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4/03/10
7-1)
D N2 0.4 1
a ) Vo Vs 36 12 V .
1 D N1 0.6 2
Vo2 122
b) I Lm 1.67 A.
Vs DR 36(0.4)(6)
Vs D 36(0.4)
iLm 1.44 A.
Lm f 100(10) 6 (100, 000)
iLm
I Lm ,max I Lm 2.39 A.
2
i
I Lm ,min I Lm Lm 0.947 A.
2
VD 12(0.4)
c) Vo o 0.16 V .
RCf 6(50)(10) 6 (100, 000)
Vo 0.16
1.33%
Vo 12
7-2)
D N2 0.6 1
a) Vo Vs 4.5 16.9 V .
1 D N1 0.4 0.4
Vo2 (16.9)2
b) I Lm 7.03 A.
Vs DR 4.5(0.6)(6)
Vs D 4.5(0.6)
iLm 1.08 A.
Lm f 10(10) 6 (250, 000)
iLm
I Lm ,max I Lm 7.57 A.
2
i
I Lm ,min I Lm Lm 6.49 A.
2
D (0.6)
c) Vo 1.6%
RCf 15(10)(10)6 (250, 000)
7-3)
D N2 N 2 Vo 1 D 3 1 .32
a) Vo Vs 0.145
1 D N1 N1 Vs D 44 .32
N
or 1 6.90
N2
Vo2 32
b) I Lm 0.640 A.
Vs DR 44(0.32)(1)
iLm 0.4 I Lm 0.4(0.640) 0.256 A.
Vs D 44(0.32)
Lm 184 H .
iLm f (0.256)(300, 000)
Vo 35
b) I Lx 1.75 A.
R 20
N D .35
iLx Vs 2 Vo [100(1) 35] 6
2.17 A.
N1 Lx f (70)(10) (150, 000)
2.17
I Lx ,max 1.75 2.83 A.
2
2.17
I Lx ,min 1.75 0.67 A.
2
V DT 100(.35)
c) iLm s 0.233 A.
Lm 1(10) 3150, 000
d ) isw I1 iLm i pri
I sw,max I Lx ,max (1/1) I Lm,max 2.83 0.233 3.06 A.
7-8)
N 1
a) Vo Vs D 2 170(0.3) 5.1 V .
N1 10
Vo 1 D 1 0.3
0.175%
Vo 8Lx Cf 2
8(20)(10) 10(10) 6 (500, 000) 2
6
b)
The currents in the converter are shown below. The winding currents are for the windings
in the ideal transformer model, not the physical windings. The physical primary winding
current is the sum of winding #1 and Lm currents.
Vs DT 170(0.3)
c) iLm 0.3 A.
Lm 340(10)6 500, 000
1 1
Peak energy in Lm : Wmax Lm iLm (340)(10) 6 (0.3) 2 15.3 J
2
2 2
W
P Wf 15.3(10) 6 (500, 000) 7.65 W .
T
7-9)
N N V 50
a ) Vo Vs D 2 D 2 o 0.625
N1 N1 Vs 80
N
If 3 1, then D 0.5
N1
N 2 0.625 N
Let D 0.3, then 2.08 or 1 0.48 (not unique)
N1 0.3 N2
Vo2 502 V 50
R 10 ; I Lx o 5 A.
P 250 R 10
V (1 D) 50(1 .3)
iLx o 3.5 A.
Lf 100(10) 6100, 000
3.5
I Lx ,min 5 3.25 A. 0 continuous current
2
Vo 1 D 1 0.3
b) 0.058%
Vo 8 Lx Cf 2
8(100)(10) 150(10) 6 (100, 000) 2
6
7-10)
N 1
a) Vo Vs D 2 100(0.25) 5 V .
N1 5
using Lx 20 H ,
Vo 1 D 1 0.25
0.33%
Vo 8Lx Cf 2
8(20)(10) 10(10) 6 (375, 000) 2
6
b)
The currents in the converter are shown below. The winding currents are for the windings
in the ideal transformer model, not the physical windings. The physical primary winding
current is the sum of winding #1 and Lm currents.
Vs DT 100(0.25)
c) iLm 0.20 A.
Lm 333(10) 6 375, 000
1 1
Lm iLm (333)(10) 6 (0.2) 2 6.66 J
2
Peak energy in Lm : Wmax
2 2
W
P Wf 6.66(10) 6 (375, 000) 2.5 W .
T
7-11)
N N V D 125(0.3)
a) Vo Vs D 2 1 s 0.75
N1 N 2 Vo 50
V 50
b) I Lx o 2 A.; I Lx ,min (0.4)(2) 0.8 A.; iLx 2(2 0.8) 2.4 A.
R 25
V (1 D)T V (1 D)T 50(1 0.3)
iLx o Lx o 58.3 H .
Lx iLx 2.4(250, 000)
Vo 1 D 1 D 1 0.3
c) C 6
4.8 F .
Vo 8Lx Cf 2 Vo 2 8(58.3)(10) (0.005)(250, 000) 2
8Lx f
Vo
7-12)
N1
Let 1, then D 0.5
N3
Let D 0.35, then
N1 Vs D (170)(.35)
1.2396
N2 Vo 48
N1
Rounding , let 1.25
N2
Vo N1 48
Then D (1.25) 0.353
Vs N 2 170
Let f 200 kHz , and design for iLx 40% of I Lx
Vo (1 D) 48(1 0.353)
Lx 124 H
0.4 I Lx f 0.4(3.125)200, 000
Po 150
where I Lx I o 3.125 A.
Vo 48
Alternatively, solving for the minimum Lx for continuous current ,
iLx Vo Vo (1 D)
I Lx ,min 0 I Lx
2 R 2 Lx f
(1 D) R (1 0.353)(15.36)
Lx ,min 24.9 H
2f 2(200, 000)
Vo2 482
where R 15.36
Po 150
Lx must be greater than 24.9 H with margin, (e.g ., 25% greater )
making Lx 31 H
Using Lx 124 H ,
1 D 1 0.353
C 1.63 F
Vo 2 8(124)(10) 6 (0.01)(200, 000) 2
8 Lx f
Vo
7-13)
150 Vs 175 V .
Vo 30 V .
20 Po 50 W 0.667 I o 1.667 A.
Example design :
N1
Let 1, then D 0.5
N3
Let D 0.3 for Vs 150 V .
N1 Vs D (150)(0.3)
Then 1.5
N2 Vo 30
Vo N1 30
For Vs 175 V ., D (1.5) 0.35
Vs N 2 175
0.3 D 0.35,
which is an acceptable range of D. Other choices are possible.
Using the design criterion of iLx 40% of I Lx ,
Vo (1 D)
Lx
0.4 I Lx f
The worst case is for the smallest D and the smallest I Lx .
Letting f 250 kHz (arbitrary ),
30(1 0.3)
Lx 315 H
0.4(0.667)(250, 000)
1 D 1 0.3
C 6
2.22 F
Vo 2 8(315)(10) (0.002)(250, 000) 2
8 Lx f
Vo
7-14)
The current in the physical primary winding is the sum of iL1 and iLm in the model. The physical
currents in windings 2 and 3 are the same as in the model.
7-15)
N
a) Vo 2Vs s D 2(50)(0.5)(0.35) 17.5 V .
N
p
V 17.5
b) I Lx o 2.19 V .
R 8
V 17.5
iLx o (0.5 D)T (0.5 0.35)150, 000 0.29 A.
Lx 60(10) 6
iLx 0.29
I Lx ,max I Lx 2.19 2.33 A.
2 2
i 0.29
I Lx ,min I Lx Lx 2.19 2.04 A.
2 2
Vo 1 2D 1 2(0.35)
c) 0.018%
Vo 32 Lx Cf 2
32(60)(10) 6 39(10) 6 (150, 000) 2
7-16)
7-17)
diLm
Sw1 closed : vP1 Vs 50 vLm Lm
dt
diLm VLm 50
3
25(10)3 A / s
dt Lm 2(10)
0.35
For DT 2.33 s iLm 25(10)3 2.33(10) 6 58.3 mA.
150, 000
Sw2 closed : vP 2 Vs , VP1 Vs
diLm
25(10)3 A / s
dt
diLm
Both switches open : VP1 0 0
dt
7-18) The input voltage vx to the filter is Vs(Ns / Np) when either switch is on, and vx is zero when both
switches are off. (See Fig. 7-8.) The voltage across Lx is therefore
N
vLx Vs s 0 t DT
N
p
Vo DT t T / 2
N T 1
VLx Vs s DT Vo DT 0
N p 2
T / 2
N
Vo 2Vs s D
N
p
7-19)
Vs N s 24 1
Vo 17.1 V .
2(1 D) N p 2(1 0.65) 2
Vo2 17.12
I Lx 1.22 A.
Vs R 24(10)
Np
VSw,max 2Vs 2(24)(2) 96 V .
Ns
7-20)
Vs N s V N p / N s 50
Vo o
2(1 D) N p
Vs 2(1 D) 30
Let D 0.7 ( D 0.5)
N s 50
(2)(1 0.7) 1.0
N p 30
Vo2 502 Vo2 502
R 62.5; I Lx 1.33 A.
Po 40 Vs R 30(62.5)
7-21)
Ps Po
Vs I Lx Vo I o
N 2(1 D)T
I x I o I Lx p
Ns T
Np
Vs I Lx Vo I Lx 2(1 D )
Nd
N 1
Vo Vs S
N
p 2(1 D)
7-22)
The simulation is run using a Transient Analysis with a restricted time of 3 to 3.02 ms,
representing two periods of steady-state operation. The steady-state output voltage has an average
value of approximately 30 V and peak-to-peak ripple of approximately 600 mV, ignoring the
negative spike. The average transformer primary and secondary currents are 912 mA and 83.5
mA, respectively. The output voltage is lower than the predicted value of 36 V because of the
nonideal switch and diode, mostly from the switch. The output voltage ripple is 2%, matching the
predicted value. The converter would operate much better with a switch that has a lower on
resistance.
30.5V
Output voltage
(3.0041m,30.295)
(3.0200m,30.057)
30.0V
(3.0141m,29.697)
29.5V
3.000ms 3.004ms 3.008ms 3.012ms 3.016ms 3.020ms
V(Output) AVG(V(Output))
Time
4.0A
Primary current
2.0A (3.0200m,912.072m)
0A
I(TX1:1) AVG(I(TX1:1))
200mA
0A
(3.0200m,83.489m)
Secondary current
SEL>>
-200mA
3.000ms 3.005ms 3.010ms 3.015ms 3.020ms
I(TX1:3) AVG(I(TX1:3))
Time
7-23)
Using a nonideal switch and diode produces lower values for the currents. For iLx, the maximum,
minimum, and average values in PSpice are 1.446 A, 0.900 A, and 1.17 A, compared to 1.56 A,
1.01 A, and 1.28 A, respectively. However, the peak-to-peak variation in iLx in PSpice matches
that of the ideal circuit (0.55 A).
2.0A
(3.6286m,900.720m)
(3.6114m,1.4463)
SEL>>
0A
I(Lx)
2.0A
0A (3.6114m,1.5068)
(3.6287m,603.330m)
-2.0A
I(L1)
2.0A
0A (3.6114m,1.4463)
(3.6287m,903.647m)
-2.0A
-I(L2)
1.0A
0A (3.6115m,539.288m)
-1.0A
3.60ms 3.61ms 3.62ms 3.63ms 3.64ms 3.65ms 3.66ms
I(L3)
Time
7-24)
Design for θco= -210° and a gain of 20 dB for a cross over frequency of 12 kHz.
From Eq. 7 85, K 3.73 : co 2 12000 75400 radis
co75400
z 20200 rad / s
K 3.73
R
For gain 20 dB, 2 10
R1
Let R1 1 k , R2 10 k
1 1
C1 4.95 nF ; C2 355 pF
R2 z p R2
7-25)
comp 45 (105) 150
comp 150
K tan tan 3.73
2 2
Gain 15 dB 9.5 dB 24.5 dB
G 1024.5/20 16.8
R2
16.8
R1
Let R1 1 k and R2 16.8 k
K 3.73
C1 7.07 nF
2 f co R2 2 (5000)(16,800)
1 1
C2 508 pF
K 2 f co R2 3.73(2 5000)(16,800)
7-26)
Using Vs = 6 V as in Example 7-8, the frequency response of the open-loop system shows that
the crossover frequency is approximately 16.8 kHz. The phase angle at the crossover frequency is
17°, which is much less than the desired value of at least 45°. Therefore, the system does not have
the desired degree of stability.
120
Phase
80
Magnitude (dB)
40
(16.814K,16.866)
(16.814K,48.439m)
0
-40
10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz
DB(V(error)) P(V(error))
Frequency
7-27)
Phase (10.000K,-2.5181)
-0
-40
-80 (10.000K,-102.646)
-120
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz
DB(V(Output)) P(V(Output))
Frequency
b) With Vp = 3, the gain of the PWM function is 20log10(1/3) = -9.54 dB. The required
gain of the compensated error amplifier is then 2.5 + 9.54 = 12.06 dB, corresponding to a
gain magnitude of 4.0. The phase angle of the compensated error amplifier at the
crossover frequency to give a phase margin of 45° is
comp 148
K tan tan 3.49
2 2
K 3.49
C1 13.8 nF
2 f co R2 2 (10,000)(4000)
1 1
C2 1.14 nF
K 2 f co R2 (3.49)2 (10,000)(4000)
c) Referring to Example 7-9, the PSpice simulation results are shown indicating a stable
control system. The switching frequency was not specified, and 50 kHz was used here.
Use initial conditions for the capacitor voltage at 8 V and the inductor current at 2 A.
10
Output voltage
Inductor current
step change
0
0s 0.5ms 1.0ms 1.5ms 2.0ms 2.5ms 3.0ms
V(OUTPUT) I(L1)
Time
7-28)
a) The gain at 8 kHz is approximately -2.44 dB, and the phase angle is -100°.
40
Magnitude
(8.0358K,-2.4358)
Phase
-0
-40
-80 (8.0358K,-100.156)
-120
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz
DB(V(Output)) P(V(Output))
Frequency
b) This design is for fco = 8 kHz. With Vp = 3, the gain of the PWM function is 20log10(1/3) = -
9.54 dB. The required gain of the compensated error amplifier is then 2.44 + 9.54 = 11.98 dB,
corresponding to a gain magnitude of 3.97. The phase angle of the compensated error amplifier at
the crossover frequency to give a phase margin of 45° is
comp 145
K tan tan 3.17
2 2
K 3.17
C1 15.9 nF
2 f co R2 2 (8000)(3970)
1 1
C2 1.58 nF
K 2 f co R2 (3.17)2 (8000)(3970)
c) Referring to Example 7-9, the PSpice simulation results are shown indicating a stable
control system. The switching frequency was not specified, and 50 kHz was used here.
Use initial conditions for the capacitor voltage at 8 V and the inductor current at 1.6 A.
10
Output voltage
Inductor current
step change
0
0s 0.5ms 1.0ms 1.5ms 2.0ms 2.5ms 3.0ms
I(L1) V(Output)
Time
If designing for fco = 10 kHz, the gain of the converter is -4.38 dB, and θco = -98°. R1 =
1k, R2 = 4.97k, C1 = 9.58 nF, and C2 = 1.07 nF.
7-29)
2
90 195 90
2
7-31)
Using Vs 20 V ,
gain at 10 kHz 9.16 dB co 133
1
gain of pwm 20 log10 9.54 dB
3
Total gain 9.16 9.54 18.7 dB
18.7
G 10 20 8.61
comp 45 (133) 178
Using equations 7 - 104 and 7 - 112,
K = 5.55
Let R1 1 k , R2 5.55 k
C1 10.3 nF
C2 1.85 nF
C3 37.5 nF
R3 180
100
Magnitude
(10.000K,-9.1569)
0 Phase
(10.000K,-133.095)
-100
-200
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz
DB(V(Output)) P(V(Output))
Frequency