Anemia It is a disease due to loss of ozygen carrying capacity

Polycythemia vera It is a xondition where there is increased rbc count

reflecting increased circulating rbc mass and a condton
that leads to hyperviscocity
Coulter counters It is the first automated cell counter
Hematocrit It is the ratio of the volume of packed rbcs to the
volume of whole blood
WBCS, PLATELETS Buffy coat contains what 2? Making it excluded from
hct examination
Mcv Rbc indices that reflects rbc diameter on a wright
staained blood film
Mchc Rbc indiices tjat reflects the rbc staining intensity and
amount of central pallor
MCH Rbc indices that expresses the mass of hemoglobin and
parallels the MCHCH
Picrograms MCH is reported in ?
RDW A 4th rbc index that expresses the degree of variation in
rbc volume
Unequal size Anisocytosis is whhat
Different shapes Poikilocytosis is what?
Polychromatophilic erythrocytes/diffusely basophilic It is a cell that indiicates the ability of the bone marrow
eeythrocyte/reticulocyte to increase rbc production in aneemia due to blood loss
or excessive rbc destruction
True blood cells Platelers are what?
Plt ct, MPV, PT, PTT, TT, Fibrinogen assay, S dimer assay 7 high volume coag tests
Specimen accession It is the term for registering the specimen in the work
list
62% Minimum % alcohol of alcohol gels
70% isopeopyl alcohol Most. Common skin antiseptic for venipucnture
True The veins in the inner wrist should never be used due to
the high risk of injury to the tendons and nerves in the
area (true or false)
Below Blood should be drawn below the IV with thhe
torniquet also ___ the IV site
Bilirubin, beta carotene, vitamin A, porphyrins Blood sensitive subtances thhat false decrease when
exposed to light
Ammonia, lactic acid, PTH, Gastrin 4 substances that shoild be chilled and not frozen
Glucose (dec), potassoum (inc), LD (inc) 3 analaytes thar affected whene cell is not seperated
from the serum within 2 hrs
Parcentric It is the ability to center a cell in question in the
microscopic field and rotate from one magnification
poeer to another while retaining the cell cloee to the
center of the viewing field
Heterochromatin Two types of chromatin
Euchromatin
Heterochrommatin Type of chromatin that is more darkly stained,
condensed clumping patternm and transcriptionally
active area of the nucleus
Euchromatin Type cjromatin that is pale blue, diffuse, uncondensed,
open chromatin and TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE
Stromql cells Regulation of the hematopoietic microenviroment is
Growth factors provided by what?
Endothelial cells, adipocytes, macrophages, 7 types of stromal cells
lymphocytes? Osteoblasts, osteoclasts,
fibroblasts/reticular adventitial cell
G1 Period of cell growth and synthesis of compoentns
necessary for replication
S stage Stage where DNA replication takes place
G2 Stage where the tetraploid DNA is checked for proper
replication and damage
Mitosis / M stage Stage invovvles the division of chromosomes and
cytoplasm into two daughter cells
Interphase Term used for thr non mitosis stages or thr cell cycle
G1, S, G2 3 stages thst belong to itnerphase
Necroosis It is a pathologic process caused by direct external
injury to cells
Swellin of the cell First morphologic mabfiestation of necrosis
Apoptosis It is a self inflcted cell death originating from the
activation signals eithin the cell itslef
Shrinkage of the cell Morphologic manifestation of apoptosis
Extrinsic Activation of apoptosis occurs through whhat 2
Intrinsic pathways
Caspase Both pathways of apotosis involved the activation of
proteins called what
Extrinsic pathway/death receptor pathway Pathway of apoptosis that initiates with the binding of
ligand to a death receptor on the cell membrane
Intrinsic pathway Pathway of apoptosis that involves release of
cytochrome C from the mitochondria
Mesoblastic phase Phase of hematopoieissi where development is
intravascular
Hepatic phase Phase of hematopoisesis that begins at 5th to 7th week
and clusters of erythoblasts, granulocytes, and
monocytes cam be seen in the fetal liver, thumus,
spleen and placenta
Hepatic phase Phase of hematopoiesis where development occurs
extravascularly
Hgb f Predominant hgb at birth
6 months Hb A1 starts to be predominant at what month after
birth?
Red marrow Component of marrow that consist of the developing
blood cells and progenitors
Yellow marrow Component of marrow composed primarily of
adipocytes
Erythroid islands Erythropoiesis typically occurs in what part of thr
marrow?
Erythroid islands These are macrophages surrounded by erythoid
prefursors in various stages of development
Megakaryocytes It is a cell that adjacent to vascular sinus
Mature myeloid cells It is a cell that located deep within the cords and more
mature ones are close tonsinus
Kuppee cells 2 cells in yhe liver that remove sensecent cells and
Macrophages foreign debris from the blood that circulates through
the liver
Spleen Largest lymphoid organ in the body that funx as an
indoscriminate filter of the circulating blood
350ml How many ml of blood per minute passes through the
spleen
Hematopoietic stem cells It is a pluropotent structure that gives rise to
differentiated progeny and capable of self renewal
CMP, CLP 2 kinds of committed progenitor cells
CMP Kind of progenitor cell that differentiates into
insivodual granulocytic, erythrocytic, monocytic and
mmegakaryocytic lineages
CLP Kind of of progenitor cells that proliferates and
differentiates into T, B and natural killer lymphocyte
and dendritic lineages
1:1000 Ratio of HSC to nucleated blood cells
Kidneys, liver (minor) EPO is produced by what 2 organs?
BFU E Progenitor cell that has few EPO receptors
CFU- E Progenitor cell that has many EPO receptors
Liver TPO is principally peoduced by what organ?
RBC It is the cell responsible for trasnporting nitric oxide and
buffering ph
1 week It takes how long for BFU-E to mature to CFU-E
1 week It takes how long for CFU-E to mature to precursor cell
6-7 days It takes how many days for the precursors to bevome
mature rbc
Pronormoblast Earliest morphologically recgonizable erythrocyte
precursor
Decreases As the RBC mature NC ratio ______
Decreases As the rbc matures. Its overall diamter ____
Condensed As the rbc mature. Nculear chromatin pattern becomes
____
Disappear As the rbc mature the nucleoi ____
Basophilia As the rbc mature the cytoplasm loses its ___
1-2 Nucleoli of pronormoblast
Pronormoblasys Stage of erythropoiesis where the glovin productuon
begins
Basophilic normoblast Stage of erythropoieissj where the nuceloli present
early and disappear later
Polychromatic normoblast First stage in which pink color associated with hgb can
be seen
Polychromatic normoblast Last stage of rbc that capable of mitosis
Ortichromic normoblast Stage of rbc wjere the nucleusbis extruded
Pyrenocytes It is an enveloped extruded nucleus cell in the BM that
is englufed by BM maxrophages
1 day Reticulocytes resides in the BM for how longg? And
1day thhe moves into the peripheral bloo for about how
long? Before reaching maturity
Reticulocyte Last stage of hgb production
6-8um Size of rbc
Rythron It is the name given to thebcollection og all
erythrocytes throughout yhe body
Rbc mass Refers only to theecells in circulation
1% Approx hownmany % of rbcs normally diea each day
Erythropoietin It is the prrimary oxygen sensing system of the body
thatt is located in periturbular fibroblasts of the kidney
Hypoxia It iis the condition that increases EPO production in
peritubular cells mainly by TRANSCRIPTIONAL
REGULATION
True hormones Refers to the hormones that produced at one location
and acting at a distant location and it is a growth factor
as well
Apoptosis Major way in which EPO increases rbc mass
Chemiluminiscencr EPO canbe measured by what?
Anemia Increased amounts of EPO in the urine are expected in
most patients with ___
Directly Testosterone ____ stimulates erythropoiesis
Indirectly Thuroid and pituitary jromones ____ stimulates
erythropoieisis
Macrophage Major cellular anchor for the rbc
Fibronectin Rbc are anchored to the extracelullar mateix of the
bone marrow chiefly by what?
Macrophages / extravascular hemolysis It isbthe major way in which rbcs dise normally?
Intravascular hemolysis Type of henolysis that due to vascular sustem that is
traumatic for rbcs resulting to fragmentation
Haptoglobin, hemopexxin 2 proteins used to salvage the released hemoglobin so
that its iron is not lost in the urine
EMP, HMP, MRP, RLP 4 major pathways of erythrocytes
EMP Pathway of rbc that use glucose to generate ATPB
EMP It is an anerobic glycolysis pathway of rbc where the
energy is used to maintain rbc structure
2 How many net gain of ATP molecules produced by Emp
HMP It is an aerobic or oxidative glycolysis pathway that
detoxifies peroxide and other oxygen byproducts to
protect the cell
HMP Pathway of rbc that diverts glucose 6 phosphate to
ribulose 5 phosphate through G6PD
NADPH It is the one produced in HMP to reduce gluthatione
5-10% How many % of gluvose is diverted to the HMP
Cytochrome B5 reductase HMP is aaka what
MRP It is the pathway where Mechanism is to reduce ferric
iron back to ferrous iron
Methemoglobin Eebofbhemoglobin that is a conbiantion of hgb with.
Ferric ion
Rapoport leubering pathway Pathway of rbc that produces 2-3 DPG
2,3 DPG Is the one that regulates oxyfen delivery to tissues by
competing with O2 fornthe oxygen bindign site of hgb
True True oor false. Rbc has the property of deformability
True Rbc deformability depends not only on rbc geometry
but also on relatige cytopasmic viscocity. True or false
Internal viscocity As MCHC rises this is also rises?
Constant The ratio of cholesterol to phospholipids should be
_____
Phosphatidylcholine and spingomyelin Oute layer of rbc (2 composition)
Phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine Inner layer of rbc (2 composition)
Glycocalyx It is the layer of carbohydrates whose net negativ
echarge prevents microbial attack and protects the rbc
from emchanical damage caused by adhesion to
neighboring rbcs or to the endothelium
Transmebrane (integral), cytoskeletal (peripheral) 2 types of rbc proteins
Blood geoup antigens, ankyrin or protein 4.1, aquaporin 3 examples of transmembrane proteins
1
Spectrin Most abundant cytoskeltal or peripheral protein
Na , K, Ca Rbc membbrane is impermeable to what 3 cations?
Water, HCO3, CL Rbc membrane is permeable to what 3? Which freely
exchange between plasma and rbc cytoplasm
Hemoglobin It is the susbtance that compromise approx 95% of the
cytoplasmic cotnent of rbc
2 polypeptides Hgb contain how many pairs of two different
4 heme groups polypeptides? And how many hem groups?
4 Hgn carry up to how many molecules of oxygen?
Glycated Small percentage of hgb A is what
Hgb A1c 4-6% of hbA circulates in the form of what
Cytoplasm and mitochondria Heme biosynthesis occurs in the what 2?
Tranaferrin It is a plasma proteij that carries iron in the ferric form
to developing erythroid cells
True True or false. A and b chains are produced in equal
amounts
A chain It is the chain of hgb that has the highest affinitnfor b
chain due to its negative charge
Hgb F It is the hgb that compromise 1-2% of the total body
hgb but only in some cells
Hgb A It is the predominant hgb at 6 months of age
Hgb A2 and HgbF Small amount so what 2 hgb present at 6 motnhs of age
A2b2 Hgb A1 chain compoent
A2D2 Hgb A2 chain compoent
Glycine He key rate limiting step in heme syntehsis is the initial
Succinyl coa reaction. Of ___ and ___ to form ___ catalyzed by ALA
ALA synthase
P50 Amoutn of oxygen needed tonsaturate 50% of hgb is
called what
True Theree is low hgb affinity for o2 at low o2 tension and
high affinity for o2 at high o2 tension(true or false)
Bohr effect A shify in the cirve due to a chabge in ph (or hydrogen
ion concentration) is termed as what
Myoglobin It is the one that binds oxygen with greater affinity than
hgb
Hgb F It is the hgb that causes a left shift due to increased
oxygen affinity
Methemoglobin, carboxy hgb and sulfhemoglobin 3 types of dyshemoglobins
Methemoglobin It is a an hemoglobin with ferric ion and cannot bind O2
<25% Methemoglovin level that is asymptomatic
30% Methemoglovin level that causes cyanossis and hypoxia
>50% Methemogobin value that causes coma and death
Intravenous methylyne blue It is the one administered for methemoglobin
630nm Absorption peak of methemoglobin
Carboxyhgb It is the dyshgb yhat has combinatikn of carbon
monoxide with heme iron
Carboxyhgb It is an hgb that has 240x greayer affinity than oxygen
Carboxyhgb It is a dyshgb that is termed as silent killer becauee it is
odorless and cllorless and victims quickly befom3
hypoxic
540nm Peak of carboxyhgb
20-30% Toxic effects of carboxy jgb appear at what
cocentration
>40% Value of carboxyhgb yhhat causes coma
>3% NON SOMOKERS Carbon monoxide is diagnosed if non smokers has what
>10% smokers value? And smores has what value?
Sulfhgb It is a dyshgb that is irreversible and formed by addition
of sulfur atom
630nm Peak of sulfhgb
Cyanmethemoglobin Reference method for hgb assay
540mm Absorbtion peak of cyanmethemoglobin
Sodium laryl sulfate Many isntruments now used this to convert
hemoglobin to SLS methemoglpbin
65% How many % of iron found in the hemoglobin
25% How many iron is in storage within the macrophages
and hepatocytes
10% How many % of iron found in the muscles, plasma and
enzymes
Functional conpartment 3 typed of compartments of the iron
Storage comtment
Transport compartment
Funcyional compartment Type of compartment of iron where all iron functioning
within cells
Hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes 3 examples of functional compartment
Storage compartments Type of comparmtent where iron is nnot currently
functioning but available when needed
Macrophages, hepatocytes 2 cells that can functio. As storage compartment of iron
Transport compartment Type of compartment that transit in the plasma
Absorption The tootal amoitn of iron availavle to all body cells,
systemic body iron, is regulated by what?
Ferroportin It is the only known protein that exports iron across cell
membranes
Hepcidin It is the oneused to regulate absorption by ianctivating
ferroportin
Ferrous form Iron must be in what form to be absorb by enterocytes
Apotransferrin/2 iron It is the one that carries iron to the plasma and can
binds how many iron?
Apoferritib Ferric iron is stored in a cage lime protein called what
4000 irron molecules Apoferritin can bind how many iron molecules?
1-2 mg Though 10-20 mg/day of iron is needed by thenbody.
Obly how manu amount of iron is absorbed?
Serum iron , TIBC, % Transdeeein saturion 4 routine tests for iron
Prussian blue staining
Colorimericallly Serum iron is measured how ?
Serum iron Test fooriron where iron is rrleased from transferrin
using an acid thrn allowed to react with the reagent
Fssting Patient shoulf br what for serum iron and is collected
early morning
TIBC It is an indirect measure of transferrin
True True orr false. A convinient rule of thumb evifent from
the table is that about one third of transferrin is
typically daturated with iron
Prussian blue staining
Potassium ferricyanide
Prusian blue
Ferritin
Hemosdierin
Macrophages, enterocyte
Ferritin levels
Immunoassay
Iron deficiency
Thoma plot
Zinc protoporphyrin
Anemia
Anemia
Bloood, muscle, heart
Sudden loss of Blood volume
Sudden losss of blood volime
Onic bloddd loss
Chronic blood bloss
Ineffective erythropoiesis
Insuufficient erythropoiesis
Blodd loss and hemolysis
Ineffective erythropoieisis
Insufficient erythropoieiss
Cbc
Mcv
Reticulocyte count
Rpi
Increase
It is the gold standard for asessment of iron
Prussian blue staining uses what? As ghe reagent^stain
Is a staain that produces dsrk blue dots in tisue
It is the one that not detected by prussian blue stain
Prusssian blue is a stain for what
Ferritin is secreted by what 2 ?
It is the good measure of stored iron and an acute
phase reactant
Soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) is detect with whar?
Increased TfR is caused by what?
Hemoglobin conc of reticd and dtfr/log ferritin levels
are plotted where?
It id the one that accumulates in red blood vellls when
iron is not incorporated into jeme and zinc instead to
protoporphyrin IX
It is a condition due to decreased in the oxygen carrying
capacity of the blood
It is a condition that can arsie if there isninsufficient
hemoglobin or the hgb has impaird function
In severe anemia, blood is preferentially shunted to
organs that are key to survival, including what 3 ?
Anemia that causes increase heart rate, respiratory rate
and csrdiac output
Anemia that causes redistribution of blood flow from
skin and viscera toheart, brain and muscle
Anemia that causes decrease in hgh oxygennaffinity by
increasing the puction of 2-3 Bisphosphoglycerate
(BPG)
Anemia that causes increase EPO production by the
kidneys
3 mechanisms of amemia
Mechanism of anemia that due to production of
erythroid precursor cells that are defective
Mechanism of anemia due to decrease in the number
of erythroid precursors in the BM, resulting in
decreased rbc production and anmeia
It is the routine test to diagnose anemia
It is the most impoetant indices for anemia
It is the test that serves as an improtant tool to assess
the bone marrows abikity to increase rbc production in
response to anemia
Itt is abbetter indication of the rate of rbc production
than the corrected reticulocyte count
Retic resutlf or avute blood loss
Decrease Retic result of chronic blood loss
IRF It iisa test helpful in assessing early bone marrow
response after treatment for anemia
Peripheral blood gilm It is a manual emthod that serves as a qc to verify the
results produced by automated analyxers
Oval macrocyte It is a large oval rbc that associated with megaloblastic
anemia
Sickle cell/depranocyte It is a thin dnese, elongated rbc pointed at each end
Hgb C crystal It is a hgb with a hexagonal crustal of eense hgb
Hgb SC crystal It is a finngerlinek or quarts like ctystal hgb
Target cells/codoycytes/leptocyte It is an rbc with hgb concentrated in crnter amd
periphery
IDA/Thalassemia Target cells cam be seen in what 2?
Schistocytes Helmet cell is looks like what
Keratocytes Helmet cell is aka what
Folded cell It is a cell where its membrane is folded over
Hgb C/SC Folded cell can be seen in what 2 hgb?
Acanthicyte It iis an rbc with irregularly spaced projectione
Acanthocyte It is a poikilocyte seen in severe liver disease
Acanthocyte It is a poikilocyte yhat seen in abetaliporpoteinemia and
mcleod syndrome
Spur cell Acanthocyte is aka what
Burr cell It is an rbc with blunred short projections that are evnly
spaced
Burr cell It is a crenated rbc yhat csn be an artifactual
Echinicyted Burr cell is aka what
Myelofebrosis Teardrop cell/dacrocytes can be seen in what 3?
Myelopthisic anemia
Pernicious anemia
True Diffuse basophilia is rna and found in retivulocytes.
(True or false)
Basophilic stipplings It is an precipated rna that can be seen in hgbpathies
DNA Howel jolly bodies structure
Heinx bodies It is an ebc inclusion that due to denatured hgb
Pappenheimer bodies It is an rbc inclusion composed of iron that can be seen
in sideroblastic anemia
Mitotic spindle Structure of cabot rings
B globin chains Composion of hgb H
BM examination It is the one thst idnciated for a patient with an
unexplained anemia associated with or without other
cytopenias, fever or unknown origin or suspectrf
hematologic malignancy
Mcv It is an extremenly important tool and id keu in the
morphologic clasification of anemia
Micro hypo Hgb H dsee is what type of anemia
Megaloblastic anemia Examplles of macorcytic anemia
Alcoholism
Liver diseae
Rdw It is a lab test thatt can help determine the cause of an
anemia when used in conjiction with the mcv
Cbc, retic count, pbs 3 intial lab test for anemia
Stage 1 Staage of IDA that is latent or sublinciaal thst idnciates
gerritin is low and asymptomatic
Stage 2 Stage of IDA where storage is exhausted and hgb of
retics begin to decrease
Stage 3 Stage of IDA classified as frank anemia and
characteristed by gloossitis, koilonychia and pica
Trichuris tirchuria, schistosoma mansoni, schistosoma Aside from hookworm. Thiis 3 parasites also causes iron
haematobium deficiency
>15% An RDW greater than this value is expected and may
precede the decrease in hgb
Iron studies It is the backbone for diagnsois of iron defincirncy
Serum iron, TIBC, ttansferrin saturation, serum ferritin 4 iron studies that used for IDA dx
2 days During txt. Reticulocyte hgb content will correct within
how many. Days?
5-10 days During txt. Reticulocyte beings to increase within ?
2- 3 weeks During txt. The anticipated rise of hgb appears begins
how many weeks?
Transferrin Iron is indirectlly proportional to what?
Decreases Transferrin resultnif there isbinfection
Anemia of chronic inflammation In this type of anmeia. There is impaired mobilizarion
Sideropenia Central feature of anemia of chronic inflammation
Hepcidin During inflammation. The liver increases the syntheeis
of what?
Hepcidin It is an nom specific defense against invading bacteria
during inflammation
Lactoferrin It is an iron binding protein in the granules
ofnenutrophilis
Transferrin Lactoferrin avidiy for iron isngreater than what?
Sideroblastic anemia Itbiss an anemia that prevents production of
protoporphyrin or incorporation of iron into it
Prussian bluenstain Stain can be diagnosed sideroblastic ameia
Ring sideroblaats Hallmark of sideroblaatic anemias
Lead poisoning In thisncondition peripheral neuropathy cam be seen
Lead It is a susbtance that interfers porphyrin synthesis via
conversion of ALA to PBG by ALA dehydratase leading
to accumulation of ALA
Heme synthase Ferrochelatase is aka what
Prophyria It is an hereditary condition that impair production of
protoporphyrin and photsensitivty is the greatedt
problem
Ferritin Bodys first reaction is tonstore excess iron in the form
of what?
Hemosiderin It is an abnromal iron storage form that can lead to
hemochromatosis
Bronze diabetes Iron overload is aka what ?
Megaloblastic anmeia It is an anemia affecting the dna metabolism
5- methyl THF Folate circulates in the blood predominantly as what
Folate deficiency, vit b12 def 2 typess of megaloblastic anemiias
Folate def Type of megaloblastic anemiia that has more direct
effect
Vit n12 def Type of megaloblastic anemia that has more indirect
effect that prevents production of THF from 5-methyl
THF
Folate When vit b122 is deficient. It is the one that more anore
produced and befime trapped as 5-methyl THF
Nuclear-cytoplasmic asynchrony The slower maturation rate of the nucleus compared
with the cytoplasm is calle dwhat
Dysplastic erythroid cells, CDA type 1 and 3, FBA M6 3 other causes of emgaloblastic anemia
Type 1 Type of CDA that has internuclear chromatn bridging of
erythroid cells or binucleate dforms are observed
Type 3 Type of CDA that has presence of giant multinucleated
erythroblasts
Imapried use of drugs (chemo) 2 other causes of folate and vit b12 def
Excessive loss (dialysis)
Pernicious anemia, H. Pylori infection, lack of intrinsic 6 causes of vit b12 def
factors, gastrectomy, d latum, achlorhydria
CBC, retic ct, WBC manual diff ct, serum bolorubin, LD 5 tests uused to screen megaloblastic aneemias
Oval macrocytes In vit b12 ded. There is presence of what ?
Decreased Retic ct result of vit b12 def. There is no polychromasia
and has pancytopenia
Hypersegmented neutrophils Present in wbc differential of megaloblastic anemia
Increaaed Bilirubin and LD result of megaloblastic anemia
Deceeased Vitamin Levels, hypersegmentation, oval 6 sequence of development of megaloblastic ameia
macrocytes, megaloblasrosis in BM, anemia
Immunoassays Folate and b12 levels can be measured using what?
Chemiluminscence B12 can also measure via what
Deoxyuridine suppresion test, stool analysis of 2 other tests for meglaoblastic anemia
paraaites
1 week After txt. During thiis week reticulocyte response is
substantial
2 weeks After txt. Dueing this week hypersegmentation
disappears
3 weeke After txt. During this week. Hgb increaaes towards
normla
Non megaloblastic It isna type of amcrocytin anemia where the dna
synthesis is not impaired
Non megaloblasric anemias Type of macrocytic anemia that has no
hypersegmentation of enutrophils, no oval macrocytes
and no megaloblasts in the BM
Newborns, retiiculocytopenia, liver dse, Chronic 5 causes of non megaloblastic anemia
alcoholism, BM failure
BM failure amemias It is a condition where there is reduction or cessation of
bloood cells prpduction affecting one or more cell lines
Acquired PNH, autoimmune dsieases and pregnancynis what
type of aplastic anemia
Fanconi anemia 3 types of inherited aplastic anemia
Dyskeratosiis congenita
Swachman bodian diamond syndrome
Erythropoietin In apllastic anemia. There is elevated elvels of wjat 3 ?
Thrombopoeitin
CSF
Normo normo Type of anemai present in aplastic amemia
Aplastic anemia Type of anemia characterized by hypocellula rbone
marrow and can undergo biopsy
Inc Ironr esult of aplastic anemia
Monosomy 7 2 most common cytogenetic abnormalities of aplastic
Trisomy 8 anemia
Fanconi anemia It is a chromsomal instability disorder cahracterized by
cancer susceptibikity
Chromosme breakage analysis Diagnostic test for fanconi anemia
Dyskeratosis congenita Type of aplastic anemia charwcterized by
mucocutaneous abnormalitied
Dyskeratosis cingenita Type of aplastic anemia characterized hy abnormal skin
penetration, dystrophic nails and oral leukoplakia
Shwachman bodian diamond sydnrome Type of aplastic anemia characterized by pancreatic
insuffciebcy and predisposition for hematologic
malignancies
Pure red cell aplasia Type of aplastic anemia characterized by selective and
severe decrease in erythrocyte precursors
Pure red cell aplasia Tyoe of aplastic anemia charwcterized by severe
anemia and reticulocytopenia wirh normal wbcs and
platelets
Transient erythroblastopenia of childhood (TEC) 1 ex or acquired pure red cell aplasia
Diamond blackfan anemia 1 ex of congenital pure red cell aplasia
True True or false. CDA has hypercellular BM but ineffective
erythropoeisis
3 How many types of CDA we have
CDA 1 Type or CDA that hae spongy heterochromatin wirh
swiss cheese app.
CDA 2 Most common subtype of CDA
HEMPAS 1 ex of CDA 2
Sucrose hemolysis test HEMPAS/CDA 2 is negative to what test
Cda 3 Least common CDA wheree BM has megaloblasric
changee. And has characterisric feature of Guant
erythroblaats with up to 12 nuclei
Myelophtisic anemia Type of aplastic anemia that has infiltration of
abnormal cells into bone marrow and subsequent
destruction and replacement of normal hematopoetic
cells
Tear drop eeythrocytes 2 charwctersircs of pxts with myelopthisic anemia
Hypercellular BM
Anemia of chronic kidney disease It is condition thwt has complication of renal dse and
inadequate renal erythropoetin
Uremia It is the one thqt inhibits erythropoieiss and increases
rbc fragiliry
Burr cells Anemai of chronic kidney disease poikilocyte
Thalassemia It is a conndition caused by genetic mutations that
reduce or prevent the synthesis of one or more of the
globin chains of the hgb tetramer
Anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, mongolid faces 3 features present in thalassemia
Thalassemias It is a condition thwt has high incidence in
mediterranean descent
True True oe false. In thalassemia. There is imbalance of a/b
chain ratios
Thalassemia minor (heterozygous thalassemia) Type of thalassenia that imparts resistanfe to malaria
16 Alpha and zetaglobin chain is found on what
chromosome
Beta, gamma, epsilon , delta 4 globin chains found in the chromosme 11
Hb A1 Hgn that found 95-100% in adults
Hb A2 Hgb found 0-3.5% in adult
Hgb F Hgb found 0-2% in adults and common in fetus
B/B Normal B chain synthesis genotype
Aa/aa Normal A chain synthesis grnotpye
11 B thalassemias include l disoders ariising from the B
glovin gene cluster whar chromosome?
16 Thalassemias include ALL disorders from what
chromosome
Micro/hypo Thalassemia stems can result tonwhat typenof anemia
Yhaalsdemia It is a conditikn due to unequal production of globin
chains eesulting in accumulation of one type which
decreases survival of rbcs and precursors
Gamma chains In fetus and newborns, lack of a chains lead to exchess
what chain?
4 gamma chains B bart genotype
Beta fhains Afte 6 months, there is switch of gamma chain to beta
leading toe xcess what ?
4 beta chains Hgb H genotype
Moderate hemolytic anemia As rbc matures? Hb H ppt. And forms inclusion bodies
which is removed extravascularly by the spleen leading
to what?
True True or false. Hgb bart and hgb H cannot deliver oxygen
to tissues due to their very high affinity for oxygen
Heart failure, massive edema, hydrops fetalis Hgb bart and Hb H can reeult to what 3 diseases of
fetus
Hgb barts T is thee hgb that can lead to fetal death
Hgb H It is an hgb thwt has moderate anemia and is
transfusion independent
Constant spring (a^cs) It is an hgh that result of a point mutation that changes
the stop codon at 142 to a glutamine codon with an
additional 31 amino acids added to the C-terminal end
B thaalsdemia Type of thalassemia that has premature death of rbccs
in the bine marrow
B thalasdemia Typenof thalassemiabwhere skull radiopgraphs may
demonstrate typical hair on end and there is
prominence of forehead, cheek bones and upper jaw
Gamma and delta chains What 2 chains is increase to compensate B thaladdemia
B silent Type of b thalassemia that has minimal reduction in
production

Leopre Tyoe of b thalasshemia that indicates fusion of the

deltabin. Genes
Leopre Is the term where there is crossover between the d
globin locuson one chromosome and b globin locus on
the other chromosome
B+/B+ , B°/B° , B+/B° , lepore/lepore Enotypesnof b thalassemia major (4)
B thalassemia major Ppe of b thalassemia thatbcharacterized by severe
anemia that requires regular transfusion, and leads toe
xcrss iron burden
Deferoxamine Remedied for excess iron in b thalassemia major
Bsilent/Bsilent , B+/Bsilent, B°/Bsilent, SB°/SB° , B°/SB° 5 GENOTYPESNOF b yhalassemia intermedia
B thalassemia intermedia Typenof b ththhat is more severe yhan minor but does
not require regular transfusions
B/Any Genotype of B thalassemia minor
B thalassemia minor B thalassemia minornis aka what? Which is
asymptomatic anemia
Silent carrier state Type of b thalassemia that is Bsilent/B and small
decrease in production of beta chains
Cbc, bloodd smear, iron studies 3 screening test for thalassemia tonrulenout IDA
Target cells Poikilocyte common in thalassemia
Suoravutal stain, hgb fraction quantification by 2 presumptive test for thalassemia
electrophoresis
Hgb H It is an jgn yjat produce a pitted pattern on the rbcs
similar to the patternbof a gold ball or raspberry
Molecular genetic test Definitive test for thalassemia
Hgb electrophoresjs at alk. Ph Traditional tool for hgbnipathy and thalassemias
Agartrophoresis acid ph, HPLC, CZE 3 methods used for confirmation of thalassemia
Alkali denaturation test It iis an accurate and precise test tonquantify hgb F in
the 0.2% to 50% range.
Hgb F Itnis an hgb that is not denatured by alkali denaturatikn
test
Ethanol Fixative in kleihauer betke acid elution test
3.5 Buffer ph used in kleihauer betke
Hgn F It id the hgb that resist elution of kleohauer betke
Pink Hgb color in kleihauer betke
Ghist cells Hgb appearance in kleihauer betke
Decreased Osmotic fragilittest result of pxt with thalassemia
Iron studies It is abtest that best differentiated iron deficiency and b
Hb A2 level , Cbv and blood smeae thalassemia minor (4)
Hemoglovinopatheis It is a diseases state involving the hgb molecule
Hemoglobinopathies It is the most common genetic diseases
POinnt mutation It isnthe most common type of genetic mutation
occuring in the jemoglobinopathies
Zygosity It refers to the association between the mumber
ofngene mutations and the level of severity ofnthe
resultant genetic defect
Hgb S , unstable hgn (HbKoln) 2 abnormal.hgb yhat can result in hemolytic amemia
Hgb M It is an abnormla hgb that result in methemoglobinemia
Hgb kaansas 2 hgb that has either increased or decreased oxygen
Hgb chesapeake affinity
Plasmodium falciparum Sickle cell confers resistance to what?
Reversible sickle cells 2 forms of hemoglobin S sickle cell
Irreversible sickle cells
Reversible sickle cells The vasoocclusive complications of SCD are thought to
be due to what?
Hgb F Symptomps of sickle cell dse is free until until the
second half of the first year of life because of the
protective effect of what hgb?
Crises Individuals with thisdisease undergo episodes
ofnrecurring pain termed what ?
Vasoocclusive crises Hallmark of Sickle cell dsiease
Autosplenectomy Gradual loss of function is reffered as what ?
Acute infections It is the common cause of hospitalozation of people
with SCD and have been the most frequent cause of
death espcially in thebfirst 3 years of life
Normocytic normochromic The anemia of SXD is cheonic hemolytic anemia
classifed morphologically as what ?
Hgb S (sickle cells disease) Hgb S 80% and Hgb F 1-20% what is the
hemoglovinopathy
Target cells 2 hallmark of SCD in terms of poikilocyte
Sickle cells
Hemoglobin solunility test ( dithionite tube test) Most common screening test fornhgb S
Turbidity in solution Decreases solubulity of deoxygenated hgb S caues
what?
Saponin, reducing agent 2 solutions used in hgb solubitlity test tonlysed rbc
Dithionite 2 reducing agent used in hemoglobin solunility test
Sodium hydrosulfite
Reducing agent Rgnt in sodium solubility test that used to reduce iron
to its ferric form converting the hgb tonits
deoxygenated form
Sodium metabisulfite test Old screening test for hgb S
2% sodium metabisulfite Rgnt used in sodium metabosulfite test to induce sicle
cell formation
Sickle cell/ holly leaf formatikm + result in sodium metabisulfite test
Alkalinr hemoglobin electrophoresis It is the common first step in the confirmation of
hgbnipathies including SCD
True True or false. Supportive care has been the mainstay of
therapy for SCD
Handfoot syndrome Chilldren younger than 3 years with SCD often
experience what?
Sickle cell trait It is an heterozygous, benign condition of sickle cell that
only in extreme low oxygen condition
Sickle cell trait <40% hgn S and 60% Hb A1. What is the
hemoglobinopatheis?
Sickle cell trait Failure tonconcentrate urine is the only consistent
abnormality found in pxts with what?
Hgb C It is the most common non sickling vsriant of
hemoglobin encountered in the united states
Hgb C It is the 3rd most common hemoglobinopathy in the
world
Hgb C It is an hgb that has polymers of a short, thivk crystal
within rbcs
Hgn C Itnis an hgb that has presence of hexoganl crystals or
can be that the hgb is concentrated within the
boundary of the crystal
Wet preparations These crystals of hgb C may be seen on what?
Sodium vitrate Wasshing rbcs and resuspending them in a solution
with wha
Hgb E It is an hgbpathy that is high prevalence in south east
asia
Microcytic rbcs Size of rbcs in patients with hgb E hemoglobinopathy
Hgb SC It is the most common heterozygous sundrome of
hemoglobinopathy
Hgb M It is an hemoglobinopathy that has variety of mutations
that result in production of methemoglobin
Unstable hgbs It is an hgb that products that precipitate in vivo,
producing heinx bodies and vausing a hrmolytic anemia
Isopropanol precipitation test 4 tests for unstable hgbs
Heat denaturation test
Heinz body staining technique
Peptiide analysis – to confirm
Isopropanol This rgny at 37C weakens the bonding forces of the hgb
molecule
Ppt at 5 mins l, flocculation at 20 mins Unstable hgb result in isoprooanol precipitation test
40 mins Normal hgb precipitates at what time?
50C within 1 hr In heat denaturation test whenincubated at thisntemp
within what time?, heat sensitive unstable hgbs show a
flocculent ppt
Hemolytic anemia Itbis a condition that results when the rate of rbc
destruction exceeds the increaaed rate of rbc
production
Hemysis of mature rbc It is the primary cause of anemia
Acute Type ofhemolytic anemai that is rapid onset and
appears and disappears between episodes
PCH/PNH/HTR 3 examples of acute hemolytic anemia
Chronicnhemolytic anemia Type ofnhemolytic anemai that may not be evident but
can cause crisis over time
G6PD def 1 example of chronic hemolytic anemai
Abetalipoproteinemia, LCAT defiiency 2 examples of inherited hemolytic anemia
PNH 1 example of acwuired hemolytic anemia
Intrisnic It is an jemoyltic anemia due to abnormalities of the rbc
membrane, enzymatic pathways, or the hemoglobbin
moelcule
Intrinsic Type ofnhemolytic anemia that rbcs are abnormal so it
cannot be donors and only recipient and most are
inherited
Exteinsic It is an hemolytic anemia that arise from the ourside
ofnthe rbc and substances conditions affecting the
circulatory system
Immunohemoyltic, non immune Extrinsic can be what 2 ?
Extrinsic It is an hemolyric anemia that cannot be recipients and
only donors. Mosy arr acquried
Macrophages Extravascular is fue to what
Intravascualr Fragmentation fornwhat type ofnhemolysis
Extravascular Macrophage mediated for what type of hemolysis
Bilirubin It is an. Rbc breakdown products
Recycled Hemoglobin will break down to heme and globin. What
happened to globin
Recycled Heme will bebdegraded into biliverdin + iron. What
happen to iron
Haptoglobinhemopexin-methemalbumin system It is an system that exists to salvaged hemoglobin iron
Haptoglobin It is the one responsible for the salvage of free hgb
ehrre both are degraded by the reticuloendothelail
system
Hemopexin It is the one responsible for the secondary mechanism
of iron sllavage and oxidation prevention that is bound
by metheme
Metheme-albumin system It is the third mechanism of iron salvage
True or false. If the previous systems are overloaded,
the excess hemoglobin and metheme will be filtired
into the urine causing hemosiderosis and
hemoglobonuria
Extravascular hemolysis Poikilocytosis and inclusion bodies can cause what?
Haptoglobin Both intravascular and extravascular have both
Hemopexin decreased in what 2 ?
Erum free hgb Both extra and intravascular have characterised by the
increased of what
InTravascular Typenofnhemoylsis characterized by presence of urine
free hgb and urine methemoglobin
Intravascular Type ofnhemolysis that has presnet prussian
vluenstaining ornurine sediment
Schsitocytes Poikilocyte present in intravascular hemolysis
Spherocytes Poikilocyte present in extravascular hemolysis
Kernicterus Hemolysis effectnin newborns>20mg/○♧
<1mg dl Normal physiologic fragmentation hemollysisbproduces
a plasmahgb level of what?
50 mg/dl Hemoglobinlevel that can cause visibly red/brown
plasma
Carbon monoxide It is the one produced in the first step of heme
breakdown by heme oxygenase
Hba1c 2 chemiistry test that can also be used to detect
LD hemolysis. Reticulocytosis is also present
Vertical structure integrity 2 types of membrane abnormalities
Horizontal structural integrity
Vertical strutcural integrirty Type of membrane abnormality that provided by
ankyrin complex and protein 4.1 complex that acnhors
the lipid bilayer to the underlying cytoskeleton
Horixontal structural integity Type of membrane abnormaloty that provided by a and
b spectirn that interacts laterally to form tetramers and
prevent membrame from fragmentinf during stress
Hereditary spherocytosis It is a group of anemias thatbhave defects in proteins
that disrupts the vertical interactions
Hereditary spherocytosis Type of intrinisc anemia that has decreased surface
area to volume ratio, and the cells become spherical
Anemia, jaundice and splenomegaly 3 clinical manifesations of hereditary spherocytosis
Splenectomy It is thhe treatment that is reserved for moderate
tonsevere cases of HS
Pparasocopy Recommended method for Detemination of HS
35-38% MCHC and RDW redult of HS
>14%
Increased Osmotic fragility test result of HS because it jas
decreased sueface area to volime ratios
True True ornfalse. In OFT. Blood is added to a seried of
tubes with increasingly hypotonic sodium chloride
solutions
0.85% At thid NaCl concentration the amount of water
entering the cell is equivalent to the water leaving the
cell because the intracellular and extracellular
osmolarity is the same
540nm In OFT. The absorbance ofnsupernatant is measured at
what nm? To check for hemoylsis
0.45% Normal rbcs initial jemolysis starts at what? And ends at
0.35% and 0.30% what?
37C for 24 hrs Prior incubation at this temp for how long? Can be used
to detect mild cases and also known as incubated OFT
EMA binding tedt (Eosin-59-maleimide) It si a test for transmembrane proteins where HS
patients show a lower mean fluorescent intensity (MFI)
Ektacytometer Test for HS for variation in membrane surface area and
cell water content can be determined
Acid glyxerol lysis test Test for HS whee the amount of hemolysis after a
patient rbc are incubated with a buffered glycerol
solution at an acid ph
SDS-PAGE 2 other test for HS
radioimmumoassay
48 hre In autohemolysis test. Pxts rbcs and serum are
incubated for how long?
10-50% In autohemolysis test. HS causes hemolydis at what
Glucose or ATP percent ? Which can be corrected either by what 2?
True Cells from HS patients are particularly sensitive to
cooling at 0C in hypertonicbsolutions
HS Ppeetoinic ceyohemolysis test is test for what?
DAT It is a test to differentiiate HS from spherocytes due to
immune related hemolytic anemia
Negatiive HS result in DAT
Hereditary elliptocytosis It is an group of anemia from gene mutations in which
the defective proteins disrupt the horizontal linkages
Hereditary elliptocytosis True or false. Hereditary elliptocytosis causes
extravascular hemolysis and anemia but usually
asymptomatic
Leach phenotype
Gerbich antigens
Glucoprotein C (GPC)
Editary pyropoikilocytosis
41-45C
49C
South east asian ovalocytosis
Hereditary ovalocytosis
Malaria
Hereditary ovalocytosis
Familial pseudohyperkalemia
Cryohydrocytosis
Rh deficiency syndrome
Familial pseudohyperkalemia
Cryohydrocytosis
Rh definciency sydnrome
Neuroacanthocytosis
Spurr cell anemia
Neuroacanthocytosis
Abetalipoproteinemia
Mcleod syndrome
Chorea acanthocytosis
Chylo, LDL , VLDLLD
Abetalipoproteinemia
Kx gene
Chorea acanthocutosis
Spurr cell anemia
Herediatry elliptocytosis is associated with what
phenotype
Leach phenotype lacks what 2?
It is a severe form of He That results in marrked thermal
sensitivitt
In hereditary pyropoikilocytosis, rbc fragments occurs
at what temp?
Normal rbcs fragments at what temp?
Hereditary ovalocytosis is aka what?
It is a condition caused by a mutation in the gene for
band 3 that results in increased rigidity of the
membrane (Intrinsic hemolytic anemai)
Herediatry ovalocytosis confers resiistance to invasion
by what?
It is a type of intrinsic hemolytic anemia common in
amlaria belt of southeast asia
3 types of stomatocytes diseases
Type of stomatocyte disease thar has excrssive
potassium leaks out of the rbcs at RT in vitro but not at
body temperature in vivo
Type of stomatoocyte disease where the rbcs have
marked cell swelling annd hemolysis whrn stored at 4C
for 24 to 48 hrs
Type of stomatocyte disease where the expression of rh
membrane protein is absent (rh nul) or decreased (rh
mod)
2 types of diseases that has presence of acanthocytes
It is a group of disorders characterized by neurologic
impairement and acanthocytes
3 types of neuroacanthocytosis
3 lipoproteins absent in abetaliporpoteinemia
Type of neuroacanthocytosis that had low chole and tag
but sphingomyelin is increased
Mutation in mcleod syndrome
Type of neuroacantjocytosis chsracterized by chorea
hyperkinesia, cognitive impairements, and
neuropsychiatric symptoms
Type of disease of acanthocytes where pxts with sever
liber disease that develops a hemolyric anemia with
acanthocytosis
CD55 (DAF) CD59 (MIRL) 2 lacks in PNH thst renders them susceptible to
spontanrous lysos by complement
Hepatic vein thrombosis Most common thrombotic manifestation of budd chiiari
syndrome which obstructs venous outflow from the
liver
Flow cytometry Diagnostic test for PNH
Sugar water test 2 old test for PNH
Hams test
EMP and HMP 2 most important metabolic pathways
G6PD and PK deficiency 2 most commonly encountered enxymopathies
G6PD It id an enxymopathies that vulnerable to oxidative
damage and subsequent hrmolysis
G6pd It is the most common rbc enzyme defect and confers
protection against p. Facilparum and vivax in mmales
Heeinz bodies 2 poikilcoyte present in G6PD and has decreased hgb
Bite cells solubility and rapidly remoged by intra and extra
hemolysis
Type 1 Worst and severe type of G6PD
Infection Most common cause of hemolyssis in G6PD
Primaquine, mothballs/napthalene, favism 3 that causes G6PD
Quantitative spectrophotometric asdyas Gold std tondetermine G6PD Activiy anf make a
definitive diagnosis amd asess the severity of the
definciency
G6PD + NADP (non flouresencent) -> 6- Principle of G6PD flourescence spot test
phosphogluconate + NADPH (Flouredecent)
Glucose In autohemolysis test. G6PD is corrected only by what
Ascorbate cyanide test It is the mst sensitive screening test for G6PD
PK deficiency Type of enzymipathies that has lack of ATP formation
leads to reduced deformability and maintenance of cell
structure
PK deficiency It is the most common form of hereditary non
spherocytic hemolytic anemia and is found worldwide
Qualitative tests for PK def. It isbused for screening test of Pk def.
Extrinsic non immune hemolytic anemia It isa cindition ourside of the rbcs casuing premature
jemolysis and is not immuen related
Physical or mechanical injury of rbcs Common feafure of extrinsic non immune hemolytic
anemia
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia It is a group of potentially life threatening disorders
characterized by rbc fragmentation and
thrombocytopenia
Schistocytes Characterisitc poikilocyte seen in microangiophatic
hemolytic anemia
Helmet cell, microspherochtes Microangiopathic HA also produces what 2 oikilocyte
TTP, HUS, HELLP and DIC 4 types of MAHA
LD activity Cc parameter elevated in TTP
ADAMTS-13 TTP isnusually due to deficient vwf cleaving protease
known as what?
Upshaw schulman syndrome Inherited TTP is called what 2?
Severe ADAMTS- 13 deficiency
HUS Type of MAHA characterized by microangipathic
hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and acute renal
failure
Typical HUS, Atypical HUS 2 types of HUS
Typical HUS Typenof HUS that is shiga toxin associsted And more
common than atypical
STEC E.coli 0157:H7 and shigella Most common cause of HUS infection
Atypical HUS Type of HUS caused by unregulated activation of the
alternative complement pathway
HELLP Type of MAHA that occurs in less than 1% of all
pregnancies but develops in approx 10-20% of
pregnancies with severe preeclampsia most often In the
third trimester
Normal PT and PTT result of HELLP
DIC Type of MAHA due to widespread activation of the
hemolytif sustem
Thrombocytopenia Consistent findings in DIC
Prolonged PT and PTT result of DIC
Increased Fibrinogen and D-dimer level result of DIC
Traumatic cardiac hemolyric anemia 2 types of macroangiopathicnhemolyric anemia
Exercise indeccued hemoglobinuria
Exercised induced hgbniuria Type of macroangiopathic hemolytic anemia where
shxistocytes are notnpresent
Malaria, babesia, Clostrodum, barttonella 4 organisms that can cause anemia
Malaria It is annorgnamism that can cause anmeia bybdirect
lysis of infected rbcs during schizogony
Malaria It is an organism thst causes anemia by direct lysis of
infectrd rbcs and non infected rbcs in the spleen
Malaria It is an organism that causes anemia via inhibition of
erythropoiesis and ineffective erythropoieisis
Babbesia It is an intraerythrocytoc parasite that cauuses
hemolysis
Closteidium It is a bacteria that produce s alphha toxin with
phospholipase C and sphingomyelinase activity that
hydrolyzes rbc membrane phsopholipids
Bartoenlla bacilliformis It is an small pleomorphic, intracellular coccobacillus
adhheres to rbcs and cause hemolysis
Dapsone and napthalene 2 drugs that causes hemolysis
Rbc hemolysis Venoms causes what
49C Warming normal rbcs to this temp in vitro induces rbc
fragmentation and budding
Spherocytes, schistocytee, microspherocytes 3 poikilocytes can be seen in extensice burns
Autoimmune, alloimmune, drug induced hemolytic 3 class of extrinsic immunne hemolytic anemia
anemai
PCH, CAD, WAIHA 3 typed of autoimmine extrinsic HA
HTR and HDN 2 typpes of alloimmune extrinsic HA
Extravascular, intravascular 2 emchanisms of immune hemolytic anemia
IgG, IgM 2 abs isotype involved in immune hemolytic anemia
IgM It is aan antibody that rewuires complement and can be
result to both INTRA and EXTRA hemolysis
IgG It is an antibody that occurs with or without
compllement and predominantly by extravascular
mechanisms
C3b sensitized rbcs It is abcomplement that can be recognized by
macropahges
C3d sensirized rbcs It is a complement that cannot recognized by
macrophages
Spherocytes The poikilocyte seem in extrinsic jemolytic anemias
DAT It is a test to determine if the hemolysis is due to an
immuen mechanism of anemia
IgG Ig type of WAIHA
Igm Ig typenof CAD
IgG Ig type of PCH
Igg and IgM Ig type of mixed
37C , 4C Temp required by WAIHA and PCH
4->30C Temp required by CAD
4-37C Temp required by mixed
Variable It is the only extrnisic hemolytic anemia that variable in
complement activation
CAD, PCH 2 type of extrinsic immune HA that occurs
intravascularly hemolysis
Waiha Type of extrinsic immune HA that extravascular jsis
True CAD is mostly intravascular but rare extra. True or false
Mixed Type of extrisnic imune HA that is both hemolysis can
occur
Rh complex Blood group associsted to WAIHA
I (most) I some) Blodo group associated to CAD
P Blood group associated to PCH
Mixed Type of extrinsic immune HA that panreactive blodo
group
Pr (rare) Rare bloodngrouo that can cause CAD
WAIHA It is the most commonly encountered autoimmune
hemolyric anemia compromising 70% cases
Cold agglutinins Itnis an autoantbodies of thebigm class that react
optimally at 4C and more commonly found in healthy
indoviduals
True or false True or false. Most pathologic cold agglutinins are
monoclonal? Occur at high titers and are cappable of
reacting at temp greater than 30C
1:1000 Titer of cold agglutinins at 4C
Mycoplasma pneuomoniae, IM, viral infections Acute CAD occurs secodnary to what 3?
37C maintainment Spx handling for CAD blood specimens
37C maintainment It is done in CAD blood specimens to prevent the
biddning of the autoantibody to the patients own rbcs,
which can false decrease the ab titer in the serum
PCH It is an acute form of cold reactive hemolytic anemia
Late stage syphilis Secondaru PCH was associsted with what ?
PCH It is an disease thar now is the msot commonly seen in
young childrrn after a viral respiratory infection
Anti P autoantibody, donath alndsteiner ab Autoantibkdy associatedbwith PCH
Anti P autoantiboodu It is a complement binding IgG hemolydin with
sepcificty for the p antigen on rbcs and also a biphasic
antibdoy
Druf absorption 4 mechanisms of drug induced hemolytic anemia
Drug rbc membrane protein immunogenic complex
Rbc autoab induction
Membrane modofication method
IGg Ig associated to drug adsorption
IgG and IgM 2. Ab produced by drug rbc memrbae protein
immunogenic compelx that causes acute intravascular
hemolysis
Rbc autoantibody nduction It is a mechanism of drug induced hemolytic anemia
where a drug induced the patient to produce IgG wsrm
reactive autoantibodies against rbc self antigens causes
extravadcular hemolysis
True True or false. Mixed type hemoyltic anemia produces
both IgG and IgM abs that can react both at 4C to 37C
Accidental transfusion of ABO incompatible blood (IgM) Most common cause of AHTR
Delayed HTR Type of HTR that occurs days to weeks after trnasfusion
as the titer of alloantibodies increases and usually IgG
Hdn Is a disease that occurs when an IgG alloantibkdy
prroduced by the mother crosses the palcenta into the
fetal circulation and binds tonfetal rbcs thst are positive
for the corresponding antigen
Macropahges N HDN IgG seensitized fetal rbcs are cleared from the
Extravascular hemysis circulation by what? In the fetal spleen causes what?
And an anemia gradually develops
Hyydrops fetalid In HDN, if the anemia is severe in utero , it can leadd to
generalized edema, ascites and a condition called
what? Which is fatal if untreated
O- mother In ABO incopatibility. The mother is blood type what?
A or B - child And what is the blood typr of child?
Rh It is a severe ttpe of HDN that has severe jaundice and
anemia
ABO Type of HDN that has presence of spherocytes
Rh Type of HDN that is psoitive to DAT
ABO Type of Hdn thar negative to DAT or weakly positive
PHA It is a qualitative disorder that has decreased nuclear
segmentation
All leukocytes Affected in PHA
PHA It is a qualitative disorder that has spectacle like
(“pince-nez) morphology but the function is normal
True True ornfalsem in true PHA thennumber of affected
cells is much higher than in pseudo PHA
Neutrophil hypersegmentatikn It is a qualitative disorder wwhere neutrophils have
more than five lobes and are most often asdocisted
with megaloblastic anemia
Myelodysplastic syndrome, myeloid dysplasia, 4 conditions that can cause neutrophil
myelokathexis, WHIM hypersegmentation
Warts neutriphenia, hypogammaglobulinemia, Transcribe WHIM
infrction, myelokathexis
Alder reilly anomaly Type of qualitative disorder that has granulocytes with
large, darkly staining metachromatic cytoplasmic
granules composed primarily of partially digested
mucopolysaccharides
Hunter syndrome, hurler syndrome, maroteux lamy Reilly bodies are most commonly associated with 3
polydystrophic dwarfism diseases?
Chediwk higashi Type of qualitative disorders that has fused lysosomal
grnaules which is larfe and non functional
Leukocyte dysfunction, recurrent pyogenic infections Chediak higashi may result in what 2?
Chediak higashi Type of qualitatice disorder that kften have bleeding
issues due to abnormal dense granules in plts
May hegglin anomaly Type of qualitatice disorde that characterized by
thrombocytopenia, giant platelets, and dohle like
inclusions
Monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils May hegglin anomaly has dohle body like inclusion in
what 4 cells?
MHA Typenof qualitatice disorder where inclusions are
compsoed of precipitated myosin heavy chains
CGD It is a disorder that has decreased ability of phagocyted
to produce superoxide and reactive oxygen species due
to mutations with NADPH oxidase
Nitrroblue tetrazolium reduction test Test for CGD
Yellow Nornal color of the NBT reafent
Blue If the Neutrophil is normal. What is the color of NBT
Yellow If the person has CGD l. What is the NBT result
Foormazan Gives dark blue color In NBT test
Flow cytometry New test for CGD
Dihydrorhodamine - 123 Flourescent prove used in CGD
LAD Type of wualitative disorder that result in the inabilitt of
neutrophils and monocytes to adhere to endothelial
cells and to transmigrate from the blood to the tissues
MPO def Type of Qualitative disorder that due to a deficiency in
myeloperoxidase in the 1° granules of neutrophils and
lysosomes of monocytes
Dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfste, keratan sulfate, Mucopolusaccharidoses has a deficirnt aactivitt of an
chondroitin sulfate enxyme necessary for the degradation of what 4
substance?
Mucopolysaccharidoses It is a quualitative disorder thst results in phsysical
abnormality and sometimee membrane retsrdatiom
Gaucher, niemann pick, fabrys, tay sachs and sandhoffs 5 types of lipid storage disease
Gaucher It is the most common of the lysosomal lipid storage
diseases
Gauchers disease Typenofnlipid storage disease that has defect in b
glucocerebrosidase
Ashkenazi jews Gauchers is common in what people
Stristed or wrinkled (onion skin) Appearance of cells in gauchers
PAS stains It is atest for mucopolysaccharides in gaucher cells
Niemann pick Type of lipid sotrage disease thst has defiicient in
sphingomyelinase and subsewuent build up of the
substrste sphingomyelin
Niemann pick Type of lipid storage disease that has macrophages with
a foamy cytoplasm pack with lipid filled lysossomed
that appear as vacuoled after staining
Fabrys Type of lipidsotrage disease that has a galactosidase
deficiency
Hexosaminidase A Defect in taysachs
Hexosaminidase A and B Defect in sandhoffs
Digeorge, brutons, SCID, WAS 4 tyoes of immunodeficiencies
Digeorge Disease defiicient in T cells
Brutons Disease deficient in B cells
SCID ( severe combined immunodeficiency) Disease deficient in both T and B cells
Immunodeficiency, eczema, thrombocytopenia WAS is characterized by what 3?
Leukemoid reaction 3 types of quantiative disorders of leukocytes
Leukoerythroblastic reaction
Agranulocytosis
Leukemoid reaction Type of quantiative disorder of leukocyte that has
reactive leukocytosis above 50x10^9/L with
neutrophilia and a marked shift to the left
Immature neutrophils, nrbcs, teardrop cell 3 preseents in leukoerythroblastic reaction
(poikilocytes) and has also possibility of a space-
occupying lesion in the bone marrow
0.5x10^9/L In agranulocytosis the nutrophil counts is less than whst
value?
Infection, inflammation, stress, administration of Types and numberd of circulating neutrrophils can be
Colony stimulating fsctors affected by whhat 4?
Toxic granulation It is a dark blue black granules in the cytoplasm of
neutrophils
Positivr Peroxidase result of toxic granulation
Primary, azurophilic granules In toxic graanulation. There is increase in acid
mucosubstsnfe within what granules of neutrophils?
Dohlee bodied It is a cytoplasmic inclusions consisting of remnants of
RNA arranged in parallel rows
Cytoplasmic vacuolation It is a morphological changes in leukocytes that reflects
phagocutosis either self or extrqcellular material
EDTA for more than 2 hrs Cytoplasmic vacuolation can csse also by storage of
what?
Pyknotic nuclei It is the one that indicate imminent cell death
Phagosomes In degranulation. Both orimary and secondary genaules
are emptied into what
Extracellular spaces In degranulation. Secondary granules are also secreted
into what?
Neutrophils, eosinophil Degranulation is a common finsing in waaht 2 cells?
Cytoplasmic swelling It is a morphologic changes in leuckoytes that may ne
caused by actual osmotic swelling of the cytoplasm or
by increased adhesiom to the glass sliide by stimulated
neutriphils
Atypical Most common term used in reactive lymphcoytes
3-7 weeks Incubation period for IM
B lymphocytes During the incubation period. Thebvirus prefferentially
infects what cells? Leading to lymphocytosis
Leukemia It is an abnormal, uncontrolled, proliferation and
accumulation ofnone or more of the hematopoietic
cells
Leukemia It is a disease od the blood forming tissues and the
bome marrow is always involved
True True or false. The profileration cells can infiltrate other
organs
Fwver, weight loss, increased sweating 3 major sumptoms of leukemia
Dueation ofnuntreared disease 3 xlassificatikns of leukemia
Number of wbcs present in PB
Type of wbc involved
Acute leukemia Type of leukemianthat is rapidly progressive that lasts
everal days to 6 monts
2-6 months Subacute leukemia lasts for how long?
Chronic leukemia Type of leuekemia that mostly 1-2 years and length is
cariable depends on the age and atype of cell involed
Leukemic leukemia, sub leukemic lueia, aleukemiv 3 types of leuekemia according to wbcs present in PB
leukemia
>15 x10^9/L How maany wbcs present in leukemic leukemia
<15 x10^9/L with immature and abnoemal wbcs How many wbcs present in subleukemic leukemia
<15x10^9/L with no immature or abnormal wbcs How manh wbcs present in aleukemic leukemia
Acute leukemia, chronic leukemia 2 types of leukemia accoeding to wbc involved
Acute leumeia Type of leukemia that has predominance of immature
cell types
>30% % blast present in PB during acute leukemia
>50% % blast present in BM during acute leukemia
Chronic leukemia Type of leuekmia that has predominantly mature cell
types <10% blasts in BM
10-30% How many % of blasts can be seen in subacute, or
chronic transforming into acute
Acute leukemia Type of leukemia that onset is sudden and mostly
occurs in children under 14 years of age
Normo normo Type of anemia present in acute leukemia
Low Blasts cells are seen and plts result of acutenleukemia
Chemotherapy Cute leukemia is fenerally treated by what
Infection/hemorrhage Most common cause of death of persons with acute
leukemia
Acute leukemia Subacutenleukemia is treated clinically as what
Chronic leukemia Type of leukemia thatbhas insidous onset and
frequently asymptomatic for a long time
3 ALL is divided into how many types?
7 AML is divided into how many types?
Erythrocytes Cells defect in PCV
Granulocytes Cells defect in CML
Fibroblasts Cells defect in myelofibrosis
Platelets Cells defect in essential thrombocythemia
Neutrophils Cells defect in CNL
Erythrocytosis Polycythemia cera is also known as what?
PV, CML, ET, Myekofibrosis 4 typesnof MPNS
PCV Type of MPN that is kind of absolute and primary
polychythemia
Relative, absolute secondary polyxythemia 2 types of polycythemia vera
Relative Typenof polycythemia due to dilution
Absolute secondary polycythemia Typenofnpolycuthemia due to secondary hypoxic state
(appropriate) or to a renal disorders (inappropriate)
Hypercellular Bone marrow is what? In PV
Tear drop cells It is a poikilocyte that indicates PV is becoming q PPMM
(Primary polycythemic Myeloid metaplasia)
CML Tyoe if leukemia due to philadelpia chromsome t(9;22)
Leukemoid reaction CML must be diffrenetiated from what?
Increased LAP result of Leukemoid reaction
Decreased LAP result of CML
Poor prognosis Patients with negative philadelphia chromosome
usually have what?
Idiopathic myelofibrosis, agnogenic myeloid metaplasia Myelofibrosis is also known as what 3?
(AMM), Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia
Myelofibrosis It is an MPN characterized by fibrosis and granulocytic
hyperplasia and increase in defective plts that lyse
tonsecretion of grnaules
Dacrocytes Poikilocyte present in the blod film of myelofboriss, dry
tap
ET It is an chronic MPN characterized by thrombocytosis
>1000 x10^9/L with spontaneoue aggregation and
bleeding
Platelet aggregation studies It is a test that differentiates ET from Reactive
thrombocytosis
Myelodysplastic syndromes It is a conditions in which an abnormal pluripotential
stem cell population arises in the BM
Fatigeu, fever, bleeding Classic triad of of symptoms of MDS
Dyserythropoiesis “megaloblastoid type” Hallmark of MDS
True True or false. In MDS there may be a left shift
CMML (Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia) All MDS has normal/decreased leukocyte count except
what? Which is increased
CMML It is the only MPN that has monocyted in marrow blood
atleast 20% or >1x10^9/L
RA/RC and RARS 2 MDS thatt has <1% blast in PB and <5 in BM
RAEB, CMML 2 MDS thst has <5 PB blasts and 5-20 in BM
RAEBIT The only MDS that has exact 5 PB blasts and 20-30 in
BM
RARS The only MDs that has >15% ringed siderocyte
RA/RC The only MDS that is variable in Ringed siderocyte
T cell disease Pariients with these disease tend to have more
aggressive disease and porer response to therapy
Chronix lymphocytic leukemia, prolymphocytic 3 types of lymphocyte disorders
leukemia, hairy cell leukemia
B cell Majority of cases of CLL are what origin
CLL It is thee least mature among the lymphocyte disorders
Smudge cell Cell present in CLL
Rai classification Classifcation used in CLL
5 How manybstages rai classification has
Stage 0 Stage of rai classification CLL where patients have
better prognosis
Prolymphocytic leukemia It is the intermediate in maturiry among lymohocytes
and have poorer prognosis
Prolymphocyte Predominant cell type in prolymphocytic leukemia
Hairy cell leukemia Type of lymphocyte disorder that has presence of
mononuclear cells with cytoplasmic projections
TRAP Test for Hairy cell leukemia that gives positve result
B lynphocytes Type of lymphocyte present in hairy cell leukeemia
L1 Type of ALL that has small and homogenoud
lymphoblasts
L1 Type of ALL that hhas scanty cytoplasm and
incospicuous nucleoli
L1 It is the nost commonntypebof childhood ALL that has
the best prognossi
L2 Type of ALL that has large and heterogenous
lymphoblasts
L2 Type of ALL that has abundant basophilic cytoplasm and
nuclei clefted with nucleoli present
L3 It is the burkitt type of ALL that has 2% of cases of ALL
L3 It is the type of ALL that has poor prognosis
M1 Type of AML where the predominant cell is poorly
diffeentiated myeloblast
Decreased LAP result of M1 and M2
M2 Typenof AML that has predominant cells are myeloid
precursors that differentiate beyond the
promyelocyticnstage
Promyelocyte Predominant cell in M3
T (15;17) Chromosome abnormality in M3
M3 Type of AML where the auer rods is most common
20-80% Monocytes percent in M4
M4E Type of M4 with variable numbers of eosinophils
Chromosome 16 M4E chromosome abnormality
>80% Percent lymphocytes in M5
M5b 2 forms of M5
M5a
M5b Ttpenof M5 ATHAT IS DIFFERENTISTED
M5a Type of M5 thar is poorlt differentiated
M5 Type of AML that is non specific esterase + and stianing
inhibited by addition of fluoride
Chromosme 1 Abnormal chromosome in M5
Erythroleukemia, erythremic myelosis, di gugielmos M6 3 names
syndrome
M6 Type of AML that has immature rbcs and rbcs are
predominant but myeloblast still
PAS Stain for M6 that is psoitve (rbcs)
M7 Type of AML that has megakaryocyte malignancy and
atypical megakaryocytes
Hodgkins, non hodgkins 2 types of lymphomas
Hodgkins Type of lymphomas that isnusally localized
Non hodgkins Type of lymphoma that is usually widespread
Hodgkins Type of lymphoma that is usally central nodes
Non hodgkins Type of lymphoma that is usally innvolved peripheral
nodes
Hodgkins Typenof lymphoma and is contigous/unifocal spread
Non hdogkins Type of lymphoma that is non contigious
Non hodgkins Type of lymphoma where extranodal disease is
common
Non hodgkins Type of lymphoma where peripheral blood is involved
Hodgkins Type of lymphoma that has abnormal bizzare cells
Non hodgkins Type of lymphoma were cell type resembles normal
lymphoid cells
Hodgkins Typeof lymphoma that has presence of reed sternberg
cell neoplastic cell
Non hodgkins Type of lymphoma that is mostly b lymphocytes is
neoplastic cell
Sclerosis Nodular sclerosis that has present what
++ Nodular sclersosi lymphocyte and tumor cell result
Lacunar cells Variiant cell in nodular sclerossi
++++ Lymphocyte ressult ofnnodular lymphocyte
predominant
+ Tumor cell result of Nodular lymphocyte predomiant
L and H cell Variant cell in nodular lymphxoyte predominanr
Lacunar cells It is a tumor cells with cytoplasmic cleating
L and H cells It is a cell thatt has multilobatef nuclrus with delicate
nuclear membranes
Popcorn ceell L & H cell is aka what
Reed sternberg cell It is a giant cell with owl eyed appearance
5-6 types How many typpes of leukocytee if light microscopy
(romanowskyL procedure used
10 types Howbmany types of leukocytes have if flow cytomerry
procedure is used
Neutrophils It is the vast majoritt of circulating leukocytes
Monocytes Neutrophils share a common progenitor with what?
Granulocyte-monocyte progenitor Progenitor of monocytesbandnnuetrophils
G-CSF Major CYTokine of neutrophils
Stem cell pool, proliferation/mitotic pool, 3 pools of leukcoytes
maturation^storage pool
HSCs Cell present in stem cell pool
CMP to myelocytes Cell present in proliferation/mitotic pool
Metamyelocyte, bands, mature neutrophils 3 cells present in maturation/storage pool
Myeloblaats It is the first recognizable development stage in the
neutrophils
3 typed How many myeoblasts type we have that hard
tondifferentiste
Promyelocyte Leukocyte maturation stage that has nucleu sround to
oval and is often eccentric
Promyelocyte Leukoxyte maturation stage that has paranuclear halo
or hof that is usually seen in normal thiis.
Promyelocyte Hiw many nuclei promyelocyte has with a diffusely
basophilic cytoplasm
Myelocyte It is the final stage of leukocyte maturation series which
mitosis occurs
Dawn of neutriphilia Myelocytebis redfered to as what
Metamyelocyte It is the leukocyte maturation series that constitute 3%
to 20% of nucleated marrow cells and the most
abundat cell in BM
Band cell Type of leukocyte maturation stage where nuclear
indentation ezceeds ½ the diameter of nucleus
2-5 Howw many lobes neutrophils has? Thar conencted by
threadlike filaments
Circulating pool, marginal pool In PB, neutrophils are divided among what 2?
7 hrs Half life of neutrophils
Integrin and spectrin 2 proteins that are significant importance in allowing
neutrophils to marginate as well as exit the blood and
tenter tissues via diapedesis
Phagocytosis Major function of neutrophils
Recognitikn and attachment 4 steps of phagocytosis
Ingestion
Killing and digestion
Formations of NETS
IL-3, IL-5 , GM-CSF 3 cytikines of eosiniohils
IL-5 Most critical cytokine of eosinophils
Myelocyte Eosinoohils has same stages as what?
Bilobed Lobes of mature eosinophils
Eosinophils It is a wbc that contains characteristic refractile, orange
red secondary granules
18 hrs Half life of eosinophils
Eosinophils It is a wbc that play important roles in immune
regulation
Eosinophils It is an wbc that capable of acting as antigen presenting
cells and promoting the proliferation of effector cells
Eosinophils It is the wbc that regulates mast cell function. Through
MBP the release of what?
Eosinophils It is the wbc that increased in infection by parasitic
helminthes and to destroy these is capable of secretion
of major basic protein and eosinophilic cationi cprotein
as well as production of reactive oxygen sepcies
Eosinophils It is an wbc that is hallmark of allergic disorders
Basiphils It is the least numerous wbc of all
Basophils Granules of this wbc are water soluble and therefore
may be dissolved
60 hrs Lifespan of basophils
Basophils It is the wbc thst had IgE receptors that can cause
degranulation
Basophils It iis an wbc capable of releasing large quantities of
subtype 2 helper t cell cytokines
Basophils It is a wbc that is initiators of the allergic inflammation
Mast cell It is the effector od IgE mediated chronic allergic
inflammation
Mast cells It is a precursors circulate in peripheral blood for a
bried period on their way and not considered to be
leukocytes
Bone marrow and spleen Masr cell progenitors originate from what 2?
M-CSF Major cytokine of macrophage and monocyte
Monoblasts, promonocytes, monocytes 3 morphologic stages of monocytes
Monocytes It is an wbc that has nucleus kidney shaped and also be
deeply indentee (horshoe shaped) or folded on itself
Blue gray Color of cytoplasm of monocytes
Azure dust/ ground glass appearance Fine azure granules of monocytes are referred as what?
Classical, intermediate, non classical monocytes 3 subsets of human monocytes
4 monocytes 1 promonocytesbcan produced how many monocytes
16 In increased need. 1 promonocytes produces how many
monocytes?
Maeginal and circulating Monocytes can be found in the peripheral blood what 2
pool?
Type A cell Macrophage of synovial
Dendritic cells Macropahge of lymph nodes
Monocytes/macrophages 2 wbcs that can be subdivded into innate immunity,
adaptive immunity and housekeeping functions
T cells, B cells, NK cell 3 types of lymphocytes
T and B cell 2 types ofnlymphcoytes responsible for adaptive
immunity
NK cell 1 type of lymphcoyte responsible for Innate immunity
Adaptive imunity Type of immunity that relies on an enormous number
of distinct lymphocytes
Adaptive immunity Type of immunity where self antigens are ignored and
has self tolerance
Antibodies, B cells 2 responsible for humoral immunity
Cells directly, T and Nk cell 3 responssible for cellular immunity
Resting cells Lymphocytes are not end cells. They are whhat?
True True or false. Lymphcoytes recirculate from the blood
to the tissues and back to the blood
Antigen independent phase Both B and T cells can be subdivided into what phase
Antiigen dependent phase
 BM/Thymus 2 orfan that classified as antigen indpenedent phase
Secondary/lymphoid organs Organs clasfied as antigen dependent phase
Hematogones Immature B cells are also known as what ?
Effector B cells It iis an antibkdy producing cells known as plasma cells
and plasmacytoid lymphcoytes
CD16, 56, 32, 71 4 CD’s of NK cells
B lymphocytes It is a lymphcoyte responsible for anti kdy production
and antigen presentation to T cells
B lymphcoytes It is a lymphocyte that may be necessary for optimal
CD4 activation
TH1, Th2, Th17 and t reg CD4 effector lymphcoytes are further subdivided into
4?
CD4, CD25 t reg 2 types of T regulatory cells
NK lymphocyt It is a lymphcoyte that is part of innate immunity and
are capable of killing ceetain. Tumor cells and virus
infected cells without prior snesitization

----------END-------- -SOURCE: VLADIMIR NOTES (ENHANCED HEMATOLOGY) BY JAY GABRIEL DIESTO, RMT