef? 0ifpwefcsmcsDBuD;u aygufuGJr,fhae&m
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aygufwmeJY tkef;ceJ ajrusif;BuD;jzpfoGm;NyD; csmcsDBuD; wpfcgwnf; &TDceJ
i&Jwef;a&mufoGm;r,f/
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auseyfygovm;cifAsm}
trav;avh ... auseyfvGef;vdkY [dkbufurf;awmif vGefao;/
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pD;u&ufudk ckrSiSJYxm;wJh t,fvefYaumfzDcGufxJ pGyfceJ xdk;xnhfvdkuf w,f/
t,fvefu 'gudkMunfh&if; av;pm;tyfwJh 0efBuD;csKyftzdkY pD;u&ufeJY
aumfzDudk pdwfBudKuf vkyfcsifwmvkyfEdkifaMumif; 'gayrJh
olYa&SUwnfhwnfhrSmcsxm;wJh jymcGufudk pdwfwdkif;rusbl;qdk&if t,fvefY
taeeJY tjyifxGufNyD; jymcGuftopfpufpuf vSvSav;wpfckavmuf
210
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

0,fcJhay;zdkY tqifoifh&SdaMumif; ajymw,f/

ykvdyfrif;BuD;[m t,fvefYjymcGufudk pdwfr0ifpm;bl;/ t,fvefY
tMuHudkawmh tvGefpdwf0ifpm;w,f/ csufcsif; taumiftxnf azmfcsif
w,f/ tjrefqHk;/ ck csufcsif;/ vdkwmajym/
AHk;qifzdkY vdktyfwJh yg0ifypönf; udk;rsdK;udk ol rSmvdkufw,f/ aeOD;/ ol
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pum;jyefvkyfcdkif;zdkY awmif;qdkvdkuf w,f/
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b,folu q&mvJqdkwmudk odatmif xHk;pHtwdkif; tcsufjy vdkufw,f/
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aygufuGJoGm;w,f/
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apmfum;vdkufavjcif;/ at;ayghav ...? aumif;w,f/ aumif;w,f/
t,fvefYpDrHudef;twdkif; uGufwdyJ/ MunfhMuao;wmaygh/ bk&m;om
emem&Sdcdk;xm;a[h/
211
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

t,fvef[m tcsdefudk aocsmwGufaew,f/ bkef;awmfBuD;

zm*lqefuawmh ckxd ea0wdrfawmifeJY aMumifawmifawmif jzpfae&Smwkef;/
b,fhES,f 0efBuD;csKyfa[mif; csmcsDudk vkyfMuHrIrSm MuH&mygtaeeJYvnf;
yg&OD;r,f? NyD;&if towfvnf; cH&OD;r,fqdkawmh qdk;vdkufwJh b0ES,fuG,f/
bk&m;ocif a&SUawmfarSmufudk vlowform;tjzpf 0ifzl;&r,fvdkY
b,fwkef;urS pdwfawmifrul;cJhzl;bl;/
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ryleJYwJh/ tm;vHk; tqifajyap&r,fwJh/ olwdkYvnf; vGwfr,f/csmcsDvnf;
raoap&bl;wJh/ odkYaomf tcsdefudkufvIyf&Sm;zdkY vdktyfw,f/ 'gaMumifh
bkef;awmfBuD;taeeJY 'gudkawmh uwday;ygwJh/ tdkauav/ ay;oaygh/
olYqkawmif;awGudk bk&m;ocifu Oayu©mjyKaewJh ckvdk tcsdefrSm t,fvef[m
touf&Sif vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf wpfckwnf; aom arQmfvifhcsufBuD;
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wpfvavmufawmif &Sdawmhr,f/ wef awmh uGefjrLepfawGeJY qufoG,frdvdkY
rsufrmefawmf &Srsm;aea&mhovm;/
Ak'¨[l;qdkwJhaeY a&mufvmw,f/ 'Dqdkwdk usnfumum;[m tm;vHk;
tqifoifh/ azmufcGJa&;ypönf;tm;vHk; qifNyD;NyD/
tawmfav; BuD;ayrJh b,folrS rodygbl;/ tm;vHk; at;aq;yJ/
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&Sif;jyw,f/ ykvdyfrif;BuD;[m em;&Gufwufcsdwfrwwf yg;pyfBuD;jzJ?
jyHK;aysmf&if; 'DaeYtwGuf 18 vdyfajrmuf pD;u&ufudk t,fvefYaumfzD cGufxJ
212
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

pGyfceJxdk;/
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xGufaygufqDoGm;wJh ae&mu pm;yGJay:wifvdkufw,f/ trSwfwrJh
wifwmr[kwfbl;/ taotcsm wGufcsufNyD;rS AsL[majrmuf wifvdkufwm/
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xGufvmvdkufw,f/ ykvdyfrif;BuD;uawmh 19 vdyfajrmuf pD;u&ufudk
rD;cdk;axmif;axmif;xatmifzGm? AHk;qifxm;wJh 'DqdkwdkBuD; udk
vSnfhywfMunfh&if; rMumcifjzpfawmhr,fh udpöawGudk pOf;pm;NyD;
yDwdaomreawG wpdrfhpdrfhjzpfaew,f/
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a&mufNyDqdkwm bkef;awmfBuD; odvdkufw,f/ ck rpöwm um;vfqef&JU pum;udk
ajr0,frus em;axmif&r,fhtcsdefyJ/
olwdkY tcsKyfcef;udk jzwfavQmufMuw,f/ tapmifhawGudk cyfwnfwnf
ausmfvmcJhw,f/ t,fvefu bkef;awmfBuD;vufudk vHk;0 rvTwfbl;/
t,fvefeJY bkef;BuD;udk jrifaeus tapmifhawG[m olwdkY 'Dvdk
ay:wifxGufajy;vdrfhr,fvdkY rxifrdMubl;/ tHhMowBuD; jzpfaeMu&mu
wm0efust&m&Sdu owdjyef0ifvmw,f/
]a[h ... &yfprf;? b,foGm;rvdkYwkH;}
t,fvefu tifrwef tHhtm;oifheJY rsufESmay;eJY t&m&Sdudk Munfh&if; ...
]usKyfwdkYudk vTwfvdkufNyDav? cifAsm;udk 0efBuD;csKyfu trdefY ray;xm;bl;vm;}
213
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

vdkY ajymvdkufw,f/
bkef;awmfBuD; zm*lqef[m omacG,dkifoGm;w,f/ toufjyif;jyif; ½SL&if;
vJusroGm;atmif renf;xdef;xm;&w,f/ wm0efcHt&m&Sd[m
avoHwif;oGm;NyD; ...
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b,frSroGm;&bl;}
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tqifajyawmhr,f? Munfhxm;qdkwJh ½kyfeJY/
ykvdyfrif;BuD;[m ...
1/ ol b,fwkef;urS 'DESpfaumifudk vTwfrdefY ray;cJhbl;?
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vmw,f/
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awGUr,f? awGUr,f? awGUMuNyDayghuGm}
a'gorD;awmifuae acsmf&nfawG wvdrhfvdrfhpD;aewJh ykvdyfrif;BuD;[m
xGufaygufqD OD;wnf 'kef;pdkif;avQmufvm&if; pm;yGJay:rSm t,fvefY
aumfzDcGufudkawGU? olY0oDtwdkif; acG;rom; qGD'ifaumif&JU aumfzDcGufxJ
aomufvufp pD;u&ufudk pGyfceJ xdk; ... xdk; .../
214
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

aumfzDcGufu aumfzDwpfpufrS rygbl;/ txJrSm Edkufx½dk *vpf

px&if;udk rifeufeJY a&mxnfhxm;wm/ tdef;ceJ aygufuGJoHBuD;eJYtwl
ykvdyfrif;BuD;eJY wm0efcHt&m&dS[m wpfppDjzpfoGm;w,f/ rD;cdk;awG
tlwufvmw,f/ tapmihfoHk;a,muf awmifajy;ajrmufajy; jzpfukef w,f/
]udk,fawmf ... <uzdkYtcsdefa&mufNyD}
t,fvefu bkef;BuD;udk cyfat;at;ajym&if; cyfwnfwnf xGuf
vmcJhMuw,f/
tapmifhoHk;a,muf t,fvefwdkYaemufvdkufzdkY owd0ifvmwJh tcsdefrSm
qufwdkuf aygufuGJrIjzpfpOfeJY wnfaqmufxm;cJhwJh 'Dqdkwdk um;[m 0kef;ceJ
tBuD;tus,faygufuGJ&if; pcef;wpfckvHk; rD;yifv,f a0oGm;w,f/
]udk,fawmfa& ... ajy;MupdkY}
tapmifhESpfa,muf[m rD;awmufxJ a&mufoGm;w,f/ usefwJh
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ckawmh tm;vHk;&Sif;NyD/
ck bkef;awmfBuD;tvSnfh/ oH½Hk;awG b,fem;&SdvJ ... ajym/
bkef;awmfBuD;u qGD'ifoH½Hk;&Sd&m ae&mudk pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf ajymjyw,f/
bkef;awmfBuD;udkvnf; NAdwdoQoH½Hk;oGm;zdkY ajym&if; ayGUzuf EIwfquf
vdkufw,f/ cGJcGmzdkY tcsdefwefNyD/
NAdwdoQoH½Hk; ... [kwfp/ abmufrJhaMumifh NAdwdoQoH½Hk;udk oGm;&rwkH;/
oH½Hk;rSm&SdwJh vlawGu tm;vHk; t*FvduefawGcsnf;rdkY bmomajymif;p&mvl
r&Sd/ ol vkyfp&mtvkyf r&Sd/ [,f ... [kwfNyD/ bkef;awmfBuD;[m
215
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

r[mAsL[mopfwpfck csufcsif; acgif;xJ0ifvmw,f/ a[m[dku

rD;avmifaewJh taqmufttHkBuD;rSm aotHhrl;rl; tapmifhawG
&Sdw,fr[kwfvm;/ olwdkYudk w&m;jyrav/ vQdKU0SufykvdyfawG
t*FvduefjzpfoGm;NyD qdkvdkYuawmh tD&efwpfjynfvHk; t*FvduefjzpfzdkY
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aocsmodvmwJhwpfaeY qGD'ifudk vmcJhygaemf/ qGD'ifu taumif;qHk;aom
pdwfa&m*gXmeBuD;udk vdkufydkYay;yghr,f qdkwJhtaMumif; t,fvef
tmrbaEÅcHvdkufw,f/ bkef;awmfBuD;u rvma&;cs rvmwJh/ ckudk
tapmifhawGudk w&m;jy&awmhr,fwJh/ rD;avmif'Pf&mawGeJY xGufajy;oGm;wJh
tapmifhaemufudk twif;vdkufw,f/ e*dkuwnf;u oabmaumif;&SmwhJ
uav;/ bmomw&m;&JU tESpfom&udk csufcsif;em;vnfrSm aocsmvGef;vdkY
[dkbufurf;awmifvGef/
]uJ ... EIwfqufygw,f rdwfaqGBuD;}
]EIwfqufygw,f udk,fawmf}
ausmcdkif;NyD; vm&mvrf;udkjyefoGm;wJh bkef;awmfBuD;udkai;&if;
½l;vSESrf;vSwJh avmuBuD;xJrSm bkef;awmfBuD;wpfa,muf MuHzefNyD;
&SifoefEdkifrSmygavvdkY ol awG;aew,f/
'gayrJh t,fvef rSm;w,f/
bkef;awmfBuD;[m rD;avmifcHxm;&NyD; wqwfqwfwkefaewJh vufawGeJY
atmfwdkrufwpf½dkifz,fudk udkifxm;wJh tapmifhudk awGUoGm;w,f/ ol tifrwef
216
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

0rf;omoGm;w,f/ tapmifhudk ayGUzdkYzufzdkY [efjyif &if; ...

]tkd ... cspfom;? rif;u 'Da&mufae&Smwmudk; cspfom;} vdkY EIwfu
jrnfwrf;ae&Smw,f/
tapmifhu bkef;BuD;udkMunfh&if; rsufvHk;awG jyL;xGufvmw,f/
]cifAsm; ... cifAsm; ... cifAsm;vkyfwm r[kwfvm;? aocsif;qdk;BuD;?
ao[m ... uJ ... uJ ...}
bkef;awmfBuD;&ifbwfxJ usnfqef ESpfq,fhESpfawmifh 0ifoGm; w,f/
'Dxuf ydkypfOD;rvdkYyJ/ 'gayrJh usnfukefoGm;cJhNyD/

qGD'ifoH½Hk;xJ ol tcuftcJr&Sd 0ifcGifh&w,f/ olY qGD'ifavudk

rSwfrdMuao;vdkY awmfygao;&JU/ tJ ... rawmfeJYOD;/ olYrSm bmtaxmuf
txm;rS rygwJhtwGuf qGD'ifoH½Hk;u olYudk EdkifiHul;vufrSwfvnf;
xkwfray;Edkifbl;/ qGD'ifvnf; jyefydkYray;Edkifbl;vdkY vkyfygava&m/
wwd,twGif;0ef aAsmhApfqdkwJhvlu ckqdk qGD'ifrSm vlwdkif; rSwfyHkwifeHygwf
udk,fpD&SdowJh/ rpöwmum;vfqef[m EdkifiHwGif;rSm r&dSwm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
MumNyDqdkawmh qDG'if vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;rSm t,fvef um;vfqefqdkwm
r&SdwJhtwGuf jyefvdkYr&bl;wJhav/ tJovdk ajymw,f/ Munfhprf;/
a[h ... qGD'ifuaumifawG emrnfaysmufNyD; eHygwfawGeJY tpm;
xdk;csifxdk;/ zvef Zeyk'fu t,fvefum;vfqefuawmh t,fvef
um;vfqefyJuG/ &SdBuD;cdk;yg&JU wwd,twGif;0efrif;&,f/ aus;Zl;jyKNyD;
rjzpfjzpfwJhenf;eJY pm&Gufpmwrf;av;rsm; pDpOfay;yg cifAsm/
217
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

tJ'Dtcsdef oH½Hk;rSm &mxl;tBuD;qHk;u wwd,twGif;0ef aAsmhApfyJ/

pawmh[krf;u oHwrefuGefz&ifhBuD;udk wufcGifhr&vdkY olwpfa,muf wnf;
ikwfwkwfusef&pfcJhwmav/ uHrsm;ES,f qdk;csufuGm .../ vGefcJhwJh
wpfem&Davmufu wD[D&efNrdKUv,frSm rD;awG tBuD;tus,favmifw,f/ ck
b,folrSef;rodwJh taumifBuD;wpfaumif rdk;ay:uusovdk bGm;ceJay:vmNyD;
ol qGD'ifjzpfaMumif; axmufcHcsuf vmawmif;ae jyefw,f/ olYMunfh&wm
trSefajymaeyHkygyJ/ odkYaomf oem;NyD; vkyfay; vdkufvdkY rjzpfacsbl;/
oHwrefb0av; ryGifhcif a<uoGm;vdrfhr,f/ 'gaMumifh
aAsmhApfucyfwif;wif;yJ ajymw,f/ EdkifiHul;vufrSwf xkwfay;zdkYuawmh
rjzpfEdkifbl;/
acgif;ausmrmwJhae&mrSm tEkt,Of vlYwpfcGif olYjyif r&SdwJhtaumif/
uJ ... 'DavmufawmifjzpfvSwm w,fvDzkef;qufr,f/ zkef; &Sdvm; ... ajym/
&Sdygw,f/ EdkifiHjcm;zkef;ac:wm aps;BuD;uBuD;eJY b,frsm; ac:OD; rvdkYwkH;/
t,fvef[m qufqH&cufvSwJh wwd,twGif;0efudk jyefajz
aer,fhtpm; olu ar;vdkufw,f/
]ck ... qGD'if0efBuD;csKyfu ygt,fvfbifyJvm;}
]r[kwfbl;As? awhcsftmvef'g jzpfoGm;NyD? ygt,fvfbif[efqif u
NyD;cJhwJh aqmif;OD;u qHk;oGm;NyD? 'geJY bm ... bm ...}
]uJ ... cPav; wdwfwdwfaeygAsm? &Sif;p&m&Sdwm &Sif;vdkufOD;r,f}
t,fvef zkef;ac:w,f/ 0g&Sifwefu tdrfjzLawmfudk/ tar&duefor®w&JU
0g&ifh udk,fa&;t&m&Sd bGm;awmfBuD;eJY awGUw,f/ olu t,fvefYudk
218
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

aumif;aumif;rSwfrdw,f/ rpöwm um;vfqeftzdkY odyfta&;BuD;&if

or®wx½l;ref;udk EdI;ay;yghr,fwJh/ ckrS 0g&SifwefrSm reuf&Spfem&DyJ
&Sdao;wmwJh/ or®wBuD;u apmapmxwwfwJhvl r[kwfbl;wJh/
cPaeawmh tdyf&mxJuxvmwJh or®w x½l;ref; zkef;vm udkifw,f/
oleJY pum;awG tMumBuD;ajym&if; zkef;qufwJhudpöawmif arhrvdk jzpf/
aemufrS owd&/ ][,f&Da& ... ckvuf&Sd qGD'if0efBuD;csKyf tmvef'gudk
zkef;ac:ay;ygAsm? t,fvefum;vfqefqdkwm b,folwkH; ajymjyvdkuf? 'grS
tmvef'gu wD[D&ef qGD'ifoH½Hk;u wwd,twGif;0ef aAsmhApfqdkwJhvludk
zkef;ac:NyD; t,fvefYtwGuf EdkifiHul;vufrSwf xkwf ay;cdkif;vdkY &rSm}
]trav; ... 'gav;rsm;? ckqufay;r,f? 'geJY wwd,twGif;0ef emrnfu
b,fol ... b,fvdk pmvHk;aygif;&wkH;}
t,fvefu wwd,twGif;0efudk Munfhvdkuf&if; ...
]or®wx½l;ref;u cifAsm;emrnf pmvHk;aygif;odcsifvdkYwJh vmajymvSnfh
...}vdkY ajymvdkufw,f/
wwd,twGif;0ef[m olYemrnf pmvHk;aygif; wpfvHk;csif;udk
or®wx½l;ref;qD wkefwkef,if,ifeJYajym&if; zkef;csNyD; &Spfrdepfavmuf
pum;wpfvHk;rS rajymEdkif&Smbl;/ &SpfrdepfMumNyD;wJhaemuf qGD'if0efBuD;csKyf
tmvef'gqDu zkef;0ifvmw,f/ wwd,twGif;0ef aAsmhApftaeeJY
1/ rpöwmt,fvefum;vfqeftwGuf oHwref tqifhtwef;eJY
EdkifiHul;vufrSwfwpfck csufcsif;xkwfay;?
2/ ol qDG'ifjyefzdkY csufcsif; pDpOfay;qdkyJ/
219
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

aAsmhApfu jyefajym&Smygw,f/
]olYrSm rSwfyHkwifeHygwfrSr&Sdwm 0efBuD;csKyfcifAsm}
]'DrSm wwd,twGif;0ef? 'Dudpöudk armif&ifhbmom tqifajy atmif
ajz&Sif;yg? pwkw¬twGif;0efwdkY? yÍörtwGif;0efwdkY rjzpfcsif&if &atmif
ajz&Sif;}
]pwkw¬? yÍör twGif;0efqdkwmrS r&SdbJ 0efBuD;csKyfcifAsm;}
]'gqdk udk&ifu bmjzpfcsifwmvJ ... ajym}

ppfol&Jaumif;BuD; 0ifpwefcsmcsD[m 1945 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJrSm

rarQmfvifhbJ ½HI;oGm;&Smw,f/ NAdwdefol NAdwdefom;awG&JU pdwf"mwfawG vnf;
nHhukefNyD xifyg&JU/ 'gaMumifh ol urÇmywfw,f/ vufpm;acszdkY
acsmif;aew,f/
apmufoHk; wpfpufrSruswJh avbmygwDqdkwm[m pDrHudef;
pD;yGm;a&;qdkwmudk taumiftxnfazmfNyD; ckxd udk,fhajcaxmufay:
udk,fr&yfEdkifao;wJh tifyg,mxJu ieJom;rsm;udk tcsKyftjcm tmPm
vTJay;zdkY MuHaewmudk Munfh&wm &GHvGef;vdkY/
NAdwdoQ tdE´d,tifyg,mqdk Munfhprf;/ [dE´Lu wpfvrf;/rGwfpvifu
wpfvrf;/ jy'g;wpfvrf; oHwpfvrf;/ tJ ... tv,faumif rSm
r[wår*E´DqdkwJh taumifBuD;[m wifysOfacGxdkifNyD; ol rauseyf wdkif;
tpmrpm;bl;csnf; vSdrfhajymaew,f/ bmaumifawGvJuGm? bm
AsL[mawGvJuGm/ t*Fvefudk emZDawG AHk;rdk;&Gmwkef;u tJ'D olawmif;pm;awG
220
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

bmvkyfaewkH;uGm/
ta&SUtmz&duuawmh odyfrqdk;ao;bl;/ 'gayrJh Munfhaeyg/
rMumygbl;/ tmz&duefawGvnf; udk,fhMur®m udk,fpD&ifydkifcGifh qdkwmudk
cPae waMumfaMumf atmfvmvdrfhr,f/
tifyg,mBuD;twGuf a'gifa'gifjrnfwJhacgif;aqmif vdkw,f/ tjrJ
igyJjzpf&r,fvdkY rqdkvdkygbl;/ 'gayrJh zGwfusm;usvGef;wJh uvD;refY
tufwvDqdkwJh qdk&S,fvpf tpkwfyvkwfeJYuawmh rjzpfygbl;/
bmyJajymajym tdE´d,tifyg,mudk vufvTwf&rSmuawmh aocsm
aeNyDuGm/ vGwfvyfa&;qdkwmBuD; ay;udkay;&awmhr,f/ igwdkYvnf;
aemufxyf ppfrwdkufEdkifawmhbl;uGm/ at;av wjcm;ae&mawG trsm; BuD;
usefygao;w,fuGm/ uifnmudk oGm;r,f/ t&ifqHk; wD[D&efudk 0ifNyD;
&Sm;qdkwJhtaumifeJY vufzuf&nfav; twlwlaomufOD;rSyJ/
tJovdk MuHpnfxm;umrS apmufwvGJawGcsnf; jzpfwmyJ/ raeYwpfaeYu
jynfwGif;vHkjcHKa&;qdkwJh XmerSm AHk;aygufowJh/ wpfXmevHk; jym;csyfoGm;w,f
ajymw,f/ ykvdyfrif;BuD;qdkwJh ratay;vnf; ae&m wif aoowJh/
aumif;w,f/
igwdkY&JU NAdwdoQt&m&Sdudk owfwJhaumif/ ck umv0dygwf aemuf ydk;
wufwm/ ao ... at;wmyJ/
apmufykvdyfrif;BuD; aowmu ta&;rBuD;bl;/ &Sm;&JU usnfum
um;BuD;vnf; rD;avmifoGm;owJh/ 'geJYyJ tD&efrSm zifaEG;atmifrae&bJ
jrefjrefjyef&awmhwmaygh/ &Sm;uawmh tajctaetm;vHk; aumif;yg owJh/
221
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

t*Fvdk-tD&ef a&eHukrÜPDvnf; t&rf; tajctaeaumif;owJh/ tvkyform;c

aps;aygawmh at;aq;yJ/ vef'eftjyef vrf;rSm olYab; em; uyfxdkifaewJh
qGD'ifppfoHrSL;qdkwJh ieJudk csmcsDu ajymjyaew,f/
]tif; ... ckawmhvnf; tD&ef[m Nidrf;csrf;NyD; w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk; aewmaygh}
]tJovdk tajctaeudk rpöwmcsmcsD auseyfaewmudk Mum;&wm
0rf;omygoAsm}
t&SifarG;awmh aeYcsif;BuD;NyD; qGD'ifppfoHrSL;jzpfaewJh t,fvefu
csmcsDUudkMunfh&if; vdIufvdIufvSJvSJBuD; ajymvdkufw,f/ wu,fvnf;
'DvlBuD;udk rmrmcsmcsmeJYawGU&wm 0rf;omvdkufwm/
vef'efrSm c&D;wpfaxmuf em;NyD;wJhaemuf 'DajrucGmNyD; q,fh
wpfESpftMumrSm t,fvef[m pawmh[krf; A&Gef;rmavqdyfuwpfqifh
qGD'ifajray: jyefeif;rdawmhw,f/ tJ'Dtcsdefu 1947? 'DZifbm/ t,fvefYudk
vli,fwpfa,muf apmifhaew,f/ 0efBuD;csKyf tmvef'g&JU vufaxmufwJh/
0efBuD;csKyfu vlBuD;rif;udk ckcsufcsif; awGUcsifygowJh/ at;av ...
awGUwmaygh/
0efBuD;csKyf vufaxmufaumif[m t,fvefYudk topfpufpuf
r[l&ma&mif wvufvufxGufaewJh aAmfvfAdk yDAD 444 um;eJY ac:wif
oGm;w,f/ vrf;rSm 'Dvdk<um;w,f/
]'Dvdkum;rsdK; jrifzl;vm; rpöwm um;vfqef? jrif;aumifa& 44 aumif
tm;&SdoAs}
]tif; ... NyD;cJhwJhtywfuawmh tifrwefaumif;wJh 0dkifeDa&mif
222
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

'Dqdkwdkum;udk awGUcJhwmyJ? 'gayrJh cifAsm;um;u ydkaumif;ygw,fav}

0efBuD;csKyf vufaxmuf[m t,fvefYudk pawmh[krf;NrdKUxJ
vSnfhywfjyaew,f/ wu,fawmhvnf; ol wpfcgrS pawmh[krf;
ra&mufzl;wm &Sufp&myJ/ w,fvSwJhNrdKU/ b,fae&mMunfhMunfh a&eJY
wHwm;awGcsnf;yJ/ tJ ... wpfckrS azmufcGJvdkYrjzpfwmbJ ajymp&m&Sdwm/
]<uyg rpöwmum;vfqef? uRefawmf cifAsm;taMumif;awG trsm; BuD;
Mum;xm;NyD;ygNyD}
0efBuD;csKyf[m t,fveYfudk vdIufvdIufvSJvSJ qD;BudKEIwfquf&if;
olYvufaxmufudk wGef;xkwfNyD; wHcg;ydwfvdkufw,f/ tif; ... oluom
ightaMumif; trsm;BuD;Mum;xm;w,f ajymaewm/ igu olYtaMumif; bmrS
rodyguvm;/
vuf0Jvm;? vuf,mvm;awmif rodbl;/ tdk ... tJ'DESpfckxJu wpfckck
jzpfrSmaygh/ wpfckr[kwf&if wpfckayghav/
wu,fawmh or®wx½l;ref;qD zkef;jyefac:NyD; 0efBuD;csKyf[m
t,fvefYtaMumif;awG ar;cJhw,f/ qdkawmh ck ol odaeNyD/ 'gayrJh
tawGUtMuHKt& pum;udk tukefajymvdkY rjzpfbl;/
]tif; ... cifAsm; qGD'ifudk vufAvmeJY jyefvm&wm uRefawmf odw,f?
'gaMumifh cifAsm;twGuf aiGay;zdkY EdkifiHawmfu pDrHxm;w,f? a&mh ... 'DrSm
ua&mif;wpfaomif; cifAs}
0efBuD;csKyfu aiGtjynfhxnfhxm;wJh pmtdwfxlBuD;wpfvHk; vSrf;
ay;w,f/ t,fvefu vufcH&&SdaMumif; vufrSwfxdk;ay;vkdufNyD; ...
223
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]aus;Zl;wifygw,f 0efBuD;csKyfcifAsm;? 0efBuD;csKyf&JU &ufa&mrIaMumifh 'Dn

[dkw,faumif;aumif;rSm wnf;? t0wftpm;opfawG 0,fNyD; 1945?
Mo*kwfvuwnf;u rwdkufcJh&wJh oGm;awGudk wdkufcGifh&awmhrSm aygh cifAsm;}
vdkY tm;yg;w& jyefajymw,f/
olY twGif;cHabmif;bDawGtaMumif; ajymawmhr,fhqJqJ 0efBuD; csKyfu
Mum;jzwfNyD;ajymw,f/ aiGudk BudKufovdkoHk;ygwJh/ 'gayrJh qGD'if rSm tck
pvkyfaewJh EsLuvD;,m;vkyfief;av;udk tm;&if wpfcsuf avmuf Munfhay;yg
rpöwmum;vfqef&,f ... wJh/
wu,fawmh NyD;cJhwJh aqmif;wGif;u uG,fvGefoGm;&SmwJh 0efBuD;
csKyfa[mif;&JU ae&mudk qufcHNyD;aemufydkif; ta&;BuD;udpöawG qufvkyfzdkY ol
tarG&vdkufw,f/ bmvkyf&rSef; rodbl;/ txl;ojzifh tufwefAHk;
qdkwJh[mBuD;eJY ywfoufNyD; pdwftawmf½Iyf&w,f/ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfu
uGefjrLepf&efpG,fudk umuG,fzdkY qGD'if[m tiftm;&SdzdkY vdkowJh/ qGD'ifeJY
pwmvifMum;rSm v,fuGufavmufav;&SdwJh zifvefyJ jcm; wmwJh/
'Dae&mrSm ajymp&mESpfcsuf &Sdvmw,f/
umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfqdkwJh ieJu qGD'if xdyfoD;vlYrvdkifr wpfa,mufeJY
nm;wm/ qdkawmh vlYrvdkifxHk;pH qGD'ifbk&ifqdkwJh ieJtkd BuD;eJY cPcP
twlaomufMuw,f/ *lpawhAf 5 qdkwJh tJ'D bk&iftdk BuD;u qGD'if
umuG,fa&;ay:vpDudk 0ifpGufcsifaewmvm;/ tJ'DtawG; ay:vmwdkif;
qdk&S,f'Drdku&uf wpfa,mufjzpfwJh tmvef'gh tonf; pdkifudk qGJudkif
vIyf,rf;vdkufovdkyJ/
224
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

wpfzufu jyefMunfhjyefawmhvnf; umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf ajymwm

rSm;awmh rrSm;bl;/ pwmvifaumifBuD;eJY uGefjrLepfawGudk b,fawmhrS
,HkvdkYr&bl;/ apmuf½l;xNyD; taemufbufudk e,fcsJUvm&if t&ifqHk; cH&rSm
qGD'ifyJ/
qGD'if ppfbuf okawoeXme[m olY&JU EsLuvD;,m;ynm&Sif awGudk
tufwrfpGrf;tif at*sifpDqdkwmudk ajymif;ay;vdkufw,f/ ck tJ'DrSm
[D&dk&SD;rm;eJY em*gqm*Dudk MuJcsvdkufwJh AHk;qdkwmudk avhvmae Muw,f/
qGD'ifh½IaxmifhrS EsLuvD;,m;tem*wfudk avhvmjcif;ayghav/ 'gayrJh tJ'g
xdyfwef;vQKdU0Sufcsuf/ tmvef'gh pdwfxJrSm wu,fvdkYrsm; vdkvmcJh&if tJ'D
apmufAHk;BuD;udk igwdkY b,fvdk&atmifvkyf&rvJqdkwJh tyl tjrJwrf;
&Sdaew,f/ ck tJ'DtwGuf tajzu olYa&S YrSm xdkifaew,f/ awhcsftmvef'g
aumif;aumif;odw,f/ 'gayrJh olodrSef; wjcm;vlawG odvdkY rjzpfbl;/
EdkifiHa&;qdkwm udk,fhajcaxmufudk,f tjrJMunfhNyD; ajcvSrf;
b,fbufvSrf;rvJ owdcsyfae&wJh upm;yGJyJ/
raeYu 0efBuD;csKyf tmvef'g[m tufwrfpGrf;tif at*sifpDu
tBuD;tuJ a'gufwmtdcf,Gef;eJY qufoG,fNyD; t,fvefum;vfqef qdkwJh
vludk tvkyftifwmAsL;ac:zdkY wdkufwGef;w,f/ wu,fvdkY
t,fvefum;vfqefu pdwf0ifpm;&if at*sifpDrSmcefYvdkufzdkY wpfcgwnf;
ajymvdkufw,f/
a'gufwm tdcf,Gef;[m ckvdk 0efBuD;csKyfudk,fwdkif tufwrf ya&m *sufrSm
0ifpGufzufvmwmudk enf;enf;rS pdwfrcsrf;ombl;/ wefawmh
225
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

t,fvefum;vfqefqdkwm qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufpydkif jzpf&r,f/ 'gayrJh

jiif;vdkYawmh r&bl;av/ 'geJYyJ ac:ar;vdkufyghr,fvdkY tmrbaEÅ cH& w,f/
olu bmvJ? bmaumifvJ? ynm b,favmufwwfvdkYvJ/ 0efBuD;csKyfu
bmrSvnf; aocsmrajymbl;/ 'gaMumifh aocsmar;zdkY qHk; jzwfxm;w,f/
t,fvefYtzdkYuawmh a'gufwmtdcf,Gef;yJjzpfjzpf? bma'gufwmyJ jzpfjzpf
0efBuD;csKyfoabmtwdkif; awGUrSmygyJ? pdwfcsygvdkY ajymvdkufw,f/ ckawmh
[dkw,frSm ESyfr,f/ ua&mif;wpfaomif; qdkwm enf;wmrS r[kwfwm/
oHk;ygavh/
*&ef;[dkw,f {nfhBudKaumifwmu 0efxrf;[m pkwfjywf&GJjyJ aewJhvludk
Munfh&if; oHo,awG tvdyfvdkuf jzpfaew,f/ tvdkav; ...
EdkifiHul;vufrSwf Munfhvdkufawmh qGD'if ppfoHrSL;qdkyghvm;/ ol vefYNyD;
wkefwufoGm;w,f/
][kwfuJh? tcef;&Sdygw,f ppfoHrSL;BuD;cifAsm? tcef;cudk aiGom;eJY
&Sif;rSmvm; cifAsm? 'grSr[kwf EdkifiHjcm;a&; 0efBuD;Xmeudk aiGawmif;cH vTm
ydkYay;&rvm; cifAsm}
]aiGom;eJY &Sif;r,f? BudKay;&rvm;}
]rvdkygbl; cifAsm? &ygw,fcifAsm? aemufrS &Sif;ygcifAsm}
0efxrf;[m cg;usdK;rwwf OD;ñTwf&if; cifAsmcsif; xyfaew,f/
tif; ... wu,fvdkYrsm; tJ'D0efxrf;av;[m tem*wfudkom BudKjrif EdkifcJh&if
olYtajz[m wpfrsdK;jzpfrSm/

226
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

aemufwpfaeYrSm a'gufwmtdcf,Gef;[m a&rdk;csdK; t0wftpm; opf

0wfxm;wJh t,fvefum;vfqefudk pawmh[krf;u olY½Hk;cef;rSm ac:awGYw,f/
wD[D&efu vlowfacgif;aqmifvdkyJ aumfzDeJY pD;u&uf wnfw,f ('gayrJh
pD;u&ufudk olYjymcGufxJyJ xdk;xnfhwmyg)/
0efBuD;csKyf[m olYtvkyfrSm 0ifpGufvdkY a'gufwmtdcf,Gef;[m
odyfrMunfbl;/ 'gudk t,fvef cHpm;rdw,f/ pkarvif;eJY yxrqHk; tBudrf
awGUwkef;uvdkrsdK;yJ/ 'gaMumifh olwdkYawGUqHkyGJ[m tcsdefwdkwkd twGif;
NyD;oGm;cJhw,f/
]0efBuD;csKyfu cifAsm;taMumif;udk aocsmar;zdkY rSmxm;ygw,f?
uRefawmfwdkY tzGJUtpnf;rSm tvkyfvkyfzdkY oifhawmf? rawmfaygh? uJ ...
ar;cGifhjyKygAsm}
]aumif;ygw,f? ar;aygh rpöwma'gufwm? ar;om ar;yg}
]tif; ... cifAsm;&JU ynmt&nftcsif;u pMupdkYvm;}
][kwfuJh? oHk;ESpfwnf;yg}
]tvdk ... oHk;ESpf [kwfvm;? bGJUvGef oHk;ESpfwuf½HkeJY bmynm&Sif jzpfrSmvJ
rpöwmum;vfqef? ½lyaA'vm;? ocsFmvm;? "mwkaA'vm;}
]r[kwfbl; rpöwma'gufwm? tm;vHk;aygif;rS ausmif;aeouf oHk;ESpfudk
ajymwm? q,fESpfom;rSm ausmif;xGufvdkufwmav}
a'gufwmtdcf,Gef;[m cHkay:u jyKwfusroGm;atmif renf;xdef;
vdkuf&w,f/ 'gqdk 'if;[m zGwfusm;aygh? evydef;wHk;aygh? a&;wwf
zwfwwfa&m &Sd&JUvm;[m/ pdwfysufvufysufeJY ol qufar;w,f/
227
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]'geJY cifAsm;rSm ck uRefawmfwdkYvkyfaewJh tufwrfpGrf;tif at*sifpDeJY

enf;enf;av;oufqdkifr,fh vkyfief;tawGUtMuHKrsm; &Sdzl; &JUvm;}
]aMomf ... tif; ... &Sdw,f xifwmyJ? tar&duefrSmaewkef;u
e,l;ruúpDudk avmhpftvmrdkYpfrSm tvkyfvkyfw,f}
[,f ... Munfhprf;? a'gufwmtdcf,Gef; rsufESm 0if;0if;awmuf
oGm;w,f/ 0efBuD;csKyftmvef'g&JU 0SufzJu 'gudk;/
Munfhprf;/ avmhpftvmrdkYpfu vl/
]'geJY tJ'DrSm bmawGrsm; vkyfchJ&ygovJ cifAs}
]aMomf ... uRefawmf aumfzDiSJYay;wJhtvkyf vkyfygw,f}
]Asm ... b,fvdk ... aumfzDiSJYw,f [kwfvm;}
a'gufwmtdcf,Gef;&Jh rsufcGufBuD;[m viykyfzrf;cH&ovdk rnf; rnf;
arSmifoGm;jyefw,f/
][kwfuJh? wpfcgwav vufzuf&nfaygh? taxGaxG vuf axmuf?
pm;yGJxdk;? pHkpDezm tpHkayghcifAsm;}
]'gqdk EsLuvD;,m;eJY ywfoufNyD; bmawGygcJhzl;wkH;}
][ifhtif; ... wpfcgawmh aumfzDiSJYay;&if; tpnf;ta0;rSm 0ifajym rdwm
wpfckawmh &Sdav&JU}
]tJ'Dawmh bmqufjzpfvJ}
]pnf;a0;aewm &yfoGm;wmaygh? cPaeawmh uRefawmfhudk ac:oGm;a&m}
a'gufwmtdcf,Gef;[m 'Dwpfcgawmh wu,f yufvufvefoGm; w,f/
q,fESpfom;rSm ausmif;xGufwJh pm;yGJxdk;wpfa,mufudk qGD'if&JU tufwrfAHk;
228
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

pDrHudef;twGuf ydkYay;owJhvm; 0efBuD;csKyf ÓPfBuD;&Sif&,f/ tif; ...

'DyHktwdkif;qdk&if 0efBuD;csKyf[m 'DESpfukefwJhtxdawmif cHyghrvm;/ uJ ...
bmr[kwfwJh 'Dtpnf;ta0;udk vufpowfrSyJ/ 'Du tufwrfpGrf;tif
at*sifpDrSm aumfzDiSJYay;aewJh *&Dwm[m avmhpf tvmrdkYpfudk ra&mufzl;wm
aocsmw,f/ 'gayrJh olu aumfzDiSJYay;½Hkwifru ½Hk;cef;udk
ajymifvufaeatmif &Sif;wwf vif;wwfao;w,f/ 'gaMumifh olu
omwmaygh/
t,fvef[m NidrfNidrfav; xdkifaew,f/ a'gufwmtdcf,Gef;awG?
*&DwmawG ol rodbl;/ tufwrfAHk;wpfck b,fvdkvkyf&w,f qdkwm awmh
olodwm trSefyJ/ 'gayrJh a'gufwmtdcf,Gef;[m 'Dtxda&muf atmif
rar;bl;/ ar;csifpdwfvnf; r&Sdbl;/ 'gaMumifh ol 'Da'gufwm twGuf
ulnDay;p&m taMumif;r&Sdbl;/ *&DwmqdkwJhaumifr iSJYay;wJh aumfzDuvnf;
yef;uefaq;a&vdkyJ/ xGD .../
'DvkdeJYyJ t&nftcsif; rjynfhrDvdkYqdkwJh rSwfcsufeJYtwl t,fvef
wpfa,muf tufwrfpGrf;tif at*sifpDrSm tvkyfr&/
*&ef;[dkw,f tjyifbuf yef;jcHxJu cHkwef;av;rSmxdkif/ jrpf
wpfzufurf;u awmf0ifeef;awmfudkai;&if; ol tauseyfBuD; auseyf
aew,f/ bm rauseyfp&m &Sdwkef;/ tdwfxJrSmvnf; aiGu azmif;? wnf;&wJh
[dkw,fuvnf; aumif;rSaumif;? pm;aumif; tdyfaumif;/Zefe0g&Dvqef;rSm
aea&mifav;cH&if; cE¨mudk,feJY 0dnmOf taEG;"mwf uav; &aewJh t&om[m
wkEdIif;vdkY rrDayghuG,f/
229
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

rsufESmu aEG;aeayrJh zifu at;ouGm/ tvdk ... tem;rSm vl

wpfa,muf vmxdkifaeygvm;/ r*FvmaeYv,fcif;ygvdkY qGD'ifvdk
EIwfqufvdkufw,f/ tem;vmxdkifwJhvlu ]r*FvmaeYv,fcif;yg
rpöwmum;vfqef cifAsm;}wJh/ t*Fvdyfvdk jyefEIwfqufw,f/

(14)
2005? ar 9? wevFm/
at&Gefqef[m olY&JU awGU&SdcsufawGudk tufpuDwlemu qGJcs a&SUae
uGefeD&meDvpfqD owif;ydkYvdkufw,f/
csufcsif;yJ uGefeD&meDvpfu t,fvefum;vfqef? *sL;vD;,yf *Refqef?
bifeD,Gef;bwfeJY *geDvmaAsmh,Gef;wdkYudk zrf;0&rf; wef;xkwf awmhwmyJ/
ckqdk 'DtrIudk oufqdkif&mu t&rf;pdwf0ifpm;aecJhNyD/ t,fvef
um;vfqefudk vlowfrIeJY pGJcsufwif&rvm;/ oufaovnf;r&Sd?
tavmif;vnf; rawGUbJ pGJcsufwifEdkifrvm;/ tJovdkpGJcsufrsdK; qGD'if
w&m;a&; &mZ0ifoufwrf;rSm wpfrIvm;? ESpfrIvm;yJ &Sdw,f/ jiif;r&wJh
taxmuftxm;awGeJY tifrwefuRrf;usifwJh qGJcs&Sd&if &oav/ uGefeD
&meDvpf[m tifrwef uRrf;usifwJh qGJcsaygh/ 'gayrJh jiif;r&wJh
taxmuftxm;u b,frvJ/ b,fvdkrS rjzwfawmufEdkifwJh taxmuf
txm; uGif;qufBuD;u b,frvJ/
pHkaxmufrSL;BuD; at&Gefqefvnf; pdwfawG ½Iyfaew,f/ trSefu
tbdk;BuD;udk vlqdk;awGvufu u,f&rSm/ ckjzpfaeyHku vlqdk;awGudk
230
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

tbdk;BuD;vufu u,f&rvdk jzpfaewmudk;/ ol qGJcsBuD;udk ar;w,f/

]t,fvefum;qefeJY taygif;tygrsm;[m rif;wHk;? a&yHk;eJY abmhpf
vdkYac:wJh vlrdkufoHk;a,mufudk owfypfvdkufw,f qdkwmudk tavmif;
wpfavmif;rS &SmrawGUbJ oufaojyEdkifrvm;}
rjyEdkifbl;vdkY jyefajzr,f xifvdkYayghav/ qGJcsBuD;uawmh at; aq;yJ/
]odyfpdwf"mwfusraeprf;ygeJY pHkaxmufBuD;&m? tJ'D apmuf½l; tbdk;BuD;
tzGJUudkom &atmifzrf;? olYxGufcsufeJY olYtzGJUom;awG xGufcsufudk awmifeJY
ajrmuf jzpfatmifvkyfNyD; vdkcsifwm ,ljyr,f}
qGJcsBuD;u quf&Sif;jyw,f/ vlowfrIoufoufeJY w&m;rpGJvnf;
pGJp&mtrIawG trsm;BuD;wJh/ A½kwfA&ufusrI? vlawG ½kwf½kwfoJoJ
txdwfwvefYjzpfaprI? vlaorI? &mZ0wfom;udk tm;ay;tm;ajr§muf jyKrI?
wjcm;[mawGawmh pOf;pm;OD;rwJh/
'DtrIjzpfpOf wpfckvHk;rSm wjcm;vlawG[m ay:wHk? aysmufwHk ygvdkuf?
rygvdkufayrJh tpuaetqHk; yifwdkifygwmuawmh &mjynfh bdk;bdk;
t,fvefum;vfqefyJ/ 'gaMumifh 'if;udkyJ t"duxm;&r,fvdkY qGJcsu
qHk;jzwfvdkufw,f/
]tif; ... wpfoufwpfuRef;qdkwJh jypf'Pf[m olYtrIrSm wif;jynfh
usyfjynfhudk aoG;xGufatmif rSefrSmyJ}
uJ ... ppOf;pm;Munf&atmif/
&mjynfhbdk;bdk;rSm rif;wHk;? a&yHk;eJY abmhpfudk owfzdkY &nf&G,f&if;
&SdcJhovm;? 'grSr[kwf tJ'DoHk;aumifu tbdk;BuD;udkowfzdkY &nf&G,f&if;
231
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

&SdcJhovm;/ jyefvrf;r&Sd *dkPf;u vl,kwfoHk;aumif[m 0kef;'dkif;MuJwJh

aoG;xGufoH,dkrIawG cPcPvkyfw,fqdkwJh oufaoawGawmh olYrSm
wpfyHkBuD;/ 'grSr[kwf tbdk;BuD;[m udk,fhudk,fudk,f umuG,fwJhtaeeJY
'DokH;a,mufudk vkyfvTwfvdkufwmvm;/ [m ...
acgif;½IyfvdkufwmuGm/qGJcsBuD;&JU w&m;a&;csdefcGifBuD;[m tbdk;BuD;u
wpfzuf? [dkoHk;aumif u wpfzufeJY ,,fuvnf vdkufaew,f/ bmawG
ygrSef;rodwJh c&D; aqmiftdwfBuD;u wpfarSmifh/
'gayrJh tJ'DtdwfBuD;[m ckjzpf&yfawG&JU A[dkcsufr jzpfvdrfhr,f/
tbdk;BuD;[m 'Dtdwfudkcdk;NyD; [dkaumifawGudk azsmifvdkufwmrsm;vm;/
uJ ... tbdk;BuD;eJY olYom;aumifawGMum;u yx0Dtaetxm;
qufpyfrIudk &SmMunfhr,f/ yxrqHk; om;aumif[m tbdk;BuD; bwfpf
um;ay:u qif;oGm;wJh bdkif&efYcsfblwm rSwfwdkifrSm vdkufqif;w,f/
tcsdefawmh enf;enf;uGmwmayghav/ 'gayrJh xa&mfvDay:u qif;NyD;
vrf;avQmufMuwJhtcg ol rygawmhbl;/ &mjynfhtbdk;BuD;eJY olcdk; tbdk;BuD;
ESpfa,mufwnf; jzpfoGm;NyD/ 'gaMumifh 'Drwdkifcif aowm aocsmw,f/ 'g
xif&Sm;wJh taxmuftxm;yJ/
um;vfqefeJY 'kwd,om;aumif&JU qufpyfrIuawmh 'Davmuf rcdkifrmbl;/
aiGa&mif rmpD;'D;&,f? at&Gefqef,lvmwJh ajcmufvHk;jyL; &,fuae
qufpyfMunfh&if prmvefu uefom,m ,mcif;udk tbdk;BuD; eJY a&yHk;
ESpfa,mufpvHk; a&mufcJhwm aocsmw,f/ ajcmufvHk;jyL;ay:u vufaAG&m[m
a&yHk; vufaAGyJvdkYawmh wxpfcs ajymr&ao;bl;/ 'gayrJh
232
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

odyfrapmifh&ygbl;/ cPae od&rSmyg/ wu,fawmh tJ'D ajcmufvHk;jyL;

oufao&vdkufwm bk&m;rwmyJ/ 'gaMumifhvnf; a&yHk;[m ,mcif; tdrfudk
usdef;aoayguf a&mufvmw,fqdkwm aocsmoGm;w,f/ om;aumif
eHygwfESpfudk owfzdkY vHkavmufwJh &nf&G,f&if;vnf; jzpf vmEdkifw,f/
vufaAGwifru ck 'Dtifefatqdkwmyg ppfvdkY&wmyJ/ajcmufvHk;jyL;rSm
tbdk;BuD; 'DtifefatawG &Sdcsif&SdaerSmaygh/ bmyJjzpfjzpf ck olYrSm ... ]a&yHk; +
um;vfqef = uefom,m ,mcif;}qdkwJh azmfjrLvm wpfckawmh
usdef;aoayguf &aeNyD/
'DvdkyJ rGaMuaewJh bDtrf'bvsLay:u aoG;udk 'DtifefatppfNyD;
'DaoG;[m yg*efem*g'ifhaoG;qdkwm oufaojy&r,f/ 'Dum;udk ydkufpdyfwdkuf
ppf&if um;vfqefeJY taygif;tygrsm;&Jh vufaAG&mawG rGpmMuJatmif
awGUrSmyJ/ olwdkY *g'ifhtavmif;udk vufeJY qGJrxkwfbJ tavmif;u
vdrfvdrfrmrmeJY olYbmomol tjyifxGufvmrSmrS r[kwfbJ/
uJ ... 'gawG[m vlowfzdkY &nf&G,fcsuf? tcsdefeJY ae&m qufpyfrI
awGaygh/
at&Gefqef[m qGJcsBuD;udk r&Jw&J ar;vdkufw,f/ cifAsm;ajymwJh
om;aumifawG[m wu,fa&m om;aumif[kwf&JUvm;? olwdkY wu,fa&m
aoMu&JUvm;/ qGJcsBuD;u ESmwpfcsuf½HIUvdkufNyD; om;aumif wpfeJYoHk;
twGuf txl;taxG &Sif;vif;aep&m rvdkbl;wJh/ om;aumif ESpf
twGufvnf; ryleJYwJh/ w&m;½Hk;udk&Sif;jyzdkY olYrSm ,HkMunfcsuf&SdNyD;om;
wJh/ wpfeJY oHk; udpöudk vufcH&if usdK;aMumif;oifh uGif;quf qufpyfrI
233
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

jzpfpOft& ESpf udkvnf; vufcH&rSmyJwJhav/

]'Dr,f pHkaxmufBuD;&Jh ... eHygwfESpf om;aumif[m olYoli,fcsif;udk
owfoGm;whJvlawG vufxJudk olYajcmufvkH;jyL;av; xnfhNyD; olY abmhpf
a&mufrvmcif EIwfqufcJhygw,f? uRefawmf oGm;awmhr,f ajymNyD;
xGufoGm;r,fvdkY cifAsm;u xifaewmvm;}
][ifhtif; ... enf;enf;rS rxifygbl;}
qGJcsBuD;u pHkaxmufBuD;udk qufajymw,f/ 'DtrI[m enf;enf;awmh
cufaMumif;? odkYaomf uGif;qufjzpfpOfawGeJY csdwf&rSmjzpfaMumif;? ckxd
(bwfpfum; t0gBuD;u vGJvdkY) vlowfvufeufudk r&ao;aMumif;?
'gaMumifh t,fvefum;vfqefudkrdzdkY ta&;BuD;aMumif;? bmyJ jzpfjzpf w&m;udk
ewfapmifhaMumif;? 'if;wdkYwpfawG usqHk;rSm aocsmaMumif;? 'if;wdkYvdk
taysmfwrf;orm;awGtwGuf ckavmuf tcsdefay;&wmudku
odu©musvSNyDjzpfaMumif;? toufwpf&m tbdk;BuD; wpfa,muf? taysmfwrf;
olcdk;wpfa,muf? a,mifajcmufq,f a[mha'gh ta&mif;orm;wpfa,mufeJY
rdef;rwpfa,muf/ ppfwJhaq;wJh 'Pfudk olwdkY b,favmufrsm; cHEdkifrSmrdkYvJ/
]uJ ... at&Gefqefa&? Aufpf*sdKudkoGm;? [dkw,faumif;aumif; wpfckrSm
em;ae? 'Dnae &mjynfhtbdk;BuD;[m vlowfaumifBuD; jzpf aMumif; usKyf
owif;xkwfr,f? reufjzefreufavmufqdk olYudkzrf;zdkY tcsuftvufawG
&maxmifcsD &vmvdrfhr,f? aeYv,fpm pm;csdefavmuf qdk uGdceJ rda&maygh?
[kwfyvm; ...}

234
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

(15)
2005? ar 9? wevFm/
]uJ ... ightpfudkBuD;a&? a[m'DrSm rihftwGuf aiGoHk;oef;? OD;av;
z&efqD&JU aiGawGeYJywfoufvdkY ig vkyfchJrdwmawGtay: wpfcgwnf;
awmif;yefvdkufw,fuGm}
ESpfaygif; oHk;q,ftwGif; yxrqHk;tBudrftjzpf olYtpfudk abmfqDeJY
awGUwJhtcg jzpfvkjzpfcif ynm&SifBuD; befeD&JU awmif;yefpum;u 'DvdkwJh/
aiGtdwfudkurf;ay;&if; nDtpfudkESpfa,muf vufqGJ EIwfqufvdkufMuw,f/
aiGtdwfBuD;udkMunfh&if; olYtpfudk touf½SL rSm;aecsdefrSm ol qufajymw,f/
]udkif; ... ightpfudka&? rifhudk ESpfck ajymruGm? yxrwpfckuawmh igwdkY
rif;tultnD vdkaew,f? jyóemawG tBuD;BuD; wufaew,f? 'kwd,
wpfckuawmh ck rif;udkay;wJhaiG[m rif;tydkifyJ BudKufwmvkyf? wu,fvdkY
igwdkYudk jyefay;csifw,fqdkvnf; rif;oabmyJ? oabm&Sd uavm[d}
nDtpfudkESpfa,muf[m wpfvHk;wnf; vif;awmhwJh puefeD,m t0gBuD;&Jh
um;rD;a&mifa&SUrSm &yfpum;ajymaeMuw,f/ ae&muawmh abmfqDhpHeef;
bJvf&if;*g; ,mcif;rSm/ azmhcfudkyif;NrdKUav;&Jh taemuf awmifbuf
rdkiftenf;i,ftuGm Apf*dkwmvGifjyifxJrSmaygh/ abmfqDu
acgif;wndwfndwfvkyf&if; enf;enf; ar;vdkY&rvm;wJh/ ar;aygh/ befeD
acgif;ndwfjyvdkufw,f/
][kwfNyD? yxrqHk; odcsifwmu rif; ighudkay;wJhaiG[m ½dk;½dk; om;om;
&xm;wmvm;}
235
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]bk&m;pl;&aph ... b,f[kwfvdrfhrvJ}

]'gqdk rif;wdkYaemufudk &JawG vkdufaevm;}
]tif; ... &JawGa&m olcdk;awGa&m? t"duuawmh olcdk;awG vdkufaew,f}
]um;u b,fvdkjzpfvmwmvJ}
]olcdk;wpfa,mufudk tom;ukef wdkufrdcJhvdkY}
]aoa&mvm;}
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vufusdK;? aygifjyJeJY? Munfh& tawmfqdk;w,f? 'gayrJh olwdkY ajymwmawmh
raoygbl;wJh}
][if ... olYudkyg ac:vmwmvm;}
]at;uG ... qdk;yghuGm}
]aemufxyf igodp&m bmusefao;vJ}
]tif; igwdkY olcdk;ESpfa,mufudk owfcJhw,f? wpfa,mufu um;ay:rSm
aovkaocif? igwdkYvufxJu oef;ig;q,fudk olwdkY vkzdkY MuHaewmav}
]b,fvdk ... oef;ig;q,f ... [kwfvm;}
]tif; ... enf;enf;awmh avsmhoGm;NyD? um;eJY wjcm;ypönf;awG
0,fvdkuf&wm}
]bmjzpfvdkY 'D{&mrum;BuD;udk 0,fwmwkH;}
]aemufrSm qifwpfaumif ygwmudk;uG}
]bmuG ... qif ... [kwfvm;}
]tif; ... emrnfu qGefnmwJh}
236
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]qif ... qifwJh}

]tm&SqifuG}
]qif ... qdkyJ}
]at;vuGm? qif[ ... qif ... qif}
abmfqDu cPNidrfoGm;NyD; ...
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][m ... MuHBuD;pnf&m? r[kwfygbl;}
abmfqD NidrfoGm;jyefw,f/ aemufawmh ol xyfajymw,f/
]npmtwGuf Muufom;tmvl;½dkUpfvkyfxm;w,f? tqifajyvm;}
]ajywmaygh[}
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q&m0efjzpfvkjzpfcifwJh/ 'gaMumifh jzpfvkjzpfcif q&m0efwdkY&JU
usifh0wfw&m;udk vdkufem&rwJh/ aoG;t&rf;xGufaewJh aovkaocif vlemudk
ay,smvuef ypfroGm;Edkifbl;wJh/
aemuf q,frdepfMumawmh bwfpfum;BuD;[m qufarmif;aecJhNyD/
um;wdkufcHxm;&wJh romavmif;[m olYudkwdkufcJhwJh bwfpfum;BuD;ay:
237
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

a&mufaecJhNyD/ jzpfvkjzpfcif q&m0ef bifeD[m vlemudk ukvdkY&wm

ukay;cJhNyD;NyD/ aygifu aoG;wtm;xGufaewJh 'Pf&m[jyJBuD;[mck
aoG;wdwfoGm;cJhNyD/
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vlemu um;armif;orm;taemufu tcef;av;xJrSm pefYpefYBuD;/
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xdk;xm;awmh vlem[m a0'emawG tukefarhNyD; Zdrfusus
tdyfarmusoGm;w,f/
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tdrfxJ zdwfac:w,f/ befeDu olYvlemudkMunfhw,f/ vlem[m tjyif;txef
tdyfaewkef;/ 'gaMumifh ae&mra&TUbJ 'Dwdkif;xm;vdkufzdkY qHk;jzwfvdkufw,f/
abmfqD&JU rD;zdkcef;us,fBuD;xJudk befeD a&mufvmawmh tm;vHk;
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eHygwfoHk;&JU bDtrf'bvsLudk b,fvdkaqmfvdkufwJhtaMumif; bifeD ajym&if;
ed*Hk;csKyf/ abmfqDu aocsmatmif xyfar;w,f/ befeDu ajzw,f/
]um;aemufcef;rSm qifwpfaumif ygvmw,faemf}
]tif;av ... reufus&ifawmh tjyifxkwf&r,f}
]tif; ... rif;wkdY[muvnf; ½IyfaewmyJ? rif; igwdkY&r,fh tarGawGudk
vSnfhywfoHk;vdkufwmeJYawmif wlao;}
238
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]atmifrm ... ighqdkifu,ftopfav;udk xkcGJypfwm b,faumifwkH;}

]rif;u bmjzpfvdkY *a[aqmfoifwef;uae xGufoGm;wkH;}
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abmfqDeJY befeD[m wpfa,mufrsufcGuf wpfa,mufMunfh&if; ½SL;½SL;&SJ&SJ
jzpfpjyKvmw,f/ t,fvef 0ifajym&awmhr,fhtcsdef a&mufNyD/
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pum;ajymjcif;uae pwmyJwJh/ vlwpfa,mufudk wpfa,mufu
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uawmh aAmh'umwpfvHk; csay;vdkuf½HkyJwJh/ aomuf&if; Nidrf;csrf;a&;
&oGm;rwJh/ 'gayrJh befeDqdkwJh taumifu t&ufraomufawmh t,fvef[m
olYudk,fpm; 0ifaomufay;ae&&Smw,f/ abmfqDu t,fvefYudk ar;w,f/
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ajz&Sif;Edkifvm;} wJh/
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tajccHuawmh twlwlygyJav}
befeD[m aemifwvnf;&? &Sufvnf; &Sufaew,f/ ol[m t&m&m
jzpfvkjzpfcif ynm&SifayrJh 'DtaMumif;udk rodcJhbl;/ 'gaMumifh
,rumqdkwmudk raomufcJhrdbl;/ 'DvdkrSef;od&if wpfckck aomufcJhygw,fvdkY
awG;&if; rdk;vGefrS xGefcs aemifwawG&aew,f/
t,fvefvnf; aysmfwmaygh/ ck abmfqD-befeD y#dyu©rD; Nidrf;NyD/
239
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

aemufqdk urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&; wrefawmftjzpf aAmh'umudk tqdkjyK& vdrfhr,f/

ck tpm; tqifoifhjzpfNyDwJh/ taomufuawmh apmifhOD;wJh abmfqDu
ajymw,f/ a&mh ... Muufom;eJY tmvl;/ a&mh ... vlBuD;awG twGuf bD,m/
a&mh ... nDi,fav; befeDtwGuf tcsdK&nf/
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... acgif;udkufvdkufwm/ touf½SL& usyfvdkufwm/ vufuvnf;
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apmuf½l;awGyJ/ Munfh&wm iguvGJ&if wpfurÇmvHk;u vlawG[m
apmuf½l;awGcsnf; jzpfvdrfhr,f/
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'DvdkyJ rSefrSefuefuefvnf; rawG;Edkifbl;aygh/
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awGYvdkufw,f/ t,fvfaZ;&Sif; acG;BuD;wpfaumifvnf; ygw,f/ rD;zdkcef;
wHcg;uvnf; yGifhvdkY/ b,fvufeJY ajcmufvHk;jyL;udkudkif? tcef; wHcg;0rSm
ajcwpfaygifusdK; &yf&if; ...
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ig;awmifh usefw,f? wpfa,muf wpfawmifh uGufwdyJ}vdkY ajymvdkufw,f/
a'goudk aumif;aumif;BuD; xdef;csKyfEdkifwJhtwGuf olYudk,fol awmif
tHhMow,f/ tvSuav;u pdwfrcsrf;rom jzpfoGm;w,f/ rsufESmtdkBuD;eJY
240
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

acG;udk pwdkcef;xJ oGif;vdkufw,f/ acG; bwfpwm[m yxr tHhtm;oifh?

aemufawmh pdwfyl? aemufqHk; auseyfoGm;w,f/ tcef;xJ
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ckawmh rdwfaqGig;a,muf abmhpfa&SUrSm wef;pDae&NyD/ tcef; axmifhu
aiGtdwfBuD;[m oleJYomqdkifaMumif;? olom ydkif&Sifpifppf jzpfaMumif;
tm;vHk;udk abmhpfu aMunmvdkufw,f/ uJ ... ck ar;cGef;awG ar;r,f/
jyefajzwJhtajzeJY aiGtdwfxJ aiGb,favmufusefw,f qdkwJh ay: rlwnfNyD;
&SifwJhaumif &Sifr,f? aowJhaumif aor,f? 'gyJ/
t,fvefu pajymw,f/ aiGu enf;enf;yg;yg;awmh avsmhrSm jzpfaMumif;?
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rpöwmajcmufvHk;jyL;&Jh taygif;toif; ESpfa,mufuawmh
taMumif;aMumif;aom taMumif;awGudk taMumif;jyKNyD;oumv toufeJY
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odyfaumif;aMumif;/
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rawGU&wm MumvSNyDuGm}
abmfqDhtoHBuD; ½kwfw&uf xGufvmw,f/ abmhpfu abmfqDhudk
vSnfhMunfhvdkufw,f/ olYrsufESmBuD; 0if;oGm;w,f/
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241
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

abmf'g abmfqDeJY ydkuf*g'if rD;zdkcef;tv,frSm twif;zuf,rf;

EIwfqufaeMuw,f/ tJ'DjrifuGif;udk Munfh&if; t,fvefu ]usKyfawmh
touf&Sifr,f xifw,f}vdkY ajymaeav&JU/ tajctaeu ½kwfw&uf
at;csrf;oGm;w,f/
bwfpwmudk pwdkcef;xJu xkwfvdkufw,f/ ydkuf&JU aoG;xGufaewJh
aygif'Pf&mudk befeDu ywfwD;opf pnf;ay;w,f/ abmf'g abmfqDu
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abmf'g abmfqD? ighnmvufu rvIyfEdkifbl;}vdkY ydkufu ajym&Smw,f/
]at;yguGm? rif;oabmyJ}wJh/
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t&ifuwnf;u pm;aomufukefvkyfief;udk twlwGJvkyfcJhMuwm/ ydkufu
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azmfrvifpdrfxm;wJh tom;awGudk qGD'iftom;vHk;qdkNyD; wifoGif;zdkY ol
MuHw,f/ azmfrvif b,favmufpdrfw,f qdkwmay: rlwnfNyD;
tJ'Dtom;vHk;awG[m oHk;&uf? oHk;vuae oHk;ESpfxd cHowJh/ abmfqDu 'gudk
vufrcHEdkifbl;/ ydkufu abmfqD uJvGef;w,fvdkY xifw,f/
aq;av;enf;enf; pdrfxm;½HkeJY aorwJhuGm/ wu,fqdk toufZD0udk
azmfrvifpdrfvdkuf&if ydkawmif&Snf&OD;rSm r[kwfvm;uGm/
'geJYyJ olwdkY cGmjyJoGm;Muw,f/ abmfqDu Aufpwma*ghvefudk ajymif;
oGm;w,f/ ydkufu awmifMuHajrmufMuHeJY jyefvrf;r&Sd *dkPf;acgif;aqmif BuD;
jzpfoGm;w,f/ tpuawmh olwdkY tquftoG,f &dSMuao;w,f/ aemufydkif;
242
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

tqufjywfoGm;vdkufwm ckrS jyefawGU&awmhwm/ i,fb0 abmf'gBuD;eJY

trSwfrxif jyefawGUvdkufawmh ydkuf a'goawG aysmuf oGm;w,f/ abmf'g
abmfqDeJYtwl xrif;pm;yGJ xdkifvdkufw,f/ aemifcg vm aemifcgaps;?
aemufudpö aemufrS&Sif;r,f/
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abmhpf ac: yg*efem*g'if ac: ydkuf[m tm;yg;w& tmvkyfoH BuD;eJY
atmfvdkuf&if; ½kwfw&uf toHpJ? olYa&SUu yef;uefxJ rsufESm tyfvdkY arhvJ/
tm;vHk; ½kwf½kwfoJoJjzpf/ ydkufudk xlrNyD; tcef;xJoGif;/ befeD u
vlemudk aemufxyf armfzif;wpfvHk; xyfxdk;/ 'grS aemufaeYxd 'if;
tdyfaysmfaerSm/
uJ ... ckrSyJ pdwfat;vufat; pm;&awmhr,f/ [m ... aumif;vS ygvm;/
'Dvdk Muufom;rsdK; wpfcgrSudk rpm;zl;wm/ wu,fygyJ/ tm;vHk; wnDwñGwf
ajymMu/
abmfqDu 'g olYrlydkif pyg,f&S,f MuufazmfjrLvmjzpfaMumif;
ajymjyw,f/ tifrwef vwfqwfwJh MuufawGudk ydkvefuae ol
wifoGif;w,f/ NyD;awmh Muufwkdif;udk ol txl;azmfpyfxm;wJh tpyf&nf
wpfvDwm xdk;w,f/ aocsmxkyfydk;NyD; qGD'ifMuufqdkNyD; ol a&mif;w,f/
½dk;½dk;Muufxuf ESpfq jrwfowh/J 'DvdkeJY olYMuuf[m tifrwef vlBudKuf
rsm;vmw,f/ 'gayrJh ol vufvDyJa&mif;w,f/ b,fawmhrS vufum;
ra&mif;bl;/ vufum;a&mif;vdkY rawmfwq jcHxJ Muufvm0,f&if olYjcHrSm
bmMuufrSr&Sdwm awGUoGm;Edkifwmudk;/
243
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

w&m;Oya'eYJ udk,fusihfw&m;qdkwmu wlrvdkeJY tawmfuJG oudk;/

ydkvefMuufudk qDG'ifMuufqdkNyD; ajyma&mif;awmh bmjzpfowkH;/
t&nftaoG;rSm e,fpnf;rjcm;bl; r[kwfvm;/ vlawGudku wHk;ygw,f/
jyifopfrSmqdk jyifopftom;u xdyf? *smreDrSmqdk *smreDtom;u xdyf?
qGD'ifrSmqdk qGD'iftom;urS xdyfvdkY cH,lxm;Muawmh olwdkY pdwfcsrf;
omatmif owif;tcsuftvuf wcsdKUudk xdrfcsefxm;&wmaygh/
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csD;usL;vdkufw,f/ aighwm r[kwfbl;/ wu,fhpdwf&if;eJY csD;usL;wm/
'geJY tm;wufvmNyD; abmfqDu qufajymw,f/ ol z&JoD;awG vnf;
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½dk;½dk;om;om; ajyma&mif;w,fwJh/ bmjzpfvdkYwkH;qdkawmh qGD'ifz&JvdkY ajym&if
b,folrS ,HkrSmr[kwfvdkYaygh/ NyD;awmh z&JoD; wpfvHk;pDudk oMum;&nf
vDwm0uf xdk;xnfhowJh/ 'gaMumifh tusdK;tjrwf ESpfq&? olYtwGuf
aumif;? e*dkxuf oHk;q ydkt&om&Sd? pm;oHk;oltwGuf aumif;/ ESpfOD;ESpfzuf
taumif;csnf;yJavwJh/
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csD;usL;vdkufw,f/
oMum;&nf tJoavmufrsdKrd&if wcsdKUvlawG 'ku©a&mufMurSm ayghvdkY
tvSuav; awG;aew,f/ 'gayrJh MumMumawmh rawG;Edkifyg bl;/
z&JoD;uvnf; Muufom;vdkyJ aqGrsdK;arhrwwf t&om&Sdwmudk;/ pm;NyD;&if;
pm;csif&if;/
244
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

pHkaxmufrSL;BuD; at&Gefqef[m Aufpf*sdKu [dkw,f½dGKif&,f aumfem

pm;aomufcef;rSm xdkif&if; aumf'GefbvsL Muufom;csufudk pm;aew,f/
Aufpwma*ghvefu Muuf r[kwfwJhtwGuf ajcmufuyfNyD;
t&omuif;rJhvSw,f/ at&Gefqef[m Muufom;udk 0dkifeJY arQmcsae w,f/
ckavmufqdk qGJcsBuD;[m owif;axmufawGudk wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwfeJY
owif;jzefYaeavmufNyD/ reufjzefqdk owif;axmuf acgyPDwyfBuD; w½Hk;½Hk;
jzpfaeawmhrSm/ wdkufxm;wJh {&mr bwfpfum;0gBuD;rSm ajc&mvuf&m
trsm;BuD; usef&pfrSmyJ/ 'Du xdkifapmifh&if; owif;teHY cHae½HkyJav/
xdkifrapmifhvnf; bmrSrS vkyfp&mr&Sdwmudk/ olYrSm rdom;pk r&Sd/
rdwfaqG&if;csm r&Sd/ pGJpGJjrJjrJvkyfwJh 0goemawmif r&Sd&Smbl;/ tif; ...
ysif;zkdYawmh taumif;om;/ 'DtrINyD;&ifawmh b0aeenf;av; ajymif;OD;rS/
at&Gefqef[m *sifawmepfaomuf&if; npmudk vufpowfvdkufw,f/
awmifawG; ajrmufawG;eJY taomufrsm;oGm;awmh rl;a&m/ rl;awmh olYudk,fol
ydkydkNyD; oem;vma&m/ ckae ypöwdkav;xkwfNyD; [dkaxmifhu
pE´&m;wD;aewJhaumifudk ypfMunfhvdkuf&if b,fvdkaervJ rod/
tJ'DnaerSmyJ tbdk;BuD;owif;udk pdkufvdkufrwfwwf a&;aewJh a'od,
owif;pm&JU t,f'DwmawG[m tpnf;ta0; ck cyfjrefjref vkyfMuNyD;
reufjzeftwGuf acgif;BuD;owif;acgif;pOfeJY ywfoufvdkY
OD;aESmufajcmufaeMuw,f/
wpfa,mufao&if vlowfrI? ESpfa,mufaoawmh ESpfavmif;NydKif
245
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

vlowfrI? ck oHk;a,mufaoawmh tpkvdkuf vlowfyGJvdkY a&;&rvm;?

rjzpfao;bl; xifw,f/ aemufqHk;awmh owif;XmerSL;[m acgif;pOf
vSvSav;wpfck &vdkufw,f/
aysmufqkH;aeaom &mjynhfbdk;bdk;[m
vlowfrI oHk;cktwGuf w&m;cHavvm;

tJ'Dtcsdef bJvf&if;*g; ,mcif;u vlawGuawmh tvGefayghyg;

jrL;xl;pGmeJY wpfa,mufNyD;wpfa,muf yHkajymwrf; upm;aeMuav&JU/
olYtvSnfha&mufawmh abmfqDu or®musrf;pmtkyfBuD; xkwfjyNyD; 'D pmtkyfudk
tpuae tqHk;xd ol b,fvdkzwfjzpfcJhw,fqdkwJh Zmwf aMumif;udk
ajymjyr,fvdkY ajymw,f/ tJ'Dpum;Mum;awmh t,fvefu abmfqDhudk
oem;aew,f/ aMomf ... crsmrSm usrf;pmtkyfzwfzdkY b,fvdkrsm;?
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rESdyfpufbl;/ olYbmomol odcsifvdkY zwfwmwJh/ 'geJY t,fvefu ...
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*sL;vD;,yfu t,fvefYudkMunfh&if; ... ]abmfqD qufajymygap?
vdkufraESmifh,SufeJYAsm}wJh/ t,fvefvnf; tJ'DusrS yg;pyfydwfoGm;w,f/
abmfqDu olYZmwfaMumif;udk 'Dvdkcif;w,f/
vGefcJhwJh vaygif;rsm;pGmu wpfaeYrSm pudkYAf'DrSm&SdwJh pGefYypfypönf;
jyefvnfoHk;pGJa&;Xmeu rdwfaqGwpfa,mufqDu zkef;0ifvmcJhw,f/
abmfqD[m aiG&zdkYqdk bmrqdk pdwf0ifpm;wwfaMumif; tJ'DrdwfaqGu
246
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

aumif;aumif;BuD; odw,f/
olwdkYXme[m pmtkyfwef0ufavmuf &xm;owJh/ wpfckck csKdU,Gif;aevdkY
wef;r0ifwJh pmtkyfawGwJh/ zGifhMunfhvdkufawmh or®musrf;pm awGcsnf;yJwJh
(wjcm; wpfckckudk ol arQmfvifhxm;wmav)/ 'gaMumifh 'D wef0ufavmuf&SdwJh
pmtkyfawGudk tcsdKtacsmifaps;eJY abmfqDhudk a&mif;pm;zdkY ol zkef;qufwm/
tvkyfjzpfygw,f/ cGifhomcdkufrS rvdkufcsif
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wpfaxmifeJY ta&mif;t0,fjzpfoGm;w,f/ abmfqDh pyg;usDxJvnf;
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bmrsm; uGmvdkYvJ/ abmfqD tonf;toef odcsifaeNyD/ tjyifyef;
tqiftjyifuawmh bmrSruGmygbl;/ b,fae&mawGrsm; rSm;aeygvdrfh/
'gaMumifh wpfnaerawmh rD;vif;zdkem;rSm xdkif&if; ol0,fxm;wJh cRwf,Gif;
or®musrf;pmtkyfyHkBuD;xJu wpftkyfudk qJGxkwf? ykHrSef or®m usrf;wpftkyfudk
tudk;tum;jyKvdkY urÇmOD;usrf;tzGifh tptOD;ü bk&m; ocifonf
aumif;uifESifh ajrBuD;udk zefqif;awmfrl\/ uae pzwfvdkufw,f/
wpfae&m&mrSmawmh rSm;udkrSm;&r,f? xl;udk xl;jcm;&r,f? bmrS trSm;rygbJ
'Dvdk jrifhjrwfwJh usrf;udk trdIufyHkxJ xnfhr,frxif/
wpfnaeNyD; wpfnae? wpfcef;NyD; wpfcef; ol zwfvmcJhw,f/
"r®a[mif;usrf; 39 usrf;NyD;vdkY "r®opfusrf; 27 usrf; a&mufvmcJhw,f/
tm;vHk; uGufwd/ ckxd trSm;t,Gif;r&Sd/
naecif;wpfckrSmawmh aemufqHk;tcef;? aemufqHk;pmrsufESm?
247
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

aemufqHk;yg'udk a&mufvmcJhw,f/
a[m ... awGUNyD/ Munfhprf;? Munfhprf;/ 'gaMumifhudk;/ 'gaMumifh
trdIufyHkxJ a&mufwmudk;/ cifAsm;wkdYbmom MunfhMuayawmh/ abmfqD u
usrf;udk urf;ay;vdkufw,f/ wpfa,mufwpfvSnfh zwfMuNyD;wJh aemufrSmawmh
toD;oD; tou tkef;tkef;uRufuRuf &,fvdkufMu/
tJ'DtrSm;udk &SmazGawGU&SdvdkY abmfqD[m tifrwefauseyfw,f/
b,fvdkrSm;oGm;ovJqdkwm ol pdwfr0ifpm;bl;/ 'g olYb0rSm yxrqHk;
tBudrftjzpf pmwpftkyfudk tptqHk; zwfzl;wmyJ/ olY&JU pD;yGm;a&;udpö?
tcGefudpöawGrSm bk&m;ocif 0ifrygapcsifayrJh ck crnf;awmf? om;awmfeJY
oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf oHk;yg;wpfql BwdedwD&JU vufawmfxJ olYb0udk
wpfcPwmjzpfjzpf 0ifMunfhcJhNyD/ enf;enf; rqdkpavmufuav; rSm;½HkeJY
paeaps;aeYawGrSm 'DpmtkyfawGudk ol udk;q,fhudk;ua&mif;eJY
csa&mif;r,fhudpöudk oHk;yg;pvHk; ruefYuGufavmufygbl;aemf/
wu,fvdkYom abmfqDwpfa,muf 'DtrSm;aemuf ajc&mcHvdkuf
wwfr,fqdk&if olYtaygif;toif;awGudk ajymp&mZmwfvrf;u 'Dvdk jzpfrSm/
a&mhwm'rf qifajczHk;u pmpDorm;wpfa,muf[m udk,fa&;udk,fwm
jyóemeJY MuHKae&&Sm/ vGefchJwhJ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu a,a[m0g oufaorsm;
tzGJU0iftjzpf ol odrf;oGif;cHcJh&w,f/ 1799 ckESpfeJY 1980 jynfhESpfrsm;
Mum;rSm a,½Iocif 14 Budrfxufrenf; urÇmay: jyef<uvmr,fvdkY
'Dtoif;u a[mudef;awG xkwfw,f/ wpfcgrS rSefw,fvdkY r&Sdygbl;/ 'geJYyJ
ol yifawukawå ausmif;awmftoif; 0ifjyefw,f/ aemufqHk;w&m;pD&ifcef;eJY
248
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

ywfoufvdkY tJ'Dausmif;awmf&JU oifMum;csufawGudk ol b0ifcdkufw,f/

aemufqHk;usawmh bk&m;ocif[m rdpämwdkYtay: atmifEdkifawmfrlvdrfhr,f/
a,½Iocif &Sifjyef xajrmufvmvdrfhr,f/ olYtaz tygt0if
'kp½dkufom;taygif; xm0& i&JrSm avmifuRrf;vdrfhr,f/
odkYaomfvnf; 'Dt,ltq[m rMumcif olYudk ESdyfpufjyefw,f/
c&pf,mefaumif; wpfa,mufqdkwm cGifhvTwfwwf&r,fqdk/ bmjzpfvdkY
i&JcHcdkif;aejyefygvdrfh/
t,l0g' trsdK;rsdK;udk cg;cg;oD;oD;jzpfpjyKvmcsdefrSm wdkufwdkuf qdkifqdkif
olYyHkESdyfpufudk or®musrf;tkyfa& ESpfaxmif½dkufzdkY tvkyf&vm w,f/ qGD'ifu
rSmwmwJh/ jzpf&av/ ol ajcmufESpfom;uwnf;u olYtaz[m
rdom;pkudkypfNyD; tJ'DrSm oGm;aewmav/ tazhudk owd&? rsuf&nfawG
awGawGusNyD; pmpDaewJh ol[m aemufqHk;tcef; Asm'dwf usrf;
ta&mufrSmawmh owdvufvGwf jzpfoGm;w,f/ 'geJYyJ aemufqHk; pmrsufESm
aemufqHk;yg' ESpfyk'fudk ½dkuftNyD; ol i,fi,fwkef;u olYudk
tjrJajymjywwfwJh tazh&JU tdyf&m0ifyHkjyif ed*Hk;pum;av; a[movdk
ygoGm;awmhw,f/
20 igonf tvsiftjref vmrnf rSefay\[k? þt&mrsm;udk oufao
cHaomol rdefYawmfrl\/ tmrif? ocifa,½I <uvmawmfrlyg/
21 igwdkYocif a,½Ic&pf\ aus;Zl;awmfonf oefY&Sif;oltaygif;wdkYü
&Sdapownf;/
22 tJ'DtcsdefupvdkY olwdkYtm;vHk; toufxufqHk; aysmf&TifpGm aexdkif
249
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

oGm;MuowhJuG,f/
"r®opfusrf;wdkYwGif aemufqHk;usrf;wnf;[laom
&Sifa,m[ef pD&ifa&;om;aom Asm'dwfusrf; NyD;\
wJhav/ or®musrf;pm[m aysmf&TifpGm aexdkifoGm;MuowJhuG,feJY
qHk;owJhav/
bJvf&if*g; ,mcif;&JU naecif;[m wjznf;jznf; ta&mif&ifhvdkY nb0
ajymif;oGm;w,f/ nD&if;tpfudk arwåm"mwfawG 'va[m pdrfhxGufapwJh
aAmh'umawG acsmif;pD;aecJhNyD/ befeDom owdrxm;rd&if b,favmufxd
qufaomufaeMur,f rod/ befeDu tm;vHk;udk [efYw,f/ awmfMu? wefMu?
tdyf&m0ifMu/ aemufaeYawGrSm vkyfp&mawG trsm;BuD;/ ck em;xm;rS
wefumusr,fwJh/ t,fvefu wpfcGef;awmh ajymjzpfatmif
ajymvdkufao;w,f/
]tif; ... wwfEdkif&ifawmh reufjzef olEdk;vmvdkY olYrD;zdkcef;BuD; xJu
tpm;taomufawG b,fa&mufukefNyDvJqdkwm awGUoGm;&if olYrsufESm
b,fvdkjzpfoGm;r,fqdkwm apmifhMunfhcsifygao;w,fAsm}

(16)
1948 - 53/
olYem;uvlu r*FvmaeYv,fcif;yg rpöwmum;vfqef cifAsm; vdkY
t*Fvdyfvdk EIwfqufwmudk Mum;vkduf&NyD;aemuf t,fvefu
aumufcsufESpfcsuf qGJvdkufw,f/ eHygwfrSm wpf - 'Dvl qGD'ifu r[kwfbl;/
250
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

[kwfcJh&if qGD'ifvdkyJ EIwfqufrSmaygh/ eHygwfrSm ESpf - emrnfac:

EIwfqufwJhtwGuf ol ighudkodvdkY jzpf&r,f/
0wfyHkpm;yHkuawmh awmufawmufajymifajymif om;om;em;em;yJ/
pD;yGm;a&;orm; jzpfr,f/ ighudk bmvkyfapcsifvdkYvJ/ tMuHtpnf wpfckckawmh
&Sd&r,f/ t,fvef jyefajymvdkufw,f/ t*FvdyfvdkYaygh/
]tJ ... usKyfb0 tvSnfhtajymif;rsm; jzpfOD;rSmvm;As}
jzpfcsifjzpfrSmayghwJh/ b,fol ajymEdkifrSmvJwJh/ tJovdkjzpfzdkYu
rpöwmum;vfqefay: rlwnfowJh/ ck vmawGUwJhudpöu tvkyfwpfck
urf;vSrf;csifvdkYygwJh/ olY&JUabmhpfu vTwfvdkufvdkYygwJh/
t,fvefu jyefajzw,f/ ckavmavmq,fawmh at;aq;ygyJwJh/ 'gayrJh
wpfoufvHk; yef;jcHxJxdkifNyD; at;at;aq;aq; aeEdkifr,fawmh rxifbl;wJh/
'geJY abmhpfqdkwJhvlu b,folrsm;vJwJh/ emrnfodcGifh &Sdrvm;wJh/ 'grSyJ
qHk;jzwfvdkY&rSmayghwJh/
'gaygh? [kwfwmaygh/ rSefwmaygh/ oabmwlygw,f/ EdkYayod olYabmhpfu
{&mr[mBuD;rdkY udk,fwdkifawGUNyD;rS olYudk,fol rdwfqufcsifygowJhav/
'gaMumifh t,fvefYtaeeJY tyef;rBuD;bl;qdk wpfcgwnf; vdkufcJhay;ygwJh/
udk,fwdkifudk,fus ydkYaqmifay;yghr,fwJh/
jzpfoav/ b,fhESmaMumifh rjzpf&rwkH;/ vm ... ckoGm;r,f/ tJ ... c&D;u
enf;enf;av; vSrf;w,fwJh/ rpöwmum;vfqeftaeeJY [dkw,fjyef?
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olYum;eJY jyefvdkufydkYyghr,f/ um;'½dkifbmvnf; ygygowJh/
251
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

um;uvnf; vSrS vS/ zdkY'fqD'if teD&J&JBuD;/ um;'½dkifbmuvnf;

pum;wpfvHk;rS rajymbl;/ NidrfaewmyJ/
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]aMomf ... 'gqdkvnf; aumif;wmaygh}
{nfhonfu ajym&if; um;orm;udk jyefvSnfhcdkif;vdkufw,f/ vdk&mc&D;udk
awmufavQmufarmif;ap qdkwJhoabmaygh/
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wpfem&Davmuf tjyif;armif;&if; ',fvm½dkxd a&mufvmcJhMuw,f/
t,fvefeJY olpdrf;[m wpfvrf;vHk; awmtaMumif; awmif taMumif;
avyef;vmMuw,f/ [dkvlu atmfy&muZmwf&JU crf;em;
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jzwfausmfenf;awG ajym/ pum;vufqHkudk usvdkY/
urÇmvSnfhc&D;oGm;awG tifrwef oabmuswJh urf;½dk;wef;
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aEG&moDrSmom oabmusp&maumif;wm/ ckvdk aqmif;wGif;qdk b,folrS
rvmbl;/ arSmifrnf;wdwfqdwf at;pufvdkYaygh/
]cifAsm; abmhpfu 'DrSm aewmvm;}
][ifhtif; ... r[kwfygbl;Asm}
um;'½dkifbmu ckxd pum;wpfvHk;rS rajymbl;/ t,fvefeJY [dkvludk
qdyfurf;rSmcsNyD; xGufoGm;a&m/ [dkvlu um;xJu {&mr om;arG;ukwfBuD;
wpfxnf,l? t,fvefYudk jcHKay;&if; vrf;av; enf;enf; avQmuf&r,f
252
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

jzpfrvm;wJh ar;w,f/
odwJhtwdkif; t,fvefqdkwJhvlu tem*wfawG? arQmfvifhcsufawG? bmnm
om&umawG bmrS pdwf0ifpm;wm r[kwfbl;av/ jzpfr,fh udpöu jzpfrSmyJ/
jzpfcsifwmjzpf oabmxm;wJh vludk;/ bmjzpfjzpf BudKwifrSef;qwmawG
bmawG 0goemrygbl;/ tJovdkvlrsdK;jzpfwJh t,fvefawmif ckudpöudkawmh
enf;enf;tHhMow,f/ bmjzpfvdkYrsm; b,folrS r&SdwJh a&cJjyifBuD;ay:
ac:vm&owkH;ayghav/
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ajcvSrf;awGudk toHxGuf a&wGuf&if; avQmufaew,f/ ol a&wGufaeoHu
t,fvef wpfcgrS rMum;zl;wJh bmompum;wpfrsdK;eJY/ q,fhig; rdepfavmuf
avQmufNyD;awmh vlpdrf;u a&mufNyDvdkY ajymw,f/ [if ... bma&mufwmvJ?
bmrSvnf; r&Sdbl;/ arSmifvdkuforS ydef;vdkY/ [dk; ta0;BuD;u
uRef;uav;ay:u rD;av;wpfyGifhyJ jrif&wm/ ½kwfw&uf csufcsif;
olwdkYajcaxmufatmufu a&cJjyifBuD;[m 0kef;ceJ uGJxGufoGm;w,f/
wefawmh [dkvl ajcvSrf;a&wGufwm rSm;oGm;yHkyJ/ 'grSr[kwf
a&ikyfoabFm rmvdefrSL;[m ol&Sd&r,fhae&mxuf enf;enf; a&SUa&mufaeyHkyJ/
bmyJjzpfjzpf udk;q,fhckepfrDwm&SnfwJh a&ikyfoabFm bGm;ceJ ay:vmawmh
t,fvefeJY [dkvl[m 'a&maomyg; aemufqkwf&if; a&xJ usawmhrvdk
jzpfukefMuw,f/ cPaeawmh aEG;axG;wJh a&ikyfoabFmxJ olwdkY
a&mufoGm;Muw,f/ t,fvef[m olYudk,fol toHwdwf ajymae rdw,f/
]uJ ... awGUNyDr[kwfvm;? wpfaeYwpfaeY jzpfrvmao;wmudk
253
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

bmawGrsm;jzpfrvJ rodbl;aemfqdkNyD; BudKwifrSef;qraebJ jzpfcsif&m jzpfqdkNyD;

aewm b,favmuf[efusovJ}
ckawmh vlpdrf;u rvQKdU0Sufawmhygbl;/ t,fvefYudk ol ajymjyaecJhNyD/
olYemrnf ,l&D abm&pfqdkApfcsf ydkaygh/ jynfaxmifpk qdk&S,fvpf qdkAD,uf
or®wEdkifiHawmftwGuf tvkyfvkyfw,f/ odkYaomf EdkifiHa&;orm; r[kwf?
ppfwyfu r[kwf? ½lyaA'ynm&Sif/ olYwm0efu rpöwmum;vfqefudk armfpudk
ac:oGm;zdkY/ ½lyaA'ynm&Sif tcsif;csif;qdkawmh em;vnfrI ydk&EdkifwJhtwGuf
olYudk wm0efay;wmwJhav/
]tJ ... usKyfu ½lyaA'ynm&SifrS r[kwfbJAs}
]tif; ... 'gayrJh uRefawmfh&JU owif;&if;jrpfawG tvdkt&awmh
rpöwmum;vfqef[m uRefawmfwdkY vdktyfaewJh t&mwpfcktaMumif;
aumif;aumif;BuD;odw,fvdkY qdkygw,f}
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,l&DeJY t,fvef[m ½kwfw&ufcsufcsif; wpfa,mufeJY wpfa,muf
em;vnfrI tjynfht0&oGm;ovdk udk,fpDudk,fi cHpm;vdkufMu &w,f/ 'Dvl[m
tm*vlyJ/ vdkufr,fqdkNyD; bmrSvnf; rar;rjref; vdkufcsvmw,f/
owådtvGef&SdwmyJ/ bmrSvnf; apmuf*½kpdkufyHk r&bl;&,fvdkY ,l&D[m
t,fvefYudk txifawG odyfBuD;aew,f/ t,f vefuvnf; ,l&DqdkwJhvl[m
olYudk EdkifiHa&;eJY bmoma&;eJY ET,fwm r[kwfvdkY auseyfaew,f/
'gawGxufydkNyD; wpfa,mufeJY wpfa,muf em;vnfrIydk&wJh
254
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

taMumif;&if;uawmh aAmh'umaMumifhaygh/ raeYnaeu

t,fvefYudkapmifhMunfh&if; *&ef;[dkw,fu qGD'ifaAmh'umudk ,l&D
jrnf;prf;cJhw,f/ yxrwpfcGuf paomufaomufcsif; qGD'ifaAmh'um[m
jyif;vnf; jyif;? ½k&S tcsdK"mwfuvnf; uif;rJhvdkY ol rSwfcsufcsrdw,f/
aemufESpfcGufavmuf xyfcsawmh rqdk;bl;[vdkY xifvmw,f/ aemufESpfcGuf
xyfcstNyD;rSmawmh aumif;om;yJ jzpfoGm;w,f/
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'guawmh ydkaumif;wm trSefyJwJh/ a&ikyfoabFm wpfpD;vHk;
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wkH;wJh/
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jzpfoGm;cJhMuw,f/
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teufrSm? aomufrSmom aomufprf;yg}
,l&D abm&pfqdkApfcsf ydkaygh[m xm0& qdk&S,fvpfwpfa,muf/ qdkAD,uf
qdk&S,fvpfpepfu vGJvdkY zGJeJY qefuGJvdkY txifa&mufol wpfa,muf/
&JabmfBuD; pwmvif[m enf;enf;av; rma&ausma& EdkifayrJh ,l&Duawmh
pepftay: xm0& opöm&Sdolrsm;tzdkY bmudkrS aMumufp&mrvdkbl;vdkY
xifaew,f/ olYtaeeJYawmh b,faomufpepfudkrS opöm&dSzdkY
255
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

tpDtpOfr&SdaMumif;? odkYaomf ,l&DtwGuf tufwrfAHk; jyóemudk ajz&Sif;zdkY

oJvGefpav; wpfck? ESpfckawmh ay;EdkifaMumif; t,fvefu ajymw,f/ ckawmh
EdkifiHa&;taMumif; rMum;csifbl;/ aAmh'umt&omav; cHyg&apOD;wJh/
,l&DUcrsm aus;Zl;wif 0rf;ajrmufvGef;vdkY rsuf&nfrsm;awmif
vnfrwwfyJ/ pDrHudef;BuD; atmifjrifcJh&if olYq&m rm&S,f bm&D,mu
t,fvefYudk tar&duefa':vm wpfodef; csD;jr§ifhzdkY tpDtpOf&SdaMumif;
ajymjyvdkufw,f/ t,fvefuawmh at;aq;yJ/ MunfhMuao;wmayghwJh/
'DvdkeJY aAmh'um0dkif;[m t&Sdef&vmw,f/ EdkifiHa&;eJY bmoma&;u vGJvdkY
aumif;uifeJY ajrBuD;Mum;u taMumif;t&mpHk a&mufwwf&m&m
avQmufajymMu&if; AHk;udpö arS;rSdefoGm;w,f/ AHk;taMumif;ajymzdkY
tcsdefawGtrsm;BuD; usefao;wmyJav/
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toHwkefBuD;awGeJY avQmufatmfaewJh[mvm;}
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aAmh'umawGtrsm;BuD; avmif;csvdkuf&if; rwfwwf&yfNyD; yufpDeD&JU ]b,folrS
tdyfr&ygbl;uG,f} atmfy&moDcsif;BuD;udk toHukef [pf vdkufawmhw,f/
t,fvefu NyD;wJhtxd em;axmifw,f/ oDcsif;qHk;oGm;awmh bmvdkY
avQmufatmfaewmvJwJh/ ,l&D yufvufvefoGm;w,f/
b,folrS tdyf&&? r&& olwdkYESpfa,mufuawmh cvl;cavmeJY
tdyfMuoav/ olwkdY Edk;vmawmh a&ikyfoabFm[m vDeif*&uf qdyf urf;rSm
urf;uyfaecJhNyD/ u&ifrvifrSm rm&S,fbm&D,meYJ awGUzdkY olwdkYudk ac:oGm;r,fh
256
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

ZdrfcHum;BuD;wpfpD; toifhapmifhaecJhNyD/ t,fvefu wpfudk,fwnf;

wD;wdk;ajymaew,f/
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]r*FvmeHeufcif;yJaemf t,fvef} ,l&Du 0ifajymw,f/
ck t,fvefeJY ,l&D ESpfa,mufom; [rf;bm;yl;vfref; ZdrfcHum; BuD;
aemufcef;rSm pnf;pdrftjynfheJY xdkif&if; vDeif*&uf-armfpudk wpf&ufc&D;udk
pESifzdkY tqifoifhjzpfaeMuNyD/ a&SUcef;eJY aemufcef;Mum; rSefcsyfjcm;xm;NyD;
toHvHkcef;jzpfatmif pDrHxm;w,f/ aemufcef;rSm a&? tcsdK&nf? t&ufaygif;pHk
xnfhxm;wJh a&cJaowåmvnf;ygw,f/ t&ufuawmh olwdkYESpfa,muftwGuf
avmavmq,f rvdkao;bl;/ csdKcsOfteDav;awG tjynfhxnfhxm;wJh
zefuvyfBuD;wpfck&,f? acsmuvuf aygif;pHk xnfhxm;wJh
vifyef;wpfcsyf&,f/ ZdrfyJ ... ZdrfyJ/ qdk&S,fvpf avmuedAÁmef
a&mufvka&mufcifjzpfaewJh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkBuD;rSm tif*sifeD,m
twwfynm tHhrcef; xGef;um;wmudk oufaojyvdkufovdkyJ/
'Dum;wpfpD;vHk; t*Fvefu wifoGif;xm;wm r[kwfcJh&ifayghav/
,l&Du t,fvefYudk olYb0 ZmwfaMumif;awG ajymjyaew,f/
avmu"mwfynmrSm olYOyZÑm,fq&mu e,l;ZDvefom; EsLuvD;,m;
½lyaA'ynm&Sif tm;euf½lomzdkY'f/ wpfacwf wpfa,mufvdkY ajym&r,fh
EdkA,fqk& yg&rD&SifwJh/ o[maMumifh ,l&D&JU t*Fvdyfpum;[m rdk;ysH atmif
aumif;aewmaygh/ t,fvefuvnf; pydef? tar&duef? w½kwf? [dr0EÅmeJY
tD&efu olY pGefYpm;cef;awGtaMumif; ajymjyw,f/ ,l&Du jzwfar;w,f/
257
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]tJ'D t*Fvduef bkef;awmfBuD; bmjzpfoGm;vJ}

]odbl;As? yg&Sm;wpfjynfvHk; t*FvduefjzpfoGm;atmif ol vkyfEdkif
cJhovm;? ysHvGefawmfrloGm;ovm;? rajymwwfbl;? tJ'D ESpfrsdK;Mum; wpfckck
jzpfoGm;zdkY ydkrsm;w,f}
]tJ ... qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkrSmqkd&ifawmh ysHvGefawmfrlzdkY vrf;ydkrsm;oAs?
&SifoefzdkY rvG,fa&;cs rvG,f}
,l&D[m wjznf;jznf; pdwfvGwfvufvGwf jzpfvmw,f/ bmrS
vQKdU0Sufrxm;csifawmhbl;/ axmufvSrf;a&;tBuD;tuJ rm&S,f bm&D,m
qdkwJhvl? ck tufwrfAHk;ya&m*sufrSm acgif;aqmif0ifvkyfaejyefNyD/ tif; ...
vkyfrSmaygh/ 'Dvlu &Sufw,fqdkwm csdKeJYvm; qdk&avmufatmif
&SufaMumjywfaewJh vludk;/ ol apmufjrifuyfNyDqdk&if rdef;ra&m? uav;a&m
ra&Smifbl;/ rk'drf;usifhwefusifh? axmifxJxnfhwefxnfh/ aemufqHk;awmhvnf;
aovrf;udk jref;Muapownf; qdkwmcsnf;yJ/
]tzsuftarSmifhorm;udk okwfoifz,f&Sm;&r,fqdkwm oabm
w&m;t&awmh rSefygw,f? odkYaomf tzsuftarSmifhorm; qdkwm
awmfvSefa&;tjrif t&om jzpf&r,f? rm&S,fbm&D,m rMunfwdkif;
tzsuftarSmifhorm;jzpfa&m qdkwmawmh r[kwfao;bl;av t,fvef &,f ...
aemf? wu,fawmh rm&S,f bm&D,mqdkwJh ieJ[m awmfvSefa&;orm;vnf;
r[kwfygbl;Asm? EdkYayod 'DudpöeJYywfoufvdkY &JabmfBuD; pwmvifudk
tjypfqdkvdkYawmh r&aybl; cifAs? olYrvnf; wpfwdkif;jynfvHk;?
a'owpfckvHk;twGuf pDrHae&wmudk;? oleJY wpfcgrS awGYcGifh r&zl;ygbl;Asm?
258
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

qdkawmh &JabmfBuD;[m rm&S,fbm&D,mudk vkyfydkifcGifhawG ydkay;rd&Smw,f

xifyg&Jh? 'geJY t,fvef ... 'DaeY aeYv,frSmav cifAsm;eJY usKyf
rm&S,fbm&D,mhtjyif &JabmfBuD; pwmvifeJYyg awGUcGifh&rSmAs odvm;?
npmvnf; twlpm;zdkY zdwfxm;w,f}
]tif; ... tif; ... [kwfNyDav? 'geJY tJ'grwdkifcif usKyfwdkY bm
oGm;pm;rwkH;? 'DcsdKcsOfteDav;awG jrHKUae½HkeJY jzpfrvm;}
[kwfayom;uyJ/ ynm&Sdrsm; awG;Munfh&if ajy;Munfhwmxufawmif
rSefayoudk;/ vrf;rSmawGUwJh NrdKUydefNrdKUrTm;av;wpfckrSm um;&yf?
qef;'0pfcsfawG 0,fNyD; t,fvefYudk ay;&w,f/ qef;'0pfcsf 0g;&if;
t,fvefawG;w,f/ rm&S,f bm&D,m qdkwJhvl[m ,l&D ajymyHkt&qdk
wD[D&efrSm aousefcJhwJh vQKdU0SufykvdyftBuD;tuJeJY trltusifhcsif;
tawmfwlr,fhoabm &Sdw,f/
tJ'Dtcsdef ,l&D[m t,fvefYudk toHwdwf tuJcwfaew,f/ &JabmfBuD;
pwmvifeJY npmpm;&r,fh r[mtcGifhta&;BuD;udk 'if;u ]tif; ... tif; ...
[kwfNyDav}qdkyJ/ bm[kwfwmvJ? npmudkvm; acgif;aqmifBuD;udkvm;/
t,fvefuawmh qef;'0pfcsfudk tjywfqGJ? ½k&S qef;'0pfcsfawG aumif;aMumif;
csD;rGrf;cef;zGifh&if; ...
]touf&SifzdkYtwGuf pm;rSjzpfrudk; ,l&D&JU? 'geJY cifAsm;udk ar;cGef;av;
wpfck? ESpfckavmuf ar;cGifhjyKrvm;Asm} vdkY oHBuD;wrefBuD; avoHeJY
ajymvdkufw,f/
]ar;yg ... ar;yg t,fvef? usKyf wwfEdkiforQ ajzyghr,f}
259
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

rar;cif t,fvefu t&ifajymw,f/ ½dk;½dk;om;om; 0efcHyg&apwJh/ ,l&D

ckeu EdkifiHa&;taMumif;awG ajymaewkef;u ol em;axmifcsif[ef
aqmifaewmwJh/ wu,fawmh 'Dbufem;u 0ifNyD; [dkbufem;u
xGufoGm;wmwJh/ bmaMumifhvJqdkawmh EdkifiHa&;qdkwm ol pdwfr0ifpm;qHk;
udpördkYvdkYayghwJh/ 'gayrJh rm&S,fbm&D,m qdkwJhvl taMumif;awmh
aocsmem;axmifvdkufygowJh/ olYb0rSm 'DvdkvlrsdK;awG trsm;BuD;
awGUcJhNyD;aMumif;/ wpfzufuMunfh&if rm&S,fbm&D,m[m
vlqkd;wpfa,mufayrJh aemufwpfzufu Munfhjyefawmhvnf; ckvdk
{nfh0wfausyHkaxmuf&if odyfqdk;vSr,f rxifaMumif;/
]wu,fqdk ol usKyfudk jyefay;qGJ twif;t"r® zrf;qD;ac:aqmif vmNyD;
ar;csifwmar;vdkY &wmyJ? 'gqdk csdKcsOfteDawG? acsmuvufawG?
a':vmwpfodef;awG? rukefawmhbl;aygh r[kwfbl;vm;}
,l&DUcrsm bmajym&r,f rod/ t,fvef ajymawmhvnf; [kwfwkyfwkyfyJ/
bm&D,m[m awmfvSefa&;eJYudkifaygufNyD; tjypfrJhvlaygif; rsm;pGmudk
rw&m;vkyfcJhwm trSefyJ/ ck t,fvefYudk ZGwfoabmawG
aumif;jyaewmvnf; udk,fawGUyJ/ uJav ... ½Iyfygw,f/ a&cJaowåmzGifh?
bD,mwpfykvif; azmufaomuf/
wu,fawmh t,fvefajymovdk rvkyfzl;yJ b,faevdrfhrvJ/
rm&S,fbm&D,m qdkwJhvl[m qGpfZmvefrSm ynm&Sifya*;BuD; wpf a,mufudk
tJovdk twif; jyefay;qGJac:cJhzl;w,f/ rSef;csufeJY ESrf;xGuf enf;enf;rS
rudkuf/ 'gaMumifh tJ'DtawGUtMuHKuae 'if; oifcef;pm ,lwm aerSmwJh/
260
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

[kwfrSmygyJ/ tawGUtMuHKuae oifcef;pm ,loifh wmaygh/ 'g 0,fvdktm;eJY

a&mif;vdktm; qdkvm;? taemufwdkif; aps;uGuf pD;yGm;a&;oabmayuyJ/
qdkAD,uf tPkjrLvufeuf pDrHudef;[m 1942? {NyDrSm &JabmfBuD;
pwmvifqD vdyfrlxm;wJh EsLuvD;,m; ½lyaA'ynm&Sif a*smf*spf
eDudkvm,DApfcsf&JU ay;pmwpfapmifeJY pwifcJhw,f/ taemufurÇmrSm 1938
uwnf;u &SmazGawGU&SdcJhwJh EsLuvD;,m; tufwrfuGJyGm;rI qifh uJjzpfpOfudk
qdkAD,ufu bmrS rodao;bl;wJh/
pwmvifqdkwm raeYwpfaeYurSarG;wJh uav;aygufp r[kwf bl;av/
'DtaMumif;udk oHk;ESpfvHk;vHk; toHwpfpufrS rxGufuwnf;u {&mr
vQKdU0SufcsufBuD;qdkwm odom;yJ/ qdkAD,uf,leD,H[m tJ'D vQKdU
0SufcsufBuD;udk &atmif azmf&r,f/ 'grS ppfNyD;acwf yg0gcsdefcGifvQm
ndwJhtcg t"duae&m &rSmav/ ckcsdefuawmh wu,fhab;usyfeHusyf BuD;/
[pfwvmeJY emZD *smreDwyf[m armfpudk pwmvif*&uf tyg t0if aAmfv*g
taemufjcrf;wpfckvHk;udk tjyif;txef aqmfaeNyD/
pwmvif*&uf wdkufyGJuawmh pwmvifhtwGuf aoa&;&Sifa&;yJ/
b,fvdkrS t½HI;rcHEdkifbl;/ 'DvdkeJY vlwpfoef;cGJavmuf toufawGpaw;
NyD;wJhtcg wyfeDawmf atmifyGJcHcJhw,f/ tJ'DwdkufyGJaMumifh pdwf"mwfawG
wuf<uvmNyD; [pfwvmudk bmvifu olY AHk;cdkusif;xJxd jyefqkwfatmif
armif;xkwfEdkifcJhMuw,f/ *smrefawGudk atmifEdkifNyDqdkwJh tcgrawmh
pwmvif[m olYwdkif;jynf w,ftiftm;&Sdoudk;vdkY txifa&muf oGm;w,f/
'DrSmwif EsLuvD;,m;tdyfruf prufawmhwmyJ/
261
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

cufwmu tufwrfAHk;qdkwm reuf xvmwmeJY tqifoifh awGU&wJh

MuufOaMumf r[kwfbl;av/ okawoeawG trsm;BuD; ESpf umv&SnfMumpGm
vkyf&wmrsdK; r[kwfvm;/ qdkAD,uf tufwrfAHk; okawoevkyfief;u
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vkyfawmh vkyfaeMuwmyJ/ bmrS rbmcif wpf&ufrSm
e,l;ruúpDudku aygufuGJoHohHoHh Mum;&w,f/ aMomf ... 'DNydKifyGJrSm
tar&duefawG EdkifoGm;NyDudk;/ tif;av ... olwdkYu wmxGufapmwmudk;/
e,l;ruúpDudkNyD;awmh aemufxyf ESpfcg aygufuGJ w,f/ [D½dk&SD;rm;rSm wpfcg?
em*gqm*DrSm wpfcg/ pwmvif wif;vmNyD/ x½l;ref;qdkwJhaumif
olYESmacgif;udk n§pfaewm oHk;cg&SdNyD/ b,folu q&mvJqdkwm jyaewm/
&JabmfBuD; pwmvif[m rm&S,f bm&D,mudk 'Dvdkajymw,f/
]jyóemudk ajyvnfatmif ajz&Sif;prf;? tqifajyatmif vkyfprf;?
ajz&Sif;prf;? ajz&Sif;prf;? Mum;vm;}
rm&S,fbm&D,m[m qdkAD,ufu &SdorQ ocsFmynm&SifawG? "mwkaA'?
½lyaA' ynm&SifawGtm;vHk;udk wwfpGrf;orQ n§pfw,f/ wpf0ufavmufudk
qdkufab;&D;,m;u *lvuf tusOf;pcef;xJ ydkYayrJh bmrS taMumif;rxl;/
olYolvQKd 'vefawGvnf; bmrS &w,fvdkYrMum;/ 'gaMumifhrdkY tar&duef&JU
AHk;azmfjrLvmudk cdk;zdkYqdkwm b,fvdkrSudk rjzpf EdkifwJh udpö/
uJ ... armfpudk ta&SUawmifbufrSm wnfaqmufxm;wJh vQKdU0Suf
NrdKUawmf qma&mhAfrSm wnfxm;wJh qdkAD,uf okawoepifwmudk tufwrfAHk;
A[kokwawG jznfhqnf;ay;zdkY tjyifudkyJ tm;udk;&awmhr,f/ 'gaMumifh rm&S,f
bm&D,m[m tjynfjynfqdkif&m olvQKdXme tBuD;tuJudk trdefYay;vdkufw,f/
262
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]tJvfbwftdkifpwdkif;udk ac:cJhuGm}
tjynfjynfqdkif&m olvQKdXme tBuD;tuJ[m ua,mifacsmufcsm;
jzpfoGm;w,f/
]'g ... 'gayrJh tJvfbwftdkifpwdkif; qdkwmu ... ... ...}
]at; ... bmjzpfwkH;? tJvfbwftdkifpwdkif;[m urÇmhtaumif;qHk;
OD;aESmufydkif&Sifav? igajymovdk vkyfrvm;? aordefY,lrvm; ... ajym}
tjynfjynfqdkif&m olvQKdXme tBuD;tuJcrsm aqmftopfuav;
&xm;wm rMumao;bl;/ 'gaMumifh aordefYudk b,fenf;eJYrS r,lEdkifbl;/
'gayrJhvnf; ...
'gayrJh ol bmrSawmif rajym&ao;bl;/ rm&S,f bm&D,mu
MuHK;atmfvdkufawmhw,f/
]jyóemudk ajyvnfatmif ajz&Sif;prf;? tqifajyatmif vkyfprf;?
ajz&Sif;prf;? ajz&Sif;prf;? Mum;vm;}
tJvfbwftdkifpwdkif;udk jyefay;qGJNyD; armfpudkydkYzdkYqdkwm [if;&Guf uefpGef;
EkwfwJhudpörS r[kwfbJ/ t&ifqHk; ol b,frSmvJqdkwm vdkuf&Sm Mu&w,f/
tdkifpwdkif;qdkwJh vluvnf; *smreDrSm arG;? tDwvDudk ajymif;? qGpfZmvefudk
a&TU? ck tar&duef a&muf/ NyD;awmh wpfcsdefvHk; zifNidrfNidrf rxdkifbJ
[dk[dkonfonf avQmufoGm;aewm r[kwfvm;/
e,l;*smpDrSm olYtdrfwpfvHk; &Sdw,f/ b,folrS raebl;wJh/ pdwf
npfp&mygyJ/ tar&duefu q,fvDb&pfwDwpfa,mufudk zrf;csKyf?
twåvEÅdwf ork'´&mudkjzwfNyD; Oa&myydkYzdkYqdkwm jyóemuif;uif;eJY
263
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

b,fjzpfvdrfhrvJ/
b,frvJ ... ol b,frvJ ... tdkifpwdkif;qdkwmuvnf; ol b,foGm;r,f?
bmvkyfr,fqdkwm b,folYudkrS ajym½dk;xHk;pH r&Sdbl;/ tifrwef
ta&;BuD;vSygw,fqdkwJh tpnf;ta0;awGudkawmif &uf aygif; rsm;pGm
aemufusNyD;rS a&mufcsif a&mufvmwwfwJh vlrsdK;/
tjynfjynfqdkif&m qdkAD,uf olvQKdawG[m tdkifpwdkif;udpöeJY tvkyfawG
½IyfukefMuw,f/ tdkifpwdkif;[m ck e,l;*smpD? cPae *sDeDAm? awmfMum
0g&Sifwefu olYxkwfa0olqDrSm? tif abq,f? a[m ... tdk[dkif;tdk;? trav;
... rsufvSnfhjyaeovdkyJ/
pdwf&Snf&SnfeJYapmifh? apmifh ... apmifh .../ a[m ... ckawmh
apmifh&usdK;eyfNyD/ tdkifpwdkif;[m olwdkYrsufpda&SUrSm rD;cdk;a&mif rdk;umBuD; 0wf
OD;xkyfBuD; aqmif;NyD; ay:vmcJhNyD/ qGpfZmvefu olYtcspfqHk; oli,fcsif;
rpfcsJvfbufqdk&JUtdrfudk vrf;avQmufvmaew,f/ wHcg; bJvfudk wD;w,f/
a[m ... bufqdkudk,fwdkif vmzGifhay;w,f/ tdrfxJrSm toufBuD;BuD;
pHkwGJwpfwGJ &Sdaew,f/ olwdkY b,folawGwkH; .../ pHkprf;/ tif; ... odNyD/
bufqdkY a,mufzeJY olYrdef;r rm*smwJh/ aMomf ... vufp owfawmh rm*smu
tdkifpwdkif; nDrudk;/ a[; ... a[; ... a[; ... rif; b,fajy;rvJ
tJvfbwfav;/
tdkifpwdkif;[m tJ'DrSm ESpf&ufwdwd aeoGm;w,f/ tjyefusawmh
tvmwkef;u ol 0wfovdkyJ/ rdk;umeJY? OD;xkyfeJY? vuftdwfeJY/
um;aemufcef;xJ wGef;xnfhNyD; arhaq;eJY ttkyfcHvdkuf&csdefxd
264
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

tdkifpwdkif;crsm olYudk,fol bmjzpfoGm;rSef; rod&Smbl;/ csufcsif;yJ olYudk

MopBwD;,m;ydkY? [efa*&D qufydkY? [efa*&D wyfrawmfav,mOfuGif;uae
armfpudk wef;ydkYypfvdkufw,f/
aemufwpfaeYrSmawmh rm&S,f bm&D,m acgif;aqmifwJh armfpudk
vQKdU0Sufykvdyftkyfpk[m tJvfbwf tdkifpwdkif;udk awGUqHkMuw,f/ ar;cGef;
wpfcGef; ar;w,f/ yl;aygif;rvm;? wpfoufvHk; wdkufydwfcHrvm;wJh/
ryl;aygif;bl; cifAsm? 0rf;enf;p&myJ? EsLuvD;,m; tufwrf uGJyGm;rI
qifhuJjzpfpOfqdkwm bmwkH;wJh/ oluawmif jyefar;vdkufao;/ 1939 rSm
or®w ½kpAJhqDudk oludk,fwdkif ref[ufwef ya&m*sufqdkNyD;
wifoGif;cJhwJhudpöudk ½l;csif[efaqmifaew,f/ olYudk,fol tJvfbwf
tdkifpwdkif; r[kwfbl;wJh/ tJvfbwftdkifpwdkif;&JU nDti,f [m;bwfxf
tdkifpwdkif;wJhav/ a[a[h ... &,fcsifvdkufwm zwfzwfarm? &ifbwf
aemufu ausm/ tJvfbwftdkifpwdkif;rSm nD r&Sdwm vlwum tod/
nDrwpfa,mufyJ &Sdwm/ bm&D,mudk bmxifaeovJ/ emcsifaeNyD xifw,f/
uJ ... uJuGm/
tJovdk olwdkY tMurf;zufaewkef; e,l;a,muf owår&dyfom vrf;u
umepf*Dcef;rrSm tJvfbwftdkifpwdkif;[m y&dowfaygif; 2800 udk
&DavwDADwD oDtdk&DtaMumif; a[majymaecJhw,f/ tJ'Dy&dowfxJu
ESpfa,mufu qdkAD,uf olvQKdawG/
uJ ... ck twåvEÅdwfork'´&m [dkbufjcrf;eJY 'Dbufjcrf;rSm
tJvfbwftdkifpwdkif; ESpfa,muf jzpfaeNyD/ umepf*Dcef;rxJu wpf a,mufu
265
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

tppfqdkwm aocsmw,f/ 'gqdk 'Du romu bmwkH;/

rMumygbl;/ rm&S,fbm&D,m&JU olrwlwJh EdSyfpufenf;awGaMumifh
tJvfbwftdkifpwdkif; twk[m trSefw&m;awG olYyg;pyfu tefusvm
awmhw,f/
]usKyfajymwm 0if0ifrar;bJ aocsmem;axmifyg rm&S,fbm&D,m?
rMumcif cifAsm; tm;vHk;udk odvmap&r,f} wJh/
twkaumifu ajymw,f/
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ypfoGif;vdkuf½Hky}
rm&S,fbm&D,m[m ypöwdkudk toifhjyifxm;NyD; ajymcdkif;vdkuf w,f/
tJvfbwftdkifpwdkif;&JU nD [m;bwfxftdkifpwdkif;vdkY olYudk,fol ajymwJh
ieJ[m toufjyif;jyif; ½SLoGif;vdkuf&if; olYZmwfvrf;udk pajymw,f/
Zmwfvrf;u emp&m? Muifp&m? vGrf;p&m? vdIufp&m? ½dIufp&m
tjynfheJYyguvm;/ owfr,f? jzwfr,f wjyifjyifvkyfaewJh rm&S,f
bm&D,mawmif idkifusoGm;w,f/
[mref; tdkifpwdkif;eJY ay:vif; tdkifpwdkif; ZeD;armifESHrSm om;orD;
ESpfa,muf&Sdw,f/ tBuD;u tJvfbwftdkifpwdkif;? ti,frav;u rm*sm
tdkifpwdkif;/ odkYaomfvnf; azazBuD; tdkifpwdkif;u ajctNidrfrae vuftNidrf
raewJhtwGuf jrL;epfu olY "mwkpuf½Hk twGif;a&;rSL;r vSvS&G&G uav;udk
rsufpdusw,f/ &v'ftaeeJY tJvfbwfeJY rm*smwdkY&JU w&m;r0if armifuav;
[m;bwfxf xGufvmcJhw,f/
266
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

rm&S,f bm&D,m&JU olvQKdawGudkvnf; tqdk;rqdkomygbl;/ 13 ESpfwdwd

i,fayrJh [m;bwfxf[m ½kyftaeeJY tJvfbwfeJY cRwfpGyf wlw,f/ tJ ...
pdwfeJY OD;aESmufuawmh tarwlom; [m;bwfxf[m zsif;ovm;rar;eJY
qdkwJhtpm;xJu/
1895? [m;bwfxf ESpfESpfom;rSm tdkifpwdkif;rdom;pk jrL;epfuae
rDvefudk ajymif;cJhMuw,f/ [m;bwfxf ygoGm;ayrJh olYtar usef&pfcJhw,f/
azazBuD; tdkifpwdkif;u ac:zdkY BudK;pm;ygao;w,f/ [m;bwfxf taru
ajymif;zdkY enf;enf;rS pdwfr0ifpm;bl;/ *smref 0uftlacsmif;udk pyg*wfwDeJY
tpm;rxdk;Edkifovdk *smrefpum;uvGJvdkY wjcm;bmpum;rS rajymEdkifbl;wJhav/
uav; u&duxvnf; olrcHcsifbl;qdkawmh [m;bwfxfudk b,fac:oGm;oGm;
oabm&Sd uavm[dwJh/ 'DvdkeJY *smreDrSm ol aecJhw,f/ ay;cJhwJhaiGawG tukef
xifovdkvkyfypf&if; wDbD a&m*geJY qif;qif;&J&J uG,fvGefoGm;&Smw,f/
[m;bwfxf[m tpfudkBuD; tJvfbwf? tpfrBuD; rm*smwdkYeJYtwl
BuD;jyif;vmcJhw,f/ azaztkdifpwdkif;u [m;bwfxfudk olYwlvdkY nmNzD;
xm;cJhw,f/ tJvfbwfudk odyfrcifayrJh rm*smhudkawmh ol odyfcspfowJh/
rrvdkYawmh wpfcgrS rac:cJh&bl;wJhav/
]tqHk;rawmh usKyfudk taru pGefYypfw,f? tazu todtrSwf rjyKbl;?
usKyf[m xHkw,f? EHkw,f? tusdK;&Sdwm qdkvdkY bmwpfckrS rvkyfzl;bl;?
tazay;cJhwJh aiGav;eJY touf&Sifatmif ukwfuyfaecJh &wm? usKyfrSm bmrsm;
ynm&Sd&OD;rSmvJ}
rm&S,f bm&D,m&JU ypöwkd[m atmufpdkufusoGm;cJhw,f/ oem; p&m
267
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

aumif;vdkufwJhvl? olYxuf ydkoem;p&maumif;wmu ig qdkNyD;

rm&S,fbm&D,m[m tawG;0ifaew,f/ uJ ... ck ig bmqufvkyfrvJ/
jyóemawG wpfavSBuD;&dSaewJh rm&S,fbm&D,mtzdkY aemufxyf jyóem
wpfck xyfvufrcHcsifawmhbl;/ olYudk xm0& vGwfvyfcGifhay;vdkufawmhvdkY
trdefYay;&if; xGufvmcJhw,f/ [m;bwfxf tdkifpwdkif;taMumif; &JabmfBuD;
pwmvifudk tpD&ifcHvdkYawmh rjzpfa&;cs rjzpf/ rm&S,f bm&D,m[m
bmvkyf&r,frSef; rod jzpfaewkef; avmhpftvmrdkYpfu owif;udk ol
Mum;cJhw,f/
ref[ufwef ya&m*sufrSm yg0ifywfoufcJhwJh vlaygif;wpfodef;
oHk;aomif;avmuf &Sdw,f/ 'gayrJh tJ'DvlawG wpfa,mufrS tufwrf AHk;&JU
tjrKaw vQKdU0Sufcsufudk rodbl;/ tJ'gudk odolu qGD'if wpfa,mufwJh/ ck
olYemrnf odcJhNyDwJh/
aemuf 12 em&DtwGif; tJ'D qGD'if t,fvefum;vfqef[m *&ef;
[dkw,frSm aew,fqdkwm odvmw,f/ qDG'if tufwrfya&m*suf
tBuD;tuJu olYudk cgxkwfvdkufw,f qdkwmyg odvmcJhw,f/ rm&S,f
bm&D,m[m wpfudk,fwnf; ajymaerdw,f/
]urÇmh tzsif;qHk;aumif[m b,faumif jzpfrwkH;uGm? qGD'if
tufwrfya&m*suf acgif;aqmifvm;? [m;bwfxf tdkifpwdkif;vm;}
'Dwpfcgawmh rm&S,fbm&D,m[m r[mAsL[mudk ajymif;vdkuf w,f/
t,fvefum;vfqefudk tMurf;rzufbl;/ a':vmeJY qG,fr,f/ NyD;awmh
olvQKdawGeJY oGm;qGJcdkif;vdkY rjzpfbl;/ tufwrfAHk;ynm&Sif tkyfpkxJu
268
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

½lyaA'ynm&Sif ,l&Dydkayghudk vTwfr,f/ BuD;BuD;us,fus,f crf;crf;em;em;

BudKqdkr,f/
ckawmh tpDtpOftwdkif; wpfoa0rwdrf;/ ,l&DeJY t,fvef armfpudk
vmaeMuNyD/ t,fvefum;vfqef[m MunfMunfjzLjzLyJ vdkuf vmowJh/
rm&S,fbm&D,m&JU ½Hk;[m &JabmfBuD; pwmvif&Jh qE´twdkif; u&ifrvif
eef;awmfxJrSm/ {nfhcef;xJuae t,fvefeJY ,l&Dudk ol udk,fwdkif
xGufBudKw,f/
]awGU&wm 0rf;omoAsm? vdIufvdIufvSJvSJ BudKqdkygw,f rpöwm
um;vfqef}
rm&S,f bm&D,mu t,fvefYvufudk jyKwfrwwfqGJ EIwfquf&if;
ajymaew,f/
]aus;Zl;wifygw,f rpöwmrm&S,f cifAsm;}
rm&S,fbm&D,mqdkwJhvlu xdkifNyD; tmvmy ov’my ajymwwfwJhvl
r[kwfbl;/ avmu0wf r&Sdwmvnf;ygwmaygh/ 'gaMumifh ol wJh('Jh)yJ
ar;vdkufw,f/
]uJ ... rpöwmum;vfqef? usKyfoabmaygufwmuawmh cifAsm;[m
qdkAD,uftwGuf EsLuvD;,m;udpöudk a':vmwpfodef;eJY ulnDr,fvdkY qdkw,f?
[kwfp ...}
t,fvefu jyefajymw,f/ aiGu t"du r[kwfygbl;wJh/ ,l&DUudk
ulnDcsifwmygwJh/ 'gawG aemufaeYrS ajymMupdkYwJh/ ck c&D;yef;vmw,f qdkyJ/
rm&S,fbm&D,muvnf; c&D;yef;vmwm ol em;vnfaMumif;? &JabmfBuD;
269
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

pwmvifeJY npmpm;NyD;&if u&ifrvif&JU taumif;qHk; {nfhonftdyfcef;rSm

pdwfwdkif;us tem;,l&aphr,fjzpfaMumif; acsmhvdkufw,f/ 'gawmh ol
wwfw,f/
trav; ... &JabmfBuD; pwmvif[m uyfap;ESJBuD;qdkwm rSm;oAsm;/
Munfhprf;ygOD;/ tpm;taomufawGudk tvQHy,f/ 0dkifawG acsmif;pD;/ aAmh'um
vufypful;vdkY&avmufatmif wnfcif;xm;wm/
pm;yGJxdyfrSm &JabmfBuD;pwmvif/ olYab;rSm t,fvefum;qef/
EsLuvD;,m; ½lyaA'ynm&Sif ,l&Dydkaygh/ NyD;awmh qdkAD,uf,leD,H
vHkjcHKa&;tBuD;tuJ rm&S,f vufAf&efwD yufAvdkApfcsf bm&D,meJY bmrS rpm;?
bmrS raomuf&bJ t&dyfvdk aysmufae&wJh pum;jyef vli,fav;
wpfa,muf/
pwmvif[m tifrwef pdwfvufMunf&TifaecJhw,f/ vufAf&ef wD
yufAvdkApfcsf[m tajymeJY tvkyf nDolayuyJ/ tdkifpwdkif;qdkwJh vlu
oDtdk&DoufoufyJ/ Munfhprf; .../ ck t,fvef um;vfqefurS AHk;taMumif;
tlr acs;cg;rusef tao;pdwfodwJhvl/ [kwfyghuG,f/
NyD;awmh um;vfqef[m wu,fh vl&nfrGefyJ/ olYb0 Zmwf
aMumif;uvnf; aumif;rSaumif;/ olYtaz[m qdk&S,fvpf0g'twGuf qGD'ifudk
pGefYcGm? ½k&Sudk csDwuf toufay;cJhowJh/ olYom; t,fvefu pydef
jynfwGif;ppfrSm ygcJhzl;owJh/ b,fbufuvnf;awmh ar;raeawmh ygbl;/
NyD;awmh tar&duef a&mufoGm;owJh (xGufajy;vmwm aerSm)/
bmyJjzpfjzpf r[mrdwfwyfaygif;pktwGuf azmufjyefwJh t&if;&SifawG twGuf
270
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

enf;enf;yg;yg; vkyfay;cJhwmawmh cGifhvTwf&rSmayghav/

cPaeawmh pwmvif[m t&ufcGufcsif;awhNyD; ajym&wJh qGD'if
qkawmif;pum;udk b,fvdkajym&w,fqdkwm odoGm;NyD/ pwmvifh toHudk
em;axmifNyD; t,fvefu rpöwm&JabmfBuD; toH[m odyfaumif;aMumif;
ajymw,f/ pwmvifu ol i,fi,fuqdk bk&m;ausmif;rSm uGdKif,mqdkwJhtjyif
r*FvmaqmifrSmvnf; oDcsif;qdkaMumif; tm;yg;w&ajym&if; pm;yGJu ckefx?
vufawG avxJajr§muf&if; ajcum;,m; vufum;,m;eJY atmfBuD;[pfus,f
oDcsif;qdkygava&m/ aumif;vdkuf wm/ ukvm;oDcsif; usaewmyJ/
t,fvefuawmh oDcsif;rqdkwwfbl;/ 'gayrJh wpfckck vkyfjyrS jzpfr,f
qdkwmavmufawmh ol odw,f/ 'gaMumifh ol &Gmausmif;rSm aewkef;u
ausmif;uq&m twif;t"r® ZGwfoifay;xm;wJh Amem AGef [def'rfpwrf&JU
uAsmudk &Gwfvdkufw,f/ ol qGD'ifvdk uAsm&Gwfawmh &JabmfBuD; pwmvifu
xdkifNyD; em;axmifoav/
tJ'DuAsm&JU t"dyÜm,fudk &SpfESpfom;wkef;u t,fvef rodcJhbl;/ ck
oHk;q,fhig;ESpftMumrSm jyef&Gwfawmh ydkawmif rodao;w,f/
um,uH&Sifudk,fwdkif rodrSawmh ½k&S-t*Fvdyf pum;jyefaumifav;u
omqdk;oaygh/ e*dkuwnf;u udk,faysmufovdkae&mu ck ydkaysmuf
oGm;w,f/
vufckyfoHawG pJoGm;awmh t,fvefu 'g[m uAsmq&mBuD; Amem AGef
[def'rfpwrf&JU uAsmyJvdkY ajymcsvdkufw,f/
&JabmfBuD; pwmvif[m &JabmfBuD; rjzpfcifu uAsmq&myJ/
271
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

uAsmq&mrS wu,fh a'gifa'gifjrnf uAsmq&m/ uAsmh"mwfcHtm; tifrwef

BuD;wJh uAsmq&m/ acwfNydKifuAsmq&mawG tm;vHk;udk xJxJ0if0if odwJh
uAsmq&m/ 'gaMumifh Amem AGef [def'rfpwrf bmvJqdkwm ol
aumif;aumif;odw,f/ t,fvefom rodwm/ Amem AGef [def'rf pwrf[m
*smrefbufawmfom;qdkwm &JabmfBuD;u trsm;BuD;odw,f/ [pfwvm&JU
nmvuf½Hk; ½l;a'ghzf [ufpfudk,fwdkif [def'rfpwrfh tdrfudk 1930
avmufwkef;u a&mufzl;w,fqdkwma&m? [dkuf'Jbwfcfwuúodkvf uae
[def'rfpwrfudk *kPfxl;aqmifyg&*lbGJU ay;wma&m &JabmfBuD;u taotcsm
odw,f/
tJ'D taMumif;aMumif;aom taMumif;awGudk taMumif;jyKNyD; &JabmfBuD;&JU
pdwftpOf[m toGifajymif;vmcJhw,f/
]'Dr,f rpöwmum;vfqef? vufurf;BudKaewJh tdrf&Sifudk 'Dvdk
rcefYav;pm; apmfum;wm aumif;ovm;As}
tdk ... b,fhESmwkH;/ b,folu apmfum;aevdkYwkH;/ aMomf ...
[def'rfpwrfaMumifh pdwfwkdaewmvm;/ 'gqdkvnf; awmif;yefygw,f/ olu
aoNyDxifyg&JU/ vlaoeJYzuf &efjzpfaevdkY b,fjzpfyghrvJ/
]aeprf;ygOD;? cifAsm; uAsmx&Gwfwmu bmoabmvJ? awmfvSefa&;&JU
&efolawmfawGudk pwmvifu av;pm;&r,fqdkwJh oabm vm;}
ol a'goxGufvm&if olYudk,fol pwmvif? pwmvifvdkY xnfhxnfh
ajymwwfwJh &JabmfBuD;u ajymvdkufw,f/
tdk ... tJovdkvnf; r[kwfbl;av/ ESvHk;aumif; 0rf;BuD; vlwpf
272
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

a,mufudk *kPfjyKwJhoabmyg/
]bmuG ... ESvHk;aumif;0rf;BuD;vl? [kwfp ... rpöwmum;vfqefu
pwmvifhudk ESvHk;aumif; 0rf;BuD;vdkY avSmifaewmvm;}
&JabmfBuD;toH[m us,foxufus,f? rsufcGufBuD;u eDoxuf
eDvmw,f/ ol qufajymw,f/
]pydef jynfwGif;ppfwkef;u cifAsm; b,fbufu wdkufwmvJ? rpöwm
[def'rfpwrf cspfolBuD;&JU? ajymprf;ygOD;}
tvdk ... 'DaumifBuD;[m q|rtm½Hkrsm; &aeovm;/ uJav ...
ajymp&m&Sdwmawmh ajym&rSmaygh/
]tif; ... tif; ... wdkufw,fawmhvnf; r[kwfygbl; rpöwm pwmvif?
yxrawmh or®wwyfaygif;pkbufuyJ? aemufawmh tajctaet&
bufajymif;NyD; AdkvfcsKyfBuD;z&efudk&JUrdwfaqG jzpfoGm;w,f}
]bm ... AdkvfcsKyfBuD;z&efudk}
&JabmfBuD;[m toHukefatmfNyD; ukef;xvdkufw,f/ olY ukvm;xdkif[m
yufvufvefvJoGm;w,f/
tajctaeu qdk;oxufqdk;? &JabmfBuD; pwmvif[m a'go
xGufoxuf xGuf/ t,fvefYuawmh 'grsdK; MuHKcJhaygif; rsm;vSNyD/ vlawG
olYudk atmfcJhaygif; rsm;vSNyD/ ol b,folYudkrS jyefratmfygbl;/
pwmvifhudkvnf; jyefatmfzdkY tpDtpOfr&Sdygbl;/ 'gayrJh 'Dtwdkif; NidrfcH
r,fvdkY qdkvdkwmawmh r[kwfbl;/ t,fvef[m pwmvifeJYa0;&m pm;yGJ
wpfzufpGef;udk wdwfwdwfqdwfqdwf NidrfNidrfoufoufeJY oGm;ajymif;
273
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

xdkifw,f/ NyD;awmh xyfajymw,f/

]NyD;ao;bl; rpöwm&JabmfBuD;&JU? w½kwfjynfudk oGm;&ao;w,f? x½l;ref;
vTwfvdkufwmaygh? vljyuf armfpDwkH;qdkoludk ppfcif;zdkYwJh? aemufawmh
[dr0EÅmukdjzwfNyD; tD&ef a&mufvmw,f? tJ'DrSm csmcsDudk vkyfMuHr,fhudpöudk
umuG,fcJh&ao;w,f}
]bm ... csmcsDudk ...? apmuf0ufBuD;udk ... [kwfvm;}
pwmvif[m toHukefjzJatmf&if; aAmh'um wpfzefcGufvHk;
armhcsvdkufw,f/ olYcGufuav;yg jznhfcdkif;& aumif;rvm; t,fvef
pOf;pm;ao;w,f/ 'gayrJh jzpfao;bl;/ ck tcsdeftcg raumif;ao;bl;vdkY
awG;w,f/
bm&D,meJY ,l&Du bmrS0ifrajymbl;/ bm&D,mu t,fvefYudk tifrwef
a'goxGufwJh rsufESmeJY? ,l&Du tifrwef pdwfrcsrf;omwJh rsufESmeJY udk,fpD
MunfhaeMuw,f/ aAmh'um wpfzefcGuf 0ifoGm;awmh &JabmfBuD;toH
yHkrSefjyefjzpfoGm;w,f/ EdkYayod a'goawmh xGufae wkef;yJ/
]pwmvif em;vnfwm rSef&Jhvm;? cifAsm;[m z&efudkYbufu wdkufw,f?
cifAsm;[m &JabmfBuD; armfudk qefYusifw,f? cifAsm;[m vef'efu
0ufaumif&JUtoufudk u,fcJhw,f? cifAsm;[m tar&duefu
ykyfodk;aqG;jrnfhaewJh t&if;&SifaumifawGvufxJ urÇmay:rSm tEÅ&m,f
t&SdqHk; vufeufudk xnfhcJhw,f? [kwfvm;}
]tif;uGm ... ig odcJhzdkYaumif;wmaygh}
&JabmfBuD;pwmvif[m a'goxGufvGef;ru xGufvmawmh olY udk,fol
274
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

pwmvif pwmvifeJY xnfhrajymEdkifawmhbl;/

]ck ... cifAsm; qdkAD,uf qdk&S,fvpfpepfqD a&mufvmjyefNyD?
a':vmwpfodef;eJY vma&mif;jyefNyD? 'g cifAsmh wefzdk;vm;? naeus&if
aps;xyfwufOD;rSmvm;? ajymprf; ... ajymprf;}
ckawmh t,fvefYrSm ulnDcsifpdwf wpfpufrSr&Sdawmhbl;/ ,l&D[m
vlaumif;wpfa,muf/ olYtultnDudk wu,f vdktyfaewJh vlaumif;
wpfa,muf/ 'gayrJh ,l&DvkyforQ &JabmfBuD; pwmvifqdkwJh rsdK;rppf
&JabmfBuD;vufxJrSm qHk;cef;wdkifrSm/ tJ'D&JabmfBuD; Munfh&wmvnf;
[efyHkr&bl;/ olYvufxJ AHk;xnfhay;vdkuf&ifvnf; ol 'gBuD;eJY aumif;
aumif; upm;wwfr,fhyHkvnf; ray:bl;/
]r[kwfygbl; ... aiGtwGuf r[kwfbl;}
ol aemufxyf bmrSqufrajymEdkifcif pwmvifh&JU a'gorD;awmif BuD;
0kef;ceJ aygufuGJjyefw,f/
]a[h ... 'Dr,f? rif;udk,frif; bmxifaewkH; apmuf<uufpkwfvdk aumif&JU?
zufqpfudk,fpm;vS,f? tar&duef t&if;&Sif udk,fpm;vS,f aumif&JU?
pwmvif trkef;qHk; 0g'pkwfawG&JU udk,fpm;vS,faumif&JU? rif; ... rif; ...
'DyHkeJY u&ifrvifudk vm&Jao;w,f? u&ifrvifudk vm&Jao;w,f?
pwmvifudk aps;vmqpf&Jw,f? pwmvifudk aps; vmqpf&Jw,f? [kwfp ...
[kwfp ...}
]rpöwm&JabmfBuD;u bmaMumifhrsm; pum;udk ESpfcg ESpfcg xyf
ajymaewmvJ cifAs}
275
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]at; ... qdkAD,uf,leD,Hu ppfwdkufrSmyJ? ppfwdkufrSmyJ? pwmvif rif;udk

ajymvdkufr,f? tar&duef t&if;&SifawG ed*Hk;csKyfwJhtxd ppfu awmh
jzpfudkjzpfrSm? jzpfudkjzpfrSm}
]rpöwm&JabmfBuD;u tJovdk xifwmvm;}
]ppfwdkufzdkYeJY ppfEdkifzdkY rif;&JU apmufAHk;udk rvdkbl;uG? qdk&S,fvpf 0dnmOfeJY
qdk&S,fvpf ESvHk;om;udkyJ vdkwm? 'gawG&SdcJh&if b,fawmhrS r½HI;bl;?
b,fawmhrS r½HI;bl;? rSwfxm;}
]tif; tPkjrLAHk; xdyfay: rusrcsif; r½HI;bl;aygh? [kwfwmaygh}
]a[h ... t&if;&SifrSeforQ ESdrfeif;r,fuG? t&if;&Sif wpfa,muf csif;pDudk
pdpdnufnuf aMuoGm;atmif trIefYBudwfr,f? rif;uae pBudwfr,f
od&JUvm;? apmufacG;aumif&JU? rif;&JU AHk;vkyfenf; ray;bl; qdkvdkYuawmh
BudwfNyDom atmufarh ...}
wpfrdepftwGif; <uufpkwfjzpfvdkuf? acG;jzpfvdkuf wd&pämefESpfrsdK;
wpfNydKifeufjzpf&&SmwJh t,fvefYtzdkY &JabmfBuD;[m ckwpfrsdK;? awmfMum
wpfrsdK;qdkwm ydkaocsmoGm;w,f/ wu,fawmh t,fvefYvkyftm;udk ol
vdkcsifaewm odom;yJ/
'gayrJh 'DrSmikwfwkwfxdkifNyD; trsdK;rsdK; apmfum;aewmudk acgif;iHkY cHp&m
taMumif;r&Sdbl;/ armfpudk a&mufvmwm 'if;wdkYudk ulnDzdkY/ tatmfcH?
taigufcHzdkY r[kwfzl;/ uJ ... 'DavmufjzpfvSwhJ &JabmfBuD;? udk,hfAkH;
udk,fvkyfyavhap/
]uRefawmf pOf;pm;aew,f? rpöwm&JabmfBuD; cifAsm}
276
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]bmuG ...}
]aMomf ... cifAsm; EIwfcrf;arG;pkwfzGm;BuD;udk bmaMumifh r&dwfovJ vdkY
pOf;pm;aewmyg cifAs}
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277
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278
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279
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280
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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281
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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282
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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283
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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284
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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285
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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286
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

t,fvefu 0ifajymw,f/ aoewfudk vHkjcHKwJhae&mrSm 0Sufxm;NyD;

jzpfaMumif;? ckaecg tomav;aeNyD; befeD aq;ukay;wmudk NidrfNidrfcHzdkY
vdkaMumif;? rpöwmydkuf pdwf&Snf&Snfxm;Edkif&if aumif; aMumif;/
aMomf ... tdkauav/ 'gqdk w&m;0if EIwfqufvdkufMuOD;pdkY/
]uRefawmf ydkuf ygcifAsm}
ydkufu toufwpf&m tbkd;BuD;udk vufqGJEIwfqufw,f/
]uRefawmfu t,fvefyg? awGU&wm 0rf;omygw,fcifAsm}
&Judk taMumif;rMum;zdkY oabmwlnDcsuf &oGm;Muw,f/ ydkufu
ajymw,f/ olYtawGUtMuHKt& w&m;rQwrIeJY trSefw&m;qdkwm xif
oavmuf r[kwfygbl;wJh/ tm;vHk;uvnf; oabmwlMuw,f/
avmavmq,f vkyf&rSmuawmh bwfpfum;t0gBuD;udk udk,f
a,mifazsmufzdkYyJ/ abmfqDh&JU {&mr ukefavSmif½HkBuD;xJ
xnfhvdkuf/aysmufua&maygh/ rjyKjyif&ao;wJh z&JoD;rsm;eJY bwfpfum;t0g
Nidrf;csrf;pGm twl,SOfwGJ aexdkifMuaygh/ ck tjyifudk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf
xGufEdkifwJh wpfOD;wnf;aom yk*¾dKvfuawmh abmf'g abmfqDyJ/ olu
owif;xJ rygbl;av/
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aemufrsm;rS qHk;jzwfr,f/ ydkuf*g'ifuawmh ckvdk rcsdwifuJ ajym&Smw,f/
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usKyfrSm tudkuftcJaysmufaq;av; wpfvHk;udk oef;ig;q,fay;
0,f&ovdkygyJAsm}
287
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]a&mh ... a&mh ... 'DrSm tudkuftcJaysmufaq; ESpfvHk;? tvum;,l}

befeDu 0ifajymvdkufw,f/

pHkaxmufrSL;BuD; at&GefqeftzdkYawmh 'DaeY[m tvGefNydKif;wmyJ/

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a&SUrD;BuD;wpfvHk;yJvif;wJh puefeD,m um;0gBuD;wpfpD; awGUcJhowJh/
um;aemufcef;u olYajr;av; A½kwfA&uf xvkyfwmudk acsmhae&vdkY
owif;ydkYwm enf;enf;aemufusoGm;owJh/
Aufpf*sdKu [dkw,f ½dGKif&,faumfem bm;cef;rSm 'kwd,ajrmuf
naecif;udk jzwfoef;&if; at&Gefqef[m tajctaeudk oHk;oyfaew,f/
]ajrmufydkif;vrf;wJhvm; ...? qdk'gref;vef;udk jyefoGm;Edkifvm;?
pawmh[krf;rSmyJ ykef;aeMurvm;}
aemufwpfaeYrSm [dkw,fu xGufr,f/ tufpuDwl;em;u tcef;
oHk;cef;ygwJh olYtdrfudk cPjyefr,f/ refudkyif; um;*dwfu &TefeDa[mhxf tzdkY
tdrfjyef&if zufxm;p&m aMumif&SdayrJh at&GefqefYrSmawmh bmrS r&Sd/ tif; ...
oem;p&m/ ckvnf; 'Dn&JU aemufqHk; 0DpuDudk aomufae &Sm/

(18)
1953/
288
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

ig;ESpfeJY oHk;ywfwdwd MumwJhtcg t,fvef[m ½k&Spum;udk rTwfaeatmif

ajymwwfvmNyD; w½kwfpum;vnf; tawmfav; jyefajym Edkifvmw,f/
qdyfurf;[m tjrJpnfum;wJh ae&myJ/ oabFmom;awG qDuae
urÇmhowif;awG olMum;&w,f/
&JabmfBuD; pwmvifeJY awGUcJhNyD; wpfESpfcGJtMumrSmawmh qdkAD,uf
,leD,H[m oYl&JUyxrqHk; tufwrfAHk;udk prf;oyf azmufcGJEdkifcJhowJh/ AHk;yHkpHu
avmhpftvmrdkYpfAHk;eJY wlvGef;tm;BuD;vdkY azmfjrLvmtcdk;cH&NyDvdkY
t&if;&Sifavmuu oHo, tjyif;txef&dS&w,f/ a&ikyfoabFmay:rSm
aAmh'umrl;NyD; olajymchJwhJ tcsuftvufawGudk ,l&D b,favmufrsm;
&cJhovJvdkY t,fvef awG;Munfhaew,f/ Munfh&wm tm;vHk;&oGm;yHkyJ/
tifrwefawmfwJh ,l&D/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSm aomufvnf;aomuf? em;vnf;
em;axmifEdkifwJh tm*vl/
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pkaygif;vdkufNyD; *smref zuf'&,for®wEdkifiHudk xlaxmifvdkufw,f/
a'goBuD;wJh &JabmfBuD; pwmvifuvnf; olYudk,fydkif *smreDEdkifiHudk csufcsif;
xxlaxmifw,f/ 'DvdkeJY taemufeJY ta&SUrSm *smreD udk,fpD &dSoGm;Muw,f/
vufawGUusvSwhJ tpDtrHayuyJ/
qGD'ifbk&if ewf&GmpHawmfrlNyDwJh/ Avm'DAdkpawmhcfrSm qGD'if wpfa,muf
&Sdw,fqdkwmudk odaewJh? olYudkcifwJh w½kwfoabFmom; wpfa,mufu
wckwfw& owif;pm0,fvmay;vdkY olzwf&w,f/ wu,fawmh
olzwf&wJhtcsdefrSm qGD'ifbk&if aoNyD;wm wpfESpfausmfNyD/ bmyJjzpfjzpf
289
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

bk&ifopfeef;wufNyD; tdkpmemusaewJh qGD'ifwkdif;jynfBuD;[m ydkaejrJ

usm;aejrJ bmrS rajymif;vJ/
qdyfurf;u oabFmom;awGMum;rSm ckwavm acwfpm;aewmuawmh
udk&D;,m;ppfyGJ owif;ygwJh/ 'gvnf; tHhMop&mawmh r&Sdbl;/ udk&D;,m;qdkwm
'Duae uDvdkrDwmESpf&myJ a0;wmr[kwfvm;/
t,fvef em;vnfoavmufawmh tajctaeu ckvdkawG jzpfaeowJh/
'kwd,urÇmppf NyD;oGm;awmh udk&D;,m;uRef;qG,fudk tJ'Dwkef;u
tjypfrjrif tcspf0ifaeMuwJh pwmvifeJY x½l;ref;[m 38 rsOf;NydKif
qdkwmBuD;eJY awmifeJY ajrmuf ESpfjcrf;cGJ,lcJhMuw,f/ tem*wf udk&D;,m;udk
b,fvdk b,fol bmyHkpHeJY tkyfcsKyfMurvJqdkwm aqG;aEG;MuwJhtcg rawmh
pwmvifeJY x½l;ref;&Jh EdkifiHa&;tjrif[m ajrmufeJY awmif jzpf
wJhtwGuf udk&D;,m;[m *smreDvdkyJ jzpfoGm;cJhw,f/ tar&duefu
awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiHudk pwifxlaxmifw,f/ rMumcif qdkAD,uf,leD,H&JU
ajrmufudk&D;,m;EkdifiH jzpfxGef;vmcJhw,f/ tJ'Daemufawmh tar&duefa&m
qdkAD,ufyg udk&D;,m;awGudk udk,fhMur®m udk,fzefwD;MuawmhvdkY
xifwpfvHk;udk,fpDeJY vTwfay;xm;cJhw,f/
xifomxif r0ifbl; ausmif;tpfra&/ ajrmufydkif;u uiftDqGef;eJY
awmifydkif;u qif;rrf&D;wdkY[m udk,fpDudk,fi olwdkYomvQif *sdKqGef;bk&ifvdkY
txifa&mufMuwmudk;/ 'DvdkeJY xHk;pHtwdkif; aqmfMua&m/ oHk;ESpfavmuf
tom;ukefaqmf/ vlav;oef;avmuf aoNyD;wJhtcgrSmawmh tajctaeu
'Hk&if;'Hk&if;yJ/ ajrmuf[m ajrmufyJ/ awmif[m awmifyJ/ 38 rsOf;NydKif &SdaeqJ/
290
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

t&ufuav;wpfcGuf aomuf&zdkYta&; *lvufaxmifu ajy;zdkY MuHwJhtcg

tjzpfEdkifqHk;uawmh oabFmwpfpD;pD;ay: wufvdkufoGm;zdkYyJ/ t,fvefYt&if
tusOf;om; ckepfa,mufwdwd tJovdk vkyfzl;w,f/ tukefvHk; tzrf;cH&?
ypfowfcHvdkuf&w,f/ tJovdk wpfcgjzpfwkdif; tusOf;om;awG
nnf;MunLMuw,f/ idkyGJ qifMuw,f/ tBuD;tus,f idkyGJqifoluawmh
[m;bwfxf tdkifpwdkif;aygh/ olidkwJh taMumif;t&if; rSefu towfcH&wJhxJ
ol rygvdkYqdkwm t,fvef wpfa,mufyJ aocsm odw,f/
tusOf;om;awG[m tifrwefxif&Sm;wJh jzL? euf pif;usm;0wfpHk
udk,fpDeJYqdkawmh oabFmay:wufajy;NyD; ykef;aezdkYqdkwm b,fenf;eJYrS
rjzpfEkdifbl;/ oabFmay:wufwJh vrf;rSm tapmifhtMuyfu rsm;yg bdoeJY/
teHYcHacG;awGuvnf; wif;usrf;/ ajrvQKd; rdk;ysHEdkifrSyJ vGwfvrf; &Sdr,f/
wufEdkifNyD xm;OD;/ tusOf;om;udk vufcHNyD; oabFmu wifoGm;
rwJhvm;/ 'Dqdyfurf;rSmuyfwJh oabFmawG[m w½kwfjynfrBuD;eJY
ajrmufudk&D;,m;udk OD;wnfoGm;Muwm/ tusOf;om; awGUvdkYuawmh
w½kwfuyÜwdefjzpfjzpf? ajrmufudk&D;,m; rmvdefrSL;jzpfjzpf vkyfp&mvrf;
ESpfvrf;yJ &Sdw,f/ oabFmudkjyefvSnfhNyD; tusOf;om;udk tyfcsiftyf?
'grSr[kwf tvkyf½Iyfoufomatmif a&xJuefcs/ 'gyJ/
'gqdk ukef;vrf;u ajy;rvm;/ qdkufab;&D;,m; ajrmufbufudk ajy;&if
cJaor,f/ taemufbufudkajy;&if w½kwfqD a&mufr,f/ awmifbufudk
ajy;&if? tJ ... awmifbufqdk awmifudk&D;,m;&Sdw,f/uGefjrLepf0g'&JU
&efolawmfawGudk xm;wJh *lvufpcef;u ajy;vmwJh tusOf;om;qdk olwdkY
291
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

zufvSJwuif; BudKqdkMurSm aocsmw,f/ 'gayrJh awmifudk&D;,m;

oGm;wJhvrf;rSm ajrmufudk&D;,m; cHaewmav; wpfckyJ ajymp&m&Sdwm/
'gayrJh bmyJajymajym 'Dvrf;u tcGifhta&;tomqHk;yJ/ aorSmawmh
enf;enf;rS raMumufygbl;/ aAmh'um raomuf&rSmbJ pdk;&drfwm/
wpfa,mufwnf; vpfrvm;? tazmfac:OD;rvm; pOf;pm;&r,f/
ac:r,fqdk b,folYac:rvJ/ [m;bwfxfudkyJ ac:&rSmaygh/ tif; ...
c&D;twGuf jyifzdkYqifzdkYvnf; olYtultnD vdkw,f/ ESpfa,mufqdk
wpfa,mufwnf;xufpm&if aysmfp&maumif;wmaygh/
]b,fvdk ... b,fvdk ... xGufajy;r,f? ukef;aMumif; ...?
awmifudk&D;,m;udk ajrmufudk&D;,m;u jzwfNyD;awmh ... [kwfvm;}
]tif; ... taES;eJY tjrefyJ avmavmq,f 'DvdkyJodxm;}
]touf&SifzdkY tcGifhtvrf;&Sdr,f xifvdkYvm;}
]tif; ... enf;rSmaygh}
]tif;av ... 'gqdk usKyf vdkufrSmaygh}
ig;ESpfausmf MumNyD;wJhtcg *lvufpcef;wpfckvHk; tusOf;om; trSwf 133
[m;bwfxf tdkifpwdkif; qdkwJhvl[m b,favmuf trSwf onm
enf;w,fqdkwm aumif;aumif;odMuw,f/ tjrJwrf; t&m&meJY
taMumif;aMumif;csnf;yJqdkwm ajymp&mawmif rvdk/ 'gaMumifhrdkY
[m;bwfxfa[hqdk&if awmf½Hkwef½Hkavmufuawmh tapmifhawGu bmrS
rajymawmhbl;/ usefwJhvl qdk&ifawmh b,f&vdrfhrvJ/ yxrtBudrf atmf[pf
owday;? 'kwd,tBudrf ½dkifz,f'ifeJY Adkufudkaqmifh? wwd, tBudrf
292
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

avmuudk vufjy EIwfquf&rSm/

ig;ESpfwdwd MumNyD;wmawmif [m;bwfxfuawmh &Gmvnfaewkef;/
aeYv,fpmpm;csdefqdk aeYv,fpmauR;wJh taqmif 13 eJY 14 udk oloGm;wdkif;
tjrJvrf;rSm;w,f/ tapmihfawGqdk tvGefpdwfnpfwmaygh/
tJovdk olY&JU ausmfapmowif;udk aumif;aumif;toHk;cs&r,f/ 'gayrJh 'D
axmif0wfaxmifpm;eYJawmh rjzpf/ vGwfoGm;vnf; vrf;rSm cJaovdrfhr,f/
'gaMumifh ppfom;,leDazmif; vdkw,f/ ppf,leDazmif;awG xm;wJh *dka'gifem;
tcuftcJr&Sd oGm;Edkifolu emrnfausmf 133 tdkifpwkdif;rSwpfyg; tjcm;r&Sd/
'gaMumifhrdkY t,fvef[m olYrdwfaqGBuD;udk 'Dvdk ñTefMum;w,f/
aeYv,fpmpm;csdefus&if t0wf*dka'gifu aumifawG aeYv,fpmpm; oGm;
aewkef; tJ'Dbufudk vrf;rSm;ovdkvdkeJY oGm;/ tJ'Dtcsdefqdk arQmfpif
eHygwfav;ay:u ppfom;wpfa,mufyJ tapmihf&dSrSm/ tusOf;om; 133 &JU
Zmwfvrf;pkH ol tukefodwhJtwGuf bmrSajymrSr[kwfbl;/ ajymvnf;
qufomoGm;/ aemufqHk; ypfxnfhvdkufawmhvnf; [m;bwfxf&JU qE´awG
jynfha&maygh/ r[kwfbl;vm;/
[m ... [kwfw,f? [kwfw,f/ w,faumif;wJhtMuHyJ/ 'gayrJh olu
bmvkyf&rSmvJ/ aemufwpfcg jyefajymOD;/
xHk;pHtwkdif; vGJwmygyJ/ t0wf*dka'gifoGm; qdkawmh b,fwkef;urS
wef;wef;rwfrwf ra&mufzl;wJh pm;zdkaqmifudk a&Sma&Sm½SL½SL a&mufvmw,f/
t,fvefvnf; oufjyif;BuD;cs&if; [m;bwfxfudk *dka'gifbuf
wGef;vTwfw,f/ t0wf*dka'gif ra&mufbJ t0wfavQmfaqmif
293
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

a&mufoGm;w,f/ ckrSavQmfNyD; rD;ylwdkufNyD; ,leDazmif;awG trsm;BuD;yJ/

,leDazmif;ESpfpHk ukwftusÐMum; xdk;xnfhNyD; xGufvmcJhw,f/ tapmifhawGu
olYudkawGUom;yJ/ 'gayrJh ta&;awmifrpdkufbl;/ jzpfaeusyJ qdkwm
olwdkYodw,f/
uJ ... ckawmh t,fvefeJY [m;bwfxf ,leDazmif;udk,fpD &MuNyD/ usefwm
qufvkyf½HkyJ/ ckwavm ajrmufudk&D;,m;oabFmawG qdyfurf;rSm
ysm;yef;cyfaewm t,fvef owdxm;rdw,f/ qdkAD,ufu udk&D;,m;ppfyGJrSm
ol rygbl;vdkYawmh ajymwmyJ/ 'gayrJh 'Dqdyfurf;uae ppfaxmufulypönf;awG
ydkYaewmav/ wpfcgwav wifhum;awGawmifygao;/
vGefcJhwJh ajcmufESpfu wD[D&efrSmvkyfcJhwJh AsL[mrsdK; wpfckck vkyf&r,f/
tm;vHk; ½kwf½kwfoJoJjzpfoGm;atmif rD;½SL;yef;avmuf azmufEdkif&if &NyD/
oabFmay:wifwJhxJrSm azmufcGJa&;ypönf;awG trsm;BuD;yJ/ tJ'gawGudk
aygufuGJatmifvkyf? ½IyfaxG;aecsdefrSm ,leDazmif;awGvJ0wf/ NyD;&if
um;wpfpD;&Sm? armif;xGuf? ajrmufudk&D;,m;xJ0if/ tJ'Du wpfqifh
awmifudk&D;,m;aygh/
[m;bwfxfu pdwfyl&Smw,f/
]usKyfu cyfwHk;wHk;eJY? jzpfyghrvm;Asm}
]cifAsm;u rwHk;ygbl;? tif; ... rqdkpavmufawmh ydef;wmayghav? 'gayrJh
aumif;w,f? tawmfyJ ... ck usKyfpOf;pm;aewm? tMuHu 'Dvdkav?
ukefaowåmwpfvHk;vHk;udk rD;½dIU&r,f? tJ'DtwGuf oifhawmfwJh ukefaowåm
a&G;&r,f? rD;½dIUzdkY jyifqif&r,f? tJovkdav ...}
294
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

oifhawmfwJhukefaowåmudk apmifhaewkef; t,fvefu [m;bwfxf udk

wjcm;wpfck xyfcdkif;w,f/ tcsufjy rD;usnfBuD;wpfck oGm;cdk; csnfwJh/
abmif;bDxJ 0SufxnfhcJhwJh/ tcsufjyrD;usnf xm;wJhae&mu
b,ftusOf;om;rS 0ifcGifhr&Sdbl;/ 'gayrJh odwJhtwdkif;yJ/ 133 av/
tapmifhu vrf;awmif ajymjyvdkufao;w,f/
t,fvefu [m;bwfxfudk tjywfcsD;usL;w,f/ [m;bwfxfu
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txHkyg&rD ygzdkYqdkwm rvG,fbl;/ uJ ... Munfh? ck yg&rDu tusdK;ay;NyD
r[kwfvm;/
tifrwefat;wJh 1953 ckESpf? rwfv 1 &ufaeY reufrSmawmh
tifrwef&Snfvsm;NyD; ra&rwGufEdkifatmif rsm;vSwJh wGJawGudk qGJvmwJh
&xm;wpfpD; qdkufvmw,f/ oabFmokH;pD;ay: ukefawGwifw,f/ tukef
ppfbufqdkif&mcsnf;yJ/
wD 34 wihfum; &SpfpD;u vdrfvdkYrS r&wm/ opfom;ukefaowåm
awGvnf; trsm;BuD;/ wpfvHk;vHk;xJ rD;usnfypfxnfhvdkuf½HkyJ/ uJ ...
tcGifhta&;&NyD/ wG,fNyDuGm/
ukefaowåmxJu rD;cdk;awG wjznf;jznf; tlxGufvmw,f/ cPae
rD;awmufawG xGufvmawmhr,f/ t,fvefuawmh ol bmrS vkyfrxm;wJh
½kyfrsdK;eJY ta0;udk vSnfhxGufoGm;w,f/ 0kef;ceJ aygufuGJawmhr,f ...
aygufuGJawmhr,f/
tJ ... tJ ... raygufuGJbl;[/ rD;cdk;awGcsnf; rw&m;vSdrfhxGuf aew,f/
295
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

tapmifhawGu rD;rNid§rf;csifawmh tusOf;om;awGudk oGm; Ni§drf;cdkif;w,f/

tusOf;om;oHk;a,mufu ajcmufayjcHpnf;½dk;udk ausmfNyD; qdyfurf;rSm
rD;cdk;tlxGufaewJh ukefaowåmqD ajy;oGm;w,f/ bmrS rodwJh
arQmfpifay:utapmifhu ½kwfw&uf tusOf;om;awG qdyfurf;qD ajy;aewm
awGUawmh pufaoewfeJY twGJvdkufqGJw,f/ rD;Nid§rf;zdkYoGm;wJh
tusOf;om;oHk;a,mufpvHk; {&mr usnfzl;awG0ifNyD; aoukefMuw,f/ ck
raovnf; awmfMumae aorSmyJ/ bmjzpfvdkYwkH;qdkawmh pufaoewf
usnfqefawG[m olwdkYoHk;a,mufwifrubJ ukefaowåmawGudkyg
oGm;xdukefw,f/ t,fvef rD;usnfypfxnfhvdkufwJh ukefaowåmxJrSm
ppfapmif 1500 ygw,f/ olYab;u ukefaowåmxJrSm vufypfAHk; 1500
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tkH;ceJ yxrwpfvHk; ayguf/ puúefYydkif;twGif; usefwJh 1499 vHk; wpfNydKifeuf
ayguf/ ab;em;u ukefaowåmav;vHk; ajrmufwuf? pcef;xJ jyKwfus/
tJ'DxJrSm ajrjr§Kyfrdkif; 700 yg/ tdrf;ceJ xaygufuGJ/
uJ ... A½kwfokwfcjzpfatmif vkyfr,fqdkwJh t,fvefeJY [m;bwfxf/ ck
tBuD;tus,f A½kwfokwfcjzpfNyD/ A½kwfokwfcrS xdef;rEdkif odrf;r&udk
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296
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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297
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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298
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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299
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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300
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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301
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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302
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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udk,fr,HkEdkifatmif jzpfaew,f/ Munfh&wm Avm'DAdkpawmhcfu
ppfaxmufulypönf;awG tajctaeudk rm&S,fudk,fwdkif vmppfaq;wm
jzpfr,f/
303
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

'gayrJhvnf; ck rm&S,fuawmh ajrmufudk&D;,m;&JU oma&;ema&;awG bmrS

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azsmfajzaew,f/
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304
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

BuD;Muyfa&;rSL; jzpfvdrfhr,fwJh/ t,fvefu olYudk vSrf;ar;vdkuf w,f/

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305
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

aAmh'umwmawmif olYavmuf raAmh'umbl;ayghav/

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aMumif;twdkif; qufarmif;vmcJhMuw,f/ av,mOfysHoH Mum;wdkif;
acgif;uav;awG ykvdkYaygh/
olwdkYum;[m jyHK,rf;em; eD;vmawmh t,fvefYacgif;xJrSm tMuHopfawG
&vmjyefw,f/ ckvdktcsdefrsdK; awmifudk;&D;,m;buf ul;zdkY b,fenf;eJYrS
rjzpfEdkifbl;/ 'gaMumifh ajrmufudk&D;,m; 0efBuD;csKyf uiftDqGef;eJY 0ifawGU&&if
aumif;r,f/ qdkAD,uf rm&S,fwpfa,mufudk ol awGUcsifrSmyJav/
[m;bwfxfu ar;w,f/ 0ifawGUNyD; bmqufvkyfrvJwJh/
rodao;bl;/ 'gayrJh pOf;pm;yghr,fvdkY t,fvefu uwday;vdkufw,f/
aocsmwmuawmh tJ'D xdyfwef;qdkwJh vlawGeJY awGU&if tpm;aumif;
306
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

pm;&r,f? taomufaumif;vnf; ... &SvGwf/

NrdKUawmfem;eD;vmawmh olwkdY tppfaq;cH&awmhr,fqdkwm odvmw,f/
b,favmufyJ rm&S,fjzpfaeygap/ ppfjzpfaewJh wdkif;jynf&JU NrdKUawmfxJudk
bmrS tar;tjref;r&Sd 0ifzdkY rjzpfEdkifbl; r[kwfvm;/ 'gaMumifh t,fvefu
[m;bwfxfudk ½k&Svdk pum;wpfcGef; oifay;w,f/ rajymrjzpf
ajym&r,fhpum;? aoa&;&Sifa&;udk qHk;jzwfay;r,fh pum;/
]a[h ... ig qdkAD,uf,leD,Hu rm&S,f rD&ufpaumhAfyJ? rif;wdkY
acgif;aqmifBuD;qD ighudkac:oGm;Muprf;}
tJ'Dtcsdef jyHK,rf;udk ajrmufudk&D;,m;ppfwyfu tjyifpnf; twGif;pnf;
ESpfxyf umuG,fxm;wm/ tjyifpnf;u NrdKUawmf&JU uDvdkrDwm
ESpfq,ftuGmrSm NrdKUudk ywfvnf0dkif;xm;w,f/ av,mOfypf tajrmufawG?
xlxyfvSwJh twm;tqD;awGeJY/ twGif;pnf;uawmh ajrjyifwdkufyGJtwGuf
{&mr cHppfBuD;aygh/ t,fvefeJY [m;bwfxf[m
tjyifpnf;&JU yxrqHk;*dwfudk a&mufvmw,f/ aoewfudk toifhudkif&if;
wnfr&atmif rl;aewJh ajrmufudk&D;,m; tapmifhppfom;wpfa,mufeJY
wdk;w,f/ t,fvef oifay;wmudk wpfvrf;vHk; wwGwfwGwf &GwfvmwJh
rm&S,f [m;bwfxfu ppfom;udk awGUawGUcsif; ...
]ig rif;&JUacgif;aqmifyJ? ighudk qdkAD,ufac:oGm;prf;}vdkY ajym
xnfhvdkufw,f/
uHaumif;wmu ppfom;[m ½k&Svdk em;rvnfbl;/ w½kwfvdkawmh
em;vnfw,f/ tyg;awmfjrJ t,fvefu olYrm&S,f&JU trSm;udk w½kwfvdk
307
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

ajymNyD; jyifay;vdkuf&w,f/
odkYaomfvnf; tvGeftuRHrl;aewJh ppfom;crsm bmudkrS qHk;jzwfEdkifpGrf;
r&Sdbl;av/ 'gaMumifh *dwfpcef;xJrSm cP0ifaezdkYzdwf&if; rDwm 200 tuGmu
aemuf*dwfudk ol zkef;qufw,f/ zkef;qufNyD;awmh ukvm;xdkifrSm jyefxdkif&if;
tdwfxJu qefaAmh'um(qdk*sL)ykvif; xkwfarmhw,f/ NyD;awmh
½k&SESpfa,mufudk ai;ai;aigifaigif Munfhaew,f/
[m;bwfxf vkyfyHkeJYawmh 'ku©awGUawmhr,fqdkwm t,fvef odw,f/
'Dwdkif;qdk uiftDqGef;eJYawGU&if wpfrdepfrjynfhcif tvdrfay:rSm/ [dkbuf
*dwfu tapmifhvmaeNyD/ uJ ... jrefjrefvkyfrS/ [m;bwfwfa& ... 0wfpHkcsif;
vJ0wfMupdkY&JU/ [if ... bmvdkYwkH;/ uJ ... aemufrSajym? ck jrefjref cRwf/
rsufpdwpfrSdwf vQyfwpfjyuftwGif; rm&S,fu tyg;awmfjrJjzpfNyD;
tyg;awmfjrJu rm&S,f jzpfoGm;w,f/ irl; ppfom;u rsufvHk;arS;BuD;eJY
Munfhae&if; udk&D;,m;vdk 0l;0l;0g;0g; ajymaew,f/ cPaeawmh 'kwd,
*dwfu ppfom;[m yxr*dwf pcef;xJ0ifvmw,f/ 0if0ifcsif; qdkAD,uf
rm&S,fwpfa,mufudk awGUvdkufawmh wkefwufoGm;NyD; uref;uwef;
tav;jyKw,f/ ck rm&S,fjzpfoGm;wJh t,fvef[m 0efBuD;csKyfeJY awGUvdk
aMumif; w½kwfvdk ajymw,f/ eHygwfESpf ppfom;[m bmajz&rSef;rod
jzpfaew,f/ irl;ppfom;uawmh 0l;0l;0g;0g; ajymaewmawG &yfoGm;w,f/
rm&S,f t,fvefu ol bmawGajymaewmvJvdkY ar;vdkufw,f/
olu rm&S,fwdkYwpfawG t0wfawGcRwfNyD; jyef0wfaeMuw,fvdkY ajymae
ygw,f cifAswJh/
308
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

rm&S,ft,fvefu acgif;udk ,rf;&if; w,fjyif;wJh aAmh'umyJvdkY

a&&Gwfaew,f/
eHygwfESpf ppfom;[m irl;ppfom;&JU tjyKtrltwGuf qdkAD,uf rm&S,fudk
tjyif;txef awmif;yefaew,f/ irl;uawmh olwdkY t0wfawG cRwfvdkuf?
jyef0wfvdkuf vkyfaew,fvdkY ajymaewkef;/ 'geJY eHygwfESpf[m irl;udk
yg;ydwf½dkufvdkufw,f/ wm0efcsdefrSm rl;ae½l;aerIeJY ½Hk;wifypfr,f
bmrSwfvJvdkY Budrf;w,f/ 'gaMumifh irl;[m yg;pyfydwf aeNyD; qdk*sLudkyJ
armhaevdkufawmhw,f/ eHygwfESpf ppfom;uawmh zkef;awGquf? yHkpHawGjznfh
vkyfaew,f/ cPaeawmh ...
]aemuf*dwfus&if 'Dpm&GufawGudk jyvdkufyg rm&S,fBuD;cifAs? olwdkYu
rm&S,fBuD;udk 0efBuD;csKyf&JU 'kwd,vl&JU 'kwd,vlqD t&ifqHk;
ac:oGm;ygvdrfhr,f}vdkY ajymw,f/ t,fvefu aus;Zl;wifaMumif; ajym&if;
um;qD jyefvmw,f/
tyg;awmfjrJ [m;bwfwfudk '½dkifbmcHkay: wGef;wif&if; ...
]uJ ... cifAsm; tck usKyftyg;awmfjrJ jzpfoGm;NyD? ckcsdefupNyD; cifAsm;yJ
um;armif;&awmhrSm}vdkY ajymvkdufw,f/
]trav; ... wu,fvm;? pdwfawmif vIyf&Sm;vmNyD? qGpfZmvef &Ju
usKyfudk pwD,m&ifaemufrSm b,fawmhrS 0ifrxdkifeJYvdkY ajymNyD; uwnf;u
um;rarmif;&wm ckxdyJ}
]tif; ... cifAsm; bmrSrajym&if aumif;vdrfhr,f}
]tJ'Dwkef;u b,farmif;? nmarmif; ESpfrsdK;udk usKyftjrJwrf; rSm;wmudk;}
309
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]bmrS xyfrajymeJYawmh [m;bwfxf&m}

tyg;awmfjrJ [m;bwfxf[m xifwmxufydkNyD; um;armif;uRrf;w,f/
bmjyóemrSr&SdbJ NrdKUawmfxJ 0ifcGifh&NyD; 0efBuD;csKyfeef;awmfudk
wef;wef;rwfrwf a&mufoGm;cJhMuw,f/ tJ'DrSm 0efBuD;csKyf&JU 'kwd,vl&JU
'kwd,vl[m olwdkYudk toifhapmifhBudKaecJhw,f/ 0efBuD;csKyf&JU 'kwd,vl
rtm;ao;aMumif;? aemufoHk;&uftwGif; rawGUEdkifao;aMumif;?
{nfhonfaqmifrSm at;at;aq;aq; tem;,lMuzdkYtaMumif;? npmpm;zdkY
&Spfem&DrSm tqifoihfjyifxm;ygaMumif; ajymw,f/ t,fvefu [m;bwfxfudk
vlrjrifcif rsufpypfjyvdkufNyD; usKyf rajymvm;vdkY yPÖm,lvdkufw,f/
1912 ckESpf? {NyDvrSm jyHK,rf; qifajczHk;rSmaewJh c&pf,mef
rdom;pkwpfpkuae uiftDqGef; vlYavmuxJa&mufvmcJhw,f/ tJ'D
rdom;pk[m wjcm;wjcm;aom udk&D;,m;rdom;pkawGvdkyJ *syef vufatmufrSm
aechJ&w,f/ *syeftkyfcsKyfwJh acwf[m udk&D;,m;twGuf i&Jcef;aygh/
udk&D;,m;rawGudk ppfwyfu xifovdk aqmfw,f/ udk&D;,m;xD;awGudk
twif;t"r® ppfwyfxJ oGif;w,f/ *syefemrnfay;? *syefpum;ajymcdkif;NyD;
udk&D;,m; pmeJY ,Ofaus;rIudk rsdK;jyKwfatmif vkyfcJh Muw,f/
'gawGudk onf;rcHEdkifwJh uiftDqGef;&JUtaz[m wpf&ufrSmawmh
rdom;wpfpkvHk; jyHK,rf;uae ajrmufbufu rGef*dk;vD;,m;udk ajymif;zdkY
qHk;jzwfvdkufw,f/ 1931 rSm *syefwyfawG rGef*dk;vD;,m; a&mufvmw,f/
tJ'Dtcsdef olYtazu aoNyD/ olYtaru olYudk w½kwfajymufusm; wyfxJ
0ifcdkif;w,f/ tJ'D ajymufusm;wyf[m t&ifqHk; *syefawGudk refcsK;&D;,m;u
310
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

armif;xkwfr,f/ NyD;&if udk&D;,m;u armif;xkwfr,f ayhg/

'gaMumifhrdkY uiftDqGef;[m uGefjrLepf ajymufusm;wyfom;
wpfa,muftjzpf t&G,fa&mufvmcJhw,f/ owåd&SdwJh? wdkuf&nfcdkuf&nf
jynfh0wJholqdkNyD; emrnf&vmw,f/ 'gaMumifh wyf&if;wpf&if;udk OD;aqmifcGifh
&vmw,f/ *syefeJY xdyfwdkufaqmf&wJh wdkufyGJwpfyGJrSm olYwyf&if;
wpf&if;vHk;eD;yg; jyKwfoGm;w,f/ 1941? urÇmppfBuD; t&Sdef aumif;aewkef;
uiftDqGef;[m qdkAD,ufe,fpyfxd tvJvJ tuGJuGJ ajy;vmcJh&w,f/
½k&SrSmvnf; ol tpGrf;jywmyJ/ wyfeDawmf AdkvfrSL; jzpfvmNyD; 1945xd
&Gyf&GyfcRHcRH wdkufjyefw,f/
ppfBuD;NyD;oGm;awmh *syef[m udk&D;,m;uRef;qG,fudk vufvTwf
vdkuf&w,f/ uiftDqGef;vnf; trsdK;om; ol&Jaumif;tjzpf jynfawmf
jyefvmcJhw,f/ ck EdkifiHawmfudk jyefvnfwnfaqmuf/ tm;vHk;u vdkvm;
aeMuwJh r[macgif;aqmifBuD;ae&mudk uiftDqGef;u ,l/ 'gyJaygh/
'grbJbl;/ ppfEdkifolBuD;rsm;[m udk&D;,m;udk udk,fhtawG;eJYudk,f ESpfydkif;
ydkif;vdkufw,f/ tar&duefydkifwJh udk&D;,m;tjcrf;rSm ausmfapm owif;BuD;wJh
uGefjrLepfwpfa,mufudk acgif;aqmifcefYzdkY tdyfrufxJawmif xnfhrrufbl;/
'gaMumifh udk&D;,m; jynfajy;wpfa,mufudk yifhvmNyD;
awmifydkif;acgif;aqmiftjzpf wifw,f/ ajrmufydkif;udk&&ifauseyfrSmyJvdkY
tydkifwGufxm;MuayrJh uiftDqGef;[m enf;enf;rS rauseyfbl;/
rauseyfawmh ppfwdkufwmaygh/ *syefudk wdkufxkwfEdkif&if tar&duefa&m?
ukvor*¾a&m bZmaMumifh rwdkufxkwfEdkif&rSmvJ/
311
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

w½kwfppfwyfeJY qdkAD,ufppfwyf ESpfwyfpvHk;rSm toHk;awmfcHcJhzl;wJh

uiftDqGef;[m ckawmh olYudk,fydkifppfwyfeJY wkdufyGJ0ifaeNyD/ tawGU tMuHK
&ifhvSNyDrdkY udk,fhtm;udk,fudk;&r,f? b,folYudkrS ,HkvdkYr&bl; qdkwmvnf;
odvmcJhNyD/ 'gaMumifhvnf; ol b,folYudkrS r,Hkbl;/ tJ ...
>cif;csufwpfckawmh &Sdw,f/ 'guawmh olY&JU 'kwd,vlaygh/ 0efBuD; csKyfeJY
awGUvdkolrSeforQ tJ'D 'kwd,vlqDuaewpfqifhyJ qufoG,f &w,f/
'kwd,vluawmh olY&JU om;vSa&TaoG; uif*sHKtD;av;aygh/ uiftDqGef;u
uif*sHKtD;udk EdkifiHa&;oifcef;pmtjzpf a[movdk ydkYcsxm; cJhw,f/
]ighom; ... b,fuvmwJhvljzpfjzpf rawGUcif t&ifqHk; 72 em&D avmuf
apmifhcdkif;uG? NyD;rS awGU? 'g rif;&JU vkyfydkifcGifheJY tmPmudkd wnfjrJatmif
xdef;odrf;wJhenf;yJ? em;vnfvm; ighom;}
]em;vnfw,f xifwmyJ azBuD;}
uif*sHKtD;u NzD;vdkufw,f/ cPaeawmh tbd"mefvSefNyD; ol em;rvnfwJh
pum;vHk; t"dyÜm,fawGudk &Sm&wmayghav/
oHk;&uf ruvdkY &ufoHk;&m apmifh&vnf; bmta&;wkH;/ tpm;
taomufuvnf; aumif;? tdyf&muvnf; El;nHhygbdoeJY/ tar&duef
AHk;MuJav,mOfawGuvnf; tapmifhtMuyf? typftcwf xlvGef;wJh jyHK,rf;em;
ruyf0HhMubl;udk;/ 'gayrJh tcsdefwefawmh EGm;ydefuefwmygyJ/ 0efBuD;csKyf&JU
'kwd,vl&JU 'kwd,vl[m olwdkYudk 'kwd,vl&JU ½kH;cef;udk vdkufydkYygw,f/
aMomf ... a[mf ... vufpowfawmh 'kwd,vlqdkwm csmwdwfav;udk;/
uif*sHKtD;u vufqGJEIwfquf&if; cyfwif;wif;qdkw,f/
312
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]usKyfu 0efBuD;csKyf uiftDqGef;&JU om;yJ? usKyfu 0efBuD;csKyf&JU

'kwd,vlyJ}
'gayrJh olYvufuav;[m t,fvefY&JU {&mr vufBuD;Mum;rSm
jrKyfoGm;cJhw,f/ t,fvefu ajymvdkufw,f/
]uRefawmfu rm&S,f uD&D;vf tmzmem qDApfcsf rD&ufpaumhAfyg
rpöwmuif? uRefawmfhudk vufcHawGUqHkvdkY 0rf;ajrmufvSaMumif;yg?
uRefawmfhudpöav;udk ck wifjy&awmhrvm; cifAsm}
uif*sHKtD;&JU cGifhjyKcsufeJY ol qufvdrfw,f/ armfpudku &JabmfBuD;
pwmvifqDuae 0efBuD;csKyfBuD;qD wdkuf½dkuf trSmpum; yg;vdkufaMumif;?
qdkAD,uf uGefjrLepfpepftwGif;rSm tar&duef t&if;&Sif acG;tawG
pdrfh0ifaeaMumif; (tao;pdwf rajymcsifygbl;/ rpöwmuif em;vnfr,f
xifygw,f) &JabmfBuD; pwmvifu 'Dowif;udk udk,fwdkifajymzdkY
rSmvdkufaMumif;? 'grS wm0efausrSmjzpfaMumif; ajymvdkufw,f/
uif*sHKtD;[m rm&S,ft,fvefudk rouFmMunfheJY Munfh&if; rnfodkYyif
qdkapumrl rdrdwm0efonf rnfonfhwefzdk;udk ay;qyf&onf jzpfap rdrdwdkY\
r[macgif;aqmifBuD;udk toufeYJvJ umuG,f&ef jzpf aMumif; pmzwfjyaewhJ
avoHeJY ajymw,f/ zcif acgif;aqmifBuD;u rnfolYudkrS r,HkMunfzdkY
oifMum;xm;cJhaMumif;? 'gaMumifh armfpudkudk zkef;qufNyD; &JabmfBuD;
pwmvifu trSefwu,f apvTwfonfh oufao&rSom awGUcGifhay;&ef
pOf;pm;EdkifrnfjzpfaMumif; ajymjyefw,f/
]'gayghav ... [kwfwmaygh? 'gayrJhvnf; w,fvDzkef;qufr,f qdk&if
313
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

owdxm;apcsifw,f? 'Dudpö &efolodoGm;&if bmjzpfr,f xif ovJ}

uif*sHKtD;av;[m rm&S,ft,fvef ajymwmudk oabmaygufygw,f/
'gayrJh ]b,folYudkrS r,HkeJY ighom;} qdkwJh zcifBuD;pum;u acgif;xJrSm oHrdIeJY
ESufxm;ovdk pGJaew,f/ 'Dvdkvkyfr,fav tefu,f pwmvifhqD pum;0SufeJY
zkef;qufr,f/ uif*sHKtD;[m tefu,f pwm vifeJY tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm
awGUcJhzl;w,f/ tefu,fpwmvifu olYudk cspfpEdk;eJY awmfvSefa&;orm;
aygufpav;vdkY ac:wm/
]tefu,fpwmvifudk zkef;ac:NyD; uRefawmf awmfvSefa&;orm;
aygufpav;yg? azazhqD vlrsm; vTwfxm;ao;vm;vdkY ar;vdkufr,fav?
wjcm; bmrS xyfrajymbl;? 'gqdk b,fhES,fvJ rm&S,f ...}
aocsif;qdk;av;? romav;? rdpämav;? i&Jrif; aovdkY 0ifpm;wJh
aumifav;/ toufrS q,fESpfavmuf &Sdao;/ rm,m oma|,s tjynfheJY/
tif; ... olYtoufavmufrSm ig 'dkif;erdkufpuf½HkrSm tvkyf0ifaeNyDav/
uJygav ... xm;vdkufygawmh/ tm;vHk;[m olYoabm olaqmifwmyJudk/
vkyfcsifwmvkyf/ yg;pyfuawmh ...
]rpöwmuif[m vlomi,fw,f? ÓPfynm w,fBuD;oudk;As?
aumif;ygw,f? tJovdkajymyg}vdkY ajymvdkufw,f/
rpöwmuif aygufpu rsufESmav;0if;oGm;NyD; ...
]'gu ÓPfynmBuD;vSwJh r[macgif;aqmifBuD;&JU oGefoif
qHk;rrIaMumifhyg cifAs? uJ ... rm&S,fwdkY vufzuf&nfaomufMuOD;? uRefawmf
zkef;oGm;qufvdkufOD;r,f} vdkY ajym&if; tcef;axmifhu zkef;qD
314
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

avQmufoGm;w,f/ [efrysuf vufzuf&nfaomufae&if; bmvkyf&rvJ

t,fvef pOf;pm;w,f/ jywif;aygufu ckefcsvdkuf& aumif;rvm;/ [Jh ...
rjzpfao;bl;/ cku 0efBuD;csKyfpHeef;&JU av;xyfajrmufrSm/ tif; ...
[m;bwfxfqdk&ifawmh aysmfaysmfBuD; ckefcsrSmyJ (ckefcs&J&ifayghav)/ ck
[m;bwfxfuvnf; tem;rSmr&Sdbl;/
rsuf&nfvnf&GJeJY twif;ajy;0ifvmwJh rpöwmuifav;aMumifh t,fvefY
tawG;awG aysmuf/ rpöwmuifav;[m zkef;csNyD;NyD;csif; t,fvefYqD
ajy;vmNyD; ...
]tefu,fpwmvif aoNyD? tefu,fpwmvif aoNyD} vdkY rsuf&nfrdk;awG
&GmoGef;NzdK;&if; ajym&Smw,f/
tvdkav;av; ... uHeJYvl ryleJYqdkwm 'grsdK;udk;/
]vm ... vm ... rpöwm uifav;&,f? vmyg ... vmyg ...? tefu,f
rm&S,fu rpöwmuifav;udk zufxm;yghr,f? vm ... vm ...}
rpöwmuifav;[m vlBuD;[efraqmifEdkifawmhbl;/ w½HIU½HIUidk&if;
t,fvefYaygifay: wufxdkifvdkufw,f/ tefu,fpwmvif[m avoifwkef;
jzwfNyD; &ufaygif;rsm;pGm owdarhaeaMumif;? ol zkef;rqufcifav;wif
qHk;oGm;w,fvdkY tefwDpwmvifu ajymaMumif; ajymjy&Smw,f/
rpöwmuifav;udk acsmharmhESpfodrfhay;&if; t,fvefYtawG;awG[m
&JabmfBuD; pwmvifeJY qHkcJhpOf twdwfumvudk jyefa&mufoGm;cJhw,f/
BuD;us,fcrf;em;vSwJh npmudk olwdkY twlpm;cJhMuw,f/ rdwfaqGppf
rdwfaqGrSefawGvdk twlwlaysmfcJhMuw,f/ &JabmfBuD;[m uvdkufckefvdkuf?
315
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

oDcsif;qdkvdkufeJY olqdkwJh a*smf*sD,m aus;vufoDcsif;udk ckxdawmif

rSwfrdao;w,f/ tJ'DoDcsif;udk rpöwmuifav;udkvnf; ol qdkjyzl;rSmyJ/ ck
rpöwmuifudk ol qdkjyvdkufr,f/ 'gqdk oHo,awG aysmuf?
trSefb0awGa&muf/ [dkbufcef;u 0efBuD;csKyfeJY reufjzef awGUcGifh&? [D[d
.../ aumifav;udk wif;wif;av; zufxm;rSyJ/
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pDrHuGyfuJaew,fvdkY xifrdwmav/ b,f[kwfvdrfhrvJ/ uiftDqGef;eJY
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122 a[mif;0ZfZmwifhum;eJY oGm;&r,fvdkY ydkawmifrodao;w,f/
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omrxifao;/
wifhum;eJY oGm;&w,fqdkrSawmh b,fZdrfusrwkH;/ Zdrfuswm?
ruswmxuf vrf;wpfavQmuf t,fvef[m tcsufBuD; ESpfcsufudk
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arQmfvifhaewmvJ/
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vludk,fwdkifyg;zdkYvdkY NzD;xm;cJhwm/ ck 'Dtcsufudk uHMur®m avoifwkef;u
yHhydk;ay;vdkufNyD/ olajymcsifwm ajymvdkY&NyD/ ao&Gmu &JabmfBuD; b,fenf;eJYrS
igrajymbl;vdkY xrjiif;Edkifawmhbl;/ udk&D;,m; uGefjrLepf pepf atmifyGJcHzdkY
&JabmfBuD; pwmvifu wifhum;ESpf&m yHhydk;r,fvdkY ajymvdkufr,f/ ESpf&m ...
enf;rsm;aeovm;/ oHk;&muGm/rsm;av aumif;av 0efBuD;csKyfqdkwJhvl
316
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

aysmfav aerSm/
tJ ... aemufwpfck &dSao;w,f/ 'gNyD;&if ol qdkAD,uf,leD,Hudk
jyefoGm;vdkY rjzpfbl;/ 'gayrJh ajrmufudk&D;,m; 0efBuD;csKyf qdkwJhvlu oleJY
[m;bwfxfudk odkif;usL; tcgwpfaxmifajym&if; awmifudk&D;,m;udk
MunfMunfjzLjzL ydkYvdkufrwJhvm;/ 'DrSm MumMumaevdkYvnf; rjzpfbl;/
wifhum;awG a&mufrvm&if jyóemtBuD;BuD; wufr,f/
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tvGefqHk; [dr0EÅm aemufwpfacguf wuf½Hky/ aumif;w,f/
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uyfap;ESJp&m rvdk/ NyD;&if w½kwfoGm;zdkY vdkwJhtultnD awmif;r,f/
armfpDwkH;eJY aqG;aEG;p&m&SdvdkYaygh/ [kwfNyD? [kwfNyD/ t,fvef[m olYtMuHol
jyefNyD; ESpfaxmif;tm;&jzpfaew,f/ naeapmif;wJhtcg rawmh olwdkY&JU
tapmifhtMuyfrsm;vSwJh ,mOfwef;BuD;[m wyfpcef; wpfckxJ
a&mufvmcJhw,f/ [m;bwfxfu wdk;wdk;av; uyfar;w,f/ awmifudk&D;,m;
a&mufOD;r,fvdkY xifvm;wJh/ tdk ... urÇmay:rSm uiftD qGef; xdkifraewJh
ae&mrSeforQ awmifudk&D;,m;csnf;ayghvkdY jyefajym vdkufw,f/ [m;bwfxfu
acgif;,rf;w,f/ rjzpfEdkifygbl;wJh/ txHk yg&rD&SifBuD;awmif 'gawmh
odaew,f/
bD;q,fvHk;eJY wifhum;[m XmecsKyfvdkYxif&wJh taqmufttHk
317
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

wpfvHk;a&SUrSm &yf? oHk;a,mufom; qif;Mu? txJ0ifMu? taqmifaqmif

tcef;cef;udk jzwf&if; aemufqHk; twGif;wumh twGif;? tjrwfwumh
tjrwfqHk; txGwftxdyfae&mudk a&mufvmcJhw,f/ txJrSm udk&D;,m; ajryHk
csdwfqGJxm;wJh eH&HBuD;/ olYa&SUrSm pm&GufawG awmifvdkyHkaewJh pm;yGJBuD;/
aemuf qdkzmESpfvHk;/ 0efBuD;csKyf uiftDqGef;eJY {nfhonf wpfa,muf
qdkzmudk,fpDeJY xdkifaeMuw,f/ tcef;axmifhrSm pufaoewf udkif
ppfom;ESpfa,muf toifhtaetxm;eJY &yfaew,f/
t,fvefu pajymvdkufw,f/
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rm&S,f uD&D;vf tmzmem qDApfcsf rD&ufpaumhAfyg}
uiftDqGef;u wpfcsufMunfhNyD; cyfat;at;yJ jyefajymw,f/
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]tdkY ... tdk ...}
ppfom;ESpfa,muf[m ta,mifaqmif rm&S,feJY ta,mifaqmif
tyg;awmfjrJudk aoewfawGeJY xdk;csdefvdkufMuw,f/ uiftDqGef;u at;aq;yJ/
rsuf&nfvnf&GJeJY aygufuGJwmu olYom; uif*sHLtD;/ Munfhprf;/ b,folYudkrS
r,HkygeJYvdkY jrifhjrwfawmfrlayxaom *E¦0ifazaz? aumif;uifazaz?
u½kPmazaz txyfxyf oifMum;xm;ygvsufeJY bm r[kwfwJh vlu olYudk
vSnfhjzm;oGm;w,f/ tJ'DtaumifBuD; aygifay: awmif wufxdkifNyD;
idkrdao;w,f/ &Sufvdkufwm/ udk,fhrsufESmudk,f "m;eJY vSD;ypfvdkufcsifw,f/
aemufqdk vlrSef&if b,folYudkrS r,Hkawmh bl;/ 'Dwpfcg wu,f ... twnf/
318
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

rsuf&nfrsm;eJY uif[m t,fvefeJY [m;bwfxfudk vufnd§K; aigufaiguf

xdk;&if; ...
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uiftDqGef;uawmh tifrwef at;aq;wJh avoHeJY ...
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vdkufw,fqdkwm odzdkYvdkao;w,f} vdkY ajymvdkufw,f/
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[m;bwfxftawG; - ]trav; ... aumif;vdkufwm}
wu,fhrm&S,f uD&D;vf tmzmem qDApfcsf rD&ufpaumhAf tppfeJY
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cJhMu&w,f/ em&Daygif;rsm;pGm Mumawmh olwdkY ,m,Dwyfpcef;xJ a&muf
oGm;w,f/ olwdkYudk tusOf;om;ESpfa,mufu tEkMurf;pD;oGm;rSef;
odvdkuf&awmh rm&S,f[m tifrwef aqGUaqGUckefoGm;w,f/ rm&S,f
rD&ufpaumhAfqdkwJh yk*¾dKvf[m olYb0wpfavQmuf wpfcgyJ rw&m;
tvkyfcH&zl;wm/ tJ'Dwpfcguvnf; wpfcgqdk qdkoavmufyJ/ &Jabmf BuD;
pwmvif&JU 'kwd,vl bm&D,m[m olYudk taMumif;r&SdbJ zrf;NyD;
ESdyfpufw,f/ pwmvifom ru,f&if ol aozdkYyJ/ bm&D,mudk vufpm;
acscsifayrJh ppfwdkufae&wm&,f? bm&D,mu odyfwefcdk;xGm;aewm&,f
aMumifh tHBudwfNyD; cHvdkuf&w,f/ tJ'Dtcsdefuwnf;u olYb0rSm aemufxyf
t&SufuGJwm b,fawmhrS r&Sdap&bl;vdkY oEéd|mefcsxm;wJh rD&ufpaumhAf[m
ckolYudk t&SufjAef;jAef;uGJatmif vkyfoGm;wJh ieJ ESpfaumifudk urÇmaMuoí
319
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

O'gef;rausbl;/
'gayrJh ck ta&;BuD;wmu olYrm&S,f0wfpHkyJ/ Munfhav&m
rD;avmifjyifjzpfaewJh 'Dae&mrSm olY0wfpHkcsKyfay;r,fh pufcsKyfqdkif b,f&Sd
rvJ/ 'gaMumihf rm&S,f0wfpkH&zdkY okH;&uf apmihfvdkuf&w,f/ &ifbwfrSm
wef;pDwyfxm;whJ ol&Jaumif; wHqdyfawGawmh rygawmhbl;/ [dk olawmif;pm;
cdk;oGm;NyD/ uJ ... urÇmukefus,foa&GU vdkufr,f/ awGUMu ao;wmaygh/
ig;&ufavmufaemufusNyD;rS ydkbD'gtopfwpfpD; &vmwJhtwGuf rm&S,feJY
tyg;awmfjrJ c&D;pxGufEdkifw,f/ awmifbufpl;pl;udk
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jzwfNyD; awmifbufudk xGufoGm;owJhav/
vGefcJhwJh ig;&ufu t,fvef awG;ovdkyJ/ ck rm&S,frD&uf
paumhAfuvnf; awG;w,f/ a&SUwef;ppfrsufESmtxd oGm;vdkYrjzpfbl;/
jyHK,rf;udk 0ifr,f/ jyHK,rf; tjyifpnf;*dwfvnf; a&mufa&m olvmwm
rSefNyDqdkwm csufcsif; odvdkufw,f/ rm&S,f rD&ufpaumhAf[m 0efBuD;csKyf
uiftDqGef;eJYawGUzdkY 'D*dwfu jzwfoGm;w,fwJh/
0efBuD;csKyf&JU 'kwd,vl&JU 'kwd,vl[m wu,fhrm&S,f rD&uf paumhAfudk
xHk;pHtwdkif; 72 em&DapmifhzdkY ajymw,f/ rm&S,fu jywfjywfyJ ajymw,f/ ck
0efBuD;csKyfeJY olYom; touftEÅ&m,f&Sdaew,f/aooGm;&if rif;
wm0ef,lrvm;wJh/ 'kwd,vl&JU 'kwd,vlvnf; ysm,mcwfNyD; 0efBuD;csKyf&JU
XmecsKyfwnfae&mudk ajymjyvdkufw,f/ tcsdefr&Sdawmh
vdkY ydkbD'geJYyJ oGm;Muw,f/ ydkbD'g[m a[mif;0pfZmxuf tenf;qHk;
320
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

av;qavmuf ydkjrefwmudk;/
uiftDqGef;uawmh olvdkvludk vmnmcswJh t,fvefeJY [m;bwfxfudk
pdwf0ifpm;aew,f/
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pDrHudef;udk qGJvmwmvJ}
t,fvef rajz&ao;cif wHcg;[m 0kef;ceJyGifhoGm;NyD; rm&S,f
rD&ufpaumhAf 0ifcsvmw,f/ udk&D;,m; ppfom;awGcrsm rm&S,fawG
rsm;aeawmh b,folY aoewfeJYcsdef&r,f rod jzpfaeMu&Smw,f/ uiftD
qGef;uawmh rm&S,ftppfudk awGUvdkuf&vdkY auseyfoGm;w,f/
]rdwfaqGBuD; uD&D;vf tmzmem qDApfcsf&JU? jznf;jznf;vkyfyg? tm;vHk;
xdef;csKyfxm;NyD;ygNyD}
qkwHqdyftjynfheJY olY0wfpHkudk cyfwnfwnf0wfxm;wJh t,fvefY udk
jrifawmh rm&S,f[m a'gotdk;aygufuGJNyD; ]rif; ao&r,f}vdkY vufnd§K;xdk;
ajymjyefw,f/
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aemuf 0efBuD;csKyf? ck rpöwmrm&S,f? uRefawmfhudk aozdkY rawmif;qdkwm
rdwfaqGBuD;wpfa,mufyJ usefw,f}
t,fvef[m {nfhonfbuf rsufESmrlvdkufNyD; ...
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odyg&ap}vdkY ajymvdkufw,f/
{nfhonfBuD;u jyHK;&if; ...
321
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]r&SdaygifAsm? usKyfu armfpDwkH;As? w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiH&JU

acgif;aqmifyJ? usKyf &JabmfBuD;uifudk epfematmifvkyfr,fh cifAsm;udk usKyfu
abmufrJhaMumifh tMuifemydk&rwkH;}vdkY ajymvdkufw,f/
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armfhZeD;udk usef;cefYomvdkY rmygpvdkY uRefawmfu ar;vdkufw,fvkdY ajymay;yg
cifAsm}
armfpDwHk;[m tvGeftHhMooGm;w,f/
][if ... cifAsm;u usKyfZeD;udk odvkdYvm;}
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xifygw,f? vGefcJhwJhESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu pDcRrfjynfe,f awmifwef; awGay:rSm
uRefawmf&,f? tm;rifvdkYac:wJh vli,fav;wpfa,muf&,f? rpöwmarmhfZeD;
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armfpDwHk; rsufESmBuD; 0if;vufoGm;w,f/
]'gqdk cifAsm;[m usKyfZeD;&JU toufocif rpöwm t,fvef
um;vfqefvm;}
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olYrdwfaqG t,fvefqdkwJhvl[m toufudk;acsmif; &Sdw,fqdkwm awmh
aocsmodoGm;cJhw,f/ ckqdk aoab;u vGwfoGm;jyefNyD/ aocsif ygw,f
qdkrSuGm .../ aemufwpfcg 'grsdK;xyfrjzpfzdkY vdkw,f/ [m;bwfxf[m
aqmufwnf&mr& jzpfoGm;NyD; ...
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322
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

atmf&if; ajy;w,f/ wHcg;bufrajy;bJ eH&Hbufajy;rd/ eH&HeJY 0ifaqmifh&if;

arhvJoGm;w,f/ armfpDwHk;u olYudk yg;pyfta[mif;om;eJY Munfh&if; ...
]bk&m;a& ... 'g tdkifpwkdif;vm;} wJh/
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jiif;vdkufw,f/
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uDvdkrDwm 500 tuGm &Sef,ef;tjyifbufu refcsL;&D;,m; e,fxJrSmudk;/
olYudk taxmufcHqkH; e,fajrrdkY 'De,fajrudk armfpDwkH;u wtm;cspfw,f/
olY&JU ajrmufudk&D;,m; &JabmfBuD;eYJvnf; cPcP awGU jzpfw,f/
armfpDwHk;uawmf&JU toufocif aus;Zl;&SifrSef;vnf; odoGm;Muawmh
t,fvefYudk owfcsifjzwfcsifaewJhvlawG toHwdwfoGm;w,f/
rm&S,f rD&ufpaumhAfu t,fvefYudk t&ifqHk; cGifhvTwfEdkifolBuD;aygh/
vlwdkif; rSm;wwfpjrJyJwJh/ rm&S,f bm&D,m 'ku©ay;vdkufwmudk ola&m?
t,fvefa&m cHvdkuf&owJh/ qkwHqdyfawGeJY ,leDazmif;vnf;
cRwfay;vdkufa&m rm&S,f rD&ufpaumhAf&Jh a'goawG aevm ESif;aysmuf
jzpfoGm;awmhw,f/
uiftDqGef;uawmh aeomoy avnmuav/ oleJY bmqdkifwm vdkufvdkY/
ck oleYJqdkifaewmu olYom;vSa&TaoG; uif*sHKtD;av; udpöyJ/
uif*sHLtD;av;[m rNyD;Edkif rpD;Edkif atmf[pfidk,dk&if; t,fvefYudk
ckcsufcsif; owfay;zdkY ajcaqmifhajymaew,f/ aemufqHk; ajymr&wJh
323
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

uif*sHKtD;udk uiftDqGef;u em;&GufvdrfqGJ&if; wdwfwdwfaezdkY? rae&if

txdk;cH&r,fqdkNyD; udpöNidrf;apvdkuf&w,f/
t,fvef&,f rm&S,f rD&ufpaumhAf&,f[m uiftDqGef;eJYtwl qdkzmay:
xdkifvdkufMuw,f/ owdjyef&vmwJh [m;bwfxfudkvnf; ac:xdkifcdkif;w,f/
armfpDwkH;&Jh toufESpfq,ft&G,f vufpGJawmf xrif;csufav; tm;rif
a&mufvmwJhtcgrSmawmh t,fvef bmaumifvJqdkwm tm;vHk;
oHo,uif;&awmhw,f/ t,fvefeJY tm;rif[m wif;wif;BuD;zuf&if;
tvGrf;o,faevdkufMuwm aemufqHk; armfpDwHk;u tm;rifudk tm;vHk; twGuf
acgufqGJvkyfcJhzdkY cdkif;vdkufrSyJ NyD;awmhw,f/
armfpDwkH;[m wu,fvJ t,fvefYudk t&rf;aus;Zl;wifwm/ 'gaMumifh
olwdkYvdkcsifwmajym? tukefvkyfay;r,fvdkY tmrbaEÅ cHvdkufw,f/
w½kwfjynfrSm aecsifvm;? wpfoufvHk; a&Tay:jrwif xm;r,f wJh/
t,fvefuvnf; csufcsif; jyefajzw,f/ rpöwmarmf&,fwJh/ 'gawmh
onf;cHygwJh/ uGefjrLepf0g'eJY eyef;vHk;cJh&wm ESpfy&dapä' MumcJhNyDqdkawmh
uGefjrLepfr&SdwJh wpfae&m&mrSm cyfjyif;jyif;av;aomuf&if;
aecsifygao;owJh/
tvdkufuef;qdk;rod ZGwfajymayrJh aus;Zl;&SifBuD;rdkY Ouú|BuD;armfu
cGifhvTwfygw,f/ 'gayrJh t,fvefYudk tem*wftwGuf arQmf vifhcsuf
odyfrxm;eJYwJh/ uGefjrLepf0g'u ae&mtESHY atmifjrifrI o&zlaqmif;aeNyDrdkY
aemufqdk urÇmay:rSm uGefjrLepfr&SdwJhae&m &Sdawmhr,f r[kwfbl;wJh/
[kwfrSmyg/ ckavmavmq,fawmh aejcnf0if;0if;? aomifjyifazG;azG;
324
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

yifv,furf;pyfeHab;rSm iSufaysm&nfr[kwfwJh ,rumudk

pdwfwdkif;usaomufNyD; em;aecsifw,f/ olYb0rSm wpfcgrS tm;vyf&uf qdkwm
r&SdcJhzl;vdkYygwJhav/
armfpDwHk;&,f? uiftDqGef;&,f? rm&S,f rD&ufpaumhAf&,f[m t,fvef
oGm;csifwJhae&mtwGuf acgif;csif;qdkif pOf;pm;Mu&awmhw,f/ usL;bm;qdk
b,fhES,fvJ/ tif; ... aus;Zl;wifygw,f/ 'gayrJh um&pfbD,efqdkawmh
a0;vGef;w,f/ EdkifiHul;vufrSwfvnf; r&Sd? aiGvnf; r&SdbJ
b,fvkdvkyfoGm;rwkH;/
tdk ... EdkifiHul;vufrSwfeJY aiGtwGufawmh rylaveJY/ aus;Zl;
&SifBuD;twGufqdk Ouú|BuD;u b,foGm;oGm; oGm;csifwJhae&m oGm;vdkY &atmif
EdkifiHul;vufrSwf twkvkyfay;r,f/ a':vmvnf; BudKufoavmuf,l?
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ydkufqHawG ulrifwef xGufajy;awmh trsm;BuD; usef&pf cJhw,f/ 'gayrJh
[kwfygw,f/ usL;bm;uawmh a0;vGef;w,f/ uJ ... wjcm;ae&m
pOf;pm;OD;pdkY/
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wpfa,muf&JU tm;vyf&uf tyef;ajzc&D;xGufzdkYae&mudk acgif;csif;qdkif
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325
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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(19)
2005? ar 11? Ak'¨[l;rS 2005? ar 25? Ak'¨[l;txd/
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326
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327
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328
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329
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330
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331
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(20)
1953-1968/
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332
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333
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334
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335
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

ZeD;onf tref'g[m olYvifeJY z0g;ajcxyf vdkufEdkifolayuyJ/ awmifqdk

ajrmufa&muf? tay:qdk atmufa&muf? ta&SUqdk taemufa&muf/ tdk ...
olYwpfoufvHk; twef;ynmrS roifcJh&wmbJ/ roifcJh&qdk ausmif;udk
ajzmifhajzmifhwef;wef; oGm;wwf&SmwwfOD;rSudk;/
'gayrJh olwdkYarmifESHrSm {&mr a':vmtyHkBuD; &SdaeNyDav/ Munfhae?
t&m&m[m olYtvdkvdk ajyvnfoGm;vdrfhr,fwJh/ tref'gu olYa,musfm;udk
ajymw,f/ olu wHk;wm rSefayrJh trdkuftrJawmh r[kwfbl;av/
tif'dkeD;&Sm;rSm aiGom&Sdyap/ bmjzpfjzpf tukef0,fvdkY&w,fwJh/
[m;bwfxfuawmh olYrdef;rajymwm odyfem;rvnfygbl;/ tref'g uvnf;
olYa,musfm; em;rvnfbl;qdkwm odwmaygh/ 'gaMumifh xyf
&Sif;jyraeawmhbJ olu ajymw,f/
]touf&,f ... ck touf bmvkyfcsifvJ? bmBudKufvJ? tcspfudk ajymjy}
]bmBudKufvJqdkwm bmudkajym&rSmvJ? um;armif;wmBudKufw,f
qdkwmrsdK;vm; ...}
]tif;aygh ... [kwfwmaygh}
vkyfp&mav;awG &SdaevdkY tref'g tjyif cPxGufoGm;w,f/ npmtrD
jyefvmr,fwJh ajymoGm;av&JU/
aemuf oHk;em&DavmufMumvdkY ol tdrfjyefa&mufvmwJhtcg tref'g[m
olYvifawmfarmif [m;bwfxfemrnfeJY um;armif;vdkifpif topfpufpuf
wpfck&,f? 0g&ifh uRrf;usif um;armif;oifwef;q&mjzpf 'DyvdkrmvufrSwf
wpfck&,f? tdkifpwdkif; um;armif;oifwef;ausmif; cGifhjyKrdefYvdkifpif
336
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

wpfck&,fudk awGUvdkuf&w,f/
tifrwef aumif;wmaygh/ 'gayrJh 'gawG&vmvdkY um;armif;
uRrf;oGm;rwhJvm;/ tif;ayg/ uRrf;oGm;wmayghwhJ/ tref'gu &Sif;jy w,f/
ckqdk [m;bwfxf[m um;armif;jcif;eJY ywfoufwJh vkyfydkifcGifhwpfck
&oGm;cJhNyD/ um;armif;uRrf;jcif;? ruRrf;jcif;udk qkH;jzwfydkifcGifhwpfck &oGm;cJhNyD/
b0qdkwm wpfcgwav 'DvdkyJ/ trSefw&m;udk rSefygw,fvdkY
axmufcHydkifcGifh&Sdolu axmufcHvdkufrS trSefw&m; jzpfoudk;wJh/
aoaocsmcsm rcsmwJhpum;udk qdkw,f/ [m;bwfxf rsufESmBuD; ½kwfw&uf
0if;vufoGm;w,f/ acgif;xJrSm "mwfvdkufcHvdkuf&ovdk jzef;ceJ
usOfwufoGm;w,f/ todÓPfwpfcsuf zswfceJ vuf oGm;w,f/ [kwfNyD?
odNyD? oabmaygufNyD/
'DvdkeJY tdkifpwkdif; um;armif;oifwef;ausmif;[m 0uf0ufuGJ atmifjrifwJh
ukrÜPDwpfck jzpfvmw,f/ uRef;ay:u um;armif;wwf csifol rSeforQ
oabmraemaumif;vSwJh vljzLBuD;qD ausmif;rwuf&rcsif;
um;armif;wwfw,fvdkYudk rxifwJhxd jzpfvmw,f/ um;armif;yg&*lBuD;
[m;bwfxfuvnf; um;armif;ynm axGaxG&mudk oDtdk&Da&m vufawGUyg
udk,fzd&ifzd ydkYcsoudk;/
um;armif;&ifuG,f tom;ukef rarmif;eJY
apmufusKd;enf;atmif wdkufwwfw,f
tvGeftuRHaES;aomf vrf;awGydwfvdkY
eifyJ tqJcH&r,f ... rSwfuG,f ... rSwfuG,f
337
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

q&mBuD;[m ol bmajymaevJqdkwm olYudk,fol aocsmawmh odyHkygyJ/

aemuf ajcmufvavmufMumawmh uRef;ay:u wjcm; um;armif;
oifwef;ausmif; ESpfausmif;[m vlr&SdvdkY ydwfvdkuf&wJhtwGuf [m;
bwfxf[m um;armif;oifwef;avmuudk armifydkifpD;EdkifcJhw,f/ tJ'D
taMumif;udk t,fvef vmvnfawmh [m;bwfxfu ajymjyw,f/ t,fvefu
csD;usL;w,f/
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um;armif;wwfatmif vkyfay;aewmyJ? 'DrSmu b,farmif;pepf qdkawmh ...
awmh ...}
][kwfvm; ... b,farmif;pepfwJhvm;? tif'dkeD;&Sm;rSm b,farmif;pepfeJY
armif;Muwmvm;}
[m;bwfxf tJovdk tvkyf½Iyfaewkef; tref'guvnf; olYenf; olY[efeJY
tvkyf½Iyfaew,f/ t&ifqHk; olY&JU ynma&;tajctaeudk jyKjyifajymif;vJw,f/
ckqdk ol abm*aA'bGJU &oGm;NyD/ ydkufqHtukefcHNyD; vIyf&Sm;vdkufawmh
okH;av;ywftMumrSm bGJUvufrSwf vufxJa&muf vmcJhw,f/ *smAm;u
taumif;pm;wuúodkvfrSm xdyfwef;&rSwfawGeJY bGJUvufrSwfaygh/
tJ'DbGJUvufrSwfBuD; udkif&if; urf;ajcrSm vrf;avQmufNyD; ol
tjyif;txef OD;aESmufrkefwdkif;qifw,f/ rdom;pktwGuf b,fvdk
uHaumif;jcif;vufaqmifawG ay;&if aumif;rvJ/ ck abm*aA'bGJU&Sif
jzpfaeayrJh tajr§muftvDaygif;awmif olYrSm cufcJaewkef;/ 'gayrJh ... EdkY ...
'gayrJh ... tvdk ... 'gayrJh ... tif; ... 'gayrJh ... [kwfw,f? ig vkyfEdkifw,f/
338
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

r[kwfbl;? vkyfudk vkyfr,f/ ig ... EdkifiHa&;xJ ajcpHkypf 0ifvdkufawmhr,f/

'DvdkeJY tref'g tdkifpwdkif;[m vpfb&,f 'Drdku&ufwpf vGwf
ajrmufa&;ygwD&JU acgif;udkiftrd jzpfvmawmhw,f/ (vpfb&,f &,f?
'Drdku&ufwpf&,f? vGwfajrmufa&;&,f pum;vHk;oHk;vHk;u em;axmifvdkY
aumif;vdkY bm&,fr[kwf wGJay;vdkufwm) ygwD0if ajcmufaxmifudk
pm&Gufay:rSm csufcsif; pkaqmif;&&Sdw,f/ 'Daqmif;wGif;avmufrSm
tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; 0ifta&G;cHvdkY&NyD/ vuf&Sd tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;u itdkBuD;/
toufBuD;vSNyD/ 0ifrNydKifEdkifawmhbl;/ at;aq;yJ/ tydkifyJ/ jcif;xJu
MuufyJ/ tJovdkoabmxm;NyD; 0ifa&G;cHvdkufr,f/ tJ ... NydKifbuf
wpfa,mufawmh &Sdw,f/
jyóemu olu Zmwfjrifh? tref'gu Zmwfedrfh jzpfaewmyJ/ 'Dtwdkif;qdk
a&G;aumufyGJ[m rNydKifcifu ½HI;ESifhonf qdkovdk jzpfae vdrfhr,f/ pOf;pm;OD;rS/
[m;bwfxfu olYtcspf EdkifiHa&;vkyfr,fqdkwmudk bmrS rajym ygbl;/
olYcspfoli,fcsif;BuD; t,fvef[m EdkifiHa&;udk tifrwef rESpfoufbl;/
txl;ojzifh *l;vufrSmaecJhNyD;aemufydkif; uGefjrLepf0g'udk omawmif
rESpfoufao;qdkwm aumif;aumif;odw,f/ 'gaMumifh tref'gu
EdkifiHa&;vkyfr,fqdkawmh wdkYwpfawG uGefjrLepfjzpfoGm;rSm vm;vdkY
pdwfroufrom ar;vdkufw,f/
tref'gu taotcsm pOf;pm;&if; [ifhtif; ... jzpfr,frxifygbl;wJh/
bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh ygwDemrnfrSm tJ'Dpum;vHk;rS rygbJwJh/ [m;bwfxfu
uGefjrLepfjzpfcsif&ifawmh xyfxnfhvdkufMuwmayghwJh/
339
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]vpfb&,f 'Drdku&ufwpf uGefjrLepf vGwfajrmufa&;ygwD} trav; ...

&Snfvsm;axGjym;NyD; ac:&wm vQmvdyfvdkufwm/ 'gayrJh rqdk;bl;/
tvkyfjzpfavmufw,f/
r[kwfao;ygbl;uGm/ ajymwmu wpfrsdK;/ qefYusifbufudk
wnfhwnfhawG;awmhwmyJ/ uJ ... ygwDaxmifcsifvnf; axmif? EdkifiHa&;eJY
ywfoufrIenf;av aumif;avyJ/
a&G;aumufyGJatmifEdkifa&; aumfrwDudk b,fvdk b@maiG axmufyHhrvJ/
&SdwmawG xnfhvdkYuawmh a&G;aumufyGJvnf; NyD;a&m jzLcgjymcgus
usefcJhrSmyJwJh/ tref'gu 'gawmh aocsmodw,f/ olYvdk Zmwfedrfhru
a&G;aumufyGJEdkifzdkYqdk aiGawG tyHkBuD;ukefrSmudk;/
[m;bwfxfu jyefajymw,f/ 'guawmh tcspf todqHk;aerSmayghwJh/
aumif;w,fxif&if vkyfayghwJh/ tref'gu pOf;pm;NyD; av;av;eufeuf
ajymw,f/
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atmifEdkifa&;aumfrwDtwGuf oHk;r,f? aemufoHk;yHkwpfyHkudk
a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif vlBuD;awGudk vmbfxdk;zdkY oHk;r,f? aemuf oHk;yHk
wpfyHkudk NydKifbufudk tykyfcszdkY oHk;r,f? aemuf oHk;yHkwpfyHkudk 'gawG
tvkyfrjzpf&if xdkifpm;zdkY oHk;r,f?b,fhES,fvJ ...} wJh/
[m;bwfxfuawmh ESmacgif;udkukwf&if; bmrS rpOf;pm;wwfbl;
jzpfaew,f/ 'DtaMumif; t,fvefYudk olajymjyawmh t,fvefYcrsm oufrBuD;
cs&Smw,f/ tif; ... aAmh'umrSm&if tkef;&nf,lvmwwfwJh pm;yGJxdk;ru
340
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; jzpfawmhrwJhuGm/ uJav ... olYoabm olaqmifwmyJcs/

aiGvdk&if xyfay;r,fvdkY uwday;vdkufw,f/ 'gayrJh olYudkawmh
bmrSvmrajymeJY em;raxmifcsifbl;/
t,fvef[m tifrwef MuifemwwfolayyJ/ [m;bwfxfu aus;Zl;awG
wifaew,f/
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awmifNydKurf;NydK Edkifvdkufw,f/ olu &Spfq,f&mcdkifEIef; olY NydKifbufu
ESpfq,fhESpf &mcdkifEIef; toD;oD; tou rJ&Muw,f/ aeprf;ygOD;/
aygif;vdkuf&if wpf&m &mcdkifEIef; ausmfaeyghvm;/ 'g r½dk;om;bl;/rrQwbl;vdkY
NydKifbufu apm'uwufayrJh w&m;½Hk;u olY avQmufvJcsufudk
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toa&ysufatmifvkyfrIeJY w&m;pGJcH&r,fvdkY owday;vdkufw,f/
tJ'grwdkifcifuav;rSm tref'g[m w&m;olBuD;eJY vufzuf&nf
twlwlaomufaecJhMuwmav/
tref'gtdkifpwdkif;u wjznf;jznf;eJY wpfuRef;vHk; odrf;? olYvif
[m;bwfu uRef;ay:uvlawGudk um;armif;oifaecsdefrSm t,fvefuawmh
urf;ajcrSm aomufp&mcGufuav;udkifNyD; xdkifai;aewwfpjrJ/ pm;yGJxdk;r
tref'g r&Sdawmhuwnf;u olvdkcsifwm? aomufcsifwm wdwdusus&aevdkY
pdwfcsrf;omyg&JU/
xdkifp&m&Sdwmxdkif? aomufp&m&Sdwmaomuf? Adkufqmvm&if tpm;pm;/
acgif;rl;vm&if tcef;jyeftdyfeJY &uf? v? ESpfawG ukefvGef oGm;cJhw,f/
341
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

t,fvefuawmh tem;,lvdkY r0ao;bl;/ q,fhig;ESpf MumwJhxd em;aewkef;/

a':vmawGvnf; trsm;BuD; usefaewkef;/ usef rSmaygh/ ck olaewJh [dkw,fudk
tdkifpwdkif;ZeD;armifESH ydkifaeNyD/ ol wpfjym;rS ay;p&mrS rvdkbJ/
ckqdk t,fvef[m 63 ESpf &SdcJhNyD/ bmrS yifyifyef;yef;rvkyfbl;/
rvkdtyfbJ tiftm;roHk;bl;/ tref'guawmh EdkifiHa&;avmurSm atmif
yef;yef? atmifvHvTifhaecJhNyD/ a&G;aumufyGJtBudK vlxkqE´ ppfwrf;
aumufwdkif; ol xdyfu tjrJajy;w,f/ ppfwrf;aumufwJh pm&if;tif; tzGJUu
olYnDr ydkifwm/ wpfwdkif;jynfvHk;rSm jcpm;rI tenf;qHk;a'o tjzpf bmvDu
tjrJAdkvfpGJw,f/ ppfaq;a&;aumfrwD wpftHkvHk;udk ol vmbf tBuD;tus,f
ay;ypfw,f/
jcpm;rIwdkufzsufa&;qdkwm tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; rjzpfraevkyf&r,fh
wdkYwm0efta&;oHk;yg;xJu yxrwpfyg;/ 'gaMumifh bmvDu ausmif;awG
tm;vHk;rSm jcpm;rIwdkufzsufa&; oifcef;pmawG xnfhoifw,f/ 'efygqmu
ausmif;tkyfBuD;wpfa,mufu uefYuGufw,f/ jcpm;rI wdkufzsufa&;
oifcef;pmqkdwm jcb,fvdkpm;&vJ enf;ay;vrf;jy oifay;aewmyJwJh/
tref'gu tJ'Dausmif;tkyfBuD;udk pmoifausmif;rsm; pDrHcefYcGJ a&; bkwftzGJU
Ouú| cefYvdkufw,f/ vpm ESpfq ay;vdkufw,f/ bmoHrS
xGufrvmawmhbl;/ tvkyfudk pGrf;pGrf;wrHBudK;pm;w,f/
'kwd, wpfyg;uawmh uGefjrLepf0g' acsrIef;a&;yJ/ bmvDu a'ocH
uGefjrLepfygwDudk ol rw&m;toif; aMunmypfvdkufw,f/ &v'fuawmh
aemufa&G;aumufyGJrSm aiGodyfrukefvdkufbJ a&Sma&Sm½SL½SL EdkifoGm;w,f/
342
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

wwd, wpfyg;uawmh [m;bwfxfeJY t,fvefaygh/ bmvD&JU umv&Snf

urÇmvSnfhc&D;onf olwdkYESpfa,mufaMumifh c&D;oGm;vkyfief; zGHUNzdK;vmw,f/
'gaMumifh tcsdKtacsmifeJY ol0,fxm;wJh ajrawGay:rSm ZdrfcH[dkw,fBuD;awG
aqmufcGifhay;vdkufw,f/
tJ'gawGtjyif aemufxyf ol tm;BudK;rmefwuf vkyf&wJhtvkyf uawmh
om;? wl? nD? rsm; aumif;pm;a&;aygh/ 'DvdkeJY olYaqGolYrsdK; wpfa,mufrusef
bmvD rsufESmzHk;todkif;t0dkif; jzpfvmcJhw,f/ a&G; aumufyGJuvnf;
NydKifwdkif;Edkif jzpfvmcJhw,f/ &mEIef;jynfh rJ&wm b,f olrS rtHhMoMubl;/
ol om;av;ESpfa,muf arG;w,f? tBuD;aumifudk t,fvefYudk
aus;Zl;qyfwhJtaeeYJ [m;bwfxfu t,fveftdkifpwdkif;vdkY emrnfay; w,f/
ti,faumifudkawmh aiGawG axmufyHhvdkufolBuD;udk owd&pdrfh aomiSm
armftdkifpwdkif;vdkY ay;vdkufw,f/
jzpfNyD;&if ysufwm[m avmuwHwGm "r®wmyJ r[kwfvm;/
wpfaeYrSmawmh rDwm 3000 ausmfjrifhwJh bmvDrD;awmifBuD; ayguf uGJw,f/
uDvdkrDwmckepfq,f ta0;rSm&SdwJh t,fvef[m aumif;uif wpfjyifvHk;
rD;cdk;rnf;awG zHk;oGm;wm jrifvdkuf&w,f/ usefwJhvlawG uawmh olYavmuf
uHraumif;vdkY axmifaygif;rsm;pGm aoMuNyD; rao olawGvnf;
uRef;udkpGefYcGmoGm;Muw,f/ bmvD tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rBuD;[m
bmqHk;jzwfcsufudkrS rcsEdkifvdkufbl;/ qHk;jzwfcsuf cs&aumif;rSef;awmif
wu,fawmh ol odwmr[kwfygbl;av/
rD;awmufaygufwmu NyD;oGm;ayrJh bmvDuRef;uawmh EdkifiHa&;eJY
343
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

pD;yGm;a&; tHk<uaygufuGJrIawGjzpfNyD; usef&pfcJhw,f/ wu,fawmh bmvD rS

r[kwfygbl;/ tif'dkeD;&Sm; wpfEdkifiHvHk; tJovdk jzpfaewm/ *sumwm rSmawmh
tmPmudk qlumEdkYvufuae ql[mwdku odrf;cJhw,f/ acgif;
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uGefjrLepf trJvdkufyGJBuD; usif;yvdkufwm/ wu,fh uGefjrLepf?
0g&ifhuGefjrLepf? 0gr&ifhw&ifh uGefjrLepf? uvv&nfMunf oaE¨wnfp
uGefjrLepf? oHo,&SdzG,f uGefjrLepf? jzpfEdkifzG,f uGefjrLepf? jzpfwef&m
uGefjrLepf? tjypfrJholvdk [efaqmifaewJh uGefjrLepf tm;vHk;udk u½kPm
rxm;? e,fpnf;rjcm; yufyufpufpuf wD;vdkufwm vlESpfodef;eJY okH; odef;
Mum;avmuf aooGm;w,f/ uGefjrLepfvdkY usdef;aopGyfpGJcH&r,fh w½kwfawG[m
tif'dkeD;&Sm;uae avSeJY? oabFmeJY? &&meJY tvHk;t&if; xGufajy;Muw,f/
w½kwfjynfa&mufawmh t&Sif;&Sif opömazmuf avmufaumifawGvdkY
wHqdyfuyfcHcJhMu&w,f/
rD;cdk;awGvnf; Nidrf;oGm;a&m tif'dkeD;&Sm;&JU oef;ESpf&mausmfaom
jynfolawGxJrSm uGefjrLepfwdrfov’mzHk;ol wpfa,mufrS rusefawmhbl;/
atmifNyD? atmifNyD? atmifNyD? ql[mwdk atmifNyD/ taemufurÇm&JU
yufyufpufpuf vdIufvdIufvSJvSJ zdwfMum;jcif;udk cH&NyD/ pD;yGm;a&;awG
'Da&tvm; wdk;wufNyD/ vlawG csrf;omvmNyD/ tcsrf;omqHk;uawmh olaygh/
wyf&m&Sif oMum;awG cdk;a&mif;wJh oMum;arSmifcdkorm; ppfom;
wpfa,muftwGufawmh b,fqdk;rvJ/
*sumwm tpdk;&&JU wdkif;oljynfom;rsm; awmfwnfh rSefuefpGm
344
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

awG;ac:Edkifa&; pDrHcsufBuD;xJ bmvDol bmvDom; &Spfaomif;avmuf

toufay;vdkuf&NyD; aemufydkif; tref'gtkdif;pwdkif;[m bmvD tkyfcsKyf a&;rSL;
rvkyfcsifawmhbl;/
[m;bwfxfuawmh tvkyfu tem;,loGm;cJhNyD/ tref'gvnf; tem;,lzdkY
pOf;pm;ygw,f/ 'gayrJh olYtoufu ig;q,fawmif rjynfh ao;bl;/
aiGuvnf; b,favmuf&SdrSef;awmif aocsm rodavmuf atmif r[m;w&m;
&Sdw,f/ 'gayrJh tem;,lNyD;&if bmvkyf&rwkH;/
yxrqHk; zkef;ajymwJhtcsdefrSmyJ acgif;aqmifopf ql[mwdku
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oHtrwfBuD; rvkyfcsifbl;vm;vdkY urf;vSrf;vdkufw,f/
bmvDrSm [dk; twdwfumvuwnf;u tref'g uGefjrLepfawGudk
ESdyfuGyfcJhwm ql[mwdku odaew,f/ aemufwpfcku oHtrwfBuD;qdkwJh
xdyfwef;&mxl;rSm usm;r wef;wlnDrQ jzpfapcsifw,f (tref'gom vufcHcJh&if
usm;rtcsdK;u 24 ; 1 jzpfrSm) tref'gu jyefajymvdkufw,f/
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345
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

vufrSwftwk vkyfvdkufr,fwJh/ 'gayrJh jyifopfa&muf&if vl½dkao

&Sif½dkaojzpfatmif tif'dkeD;&Sm;oH½Hk;rSm &mxl;av; wpfae&mawmh ,lay; ygwJh/
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tref'gu tvkyfp0if&rSmav/ c&pfouú&mZfuawmh 1968 ckESpfaygh/

(21)
2005? ar 26? Mumoyaw;/
pHkaxmufrSL;BuD; at&Gefqefwpfa,muf bJvf&if;*g; ,mcif;udk
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346
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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347
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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&meDvpfqufwm/ owif;uawmh xl;oAsdKUqdkyJ/

(22)
2005? ar 25? Ak'¨[l;rS 2005? ar 26? Mumoyaw;/
rif;wHk;&JUtavmif;udk yifv,feDxJ ypfcs? ig;pmauR;cJhNyD;aemuf
oHk;&ufMumawmh tD*spfoabFmom;av;[m *sblwDudk qdkufa&mufvmcJh
awmhw,f/ rif;wHk;qDu EdIufxm;wJh ydkufqHtdwfxJrSm qGD'if ua&mif; &Spf&m
348
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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attdkif'DtufpfjzpfaevdkY/ aomufp&ma& &Sm;vGef;vdkY vlraeEdkifwJh
349
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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350
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

tar&duefppfom;awmh wpfa,mufrS ryg/ EdkYayod taocH

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jzpfaMumif;? tar&duefawGu Oya'abmifwGif; aexdkifMuaMumif;?
jyifopfuawmh udkvdkeDe,fcsJUpdwf raysmufao;aMumif; ajymw,f/
351
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

aumifppf0efu NrdKU0efudk aus;Zl;wifpum; ajymw,f/ ADZmudpö udk

jyifopf udk,fpm;vS,fawGeJY aqG;aEG;OD;r,fhtaMumif; NzD;vdkufw,f/
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352
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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353
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

jzpfaMumif;ukefpifudk uref;uwef; ajymjyvdkufw,f/ oufaouGif;qufawG

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awGUoGm;NyD xifwmyJ}

(23)
1968
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354
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

xif&rSmwJh tref'gu ajymw,f/

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jyefMunfhrdrS 1963 rD;awmifaygufuwnf;u qHyifvnf;rn§yf?
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aqmfMu? BudwfMuoav/ t"du½kPf;ESdrfeif;a&; twm;tqD;awGuvnf;
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oH½Hk;udk ol vSnfhjyefvmvdkufw,f/
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awGUygava&m/ tusdK;enf;NyD? b,fvdkvkyfMurvJ/ or®weef;awmfu
taMumif;Mum;vmw,f/ yHkrSefawGUqHkyGJtpm; aeYv,fpm wnfcif;
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355
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

pum;jyefa&m ac:cJhygwJhawmh/ or®w csm;pf'Da*gvfu olY jynfxJa&; 0efBuD;

azmfa&S;eJYtwl wufrwJh/ 'gwif ruao;bl;/ [dk ... [dk ...
tar&duefor®wBuD; vif'ef*Refqifvnf; ygrwJhawmh/
tref'g[m aqmufwnf&mr& jzpfae&Smw,f/ jyifopfor®weJY
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ckyJ rGef;vGJaeNyD[mudk}
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jynfav;awGu oHtrwfawGeJYawGUzdkY or®w csm;vf'Da*gtwGuf puúefY
ajcmufq,fxuf ydkMumwJhudpö r[kwfygbl;/ oHtrwfu odyfudk
vQm&Snfae&ifawmh 'Dxuf ESpfqavmuf tcsdefMumcsif Mumrayghav/
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jzpfw,f/ t,fvef b,fwkef;urS pdwfr0ifpm;cJhwJh EdkifiHa&;t& 'D
awGYqHkyGJ[m AsL[majrmufavmufatmif ta&;ygaewmudk;/ tJ'Dtcsdef rSm
356
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

tar&duefor®w vif'ef*Refqifuvnf; jyifopfa&mufaecJhw,f/ {&mr

[m&Dudef;rkefwdkif;BuD;vdk wpfurÇmvHk;tESHY AD,uferf ppfqefYusif a&;
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vif'ef*Refqif[m b,fae&ma&mufa&muf rsufESmi,fae &wJh umvaygh/
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ygEdkif&if aumif;wmyav/
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tap;ruyfruyf? jyifopfeJY tar&duef or®wESpfa,muf
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*dkPf;oifhr,fav/ uJav ... pm;rav .../ pdwfuawmh rygvSbl;uGm/tJ ...
apmufjyifopfaumifawG pwefYxGifvmjyefNyD/ tif'dkeD;&Sm; oHtrwfBuD;qdkwJh
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or®w 'Da*gvfuvnf; *RefqifqdkwJh ieJudk enf;enf;rS Munfhr&ygbl;/
odkYaomfvnf; yk*¾dKvfa&;t& Munfhr&wmawmhr[kwf/ ordkif;
tarGawGayghav/ ppfNyD;uwnf;u tar&duefaumifawG[m jyifopfudk
357
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

oli,fESyfpm; oabmxm;NyD; tar&duefppfwyf oabmwlrS t&m&m

vkyfcGifh&r,fh apmufaygufrsdK; csdK;aecJhMuw,f/ 'Dor®wqdkwJhtaumifudk
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ajymjyvdkufr,f/ [if; ... emrnfudku *RefqifwJh/ pwdkifvfyJhcsufuawmh
yufpufoavvdkY pwdkifxGm;vSwJh emrnfydkif&Sif jyifopfor®w csm;vfpf
tGef'a& *sdK;Zufrm&D 'Da*gvfu awG;aecJhw,f/
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or®weef;awmfudk tref'geJY t,fvefyJoGm;NyD; [m;bwfxf ae&pfcJhzdkY
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r[m;w,m;vGJ? aoavmufatmif vGJr,fh jzpfwef pGrf;udk wpf0ufwdwd
avQmhcsEdkifr,fr[kwfvm;/
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tdrf&Sifuvnf; olY½Hk;cef;xJxdkifNyD; apmifhqdkif;&jcif;udk apmifhqdkif; aew,f/
enf;enf;av; xyfapmifhvdkufOD;r,f/ 'grS *RefqifqdkwJhaumif pdwfawGqdk;rSm/
ol tifrwefcspfwJh yg&DrSm wpfcJeuf qE´jyaewJh toHawGudk 'Da*gvf
Mum;ae&w,f/ yÍör or®wEdkifiHawmfBuD;uawmh b,fuprSef; rodwJh
ivsifvdIif;rdovdk wodrfhodrfhcgaecJhNyD/ tif; ... xHk;pHtwdkif;
ausmif;om;awGu pwmaygh/ AD,uferf ppfqefYusifa&;u enf;enf;?
vGwfvyfpGm ESmxvdkrIu rsm;rsm; awmif;qdkMuw,f/ 'g jyóemr[kwf
ygbl;/ ausmif;om;qdkwm wpfckr[kwfwpfck tjrJ awmif;qdkaeus trsdK;udk;/
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358
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

tMurf;zufwmawG ygvmw,f/ or*¾aygif;pHku zifjzJ atmfvm Muw,f/

tvkyform;or*¾u tqdk;qHk;/ or*¾0if tvkyform; q,foef;udk
qE´jycdkif;vdkufr,f/ bmrSwfvJvdkY Ncdrf;ajcmufw,f/ trav; ...
q,foef;wJh/ q,foef;om qE´jyvdkufvdkYuawmh wpfjynfvHk;
ikwfwkwfxdkifaezdkYyJ &Sdw,f/
tvkyform;awG vdkcsifwmuawmh xHk;pHtwdkif; vkyfcvpm
wdk;jr§ifha&;aygh/ 'Dtcsufudkawmh enf;enf;rS rvdkufavsmEdkifbl;/ jynfxJ a&;
0efBuD;Xmeuvnf; qE´jyyGJawGudk cyfpyfpyfav; udkifwG,foifh w,fvdkY
tMuHay;Muw,f/
txl;ojzifh tar&duefor®w *Refqifa&mufaewJh ckcsdefumv
or,rSmaygh/ tar&duefqdkwhJ taumifawG[m csHKykwfawGUwdkif;
uGefjrLepfawG atmif;aew,fvdkY xifwwfwJh[mrsdK;awG/ 'Dudpöudk rar; bJ
aeudkraebl;/ 'gaMumifh 'DudpöeJY ywfoufvdkY wm0ef&SdwJh jynfxJa&;0efBuD;
azmfa&S;eJY txufwef;t&m&SdBuD; wpfa,mufudkyg pm;yGJudk ac:&r,f/ [muGm
... apmufvkyfudk ½IyfaewmyJ/ 'Da*gvf[m pdwfnpf npfeJY xdkif&mu
xvdkufw,f/ uJ ... uJ ... oGm;rSygyJ/
jyifopfor®w&JU vHkjcHKa&;tzGJU[m tif'dkeD;&Sm;oHtrwfBuD;&JU pum;jyefudk
awGUwJhtcg vefYoGm;Muw,f/ qHyif&Snf? rkwfqdwf&Snf BuD;eJY
ieJBuD;yguvm;/ pm&Gufpmwrf;awG aocsmppf/ wpfudk,fvHk; ydkufpdyfwdkufppf?
r'rfoHtrwfBuD;uawmh olYvludk tifrwef ,Hkw,f wJh/ rkwfqdwfBuD;udk
tar&duefpum;jyefeJY jyifopfpum;jyef ESpfa,muf Mum;rSm
359
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

ae&mcsay;vdkufMuw,f/
wu,fwrf; pm;yGJvnf;usa&m tjyif;txef tvkyfvkyf&olu
tJ'DrkwfqdwfBuD; jzpfaeawmhw,f/ tar&duefor®w *Refqifa&m
jyifopfor®w 'Da*gvfyg wpfa,mufeJYwpfa,muf pum;rajymbJ tif'dk
eD;&Sm; oHtrwfBuD;udkom tvkt,uf pum;awGajymaeMuwmudk;/
or®w 'Da*gvfu r'rfoHtrwfBuD;&JU EdkifiHa&;b0udk pyfpkw,f/ r'rfu
oHBuD;wrefBuD;yDyD ol[m iwHk;r? ixHkrjzpfaMumif;? bmvDu
tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;&mxl;udk vmbfay;NyD; &cJhaMumif;? ESpfBudrfqufwdkuf
xyfta&G;cH&aMumif;? 'gvnf; vmbfaMumifhjzpfaMumif;? aqGrsdK;om;csif;
aumif;pm;a&;udk tm;oGefcGefpdkuf vkyfcJhaMumif;? or®wopf ql[mwdk u
olYudk yg&DrSm oHtrwfBuD;vkyfrvm;vdkY zkef;quf urf;vSrf;&mu ck
a&mufvmwmjzpfaMumif;? yg&Dqdkwm ouf&Sdvm; oufrJhvm;awmif
rodcJhaMumif;? yg&DEdkifiHvdkY xifaewmjzpfaMumif;? tJovdk wHk;wm jzpfaMumif;
w[D;[D; w[m;[m; &,f&if;ajymw,f/
tJ'D pum;awGtm;vHk;udk r'rfoHtrwfBuD;u bmvDvdkajymNyD;
rkwfqdwf&Snf pum;jyefu t*Fvdyfvdk bmomjyefay;w,f/ oHtrwf BuD;
ajymorQ tm;vHk;udk wpfvHk;rSrajymbJ oifhawmfovdk jyefqdkay;oav/
aeYv,fpmpm;yGJBuD; NyD;cgeD;rSmawmh or®wESpfa,mufpvHk; pdwfxJrSm
tif'dkeD;&Sm; oHtrwfBuD;[m aysmfwwf? azsmfajzwwf? ÓPfynm
BuD;NyD; tifrwef pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;wJh tm*trsdK;orD;vdkY txif
a&mufukefMuw,f/ pum;jyefvnf; ta&G;awmfw,f/ ol a&G;xm;wJh
360
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

pum;jyef[m abmfeD,dkawmtkyfxJu vl½dkif;aumifBuD;rsm;vm;/

jynfxJa&;0efBuD; azmfa&S;&JU xdyfwef;t&m&SdBuD; uavmf'D yef;eefY
qdkwJhvludk 1928 ckESpfrSm pMwmbdk;rSm arG;cJhw,f/ olYrdbawGu wu,fh
uGefjrLepfppfppfawG/ 1936 pydefjynfwGif;ppfjzpfawmh vifr,m;ESpf
a,mufpvHk; pydefoGm;NyD; zufqpfqefYusifa&; ppfyGJudk 0ifETJw,f/ &SpfESpfom;
uavmf'Dudkyg ac:oGm;Muw,f/
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ajy;Mu&w,f/ armfpudka&mufawmh tjynfjynfqdkif&m uGefjrLepf0g'
jyefYyGm;a&;vkyfief;udk wpfwyfwpftm; vkyfMuw,f/ touf 11 ESpf
&SdNyDjzpfwJh olwdkYom;udk <um;Muw,f/ jyifopf? *smref? pydef pum;
oHk;rsdK;ajymwwfwJh awmfvSefa&;&JU rsdK;qufopfav;wJh/
[kwfygw,f/ jzpfEdkifavmufw,f/ uavmf'D[m bmompum;eJY
ywfoufvdkY xl;uJwJh ÓPf&nf&dSolyJ/ 'gaMumihfrdkY bmompum; t&if; tjrpf
oifwef;ausmif;udk a&mufNyD; toufq,fhig;ESpf rjynfhcifrSm jyifopf? *smref?
½k&S? pydef? t*FvdyfeJY w½kwfpum;awG uRrf;uRrf; usifusif ajymwwfaecJhNyD/
'kwd, urÇmppfNyD;cgp ol q,fh&SpfESpfom;rSm pwmvif OD;aqmif wJh
awmfvSefa&;udk oHo,&SdwJhtaMumif; olYtazeJY olYtar wD;wdk;
wdkifyifaeMuwm Mum;w,f/ 'geJY txufudk owif;ydkYvdkufw,f/ olY
peufaMumifh rdkufu,fyef;eefYeJY rdkepfyef;eefYwkdY ESpfOD;om; tpD&ifcHvdkuf
&w,f/ uavmf'Dav;uawmh 1945-46 ynmoifESpf taumif;qHk;
pHjyausmif;om; a&TwHqdyfqk &oGm;cJhw,f/
361
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

1946 ckESpfukefawmh uavmf'D[m trIxrf;zdkY toifhjzpfaeNyD/ 'gayrJh

rm&S,fbm&D,mu olYudk yGJrxkwfao;bl;/ &Hzef&Hcg pum;jyef
vkyfcdkif;wmavmufyJ &Sdw,f/
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jyefvTwfvdkufw,f/ emrnf&if;udk qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;wmu vGJ&if
olYb0 ordkif;wpfckvHk;udk topfjyefa&;&w,f/ aqmfbGef; wuúodkvfrSm ol
ausmif;wuf&w,f/
19 ESpfMumNyD; 1968 ckESpf? arvrSmawmh ol[m or®w&JU twGif; vl?
jynfxJa&;0efBuD; azmfa&S;&JU nmvuf½Hk; jzpfaecJhNyD/ qE´jyyGJawG&JU
aemufuG,frSm uGefjrLepfawG BudK;udkifEdkifzdkY ol tm;vHk;udk tcgawmf
ay;EdkifcJhw,f/ 'Da*gvfeJY azmfa&S;uawmh uGefjrLepfpeufrSef; enf;
enf;awmif r&dyfrdMubl;/
aeYv,fpmpm;NyD;vdkY aumfzDcsdefa&mufvmawmh or®wESpfa,muf[m
rvTJom ra&Smifom pum;ajymMu&awmhw,f/ tJovdk ajymaewkef;
rkwfqdwf&SnfeJY tif'dkeD;&Sm; pum;jyef[m rajymrqdkeJY olwdkYem; a&muf
vmw,f/
]taESmifht,Sufay;ovdkjzpf&if cGifhvTwfMuyg rpöwm or®wBuD; wdkY
cifAsm;? 'gayrJh rpöwmor®wBuD; 'Da*gvfudk ta&;wBuD; ajymp&m &Sdygw,f?
ck csufcsif;ajymrS jzpfrSmrdkYygcifAsm}
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rkwfqdwf&SnfBuD;[m tvGeftifrwefrS ,Ofaus;vSwJhtwGuf olYudk
362
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

ajymcGifhjyKvdkufw,f/
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ajymNyD; olYjynfxJa&;0efBuD;udk ac:w,f/ a[h ... ESpfa,mufwnf;
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363
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

ESpfaxmif;tm;& &SdvSouGm/ 'geJY aysmf&TifjrL;xl;NyD; t,fvefYudk rdwf

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364
oufawmf&mausmf&n
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366
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367
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368
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369
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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370
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371
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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372
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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373
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374
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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375
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

rsufvSnfhjyovdk ay:vmw,f/ aocsif;qdk;eJY aovdkY o&Jawmif ESpfcgjyef

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ausmfcsNyD; aysmufoGm;&wmvJqdkwJh taMumif;
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376
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

'gayrJh r&Sif;wmav;awGawmh ar;OD;rSyJ/ um;BudwfcH&wJh rom

yg*efemabmhpf*g'if[m Munfh&wm omrefvlvdkygyJ/ oleYJ pum;ajym&wm
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377
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

*kPfjyKw,f/ at&Gefqefvnf; aysmfaysmfBuD;aomufwmaygh/ aomuf&if;?

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378
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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379
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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(25)
380
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S af paomf0f oifhvl

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381
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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382
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

tjrJwrf; ydkvG,fw,fqdkwJh oifcef;pmBuD;awmif &NyD;MuNyD/ 'gaMumifh

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383
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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BuD;MuyfapcsifwmwJhAs? tJ ... b,fvdkvJqdkawmh tif; ... rvkyf
csifbl;vdkYvnf; rajymcsifbl;av? bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh uRefawmfu ... u ...}
]b,fvdk ... or®musrf;pmtkyfawG? [kwfvm; ...}
'Dae&ma&mufawmh befeDu tH0ifcGifus 0ifajymw,f/
]rpöwmqGJcsBuD;cifAsm; uRefawmf enf;enf;ajymcsifygw,f? 'grS vnf;
ausmaxmufaemufcH taMumif;&if;udk aocsmodr,fudk; cifAs}
][kwfuJh ... [kwfuJh? ajymyg ... ajymyg}
]'Dvdkyg? bdkif&ifhcsf blwm½Hka[mif;rSmaewJh a[m'Du *sL;vD;,yfeJY
t,fvefwdkY[m tifrwef&if;ESD;wJh rdwfaqGrsm;aygh? olwdkYESpfa,muf pvHk;[m
'Dbufu yg*efemeJYvnf; rdwfaqGayghcifAs? rpöwmqGJcsBuD; aoNyDxifaewJh
yg*efemav? tJ ... olu uRefawmfhrdwfaqGjzpfovdk uRefawmfhtpfudk
384
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

abmfqD&JUrdwfaqGvnf; jzpfw,f? tJ ... uRefawmfeJY aphpyfxm;wJh

*geDvmeJYvnf; rdwfaqGygyJ? tJ ... *geDvmu or®musrf; ynm&Sifav?
or®musrf;pmawGa&mif;wJh uRefawmfhtpfudk abmfqDvnf; twlwlyJ?
yg*efemvnf; twlwlyJaygh cifAs}
vufxJrSm azmifwdeftoifhudkifNyD; a&;zdkYrSwfzdkY apmihfaeayrhJ ckxd
qGJcsBuD;crsm bmwpfvkH;rS ra&;Edkifao;bl;/
]or®musrf;ynm&Sif ... [kwfvm;}
][kwfw,fav? or®musrf;udk teufzGifhay;&wmaygh&Sifh} tvSuav;u
0ifajymw,f/
b,fvdk ... or®musrf;udk teufzGifhay;wJh ynm&Sif? [kwfvm;/
raeYnaeuawmh wpfcsdefvHk; yg;pyfu t,kwå tewåawGcsnf; xGufae wJh
rdef;ru or®musrf;udk teufzGifhay;owJh/ pHkaxmufBuD;u awG;ae w,f/
bmrSawmh 0ifrajymbl;/ &meDvpfqdkwJh EGm;BuD; jzpfcsifwm jzpfayhap/
]or®musrf;ynm&Sif ... tif; ... tif; ... xm;ygawmhav? 'gqdk
c&D;aqmiftdwfBuD;eJY rif;wHk;wdkYtaMumif; ajymygOD;}
uJ ... ck tvSnfhusawmh rEGJUpwrf; toHk;awmfcH&r,fhvluawmh yg*efem
ydkuf *g'ifaygh/
]uRefawmf ajymvdkY&rvm;? rpöwmqGJcs cifAsm;}
]&wmaygh? 'DtrIrSm oJvGefpwpfckckom ay;Edkifr,fqdk&if apwef
rm&fewfvnf; ajymvdkY&w,f}
]tdk ... a&SUaeBuD; pum;toHk;tEIef;udk qifjcifyg&Sif}
385
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

tvSuav;u rsufESmxd rsufESmxm;eJY 0ifa[mufw,f/ ckawmh

pHkaxmufBuD; odvdkufygNyD/ 'DtzGJU[m a&SUaeBuD;udk tqHk;pGef vSnfhpm; aeNyD
qdkwmudkaygh/ yg*efemu rcsdjyHK;av; jyHK;&if; ...
]&ygw,fAsm? ajymygap? bk&m;ocifeJYawGUNyD;aemufrSm uRefawmf
udk,fhudk,fudk,f raumif;qdk;0g;vdkY rcH,lawmhygbl;? rpöwma&SUaeBuD; vnf;
odrSmyg? uRefawmf jyefvrf;r&SdqdkwJh *dkPf;udk zGJUcJhwm rSefw,f?
rlv&nf&G,fcsufu tzGJU0ifawG aemufb,faomtcgrS axmifxJ jyef
r0if&apzdkY &nf&G,fcJhayrJh aemufydkif;usawmh &nf&G,fcsufu ajymif;
vmw,f? Oya'udkcsdK;azmufzdkY jzpfvmw,f? 'gayrJh aumif;uifbHk&JU
Oya'udkawmh rcsdK;azmufpaumif;bl;av ... aemAsm ...}
]Mo ... 'gaMumifh rif;wHk;qdkwJhtaumif um;vufrSwfa&mif;udk ½dkufNyD;
um;'½dkifbmeJY um;udk jyefay;qGJwmaygh? [kwfp ...}
]tdk ... cspfvSpGmaom rpöwmqGJcsBuD;&,f? q&mhpum;rSm oa&mf
avSmifajymifoHtjynfh ygw,fqdkwm uRefawmf cHpm;rdygw,f cifAsm?
uRefawmfu bk&m; w&m;&JU tvif;a&mifudk awGUcJhNyDqdkayrJh uRefawmfh
wynfhrsm;uawmh rwlbl;av? wynfhwpfa,mufuawmh tjrifrSef&vkdY
awmiftar&duudk omoemjyKc&D; xGufoGm;cJhNyD? usefwynfhESpfa,muf
uawmh uHraumif;&Smbl; cifAsm? tyfyfqmvmuae azmhcfudkyif;xd
vrf;wpfavQmufu wpfjynfvHk;rSm tqdk;qHk; rdkufcJawGudk or®musrf; awG
jzefYjzL;NyD; qHk;ryJhjyifr,fvdkY &nfrSef;cJhwm? uRefawmfhpum; ½dkif;oGm;&if
cGifhvTwfawmfrlyg rpöwma&SUaeBuD; cifAsm}
386
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

ckcsdefxd NidrfNyD; bmwpfcGef;rS 0ifrajymao;wJh abmfqD[m 'Dae&m

ta&mufrSm rD;cdk;a&mif {&mrtdwfBuD;udk rcsvmNyD; pm;yGJay:wif zGifhcs
vdkufw,f/ teufa&mifom;a&zHk;? a&TpmvHk;eJY or®musrf;pmtkyfawG[m
tdwfxJrSm tpDt&D/ ol pum;ajymNyD/
]rpöwm a&SUaeBuD;a& ... MuHKwkef;av; or®musrf;wpftkyfavmuf
vufaqmifay;vdkufyg&apaemf? tm;vHk;twGuf tvif;a&mif rQa0 yg&ap
cifAsm}
abmfqDuawmh olrsm;awGvdk NzD;wmr[kwbl;/ pdwfxJ&Sdwm trSeftwdkif;
ajymwm/ a&SUaeBuD;vnf; ta,mifa,mif turf;urf;eJY or®musrf;udk
vSrf;,lvdkufw,f/ trav;aemf ... ckcsufcsif; bk&m;ocif &JU
u,fwifjcif;cH&&if b,favmuf aumif;vdrfhrvJ/ olu ajymvdkuf w,f/
]uJ ... uJ ... qufajymMuygOD;? 'D apmuftdwfBuD;u refudkyif;rSm
bmjzpfoGm;wmvJ}
]a&SUaeBuD; rqJygeJY? pum;udk qifjcifajymyg}
tvSuav;u 0ifNyD; qkH;roGefoifw,f/ t,fvefu ajymjyef w,f/
]tJ ... ck usKyftvSnfh jyefa&mufNyDxifw,f/ tif; ... ckeuajymcJhovdk
um;0if;udk a&mufw,f? tJ ... tJ ... rSef;xm;wmxuf enf;enf;
apma&mufw,f? *sL;vD;,yfuvnf; apmapmoGm; qdkwmudk;? tif; ... tJ'DrSm
[dkav ... b,fa&mufoGm;ygvdrfh? aMomf ... yg*efemu pawmh [krf;uaeNyD;
rpöwmrif;wHk;udk zkef;qufñTefMum;xm;avawmh? tif; ... rpöwmqGJcsBuD;a&
... pum;awG awmifa&mufajrmufa&muf jzpfaewmawmh cGifhvTwfcifAs?
387
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

toufBuD;&if enf;enf;awmh ysufpD;wmyJudk;? at;av ... cifAsm;uawmh

odcsifrSodrSmaygh? cifAsm; b,fvdkaomuf wwfw,fqdkwm uRefawmfrS
rodbJudk;? bmyJjzpfjzpfav? tif; ... b,fem;a&mufaeNyDvJ rod? ajymaewm?
tJ ... tJ ... [kwfNyD? aAmh'um 0ifvm&if qifjcifwHkw&m;qdkwm
xGufoGm;a&mavAsm? tJ'Dawmh tJvdk jzpfwmaygh? 'gaMumifh
abmvfwpfyifv,fjyif rDwmESpf&mteuf a&atmufoGm;aewJh
a&ikyfoabFmay:rSm tJovdkawG jzpfukefwmaygh cifAs}
]trav; ... bmawGwkH;? [m ... bmawGajymaewmvJ? vdk&if;
ajymprf;ygAsm}
]a&SUaeBuD; ... pum;ajymr½dkif;eJYav}
a&SUaeBuD; &meDvpf[m rsufcHk;ESpfzufudk vufxdyfeJYESdyf&if; touf
jyif;jyif;½SLaew,f/ t,fvefu qufajymw,f/
]tJ ... tJ ... rpöwmrif;wHk;u pawmh[krf;u rpöwm yg*efemqD
zkef;qufNyD; or®musrf;pm jzefYjzL;wJhtvkyfudk ol qufrvkyfawmhbl;vdkY
ajymowJh? taMumif;&if;uawmh ol jyifopf vD*sif;wyfxJ 0ifrvdkYwJh/ uJ ...
uJ ... t&ifqHk; xdkifvkdufygOD; a&S YaeBuD;&,f? ajym&rSmrsm;awmh
rwfwwfBuD;qdk anmif;aerSmaygh? 'geJY ... b,fa&mufoGm;ygvdrfh? aMomf ...
tif; ... odNyD? rpöwmrif;wHk;u refudkyif;NrdKUv,f &ifjyifrSm or®m
usrf;pmtkyfawGudk yHkNyD; rD;½dIUypfzdkY MuHxm;owJhav ...}
]&Sifhtajymt&qdk 'Dapmufor®musrf;pkwfawGudk udpöwkH;ypfr,f ayghav}
tvSuav;u 0ifajymvdkufw,f/
388
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]tJ ... 'gaMumifhrdkY tJ'Dudpöudk odyfaemufruscif wm;EdkifzdkYtwGuf

rpöwmrif;wHk;udk awGUzdkYvdkw,f? olYqDu tdwfudk ,lzdkYvdkw,f? jyóem u
tcsdefyJ? tcsdefu enf;aew,f? wpfcgwavrSm udk,farQmfvifhwm xufudk
tcsdefu ydkenf;w,f? AdkvfcsKyfBuD; z&efudkqdk usKyf rsufpda&SUrSmyJ
aygufuJGwhJxJ ygawmhrvdkY oDoDav; vGwfoGm;wmAs}
]cifAsm ... AdkvfcsKyfBuD;z&efukdu b,fuae ygvm&jyefwmwkH;}
]tif; ... a&SUaeBuD; jrifomatmif usKyfu om"ujywmyg cifAs}
][kwfygNyD? tJ'D or®musrf;xnfhxm;wJh tdwfBuD;u bmqufjzpf oGm;vJ}
]tif; ... wu,fvdkY rpöwmrif;wHk;u tJ'DtdwfBuD;udk tomwMunf
ray;bl;qdk&ifvnf; olYqDu twif;t"r® vk,lzdkY usKyfrSm cGeftm;r&Sdygbl;?
wu,fawmhvnf; 'Dae&mrSm cGeftm;[m t"duawmh r[kwfaybl;
rpöwma&SUaeBuD;&JU? vlawG[m rsm;aomtm;jzifh cGeftm;udk
t"duxm;aeMuwm[m avmued,mr tjrift&qdk ... qdk ...}
]uJ ... vdk&if; ajymawmfrlyg rpöwmum;vfqef cifAsm;}
][kwfuJh ... [kwfuJh? awmif;yefygw,faemf? rpöwmrif;wHk;[m tm;vHk;
pDpOfNyD;umrS 0rf;oGm;csifvmyHkyJ cifAs? ol um;0if;xJu tdrfomudk
ajy;vmw,f? uRefawmfuvnf; wdkif;í&ufonfh yuúvm rdk;&GmonfESifh
tcefYoifh qdkovdk 'gudk tcGifhta&;,lvdkufw,f? tdwfudk,l?
bwfpfum;ay:wuf bdkif&ifhcsfrSmqif;NyD; *sL;vDhqD a&mufvmwmaygh}
]b,fvdk *sL;vD [kwfvm;}
][kwfoav cifrifolawG 'Dvdkac:w,f? uRefawmfhudk *sL;vD?
389
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

*sL;vD;,yfygcifAs? awGU&wm 0rf;omygw,f}

*sL;vD;,yfu tcsdefudkuf0ifvmw,f/
a&SUaeBuD;[m rSwfpkpmtkyfxJrSm wukyfukyfeJY a&;aecRwfaew,f/
a&;xm;wmawGudk 0dkif;NyD; rsOf;aMumif;awGvnf; qGJaeao;w,f/ ½kwfw&uf
ol tcsufwpfcsufudk owd&oGm;w,f/
]'gayrJh cifAsm; bwfpfum;'½dkifbmudk ig;q,fwefwpf&GufjyNyD;
ig;q,fzdk;pD;&if b,fa&mufvJvdkY ar;w,fqdk ... 'gqdk cifAsm;
bdkif&ifhcsfudkoGm;zdkY &nf&G,f&if;&Sdw,fqdkwmeJY rudkufygvm;}
][m ... [ ... bkdif&ifhcsfudkoGm;&if um;c b,favmufusw,fqdkwm
usKyf aumif;aumif;odwmaygh? ydkufqHtdwfxJrSm ig;q,fwef prf;rdawmh
'½dkifbmudk pcsifwmeJY tJovdkvkyfvdkufwm? bmjzpfvdkYvJ ... tJ'g
w&m;Oya'eJY rnDñGwfvdkYvm; a&SUaeBuD; cifAs}
]uJ ... [kwfygNyD? aemufawmh bmqufjzpfovJ}
]tif; ... twdkcsKyfajym&r,fqdk *sL;vD;,yfeJY usKyf tifrwef om,mwJh
naecif;av;udk twlwuG jzwfoef;NyD;wJhtcg rpöwm rif;wHk;u
a&mufvmNyD; tMurf;zufzdkY BudK;pm;av&JU? tJ ... usKyfwdkYuvnf;
aAmh'umcsaewkef;qdkawmh ...? rpöwma&SUaeBuD;udk usKyf apmapmu
tpD&ifcHcJhovdk aAmh'umqdkwmrsdK;uav ... uJyg ½dk;½dk;om;om; 0efcHyghr,f?
wpfykvif;wnf; r[kwfbl;? ESpfykvif; cifAs? ESpfykvif;? aAmh'umrl;vm&if;
rajymoifhwmawG? rqdkoifhwmawG tm;vHk; wdk;vQKd ayguf awmufavQmuf
yg;pyfu 'va[mus qdkawmhum ... a&SUae BuD;&,f ...}
390
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]qufajymyg}
]tJ ... aAmh'umeJY orifom;½dkUpfvnf; jrifa&m rpöwmrif;wHk;&JU
a'goawG Nidrf;at;oGm;w,fcifAs? 'DvdkeJY nOfheufvmawmh or®musrf;awG
rD;½dIUzdkYtMuHudk ol pGefYvTwfvdkufw,f? ao&nfao&ufu 'Dae&mrSmawmh
aumif;usdK;ay;w,f r[kwfvm;cifAs rpöwma&SUaeBuD;&JU}
]qufajymyg}
]tJ ... reufvnf; vif;a&m rpöwmrif;wHk;[m tBuD;tus,f
t&ufemusygava&mvm;? usKyfvnf; jzpfcJhzl;ygw,f? 1945 wkef;u
pm;yGJcHkatmufrSm 'kwd,or®w x½l;ref;eJY ESpfa,mufom; wuGDvm
cswkef;uaygh? uHqkd;csifawmh or®w½kpAJhu tJ'DaeYyJ uG,fvGef&SmwJh twGuf
usKyfwdkY0dkif;udk apmapmodrf;vdkuf&w,f? rodrf;rsm; rodrf;&if rpöwm
rif;wHk;xufqdk;wJh a0'emudk cHpm;&rSm aocsmw,f}
0ifrajymbl;vdkYaeayrJh 'Dae&ma&mufawmh a&SUaeBuD;[m raeEdkif
awmhbl;/
]cifAsm; bmawGajymaewmvJ? or®w½kpAJh uG,fvGefwJhaeYrSm
'kor®wx½l;ref;eJYtwl cifAsm;u wuGDvm aomufaew,f? [kwfvm;}
]tif; ... tJ'DtaMumif;awG tao;pdwf em;raxmifcsifbl;qdk
rpöwma&SUaeBuD;yJ ajymNyD;awmh}
&meDvpf yg;pyfydwfae&jyefw,f/
]tJovdk trl;vGef? t&ufemusaewJhtwGuf rpöwmrif;wHk;[m
uRefawmfwdkY atumudk xa&mfvDeJYoGm;awmh bmrSudk rulnDEdkifbl; cifAs}
391
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]aeygOD; tJ'DwHk;u olYrSm zdeyfawmifrygbl;qdk tJ'Dudpöav; ajymprf;ygOD;

rpöwm um;vfqef}
]rpöwma&SUaeBuD;u tJ'DaeYreufu oljzpfaeyHkudk jrifrSrjrifbJ cifAs?
zdeyfwif r[kwfbl;? bmrS rygbl;? twGif;cHabmif;bDav;eJYav}
]'geJY cifAsm;zdeyfawG *sL;vD;,yf*Refqif&JU rD;zdkcef;xJrSm usefcJh
wmusawmha&m}
]tif; ... [kwfw,f? *sL;vDqDu zdeyfwpf&ef iSm;pD;vdkufw,fav?
cifAsm;vnf; usKyfvdk toufwpf&m&Sdvm&if n§yfzdeyfeJY tjyifxGufrdwJh
tBudrfawG rsm;vmrSmyJ? pdwfomcs}
]tif; ... uRefawmf tJoavmuf touf&Snfr,fvdkY rxifaygif Asm? uJ ...
xm;ygawmh? xa&mfvDay:rSm vlaotavmif;eHY &w,fvdkY teHYcHacG;u
tcsufjywJhudpöudk b,fvdk&Sif;rvJ}
]a&SUaeBuD;uyJ usKyfudk ajymjyygvm;Asm? tJ'Dxa&mfvDay:u
aemufqHk;qif;oGm;wJh vl[m rpöwm rif;wHk;av? aemufawmh *sblwDrSm ol
oGm;aow,fqdkawmh jzpfaMumif;&,f ukefpif odcsif&if ol&SdwJhae&m
vdkufar;rS &rSmayghcifAs? vlaoeHYu usKyfqDursm; &aewmvm;? [ifhtif; ...
usKyf raoao;ygbl;? 'gayrJh tdk&GJaeNyDqdkwmawmh aocsm
w,f? vltdkawGrSmrsm; romeHYxGufwwfovm; rod ....}
&meDvpf[m pdwfr&SnfEdkifatmif jzpfvmcJhNyD/ trIjzpfwJh 26 &uf udk ck
wpf&ufawmif rNyD;ao;bl;/ apmuftbdk;BuD;yg;pyfu xGuforQ
udk;q,fhudk;&mcdkifEIef;[m t&nfr& tzwfr&awGcsnf;yJ/ uJav ...
392
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

qufajymaygh/
]tJ ... rpöwm rif;wHk; tdyfaysmfaewkef; usKyfwdkY xGufvmcJhMuw,f?
vrf;av;avQmuf&if; yg*efemhrdwfaqG befeD zGifhxm;wJh a[mha'ghqdkifudk
a&mufvmMua&m}
]cifAsm;ua&m axmifuszl;wmvm;}
a&SUaeBuD;u befeDYbufvSnfh ar;vdkufw,f/
][ifhtif; ... ruszl;ygbl;? uRefawmfu &mZ0wfrIaA'udk avhvm
aecJhwm}
befeDu aoaocsmcsmrSefwJh pum;yv’ifcHNyD; &mZ0wfaumifawG
taMumif; avhvmzdkY axmifxJ uGif;qif;wkef;yg/ *efemudk tifwmAsL;
vkyfrdvdkY tJ'Dup cifcJhwm? bmnm aoaocsmcsm rrSefwJh vkyfZmwfudk
ususee cif;awmhw,f/
a&SUaeBuD;[m a&;&if;eJY qufajym qufajymvdkY pum;aMumif; aew,f/
t,fveftvSnfh jyefa&mufjyefw,f/
]rlvuawmh befeDu usKyfeJY *sL;vDudk pawmh[krf;xd um;armif; ydkY&if;
yg*efemhudk or®musrf;pmtdwf ay;zdkYyJ? 'gayrJh olu MuHKwkef;av;
prmvefbufvSnfhNyD; olYcspfol *efeDvmeJY awGUcsifao;owJh}
tvSuav;ac: *efeDvmu &meDvpfbufvSnfh&if; acgif;ndwfjyw,f/
t,fvefu qufajymw,f/
]befeDu ajymw,f? yg*efemtaMumif; ol todqHk;wJh? olu
apmifhEdkifygw,fwJh? 'gayrJh xm0&apmifhzdkYawmh rjzpfEdkifbl;r[kwfvm;?
393
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

wu,fvdkY a,½Iocifom jyefvnf&Sifjyef xajrmufvmcJh&if ol &Sifjyef

xajrmufvmr,fvdkY a&;xm;wJh tcef;awGudk usrf;pmxJu jzKwfypf&r,fh
oabmu &Sdaeoudk;As? tJ ... tJ ...}
]vdk&if;udkom ajymygAsm}
]'gaygh ... 'gaygh? vdk&if;u ta&;BuD;wmaygh? vdk&if;udkra&muf&if
trsm;BuD; rSm;oGm;Edkifw,fqdkwm usKyfu olrsm;awGxuf trsm;BuD;
ydkodwmaygh? refcsK;&D;,m;rSmwkef;u armfpDwkH;a&SU a&mufaewkef; vdk&if;om
rajymrdbl;qdk&if tJ'Dtcsdefuwnf;u ypfowfcH&vdkY aowm Mumaygh}
]tif; ... tJovdkjzpfcJh&if ckvdk tvkyf½IyfrSmr[kwfbl;}
]tJ ... tJ ... usKyfwdkY prmvefrSm&Sdaewkef;awmh a,½Iocif jyef<u
rvmavmufygbl;vdkY befeDu ajymw,f? usKyf tawGUtMuHKt& befeD
ajymwm rSefavmufw,fvdkY pdwfxJu axmufcHrd ... rd ...}
]rpöwmum;vfqef ...}
]aMomf ... tif;yg? 'geJYyJ yg*efemudk taMumif;rMum;bJ prmvefudk
oGm;vdkufMuw,f? 'g trSm;ayghav}
][kwfw,fAs}
ck yg*efem ydkuf*g'iftvSnfh a&mufNyD/
]uRefawmfu apmifhEdkifygw,f? 'gayrJh rif;wHk;qdkwJhaumifu pdwfcs&wm
r[kwfbl; a&SUaeBuD;&JU? jyefvrf;r&Sd *dkPf;u omoemh wrefawmftvkyf
vkyfr,fqdkwmudk 'Daumifu vHk;0 rMunfbl;av? NyD;awmh owif;pmxJu
owif;awGzwf&awmh bmjzpfaeNyDvJvdkY pdwfyl vmwmaygh}
394
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

[kwfw,f/ 'if;ajymwm aMumif;usdK;nDñGwfw,f/ axmufcHw,f/ ol

befeDYbuf vSnfhjyefw,f/
]&mjynfhtbdk;BuD; tzrf;cH&wJhowif;udk zwf&awmh cifAsm;u bmvdkY &Judk
taMumif;rMum;wmvJ}
]tif; ... uRefawmf tJovdk awG;ygao;w,f? 'gayrJh t,fvefeJY *sL;vDu
vufrcHbl;cifAs? *sL;vDu &JeJY rywfoufcsifovdk t,fvefu vnf;
vltdk½Hkudk enf;enf;rS rjyefcsifbl;wJhav}
]'geJY ... cifAsm;u bmaMumifh &JeJY rywfoufcsif&wmvJ *sL;vD; ,yf&JU}
]usKyfu &JuH raumif;bl;As? 'if;wdkYeJYawGUwdkif; jyóemwuf w,f?
pHkaxmufBuD; at&Gefqefuawmh >cif;csufaygh? cifAsm;vnf; ygyg w,f
a&SUaeBuD;&JU? 'geJY ... aumfzD,lOD;rvm;}
tif; ... ,lr,f/ ,lrS jzpfr,f/ ck awGUqHkyGJ&Jh tcsuftvufawGudk nae
oHk;em&DrSm tpDtpOfwus rD'D,mawGudk &Sif;jyEdkifzdkY olYrSm cGeftm; eJY
pGrf;tifawG vdkaew,f/ 'gayrJh ck ig;rQm;csdwfrSm csdwfrdrvdkjzpfaewJh
befeD,Gef;bwfudk tvGwfay;vdkY rjzpfao;bl;/
]'gqdkvnf; cifAsm;rdwfaqG yg*efem *g'ifhqD zkef;ac:ygvm;? olvnf;
owif;pmzwfrdr,fqdkwm odoifhwmaygh}
]trav; ... yg*efemu uRwfwrf;0ifaeNyDqdkwm cifAsm;wdkY &Jbufu
odwmrS r[kwfbJAs? olYzkef;rSm toHzrf;pufawG cdk;wwfxm; rSmaygh? usKyf
odom;yJ? r[kwfbl;vm;}
[kwfygh/ t½dIufudk wnfhwnfhxdwmyJ/ bmrSudk jyefrajymEdkifbl;/ uJyg ...
395
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

*efemhbuf vSnfhrS/
]rpöwm *g'if ... cifAsm;u t,fvefum;vfqefwdkY b,fa&muf
aevJqdkwm b,fvdkvkyf odwmvJ}
]tif; ... uRefawmfhwynfh a&yHk;&JUrdwfaqGwpfa,mufu t,fvef &,f?
befeD&,f? befeDYaumifrav;&,fudk a&mhxfeD;rSm awGUvdkufw,fvdkY
zkef;qufw,fAs? 'gaMumifh uRefawmf a&yHk;udk vdkufcdkif;w,f}
]Mo ... a&yHk;uvnf; c&pfawmf&JU tusdK;twGuf 0rf;ajrmuf 0rf;om
vdkufa&mvm;}
]tJovdk r[kwfbl;As? a&yHk;u rif;wHk;xuf omqdk;ao;? jyefvrf;r&Sd&JU
aumif;aomtajymif;tvJudk enf;enf;rSrauseyfbl;? ½k&S 'grSr[kwf
abmvfwpfEdkifiHawGbuf oGm;NyD; rl;,pfaq;vkyfief; qufvkyfzdkY
tjrJMuHaewm? r,Hk olYar;Munfhaygh? aMomf ... ckawmh ar;vdkYr&awmhbl;
ayghav}
a&SUaeBuD;u yg*efemudk oHo,tjynfheJY Munfhvdkufw,f/
]ckeu befeD,Gef;bwf rSef;xm;ovdkyJ? usKyfwdkY cifAsm;zkef;udk
toHzrf;puf wyfxm;cJhw,f/ tJ'D toHzrf;pufu&wJh toHawGxJrSm cifAsm;
qJvdkufwm rdk;udkrTefaewmyJ? *efeDvmudkvnf; aomufaumifr ...
qHeDrqdkvm; ajymao;w,f? tJovdk ½kefY&if; Murf;wrf;wmusawmh
bk&m;ocifu bmrS rajymbl;vm;}
][ifhtif; ... bk&m;ocifu cGifhvTwfwm jrefw,f? cifAsm;awmif ckeu
olYpmtkyfudk usdefqJaewmyJ r[kwfvm;? tJ'Dpmtkyfudk zGifhzwf Munfh? ol
396
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

b,favmuf cGifhvTwfoefw,fqdkwm odvdrfhr,f}

]aMomf ... a,m[ef 8 ; 7 udk ajymaeMuwmvm;}
owd&oGm;wJh pHkaxmufBuD;u 0ifar;vdkufw,f/ a&SUaeBuD; &meDvpf
yg;pyfBuD; jyJoGm;w,f/
]aMomf ... cifAsm;vnf; or®musrf;pmzwfoudk; *dk&if}
at&Gefqefu jyHK;pdpdeJY &meDvpfudk Munfhvdkufw,f/
yg*efemu 0ifajymw,f/
]'guawmh vlqdkwm trsdK;rsdK;&Sdw,f a&SUaeBuD;&JU? a&yHk;qdkwJh aumifudk
cdkif;csif&if trav; ... armifa&yHk;av;&JU? 'gav; vkyfay;yg cifAsmvdkY
½dk½dkaoaoajymvdkY &r,fxifvdkYvm;? 'DvdkajymrS cdkif;vdkY&wmudk; cifAs}
]uJyg ... xm;ygawmh ... xm;ygawmh}
pHkaxmufBuD; at&Gefqef[m pm;vufp udwfrkefYroD;atmif
renf;xdef;ae&w,f/ aocsmygNyD/ 'Dtkyfpk[m a&SUaeBuD; &meDvpfudk
taotcsmudk rm,moma|,s tjynfheJY tyDtjyif vSnfhpm;aeMuwm/
vkyfvdkufMuprf;uG ... csomcs ... vSnfhomvSnfh/ tvSuav;u 0gawmf
&Spfq,f r,foDv&SifBuD; avoHeJY ajymjyefw,f/
]tif; ... uRefr tdrfudk tJ'D a&yHk;qdkwJhvl a&mufvmawmh wnf r&atmif
rl;aewmav? um;wpfpD; armif;NyD;vmwm? ypöwdk wum; um;eJY?
yg;pyfuvnf; &D*gudk oGm;rSuGqdkvm; wwGwfwGwf &Gwfae w,f? 'gaMumihf
uRefr atmfypfvdkufw,f? ighjcHxJudk vufeufudkifNyD; r0ifeJYvdkY? ol
vefYoGm;w,f? aoewfudk 0&efwmvuf&ef;rSm csvdkuf w,f? wu,fwu,f
397
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

... tJovdk qdk;0g;aomif;usef;wJhvlrsdK; wpfouf eJY wpfudk,f rjrifzl;bl;}

]tif; ... or®musrf;pmtkyfawGaMumifh ol pdwfwdkaewm jzpfr,f?
wpfcgwavusawmh bmoma&;qdkwm vlawGudk pdwfua,mufu,uf
jzpfapwmudk; cifAs? usKyf wD[D&efrSmwkef;uqdk&if ... ... ...}
]b,fvdk ... b,frSm ... wD[D&ef ... [kwfvm;}
][kwfy? Mumawmh MumcJhNyD? tJ'Dujyefvmawmh av,mOfay:rSm csmcsDeJY
twlwlaygh}
]b,fol ... ... ...}
]csmcsDav ... t*Fvef 0efBuD;csKyfav? tJ'Dwkef;uawmh 0efBuD;csKyf
a[mif;aygh? t&ifuawmh 0efBuD;csKyfaygh}
]csmcsD b,folwkef;qdkwm usKyf odygw,f? tJ'D csmvDeJY cifAsm;u
wD[D&efrSm twlwlwJhvm;}
]tif; ... usKyfu omoemjyKwpfa,mufeJY twlaewm? olu vlawGudk
a'goxGufatmif vkyfwJhae&mrSm yg&*layghcifAs}
r[kwfbl;/ cifAsm;BuD;urS yg&*lvdkY &meDvpf awG;aew,f/ ckvnf; ol
a'goawG rw&m;xGufae&NyD/ z&efudk? x½l;ref;? armfpDwHk;? csmcsDwkdYeJY
awGYcJhw,fvdkY olYudk,fol txifa&mufaewhJ 'D vltdkBuD;qDu rsm;
tcsuftvufawG&zdkY MuHpnfrdaeao;w,f/ uJ ... pdwfxdef; ... pdwfxdef;/
ckrSawmh a&SUqufzkdYyJ &Sdw,f/ a[m ... ieJBuD; qufajymjyefNyD/
]vli,fav; rpöwma&yHk;[m rdk;BudK;ypfovdk wpfcsdefvHk; [def; a[muf&if;
um;xJ0ifNyD; vwfAD;,m;a& igvmNyDa[h ... vdkY MuHK;0g;NyD;
398
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

armif;xGufoGm;w,f? usKyfwdkYvnf; olawmh vwfAD;,m;oGm;NyDvdkY xifrd

wmaygh? rpöwmqGJcsBuD;wdkYuawmh wpfenf;wpfzHk xifaumif;xifrSmaygh?
r[kwfbl;vm;}
]t½l;yJ}
]tdk ... t½l;whJvm;? tJovdkawmh tac:rcH&zl;bl;As? acG;wdkY?
<uufwdkYawmh tac:cH&zl;w,f? pwmvifBuD; usKyfudk ac:wmav? ol
a'gtyGqHk; tcsdefawGrSmaygh? 'gayrJh olawmif usKyfudk t½l;vdkY rac:bl;}
]tcsdefr&Sdawmhbl;As}
yg*efemu 0ifajymw,f/
]a'goa&SUxm; rSm;raygh a&SUaeBuD;&,f? usefwJh Zmwfvrf;udk
em;axmifcsifao;w,fqdk ...}
[kwfw,f/ em;axmifcsifao;w,f/ em;axmifcsifao;wm r[kwfbl;/
em;axmifrSudk jzpfrSm/uJ ... ajym ... ajym/
]uJ ... jyefvrf;r&Sd *dkPf;0ifrsm;taMumif; ajymr,f? rif;wHk;u
tmz&duudkoGm;NyD; vD*sif;wyfzGJU0ifjzpf? a&yHk;u vwfAD;,m;oGm;NyD;
rl;,pfaq; ta&mif;t0,fqufvkyf? u&muufpfu tdrfjyefoGm;? aemuf
qHk;awmh bk&m;ocifeJYtwl uRefawmfhwpfa,mufwnf;yJ usef&pfawmhwmaygh
cifAsm}
][kwfvm; ... cifAsm;u aemufxyf vlarG;csifao;vdkYvm;}
]tJ a&yHk;u ol roGm;cif zkef;qufoGm;wJhtwGuf uRefawmfvnf;
*efeDvm&JU uefom,m ,mcif;udk xGufvmcJhw,f}
399
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]tif; ... ck ar;p&mawG &SdvmNyD? *efeDvmaAsmh,Gef; ... cifAsm;[m

bmjzpfvdkY bwfpfum;BuD; 0,fvdkufwmvJ? bmjzpfvdkY aetdrfuae
xGufoGm;cJhwmvJ}
raeYnaeu taygif;toif;wpfpk 0dkif;aqG;aEG;MuwJhtcg 'Dudpö rSm
qGefnmhudk qJGrxnhfzdkY oabmwlchJMuw,f/ qGefnmu qGD'ifol r[kwf?
rSwfyHkwifr&SdwJhtwGuf awGUoGm;&if wpfcgwnf; wd&pämef½Hk tydkYcH&rSm/ uJ ...
tvSnfhusawmh rEGJUpwrf;aygh/
][kwfw,f? bwfpfum;udk uRefremrnfeJY0,fcJhwm trSefyJ? 'gayrJh
uRefreJY befeD ESpfa,mufpyf0,fwm? befeDYtpfudk abmfqDh twGufav ...}
r&awmhbl;/ &meDvpf pdwfrxdef;Edkifawmhbl;/ ol ukef;atmfvdkuf w,f/
]bmtwGufvJ ... bmvkyfzdkYvJ ... or®musrf;awG xnfhzdkYvm;}
ck abmfqDhtvSnfh/
]r[kwfaygifAsm? z&JoD;awGwifzdkY cifAs? urÇmhtcsdKqHk; z&JoD;awG? cifAsm;
jrnf;Munfhcsifvm; rpöwma&SUaeBuD;}
][ifhtif; ... rjrnf;csifbl; usKyf tckvkyfcsifwmu 'DZmwfvrf;udk
jrefjreftqHk;owfNyD;&if jyefajy;? owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJvkyf? NyD;wmeJY cGifh,lzdkYyJ?
uJ ... qufajymMu? bmjzpfvdkY yg*efem *g'if a&mufvmrS cifAsm;wdkYu
uefom,m,mcif;u xGufoGm;MuwmvJ}
]tdk ... olwdkYcrsm uRefawmfvmr,frSef;rS rodbJ a&SUaeBuD;&,f? cifAsm;
vdkufEdkif&JUvm;}
]tif; ... tdkifpwdkif;udk em;axmifcdkif;&ifawmif 'DZmwfvrf;udk
400
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

trDvdkufEdkifzdkYqdkwm cJ,Of;om;yJ}
tJ'DrSm t,fvefu wpfpcef; xvmjyefw,f/
]tdkifpwdkif;vm; ... cifAsm; tkdifpwdkif;vdkY ajymvdkufwmvm;}
]uJ ... uJ ... r[kwfygbl; rpöwmum;vfqef&,f? cifAsm;eJY tdkifpwdkif;
b,fvdkywfoufcJhw,fqdkwm em;raxmifyg&apeJY? rpöwm *g'if 'Dudprö Sm
½k&SawG b,fvdkygvmwmvJ}
][if ... b,fu ½k&SawGwkH; ...}
]cifAsm;eJY a&yHk; zkef;ajymwkef;uygwJh ½k&SawGaygh}
][if ... uRefawmf rajymygbl;}
]ajymw,f? bmvdkY rajym&rSmwkH;}
cP NidrfoGm;Muw,f/ tJ'Dudpöu owif;pmawGxJrygawmhrod
Mubl;av/ yg*efem ydkuf*g'if udk,fwdkifvnf; rrSwfrdbl;/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm
befeDu ½k&Svdk tus,fBuD; xatmfvdkufw,f/ bmvJ ... bmjzpfwmvJ/
vefYvdkufwm/
]tif; ... wu,fawmh ½k&SawGqdkwm uRefawmfeYJ uRefawmfhtpfudk
abmfqDudk ac:wmAs? 'Dvdk ... uRefawmfhtazeJY OD;av; z&efqDwdkYu
a&ra&mwJh teDppfppfawG? 'gaMumifh uRefawmfwdkY nDtpfudkudk ½k&Sbmom
oifcdkif;w,f? ½k&SawGvdkY emrnfajymifac:w,f? tJ'gudkajymwm}
b,f[kwfvdrfhrvJ/ wu,fawmh tusOf;tusyfusaewJh ydkuf*g'ifudk ol
u,fzdkY yg;pyfxJawGU&m ajymvdkufwm/
odkYaomf befeDu jzpfvkjzpfcif ½k&Sbmom ynm&Sifav/ pmar;yGJrajzwm
401
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

wpfckyJ ajymp&m&Sdwmav/ ol ½k&Svdkwwfwmaygh/ 'gayrJh

ESpfawGMumNyDqdkawmh arhNyDaygh/ ol rSwfrdovdk ajymvdkufwJhpum;&JU
t"dyÜm,fu ... ]tJovdk aq;vdyfawG aomufaer,fqdk&if rif; b,f awmhrS
abmvHk;orm;aumif;wpfa,muf jzpfrSmr[kwfbl;}wJh/ 'gayrJh olYpum;udk
t,fvefuvGJvdkY b,folrS em;rvnfawmh at;aq;yJ/
awmfNyD/ odyfvGefvGef;tm;BuD;aeNyD/ urÇmhacgif;aqmifawGeJY udkifaygufvdk
ayguf? ck ½k&Svdk ajymaejyefNyD/ aemuf bmqufjzpfOD;rvJ/
]uJ ... rpöwm*g'if? cifAsm;ua&m ao&mu xvmNyD; b,fvdkvkyf 'DrSm
vmxdkifaeEkdif? z&JoD; pm;aeEdkifwmwkH;? 'geJY tJ'Dz&JoD; usKyf jrnf;MunfhvdkY
&rvm;}
]aMomf tpuwnf;u jrnf;ygqkdwmudk? vQKdU0SufazmfjrLvmeJY
xkwfvkyfxm;wJh z&JoD;cifAs? tpm;taomufppfaq;a&; t&m&SdawG
vmrMunfh&if tpm;taomufu odyft&om&SdwmAs? rSwfxm;}
at&Gefqefu wpfvHk;rS 0ifrajymbl;/ &meDvpfuawmh jrefjref ed*Hk;csKyfNyD;
jyefcsifvSNyD/ z&JoD;uawmh pm;zl;orQxJrSm t&omt&SdqHk; qdkwm
jiif;r&bl;/
yg*efemu quf&Sif;jyw,f/ uefom,m ,mcif;udk ola&mufawmh
bwfpfum;u xGufoGm;NyD/ um;ay:rSm olYrdwfaqGawG ygoGm;wm
jrifvdkuf&awmh rTefxlNyD; um;aemufu twif;vdkuf? bwfpfum;udk
ausmfwuf? t&Sdefrxdef;EdkifbJ bwfpfum;eJYwdkuf&if; taMumif;qdk;oGm;
w,fwJh/ t,fvefu 0ifajymjyefw,f/
402
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

usKyfwdkY bwfpfum;udk ol vdkufrDwmvnf; rqef;bl;wJh/ olYum;

tif*sifyg0gu jrif;aumifa& oHk;&mausmfwmudk;wJh/ qGD'if 0efBuD;csKyf
tmvef'geJY oGm;awGUwkef;u pD;cJh&wJh aAmfvfAdk yDAD 444 qdk jrif;aumifa&
av;q,fhav;aumiftm;yJ &SdwmwJh/ 'gawmif tawmfwdk;wufvmwm wJh/
olYjcH0if;xJ rSm;0ifvmwJh ukefonfBuD; *lpawhAfqif&JU um;qdk jrif;aumifa&
b,favmuf&Sdr,frSef; rod ... od .../
]'Dr,f tbdk;BuD; um;vfqef? uRefawmfhudk raoapcsif&if aus;Zl; jyKNyD;
yg;pyfuav; ydwfay;xm;yg cifAsm}
jyefvrf;r&Sd *dkPf;csKyfBuD;u olYZmwfvrf;udk qufajymw,f/
um;wdkufrIjzpfawmh aoG;av; enf;enf;xGuf? aygifav; enf;enf;jyJ?
vufuav;wpfacsmif;usdK;? eH½dk;av;awG enf;enf;edrfhqdkwJh 'Pf&m av;awG
rqdkpavmuf &owJh/ 'gaMumifh aq;½HkoGm;raeawmhbJ ywfwD;av;
enf;enf;pnf;vdkufwmayghwJh/ t,fvefu 0ifajymjyef w,f/
][kwfwmaygh? befeDu pmayynmudk avhvmcJhwmav}
]b,fvdk ... pmayynm ... [kwfvm;}
]tdk ... tdk ... usKyf tJovdk ajymrdvdkYvm;? aq;ynmudk avhvmcJhwmvdkY
ajymwmyg}
ajrmufjrm;vSpGmaom ynm&yfawG&JU jzpfvkjzpfcif ynm&Sif befeDu
olYynmudk xdyg;vmawmh rcHbl;/ Muufacgif;qdwfrcH 0ifajymw,f/
]pmayynmudkvnf; uRefawmf avhvmcJhygw,fAs? uRefawmfh tBudKufudk
ajym&r,fqdk&ifjzifh umrDvdk [dkaq;q,fvmayghcifAs? tJ ... 1940 rSm
403
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

yxrqHk;xkwfa0cJhwJh olY0w¬KBuD;[mqdk&if ... ... ...}

]uJ ... awmfygawmh? Zmwfvrf;udk jyefqufMuyg}
a&SUaeBuD;[m bm&,fr[kwf t,fvefYudkMunfhNyD; ajymrdw,f/ 'gaMumifh
t,fvefu ajymwmaygh ...
]rpöwma&SUaeBuD;cifAsm? ck usKyfwdkY cifAsm;udk tukefajymcJhNyD;NyDyJ?
aemufxyf xyfodcsifao;w,f qdk&ifawmh usKyf pDtdkifatolvQKd vkyfcJh
wJhtaMumif;jzpfjzpf? [dr0EÅmudk usKyf ausmfjzwfcJhwJhtaMumif;jzpfjzpf
xyfajymjywmaygh? 'grSr[kwf qdwfEdkYuae aAmh'umvkyfwJhtaMumif;
em;axmifcsifvm;? bmrSrcufbl;? qdwfEdkY&,f ... aea&mif&,f ... 'gyJ vdkwm
... ... ...}
wpfcgwavusawmh yg;pyf[m OD;aESmuftvdkudk rvdkufwwfbl;av/
'gaMumifh 'Davmuf xdef;aewJhMum;u t,fvefYpum;udk 0ifaxmufrdw,f/
]b,fvdk ... cifAsm;u [dr0EÅmudk ausmfjzwfcJhw,f? [kwfvm;?
toufwpf&m&SdaewJh cifAsm;uav}
]tdk ... rrdkufprf;ygeJY a&SUaeBuD;&m? usKyfu tjrJwrf; touf wpf&m
&SdaewmrS r[kwfbJ? t&ifwkef;uayghAsm}
]qufajymygAsm}
]tif; ... vlqdkwm tcsdefwef tdkpjrJudk;As? rvdrfrdk; rvdr®muav;
t&G,fqdk&ifawmh b,fpOf;pm;wwfyghrvJ? rpöwm uif*sHKtD;av;udk Munfhav?
usKyfaygifay:xdkifNyD; idkvdkufwmrS wjAJjAJ? ckawmhvnf; EdkifiHh
r[macgif;aqmifBuD;qdkyJ? tJ ... tJ ...}
404
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]xm;ygawmh rpöwmum;vfqef&,f}
]tdk; ... aqm&D; ... aqm&D;? cifAsm;u [dr0EÅmZmwfvrf;
em;axmifcsifwm? arhoGm;vdkY? tif; ... vaygif;rsm;pGm ukvm;tkwf wpfaumif
tazmfjyKoGm;cJh&wJh c&D;ayghcifAsm? ukvm;tkwfqdkwJh aumif awG[mav ... ...
...}
]awmf ... awmfvdkufygawmhAsm? usKyf em;raxmifyg&apeJYawmh}
qGJcsBuD; &meDvpf[m ililBuD; xdkifaew,f/ aemufawmh bmrS
ar;p&mr&SdawmhwJhtaMumif; ajymw,f/ 'gayrJh wpfckawmh em;rvnfEdkif
bl;wJh/ cifAsm;wdkYtkyfpk[m bmtjypfrSr&SdbJ bmaMumifh &ufaygif;rsm;pGm
ykef;aeMu&wmwkH;wJh/
befeDu jyefajymw,f/ tjypfr&Sdbl;qdkwm MunfhwJh½Iaxmifhay: rlwnfNyD;
uGmjcm;wwfw,fwJh/ t,fvefuvnf; ...
]tif; ... or®w *RefqifeJY or®w 'Da*gvfudk MunfhAs? b,folu
tjypf&SdNyD; b,folu tjypfuif;w,fqdkwm cGJjcm;&cufw,f r[kwf vm;?
Mo ... usKyf 'DtaMumif; rajym&ao;bl;yJ}
]awmif;yefygw,f rpöwmum;vfqef&,f? yg;pyfydwfygawmh}
]tvkd ... cifAsm;u usKyfudk vQm&Snfw,fxifvdkYvm;? bk&m;pl;& aph?
oufwrf; ESpfwpf&mtwGif; ESpfcgyJ vQm&Snfrdygw,f? ta&SUeJY
taemuftwGuf tufwrfAHk; ESpfcgvkyfay;vdkuf&yga&mvm;}
&meDvpf[m xdkif&mu xvdkufw,f/ aumfzD? udwf? z&JoD;wdkY twGuf
aus;Zl;wifaMumif;ajym&if; um;xJ0if armif;xGufoGm;awmh w,f/
405
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]uJ ... NyD;a&maygh} - *sL;vD;,yf

][kwfygh? usKyf tawmfrsm;rsm; ajymvdkuf&w,f r[kwfvm;? tm;vHk;
jcHKrdw,f xifwmyJav} - t,fvef
um;armif;ae&if; &meDvpf[m ckeu oyGwftlZmwfBuD;udk xnfhwef
xnfh? jzKwfwef jzKwf? ta&mifwifwefwm wifNyD; owif;pm &Sif;vif;yGJrSm
½HkwifvdkY&wJh tajctaejzpfatmif BudK;pm;aew,f/ cufwmu b,folY
w&m;cH&Sm&rvJ/
pOf;pm;prf; ... tm; ... tMuH&NyD/ [dk teHYcHwJhapmufacG; &Sdw,f/
tjypftm;vHk; 'D apmufacG;ay: yHkcsvdkuf&if b,fhES,fvJ .../
acG;u apmuf½l; apmufxHkrdkY bmtavmif;rSr&SdwJh xa&mfvDudk
tavmif;&Sdw,fqdkNyD; tcsufjywmaygh/ aumif;w,f? aumif;vdkufwm/
rSwfxm; ... olYemrnf bmwJh? upfuDqdkvm; .../ apmufacG;r? tvkyf
jyKwfNyDom rSwf/ aemuf &dSao;w,f/ apmufcsdK;rajywJh olYocif/ Munfhr&wm
MumNyD/ wpfcgwnf; 'if;udkvnf; &Sif;&r,f/ [D[d ... &meDvpf[m
jyHK;NzD;NzD;BuD; jzpfvmw,f/
bJvf&if;*g;,m;cif;u taygif;toif;wpfpkuawmh &meDvpfudk
wmhwmjyNyD; rD;zdkcef;xJrSm 'kwd,rÜd pka0;nDvmcHMuw,f/ ykpämBuD; wpfyk'fudk
ajz&Sif;Mu&OD;r,fudk;/
ckxd xdkifaeao;wJh pHkaxmufBuD;bufvSnfh&if; t,fvefu bmajymp&m
&Sdao;vJwJh/ ck olwdkY pnf;a0;aewkef; vrf;avQmufcsif avQmuf ygvm;wJh/
udpöu NyD;NyDav/ trIu ydwfvdkufNyD/ ajymcsifwm ajymMuayawmhvdkY
406
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

at&Gefqefu ajymvdkufw,f/ 'gqdkvnf; rdwfaqGBuD; at&Gefqef

vGwfvGwfvyfvyf aecsifovdk aewJh/ t,fvefu jyefajymw,f/
rdwfaqGBuD; at&GefqefwJhvm;/ ol pdwfvIyf&Sm;oGm;w,f/
pkHaxmufvkyfaewhJ umvtwGif; olYrSm &efolyJ&Sdw,f/ rdwfaqGwpfa,mufrS
r&SdcJhbl;/ ck rdwfaqGtaygif;toif;awGeJY aysmfaysmfyg;yg; ae&r,fhtcsdef
a&mufNyDxifw,f/ 'gaMumifhvnf; t,fvefwdkYu olYudk rdwfaqGvdkY
owfrSwf&if ol aysmf&TifpGm *kPf,lrdr,fhtaMumif; ajym vdkufw,f/
t,fvefuvnf; olYb0 wpfoufwmrSm or®wawG? bkef;awmf
BuD;awGeJY axG;a&m,Sufwif aezl;ayrJh pHkaxmufwpfa,mufeJYawmh wpfcgrS
tJovdk raezl;aMumif;/ ck pHkaxmufBuD;u bmrSrodcsifwJh twGuf
aiGxkyfBuD; b,fu&vmw,fqdkwm ajymzdkYrvdkawmhbl;vdkY ,lq aMumif;?
rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;qdkwm 'DvdkjzpfaMumif;/
]b,fvdk ... b,fvdk ... aiGxkyfBuD;? [kwfvm;}
]tif; ... [dktdwfBuD;av? or®musrf;pmtkyfawG rxnfhcifwkef;u
tJ'DtdwfBuD;xJrSm ua&mif;ig;&mweftkyfawGeJY jynfhaewmaygh? pkpkaygif;
oef;ig;q,fav}
][m ... apmufusdK;enf;? oef;ig;q,f ... [kwfvm;}
]ukefusp&dwfav;awGawmh Ekwfxm;wmaygh? ck tJ'DaiGtdwf[m
usKyfwdkYtm;vHk; ydkifoGm;NyD? yg*efema& ... wpfckck ajymygOD;vm;}
yg*efem ydkuf*g'ifu acgif;ukwfvdkuf? em;&GufyGwfvdkuf vkyf&if;
aiGxkyfa&m? taygif;toif;awGa&m tm;vHk;twlwl tyef;ajzc&D;xGuf&if
407
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

aumif;r,fwJh/ t,fvefvnf; urf;ajcu xD;&dyfatmufrSm zefcGufxJ

xD;av;xnfhxm;wJh tazsmf,rumav;aomufNyD; aecsifw,f r[kwfvm;wJh/
tazsmf,rumawmh [kwfw,f/ zefcGufxJ xD;xnfhxm;
wmawmh rvdkcsifygbl;vkdY t,fvefu jyefajymw,f/ *sL;vD;,yfuvnf;
'DtMuHudk 0rf;omtm;& axmufcHw,f/
at&Gefqefuawmh &SufjyHK; jyHK;aew,f/ befeDu at&GefqefY
ycHk;udkzuf&if; tyef;ajzc&D;twGuf bmawGMuHpnfxm;wkH; ar;aew,f/
tJ'DtcsdefrSm tvSuav;u qGefnmeJY bwfpwmrygbJ ajcwpfvSrf;awmif
rvSrf;bl;vdkY ukef;atmfvdkufw,f/ tJ ... tvSuav; ryg&if befeDuvnf;
b,frS rvdkufEdkifygbl;av/ olu rsufESmtdkBuD;eJY ajymvdkufw,f/
]uRefawmfwdkYvl wpf0ufavmufu EdkifiHul;vufrSwfrS r&SdbJ}
t,fvefuawmh aiGawGudk &ufa&mpGmcGJay;wJh ydkufudk aus;Zl;
wifaMumif; ajymw,f/ tyef;ajzc&D;qdkwm a0;av aumif;av jzpfaMumif;?
ñTefrSL; tJvpfaumifrBuD;eJY ta0;qHk;qdk taumif;qHk; jzpfaMumif;? tm;vHk;
oabmwlr,fhae&mudk a&G;zdkYvdkaMumif;? ADZmrvdkwJh ae&mqdk
omaumif;aMumif; cyfat;at;ajymw,f/
tvSuav;uawmh ckxd taumif;rjrifao;bl;/ ig;wefav;wJh
qifBuD;udk b,fav,mOfysHu wifrSmwkH;wJh/
t,fvefuawmh at;at;ygyJ/
]tif; ... rodbl;av? 'gayrJh taumif;jrifprf;yg? taumif;jrifaeorSs
ajz&Sif;Edkifr,fhenf;vrf; ay:vmrSmyJ}
408
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]EdkifiHul;vufrSwf usawmha&m ...}

]'gvnf; taumif;jrifaeorQ tqifajyoGm;rSmyJ}
]tif;av ... qGefnmu ig;wef r&Sdavmufygbl;? av;wef ... tvGefqHk;
av;wefcGJavmufygyJ ... aem ...}
]awGUw,fr[kwfvm; befeD? taumif;bufu awG;vdkufwmeJY qifawmif
wpfwefavsmhoGm;NyD}
][kwfNyD? uRefr tMuH&NyD}
tvSuav;u ajymw,f/ t,fvefu jyefajymw,f/
]uRefawmfvnf; tMuH&NyD? cifAsm; zkef;av; cPay;}

(26)
1968-82/
armfpudkta&SUbuf uDvdkrDwm 350 tuGmu vQKdU0SufNrdKUawmf
qma&mhAfrSm ,l&Dydkaygh aew,f/ tvkyfvkyfw,f/ qma&mhAfqdkwmu
tar&duef vQKdU0SufolvQKd [ufwefxufudk ydkNyD;vQKdU0SufwJhNrdKU/ emrnfawmif
qma&mhAfvdkY rac:&bl;/ puf½kyfqefqef tmZmruf 16 vdkY ay;xm;w,f/
qma&mhAfudk b,fajryHkrSmrS &SmrawGUEdkifbl;/ qma&mhAf
[m 1953 ckESpfu Avm'DAdkpawmhcfvdkyJ udk,faysmufNrdKUawmf? wapäNrdKUawmf/
wnfxm;wJh &nf&G,fcsufuawmh uGmoav/
tifrwef vHkjcHKa&;wif;usyfwJh 'DNrdKUawmfxJudk tppftaq;
tar;tjref;r&Sd 0ifEdkifzdkYqdkwm b,fjzpfEdkifvdrfhrvJ/ tar&duefEdkifiHul;
409
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

vufrSwfBuD;udkifNyD; armfpudk tar&duefoH½Hk;u vmwJhvlrsdK; qdkvdkYuawmh

t&dyfawmifeif;zdkY rpOf;pm;eJY/
pDtdkifatolvQKdBuD; ½dkif,ef[ufwefeJY wynfholvQKdav; t,fvef
um;vfqefwdkY[m olvQKdoifykef;BuD;udk ]uBuD;}uae ]t}txd oifMum;
oif,lNyD;wJhaemuf tvefumqifqdkwJh emrnfeJY tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&SdqdkwJh
&mxl;eJY t,fvefYudk armfpudk tar&duefoH½Hk;rSm tvkyfcefYvdkufw,f/
½dkif,ef[ufwef[m xdyfwef;olvQKdBuD;wJhvm;/ 'gqdk olYypfrSwf[m
csOf;uyfvdkYr&wJh ypfrSwfqdkwm ol odoifhwmaygh/ qma&mhAfrSmaewJh
ac:rMum;? atmfrMum; vludk b,fhES,fvkyf oGm;qufoG,frvJ/ [ufwef[m
olYtrSm;ol odawmh t,fvefYudk awmif;yefw,f/ 'gayrJh pOf;pm;prf;ygwJh/
ydkaygh armfpudka&mufvmEdkifr,fh enf;vrf;awmh &SdrSm ygwJh/ ckawmh olYrSm
vkyfp&mudpöawGay:vmvdkY t,fvef tjyifxGufay; awmhwJh/
yg&DuvmwJhzkef;udk csvdkuf&if; ½dkif,ef[ufwef[m oufjyif;
BuD;wpfcsuf [if;ceJ csvdkufw,f/ rESpfu pDtdkifat axmufcHrIeJY
ppftmPmodrf;cJhwJh *&d/ ck jyóemawG wpfavSBuD; wufaew,f qdkyghvm;/
rSef;csufeJY ESrf;xGuf rudkufygvm;uGm/
t,fvefuawmh bmtMuHrS rxGufwJhtqHk; armfpudkNrdKUawmf
pmMunfhwdkufudk aeYwdkif;oGm;NyD; aeYpOfxkwf pmapmifawG xdkifzwfae
vdkufw,f/ ydkaygheJYywfoufwJh owif;av;rsm; ygvdkygjim;ayghav/
vaygif;rsm;pGm MumoGm;cJhayrJh bmrS rbmygbl;/ or®wavmif;
a&mbwfuae'D olYaemifawmfBuD;vdk uHMur®mrsdK;eJY MuHKoGm;&&SmaMumif;?
410
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;u olYqdk&S,fvpfpepf pepfwusjzpfzdkY qdkAD,uf

jynfaxmifpkudk tultnDawmif;wJhtaMumif;awG zwf&w,f/
wpf&ufrSmawmh vif'ef*Refqif&JUae&mudk &pfcswf trf epfqif qdkwJhvlu
qufcHwJhowif;udk zwf&w,f/ odkYaomfvnf; olYtoHk;
p&dwfawGtwGufawmh oH½Hk;u pmtdwfwpftdwfpD vpOf&aejrJyJ/ 'gaMumifh
ydkayghudk quf&SmrSjzpfr,f/ tajymif;tvJwpfckck jzpf&ifawmh
½dkif,ef[ufwefu qufoG,frSmayghav/
1968 uae 1969 udk ul;ajymif;w,f/ aqmif;0ifvmwkef;
owif;pmxJrSm pdwf0ifpm;p&m ygvmw,f/ armfpudk jyZmwf½HkBuD;rSm z&efudk
udk&,fvD&JU AD,ifematmfy&m vma&mufazsmfajzr,fqdkyJ/ qGD'ifpwm;
bm;*spfeDvfqifvJ ygrwJh/
tif; ... t,fvef[m ar;aphBuD;yGwf&if; pOf;pm;aew,f/ a&ikyf
oabFmay:rSmwkef;u ,l&D oDcsif;qdkjyzl;w,f/ toHwkefBuD;eJY [pf&wJh
atmfy&moDcsif;BuD;/ bmwJh ... 'Dn b,folrS rtdyf&ygbl;uG,f qdkvm;/
olYoDcsif;qHk;NyD; odyfrMumcif rl;rl;eJY tdyfaysmfoGm;wmav/
tJ ... atmfy&mBudKufwJh ,l&D[m AD,ifematmfy&m armfpudkrSm ½Hk0ifNyDvdkY
Mum;&if vmMunfhr,f rxifbl;vm;/ olYtwGuf vufrSwf&zdkY qdkwm bmrSrS
rcufbJav/ uJ ... BudK;pm;Munfhwm rrSm;bl;/ bmrS t½HI;rSr&SdbJ/ t&if;eJY
tjrwf ESpfrsdK;wnf;udk;/ vkyfomvkyf/
b,fvdkvkyf&rvJqdkawmh atmfy&mZmwf½Hktayguf0u &yfapmifh&if;
,l&DeJYawGUcJh&if olwdkY aemufqHk; twlaomufcJhwJhtaMumif;udk owd&atmif
411
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

vkyf&r,f/ [kwfw,f/ 'gyJ/ t"duu 'gyJ/ 'grSr[kwf &ifvnf;

r[kwfvdkYaygh/ r&awmhvnf; aeaygh/
'DvdkeJY 1969 ckESpf? rwfv 22 &ufaeY naerSm jyZmwf½Hk A[dk0ifayguf&JU
b,fbufjcrf;rSm t,fvef[m r[mAsL[majrmufpGm toifh
ae&m,lvdkufw,f/ ,l&DxGufvm&if tvG,fwul jrifEdkifatmifaygh/ 'gayrJh
jyóemu tm;vHk;[m ukwfeuf? ukwfndKcsnf;awG udk,fpDeJY qdkawmh
rnf;rnf;ndKndKBuD;awGyJ jrifae&w,f/ a,musfm; rdef;r wpfpHkwGJpD
xGufvm&if; tjyifa&mufwmeJY at;vGef;vdkY okwfajcwifMuawmhwmyJ/
nDtpfudk rodwodtcsdef a&mufvmNyDqdkawmh vGefcJhwJh ESpfq,fhwpfESpfu
ESpf&ufyJ jrifzl;vdkufwJhvl&JU rsufESmudk rSwfrdzdkY tawmfcufae w,f/ ,l&Du
olYudk rSwfrd&ifawmh wpfrsdK;ayghav/
EdkYayod igqdkwJhaumif[m tJoavmuf uHaumif;yghrvm;uGm/
,l&Dwpfa,muf ckcsdefavmufqdk ½HkxJuxGufvmNyD; olrodvdkufcif
olYab;ursm; jzwfoGm;NyDvm; rajymwwfbl;/ 'gqdk b,fvdkvkyfrwkH;/
t,fvef[m us,fus,favmifavmifBuD; awG;vdkufw,f/
],l&Da& ... ½HkxJu xGufoGm;NyD;&ifvnf; aus;Zl;jyKNyD; jyef0ifygAsm? NyD;&if
jyefxGuf? tayguf0 b,fbufjcrf;rSm uRefawmf &Sdw,f? cifAsm;
uRefawmfhudk&SmawGUrS jzpfr,fcifAs? bmaMumifhvJqdkawmh uRefawmf cifAsm;udk
&SmrawGUbl;av}
[m ... tMuH&NyD/ t,fvef[m oH½Hk;u olY½Hk;cef;udk tjrefjyefNyD;
jyifqifp&m&Sdwm jyifqifw,f/ ½HkxJrSmawmh bm;*spfeDvfqifeJY z&efudk
412
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

udk&,fvDwdkY[m tcgESpfq,fxuf renf; pifa&SUjyefxGufNyD; y&dowf

vufckyfoH cH,laeMu&w,f/ vufckyfoH wazsmif;azsmif;eJY atmfy&m
y&dowfBuD; jyefxGufvmMucsdefrSmawmh 0ifaygufBuD;a&SUrSm vl
wpfa,muf[m {&mr ydkpwmBuD;wpfcsyf udkifxm;wm awGUvdkufMu& w,f/
ydkpwmay:rSmawmh
usKyf t,fvef tDrefEsL&,f um;vfqefyJ
qdkwJh pmvHk;BuD;awG jyL;aeatmif a&;xm;w,f/ olYq&m ½dkif,ef
[ufwef&JU olvQKdaumif;qdkwm udk,faysmufaeovdk usifhMuH&w,fqdkwJh
Mo0g'udk OD;xdyfyefqifwJh olvQKd t,fvef&JU vl&Sm r[mAsL[maygh/
olYq&mpum;udk tonf;xJ pGJaeatmif rSwfxm;wJh t,fvef[m olYudk
jyL;jyJMunfhaewJhvlawGudk vHk;0*½krpdkufbl;/ udk,faysmufovdk
usifhMuHaew,f/ 'gayrJh [ufwefu yg&DrSm omom,m,m/ ck olu
armfpudkrSm cJcgeD;aeNyD/ 'gaMumifh yxrawmh ydkpwmay: ,l&DUemrnf
a&;OD;rvdkYyJ/ 'gayrJh jzpfao;ygbl;avvdkY awG;&if; olYemrnfyJ a&;cJhwm/
,l&Dydkayhg&JUcspfZeD; vm&DqmydkydkAm[m vifawmfarmifh vufarmif;udk
wGJ&&GJcdk&if; aumif;vSwJh atmfy&mtwGuf olYcspfvifudk ig;Budrfajrmuf
aus;Zl;wifpum; ajymvdkufw,f/ 'Dn olwdkYESpfa,muf [dkw,frSm
aeMur,fav/ ESpfq,fhav;em&DvHk; apmifhMunfhcHae&wJh o&JNrdKUawmfudk ol
rjyefcsifwm trSefyJ/ cspf&nf&Tef;wJh npm twlpm;Mur,f/ oleJY,l&D
ESpfa,mufwnf;/ NyD;&ifawmh ... ... ... ... .../
tjyifa&mufa&mufcsif; ,l&DUajcvSrf;awG wkHYceJ &yfoGm;w,f/
413
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]cPav; tcspfa&}
][if ... bmjzpfwmvJ a,musfm;}
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jzpfawmh rjzpfEdkifygbl;? olu aoNyDyJ}
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]tif; ... cPav;? vmvm ... oGm;Munfh&atmif}
,l&D[m t,fvefeJY oHk;rDwmtuGmrSm &yfoGm;w,f/ rsufvHk;u
jrif&wmudk OD;aESmufu vufcHEdkifatmif twif;t"r® BudK;pm;ae&w,f/
t,fvef[m vGefcJhwJh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu olYrdwfaqGBuD;udk jrifvdkuf&wJhtcg
ydkpwmudk csvdkuf&if; ajymw,f/
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aoNyDqdkwm 'Dvlvm;wJh/ t,fvefu jyefajymw,f/ ol raoygbl;wJh/
'gayrJh ck ,l&DwdkYvifr,m;u pm;aomufqdkifwpfckckac:oGm;NyD;
pm;p&mwpfckckauR;NyD; aAmh'um rwdkuf&ifawmh wu,f aoavmufw,fwJh/
,l&Du t,fvefYycHk;udk wif;wif;udkif&if; ...
]cifAsm; ... cifAsm; ... wu,fyJ cifAsm;udk;? 'geJY cifAsm; ck ½k&Spum;
ajymaeovm;}
][kwfw,fav? uRefawmfwdkY cGJoGm;NyD;aemuf ½k&Spum;oifwef; ig;ESpf
wufvkduf&wmudk;cifAs? oifwef;ausmif;emrnfu *l;vufwJh? 'geJY aAmh'um
b,fvdkwkH; ...}
414
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

,l&Dydkaygh[m tifrwd tifrwef udk,fusifhw&m;udk wefzdk;xm;wwfol/

vGefchJwJh ESpfq,hfwpfESpfu qDG'if tufwrfAHk;ynm&Sif[m olYya,m*eJY
armfpudkudk a&mufvmNyD; Avm'DAdkpawmhcfudk tydkYcHvdkuf&w,f/ tJ'DrSm
rD;ab;oifhwkef; qHk;oGm;w,fqdkwJh udpöeJY ywfoufvdkY ESpfq,fhwpfESpfvHk;vHk;
aomua&mufaecJhwm/ tJ'D qGD'ifudk ol wu,f oabmuswm/
ckawmh armfpudkjyZmwf½Hktjyifbuf tEkwf 15 'D*&D pifwD*&dwf &SdwJh
&moDOwkatmufrSm &yf&if; r,HkEdkifatmif jzpfae&w,f/ t,fvef
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olYa&SUwnfhwnfhrSm&yf&if; ½k&Svdk ajymaeowJh/ wu,fygyJ/
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&awmhwmaygh/
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415
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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416
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

jzpfaMumif;ukefpif ajymjyvdkufw,f/ tif'dkeD;&Sm; oHtrwfBuD; tref'geJY

olYcspfvif [m;bwfxfwdkYudk tMuHay;&wmxufpm&if [ufwef&JU
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417
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

ajymw,f/
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vkyfNyD;&if raocif e,l;a,mufqdkwJh NrdKUBuD; r[mrSm aecsifaMumif;
418
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

ajymcsvdkufawmhw,f/ ,l&Du bmrS 0ifrajymayrJh uefYvnf; ruefYuGufbl;/

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419
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

[kwfwmaygh/ 'gvnf; rSefw,f/ tar&duef jynfaxmifpkom

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420
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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421
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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owif;tcsuftvufawG yHkrSefpD;0ifvmcJhw,f/ wu,fh xdyfwef; vQdKU0Suf
owif;tcsuftvufawGyJ/
422
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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423
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

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428
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430
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bmta&;wkH;/ tif'dkeD;&Sm; bdk;&if;BuD; qGD'ifudk vmaewkef; ta&;ay:
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av,mOfuGif;twGuf pm&Gufpmwrf;twkvkyfzdkY wm0ef,l? t,fvefu
bmvDtwGuf wm0ef,lr,f/
'gawmif av,mOfuGif;toGm; *dkoifbwfNrdKU tjyifbufrSm jyóemav;
enf;enf;wufvdkufMuao;w,f/ 'gayrJh befeDYqDrSm
wd&pämefq&m0efjzpfvufrSwfwk yg½Hkru wd&pämefaq;ynmtaMumif; vnf;
rdk;rTefatmifajymwwfwJh befeDaMumifh&,f? tif'dkeD;&Sm; bmompum;eJY
t,fvefa&;ay;xm;wJh pm&Gufpmwrf;twkawGaMumifh&,f? qif
ydkifqdkifaMumif;? usef;rmaMumif; vufrSwftwkawGaMumifh&,f tm;vHk; aMumifh
434
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

av,mOfay: at;at;aq;aq; wufEdkifcJhMuw,f/ udkyifa[*if rSm av,mOf

cPqdkufawmh bmjyóemrS r&Sd/ usef;rmyuwd? csrf;om twd/
c&D;xGufvmMuwJh tkyfpkrSm touf&mjynfh tbdk;BuD; t,fvef
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&moufyef ausmif;om;BuD; befeD,Gef;bwf? ol aphpyfxm;wJh tvSuav;
*efeDvm aAsmh,Gef;? olYtcspfawmf qifr qGefnmeJY t,fvfaZ;&Sif; bufpwm?
befeDYtpfudk bmoma&;udkif;½dIif;ol abmfqD? t&if
txD;usefaecJhwJh pHkaxmufBuD; at&Gefqef? ,cif vlqdk;*dkPf; xdyfoD; abmhpf
yg*efem*g'ifeJY olYtar touf&Spfq,f tbGm;BuD; ½dkUpfrm&DwdkY
yg0ifcJhMuw,f/
av,mOfysHBuD;[m 11 em&Dc&D;udk rem;wrf; ysHoef;&if; tif'dkeD;&Sm;
av,mOfrSL;u rMumcif bmvD tjynfjynfqdkif&m avqdyfudk
a&mufawmhr,f? av,mOfqif;cGifhawmif;awmhvdkY ajymw,f/ t,fvefu
bmvD avaMumif;xdef;csKyfa&;pcef;eJY tquftoG,fvkyfvdkufwJh? usefwm
olYwm0efxm;wJh/
]uJ ... 'DrSm &NyD? &NyD? bmajym&rSmvJ cifAs}
]uJ ... ay;ay;? ylraeprf;ygeJY? [,fvdk bmvDavqdyfuvm; cifAs}
olu t*Fvdyfvdk ajymvdkufw,f/ 'gaMumifhrdkY avaMumif; xdef;
csKyfa&;pcef;u csufcsif;jyefajzw,f/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;avwyfeJY xdyfwdkuf
rawGUcsif&if ckcsufcsif; udk,fhudk,fudk,f b,folqdkwm xkwfazmfajymyg wJh/
t,fvefu ajymvdkufw,f/
435
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

]usKyfemrnf rpöwma':vmwJhcifAsm? rpöwma':vmwpfodef;wJh}

avaMumif;xdef;csKyfa&;pcef;u pum;ajymwJhvl csufcsif; Nidrfus
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olwdkYwdkif;jynftaMumif; tvGefodwJh t,fvefYudk av;pm;pGm Munfhae
Muw,f/ Munfawmif MunfndKaeMuovm;yJ/
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b,favmufqdkwm wGufaeMuNyDAsm}
t,fvefu av,mOfrSL;awGbuf vSnfhajymvdkufw,f/ av,mOfrSL;u
[kwfwmaygh? uRefawmf odygw,fwJh/
cPaeawmh [dkbufu jyefqufoG,fvmw,f/
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usKyfav,mOf qif;csifw,f}
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jyefajymygOD;}
t,fvefu av,mOfrSL;bufvSnfhNyD; ck aps;nd§wJhudpö pNyDvdkY
ajymvdkufw,f/ av,mOfrSL;u [kwfwmaygh? uRefawmf odygw,fwJh/
]ESpfodef;wJh cifAs? rpöwm a':vm ESpfodef;? ck qif;vdkY&NyDvm;}
]cPav;yg cifAs}
436
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

NidrfoGm;w,f/ cPygyJ/
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a&mufwJhtwGuf vGefpGmrS ESpfaxmif;tm;& &SdvSygw,fcifAsm;}
t,fvefu aus;Zl;wifpum;ajymNyD; pum;ajymcGufudk csvdkufw,f/
jyHK;jyHK;BuD;vkyfaewJh av,mOfrSL;u ]'g cifAsm; tif'dkeD;&Sm;udk
yxrqHk;tBudrfa&mufwm [kwfudkr[kwfbl;}vdkY ajymw,f/ tdk ... tif'dk
eD;&Sm;qdkwm bmrqdkjzpfEdkifwJh wdkif;jynfyJav ... aem/
bmvD tjynfjynfqdkif&m avqdyfa&mufawmh olwdkYrSm EdkifiHul;vufrSwf
rygMubl; qdkwm&,f? ig;wefav;wJh ajcav;acsmif; owå0gBuD;
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rpöwma':vm ig;aomif;eJY aps;wnfh/ qGefnmhudk tpm;taomufo,fwJh
x&yfwGJ,mOfBuD;eJY vdkufydkY (pifumylxGufr,fh aeYv,f av,mOfuawmh
uHqdk;NyD; aeYv,fpmAef;awG r&) aemufwpfem&Davmuf usawmh tdkifpwdkif;
ZdrfcH[dkw,fBuD;qD tm;vHk; ab;roD &efrc a&mufMuawmhw,f/
tref'g? t,fvefeJY armfwdkY[m {nfhonfawGudk ayGUzuf EIwfquf&if;
tcef;awG toD;oD;ay;w,f/ qGefnmeJY bufpwmtwGuf [dkw,fu {&mr
O,smOfBuD;xJrSm acsmifacsmifcsdcsd ae&m&w,f/ tref'g uawmh
qGefnmhtwGuf bmvDrSm qiftazmf&Smr&vdkY pkwfwoyfoyf/ odkYaomf
rMumcif qGefnmhtwGuf a,musfm;av; tazmfwpfa,muf qlrwfMwm;u
rSmay;r,fwJh/ bufpwmhtwGufuawmh olYbmomol &SmygapwJh/ bmvDrSm
acG;ysdKrvSvSawG jynfhvdkYwJh/ 'Dnae olwdkYtwGuf ygwDyGJBuD; 0SJcsD;usif;yrSmrdkY
437
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

ck tdyfxm;MuwJh/
olYtMuHjyKcsufudk vloHk;a,mufuvGJ&if tm;vHk; vkdufemMuw,f/ ydkufeJY
ydkufarar&,fuawmh zefcGufxJ xD;av;pdkufxm;wJh tazsmf,rum?
t,fvefuawmh xD;pdkufrxm;wJh tazsmf,rum toD; oD;
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eexdkif&if; rSmxm;wJh ,rumudk apmifhaeMuw,f/ pm;yGJxdk;rav;u awmh
touf&Spfq,fhav;ESpfyJ &Sdao;wJh vSya*; eDa0,ef vufcsfrD;
tref'gtdkifpwdkif;aygh/
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rpöpf arar*g'iftwGuf xD;uav;eJY tpdrf;a&mif tazsmf ,rum? tJ ... tJ
... t,fvefu EGm;EdkYvm;? r[kwfbl;xifw,faemf t,fvef}
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][d[d ... uRefr tJ'g nmajymwm t,fvef&JU}
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qdkufa&mufvmcJhw,f/ {nfhonfawGtwGuf {&mrygwDyGJBuD; usif;yw,f/
,rumacsmif;pD;aygh/ befeDuawmh a&yJ aomufw,f/ aysmf&Tifcsrf;ajrh
MunfEl;vGefvGef;vdkY abmfqDu or®musrf;vm w&m;pmawGudk MuL;&ifhw,f/
bk&m;ocifudk aus;Zl;wifwJhtaMumif; txyfxyf ajymw,f/
t,fvefuawmh tm;vHk;aumif;oGm;rSmygvdkY toHwdwf &GwfaecJhw,f/
befeDu tvSuav;udk vufxyfcGifhawmif;w,f/ tvSuav;u ckcsufcsif;
vufxyfygw,f/ 'geJY ygwDyGJ[m aemufoHk;&ufquf usif;y&awmhw,f/
438
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

touf&Spfq,f ½dkUpfar&D*g'if[m bmvD yifpifpm;rsm; uvyfrSm

&wemuRef;upm;enf; oifMum;ay;w,f/ (b,fol b,favmufuRrf;uRrf;
olyJ tjrJwrf; Edkifw,f) ydkufu oufwHvdk a&mifpHk tazsmf,rumzefcGufxJ
xD;uav;pdkuf&if; aeYaeYnn urf;ajc rSm xdkifaomufw,f/ abmfqDeJY
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tcsdefukefaeMuw,f/ pHkaxmufBuD; at&Gefqefu bmvD txufwef;vTmrSm
xif&Sm;wJhvl jzpfvmw,f/ vljzLjzpfwm&,f? pHkaxmufjzpfwm&,f?
urÇmhjcpm;rItenf;qHk; wdkif; jynfu vmwm&,fqdkwJh
taMumif;awGaMumifhaygh/
t,fvefeJY tref'guawmh [dkw,ftjyifbufu jzLvGvG aomifjyifrSm
aeYpOfaeYwdkif; tMumBuD; vrf;avQmufMuw,f/ pum;awGvnf;
ajymvdkYrukef/ wjznf;jznf; wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf em;vnfvmcJh
Muw,f/ wpfa,mufu &Spfq,fhav;ESpf? aemufwpfa,mufu wpf&mh
wpfESpf qdkawmhum jrefjrefawmh b,favQmufEdkifMurvJ/
aemufawmh [efcsufxdef;EdkifzdkY wpfa,mufvufudk wpfa,muf
qGJudkifvmcJhMuw,f/ tref'ghtcef; 0&efwmrSm ESpfudk,fwnf; npm
pm;vmMuw,f/ aemufawmh t,fvef[m tref'ghtcef; ajymif;ae vdkufNyD;
olYtcef;udk urÇmvSnfhc&D;onfawGtwGuf iSm;zdkY ay;vdkufawmhw,f/ 'grS
[dkw,f tqifajyayraygh/
wpfaeYrSmawmh ]uRefrwdkYvnf; befeDeJY tvSuav;vdk vufxyf
vdkufMu&if aumif;rvm; t,fvefa& ...}vdkY tref'gu ar;w,f/ t,fvefu
439
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

tref'ghvdk olYxuf tyHkBuD;i,fwJh rdef;rysdKav;tzdkY 'Dvdk urf;vSrf;vmwmudk

0rf;omaMumif;? aumif;w,fxif vkyfzdkYtaMumif;? uefYuGufp&m r&SdaMumif;
ajymw,f/ 'DvdkeJY [efcsufnDapzdkYta&; wpfa,mufvufudk wpfa,muf
wif;wif;BuD; qkyfvdkufMuw,f/
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xGufcsifw,f/ bmvDuRef;[m tifrwefaumif;qdkyJ/ 'gayrJh
av,mOfvufrSwfu r&vdkY uae&DuRef;udkyJ oGm;vdkuf&w,f/ tJ'D
urf;ajcrSm xD;uav;pdkufxm;wJh tazsmf,rumudkaomuf&if; pHkaxmufBuD;
at&Gefqef b,faysmufoGm;vJqdkwmudk xdkifawG;aecJhw,f/

(28)
1982-2005/
t,fvef qGD'ifjyefa&mufcsdefrSm pawmh[krf;u tar&duefoH½Hk;rSm
olYvpmaiGawG a&mufaecJhNyD/ olYZmwdeJY rdkiftenf;i,fa0;wJh teDa&mif
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ydkifawGu ol b,fa&mufaewmvJvdkY ar;Muw,f/ aemufqHk;awmh olYudk
yifpifvpmaiG ay;Muw,f/ t,fvefvnf; tvGef tHhMowmaygh/
bZmaMumifhwkH;vdkY ol ar;w,f/ tmPmydkifawGu cifAsm; yifpif,lwJh t&G,f
440
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

a&mufaevdkYayghwJh/ tif;av ... [kwfom;yJ/ vmr,fh aEGOD;qdk 79 ESpfawmif

jynfhNyDudk;/ ol tdkvmNyDqdkwm t,fvef odygw,f/ aemufqdk 'Dxuf
ydktdkOD;rSm/
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tajymif;tvJawG? zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIawG[m t,fvefeJY bmrSrqdkifovdkyJ/
zvef&JU tajymif;tvJawGawmif olYtay: rvTrf;rdk;EdkifcJhbl;/ ol0,faeus
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ydkifwmvnf; ol rodbl;/ owif;pmuvnf; tdrfa&SU
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'DvkdeJY touf 83 ESpfusawmh zvefeJY Zmwd&Gm toGm;tvm
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vdkifpifpmar;yGJ ol ajzw,f/ um;armif;q&majymwm rSeforQ 'Dbuf em;0if?
[dkbufem; xGuf&if; vdkifpif&vmcJhw,f/
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udk,fydkif aAmh'umcsufpuf tao;av; 0,fxm;wJh t,fvefuawmh
wpfpufrS rtHhMoaygif/ aumifav; a*:bmacsmhAf tmPm&vmNyD;
aAmh'umqefYusifa&;qdkwm vkyfuwnf;u taES;eJY tjref 'Dvdkjzpfr,f
qdkwm odom;yJ/
tJ'DESpf t,fvefYarG;aeYrSm aMumifav;wpfaumif olYtdrfa&SU
avSum;xpfrSm ½kwfw&ufay:vmNyD; wanmifanmifeJY tpmawmif;aew,f/
t,fvefu aMumifav;udk rD;zkdcef;xJac:NyD; 0uftlacsmif;eJY EGm;EdkY auR;w,f/
441
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

odyfBudKufyHkyJ/ 'DvdkeJY ol tdrfrSmyJaeawmhw,f/ wjznf;jznf;

{&mrtaumifBuD; jzpfvmw,f/ usm;vdk tpif;tpif;awGeJY olYaMumif0gBuD;udk
rdkvdkawmhAfvdkY emrnfay;vdkufw,f/ (0efBuD; emrnfr[kwf/
aumhaw;vfemrnf) rdkvdkawmhAf[m pum;odyfrajymayrJh tifrwef
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olYudk vnfyif;yGwfay;aeorQ bmajymajym rsufpdBuD;rSdwfNyD;
em;axmifawmhwmyJ/
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ajymawmh ol acgif;ndwfjyovdkyJ/ 'gayrJh MuHKwdkif; MuufawGudk
vdkufudkufwmyJ/ EdkY ... olYqDu bmrsm;arQmfvifhaewmvJ/ olu aMumifyJ
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t,fvef txifa&mufNyD; olYaMumifol jyefcsD;usL;aejyefw,f/
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rSefrSefa&mufjrJ/ tJ'DaiGeJY pm;p&mawG t,fvef 0,fjrJ? owif;pmawG 0,fjrJ?
rDwmcawG ay;jrJ/ 'gayrJh aiGu rukefbl;/ trsm;BuD; usefusefaew,f/
ydkaiGudk jyefydkYawmhvnf; tmPmydkifrsm;u vufcHawmf rrlMubl;/ olYtdrfxd
vdkufvmMuNyD; tJovdkrvkyfzdkY ajymMuw,f/ pum;rrsm;csifwmeJY
jyef,lxm;vdkuf&w,f/
t,fvefeJY rdkvdkawmhAf[m &moDOwkaumif;&if teD;em;wpf0dkuf
442
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

pufbD;pD;xGufMuw,f/ t,fvefu eif;? rdkvdkawmhAfu jcif;awmif;xJu

vdkuf&if; avaumif;avoefY ½SLMuaygh/ vla&m aMumifyg rwefwq
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rdkvdkawmhAfudk udkufqGJoGm;cJhw,f/ t,fvef 0rf;enf;vdkufyHkrsm;
ajymp&mawmif r&Sdbl;/
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MuufawGvmqGJrSmyJ/ a'gou ausmr a&mufaewJh t,fvef[m
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avmufuwnf;u qdk'gref;vef;rSm rMum;cJh&wJh {&mr aygufuGJoHBuD; udk
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tdrfeDav;&,f[m tm;vHk; wpfppD jzpfoGm;cJhw,f/
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ajracG;? i&Judk oGm;awmhvuGm}vdkY a&&GwfaechJw,f/
99 ESpf&SdNyDjzpfwJh t,fvefYqDudk vlemwif,mOfawG? rD;owfum;awG?
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tbdk;BuD; raoraysmuf&Sdaewm awGUMuawmh vlrI0efxrf; tzGJUudk
ac:Muw,f/
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t,fvefuawmh vlemwif,mOfu xkwfay;xm;wJh apmifawGywf&if;
443
oufawmf&mausmf&n
S af paomf0f oifhvl

yufvufukvm;xdkifrSm xdkifaewkef;? wu,fawmhvnf; apmifywfp&m

rvdkygbl;/ wpftdrfvHk; avmifaewJh rD;vQHawGaMumifh acR;awmif jyefaeao;/
vlrIvkyfom; qdk'gu t,fvefYudk ar;w,f/
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447
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pmNyD;csdef - 2014? puffwifbm 29? 22 ; 02 em&D/

oufawmf&mausmf&Snfapaomf0f - oifhvl

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