MODULE

Lecturing module
ENGLISH FOR
ENGINEERING II

Module 2
DRAWING AND DESIGN

Faculty Department Meeting Code Prepared by

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL F021700002 TRIDATA HANDAYANI, ST, MBA
ENGINEERING ENGINEERING
02 Downloaded and modified by
RIKKO PUTRA YOULIA, ST., M.Eng.

Abstract Competency
This module discusses about drawing Students are able to understand and
types, scales and views. Reading: explain drawings and designs.
Design Calculations.

DRAWINGS AND DESIGNS

Engineering drawing, most commonly referred to as engineering graphics, is the art of
manipulation of designs of a variety of components, especially those related to engineering.
It primarily consists of sketching the actual component, for example a machine, with its exact
dimensions. The scale of dimensions is suitably adjusted so as to properly fit within the
contours of the drawing sheet.

In some cases, depending in the discipline, there are areas of particular focus, such as in the
case of Structural Engineering. Another consideration is in regards to the units of measure
used; these could be not only Metric or Imperial, but also the way these are noted is
relevant, because it will also reflect the precision of a dimension.

Typically, the purpose of an engineering drawing is to clearly and accurately capture all
geometric features of a product or component so that a manufacturer or engineer can
produce the required item. It may also describe the process of making the item, may be used
to convey engineering ideas during the design process, or may provide a record of an
existing item.

In engineering, drawing is design information. They are produced on computer, using CAD
(Computer Aided Design) systems. Nowadays on Desktop applications for CAD named such
as CATIA, SolidWorks, AutoCAD and so on.

Source: https://www. https://creativecad.com.au/gallery/main/Pelican_Rudder_Dwg_2_1000.htm

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A key factor on a drawing is the scale (the size of items on the drawing in relation to their
real size). When all the items on a drawing are shown relative to their real size, the drawing
is drawn to scale, and can be called a scale drawing. An example of a scale is 1:10 (1 to 10).

Most engineering design consist of a set of drawings (a number of related drawings):

- General Arrangement (GA) drawings show whole devices or strucures, using a small
scale.
- Detail drawings show parts in detail, using a large scale. Small parts are sometimes
shown in detail as actual size, or can be enlarged to bigger than actual size
(example, 2:1)

The three most necessary techniques of drawing/projection are:

1. Orthographic Projection: In this method the object is placed in space in

such a way that the front view of it is captured in the vertical plane, and the top view
of the same, is captured in the horizontal plane. The projections of the object are
perpendicular with the planar screen, and hence, the name 'orthographic'.

2. Perspective Projection: This is a simple technique of drawing an object as

how one views it. The observer's eye position, height, and the distance from the
object, all influence the outcome of the drawing. Two sub-methods are adopted for
this projection technique, namely, Visual Ray Method and Vanishing Point Method.

3. Isometric Projection: This form of projection gives the total detail of the
component under consideration. The basic principle behind isometric projection is
that it involves the consideration of three axes that are inclined to each other making
equal angles (thus the name since iso- means equal) with each other (120 deg). This
is followed by transfer of actual dimensions to the isometric scale involving some
basic trigonometric calculations.

Types of views used on drawing:

 Detail drawings provide a detailed description of the geometric form of a part of an

object such as a building, bridge, tunnel, machine, plant, and so on. They tend to be
large-scale drawings that show in detail parts that may be included in less detail on
general arrangement drawings (General arrangement drawings - GA’s, sometimes

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 referred to as location drawings, present the overall composition of an object such as
a building. Depending on the complexity of the building, this is likely to require a
number of different projections, such as plans, sections and elevations, and may be
spread across several different drawings).
 The term ‘elevation’ refers to an orthographic projection of the exterior (or
sometimes the interior) faces of a building, that is a two-dimensional drawing of the
building’s façades. As buildings are rarely simple rectangular shapes in plan, an
elevation drawing is a first angle projection that shows all parts of the building as
seen from a particular direction with the perspective flattened. Generally, elevations
are produced for four directional views, for example, north, south, east, west.
 A section drawing shows a view of a structure as though it had been sliced in half or
cut along another imaginary plane. This can be useful as it gives a view through the
spaces and surrounding structures (typically across a vertical plane) that can reveal
the relationships between the different parts of the buildings that might not be
apparent on plan drawings.

DESIGN DRAWING

Design drawings are used to develop and communicate ideas about a developing design.

In the early stages (during the tender process) they might simply demonstrate to the client
the ability of a particular design team to undertake the design. They may then be used to:

 Develop and communicating the brief.

 Investigate potential sites and assess options.
 Develop the approved idea into a coherent and co-ordinated design.
 Communicate the developed design to other parties, such as the local planning
authority, the building control body, contractors and suppliers.

 Record the completed construction.

 Record ongoing changes to the completed construction.
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Some of these drawings are not traditionally considered to be ‘design’ drawings, as either
the design proper has not begun, or the design has effectively already been completed.
However, almost all of them will include some element of investigation into, or development
of the design, or they would serve no purpose.

Very broadly, design drawings are categorised as:

 Feasibility studies.
 Options appraisals.
 Concept drawings. Some designers will differentiate between 'concept design' and
'scheme design'. In this case, the 'concept' is the initial design idea, whereas the
'scheme' develops the concept, taking on board more functional and practical
considerations.
 Detailed design (or developed design).
 Technical design.
 Tender drawings.
 Shop drawings, installation drawings and construction drawings.

Design drawings will develop in detail from block and massing drawings and sketches to
very detailed technical drawings describing every component in a way that will enable them
to be constructed and operated.

When developing design drawings, it is important to consider what their purpose is, what
information they are intended to convey and who they are intended to convey it to. This will
determine their format, content, size, scale, and so on.

Typically, a lead designer will be appointed whose role includes integrating different aspects
of the design and their interfaces into the overall design. Amongst other things, this may
involve:

 Ensuring collaborative practices are adopted.

 Coordinating quality control systems.
 Adopting standard methods and procedures.
 Coordinating the preparation and issue of production information to contractors and
suppliers.
 Reviewing designs prepared by contractors and suppliers.

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Different parts of the design team may also have design managers with an enabling and co-
ordinating role.

The preparation of design drawings has be revolutionised by the emergence first of

computer aided design (CAD) and then building information modelling (BIM). BIM allows the
whole project team to collaborate on the development of a single integrated information
model (although at level 2, this model is a ‘federated’ combination of separate models).
However, the principle is the same as for traditional design in that the model will begin by
communicating design intent, and will develop to become a virtual construction model.

In the early stages, it is likely to include massing diagrams or 2D symbols to represent

generic elements of the design, with some critical elements developed in more detail. As the
design progresses, the model will develop and the level of detail will increase, including, first,
objects based on generic representations, and then specific objects with specifications and
method statements attached along with information about space allocation for operation,
access, maintenance, installation, replacement, and so on. Ultimately, it will contain all the
information necessary to allow the objects in the model to be manufactured, installed or
constructed and then operated.

DESIGN OBJECTIVES

A design brief for the proposed product should be drawn up by the project engineer. This
should consist of a detailed list of technical objectives which the design team must work to,
in order to produce a design solution.

Key elements of the brief are:

 Fuction
the product’s intended use, including performance targets
 Constraints
limits on the design
 Comparative targets
how well the products shoould perform, compared with existing models
 Design features
Specific things the new design must have
 Budget
the cost limit that must not be exceeded, in order to make the design cost-effective

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Reading: DESIGN CALCULATIONS

http://mrc.org.ua/engineering-design-and-software

ENGINEERING DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS

Using of additional opportunities of CAD specialized program products – the software

intended for development of drawings, engineering and technological documentation as well
as 3D models. CAD is computer-aided design system to draw in CAE – designing of 3D
solids, CAM – systems of engineering calculations enables our engineers to solve non-
standard tasks of any complexity, is the use of computer software to control machine tools
and related machinery in the manufacturing of workpieces .

Computer-aided design (CAD) is program technologies for designing of 2D and 3D

shape of the objects. It’s widely used in lots of spheres, in particular, animation, automobiles,
shipbuilding, aerospace industry, industrial and architectural design and so forth. CAD is the
main driving force to explore in the field of computational geometry, computer graphics (both
hardware and software) as well as discrete differential geometry.Up-to-date systems of
engineering calculations (CAE) are usually applied along with CAD systems. CAE systems
are the major providers of information to help support design teams in decision making.CAE
areas covered include: Stress analysis on components and assemblies using Finite Element
Analysis; еhermal and fluid flow analysis, сomputational fluid dynamics; multibody dynamics
and kinematics; analysis tools for process simulation for operations, product or process
optimization.

Methods applied for engineering calculations:

 Finite element method. - The basic idea in the finite element method is to find
solution of a complicated problem by replacing it by a simpler one. Since the actual
problem is replaced by a simpler one in finding the solution, it would be possible to
find only an approximate solution rather than the exact solution. Moreover, in the
finite element method, it will often be possible to improve or refine the approximate
solution by spending more computational effort. For the last decades this method is
the leading one and widely applied.
 Finite difference method is a well-known and simplest method of interpolation. It is
used to solve ordinary differential equations that have conditions imposed on the
boundary rather than at the initial point.

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  The finite-volume method is a method for representing and evaluating partial
differential equations in the form of algebraic equations. In the finite volume method,
volume integrals in a partial differential equation that contain a divergence term are
converted to surface integrals, using the divergence theorem. These terms are then
evaluated as fluxes at the surfaces of each finite volume.

The von Mises stress is often used in determining whether an isotropic and ductile metal will
yield when subjected to a complex loading condition. This is accomplished by calculating the
von Mises stress and comparing it to the material's yield stress, which constitutes the von
Mises Yield Criterion.

The objective is to develop a yield criterion for ductile metals that works for any
complex 3-D loading condition, regardless of the mix of normal and shear stresses. The von
Mises stress does this by boiling the complex stress state down into a single scalar number
that is compared to a metal's yield strength, also a single scalar numerical value determined
from a uniaxial tension test (because that's the easiest) on the material in a lab.Hydrostatic
and deviatoric stresses.The hydrostatic stress is related to volume change, while the
deviatoric stress is related to shape change.

Materials Research Centre uses Autodesk Inventor 3D CAD software products, that
offer a comprehensive, flexible set of software for 3D mechanical design, product simulation,
tooling creation, engineer to order, and design communication. Inventor takes engineer
beyond 3D to Digital Prototyping by enabling him to produce an accurate 3D model that can
help to design, visualize, and simulate products before they are built. Digital Prototyping with
Inventor helps companies design better products, reduce development costs, and get to
market faster.

Autodesk Inventor comes in different product configurations that offer specific levels
of functionality to fit every design needs. Inventor is powerful 3D CAD Software for
Mechanical Design. Autodesk Inventor 3D mechanical design software includes CAD
productivity and design communication tools that can help to reduce errors, communicate
more effectively, and deliver more innovative product designs faster. The Inventor model is
an accurate 3D digital prototype that can validate the form, fit, and function of a design and
unites direct modeling and parametric workflows.

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All 3D models can be divided into two categories:

 Solid - These models define the volume of the object they represent, they are mostly
used for nonvisual simulations such as medical and engineering simulations, for CAD
and specialized visual applications
 Shell/boundary - these models represent the surface, the boundary of the object, not
its volume

Materials Research Centre is actively supporting using of CAD with open source code for
multifunctional operation environment GNU/Linux assembled under the model of free and
open source software. In order to develop engineering documentation (2D and 3D design
drawings) co-workers of the Materials Research Centre’s Design Department use
specialized software on the basis of multifunctional operation environment GNU/Linux. It is
used as operation system of the most powerful supercomputers all over the world (servers,
computers of non-standard architecture due to the opportunity of OS kernel quick adaptation
and varieties of the software, military systems, computers mounted in various devices due to
wide range of opportunities on Linux configuring with a task being performed.

Freeware is being actively used for design and engineering calculation. It’s a wide
range of software with right of the user for unlimited installation, launching as well as easy
use, study, distribution, changing (upgrading) and open-source software. This is the software
with open-source code, available for browsing, study and upgrading which requires
additional qualification but allows to update the most open program, as well as to use code
for creating new programs, updating and correction of mistakes.

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REFERENCES

https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Introduction_to_engineering_drawings

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki

http://mrc.org.ua/engineering-design-and-software

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