PORTFOLIO

IN

HISTOLOGY LABORATORY

SUBMITTED TO:

TOM ANTHONY A. TONGUIA, RMT

INSTRUCTOR

SUBMITTED BY:

EUFA ABRYLL R. CLARO

MLS 2A
 WEEK TOPIC

1 Endocrine Glands

2 Digestive System

INTRODUCTION
Endocrine glands are composed of organs from different systems. They differ from
exocrine gland because endocrine glands have ducts while exocrine glands don’t have ducts.
Endocrine glands secretes hormones important for the activities of the organs of our body.

Digestive system which is very important in making or body grow, is responsible for the
absorption of nutrients and elimination of unabsorbed foods. Without digestive system our
organs won’t function well due to lack of nutrients they needed. In digestion of food, proteins
called enzymes are needed. More information are discussed in the reflection.

OBJECTIVES
 To be able to know what glands comprises the endocrine glands
 To be able to understand the function of endocrine gland
 To be able to understand how endocrine cells are associated with diabetes mellitus
 To be able to understand digestive system and organs comprising it, and
 To be able to know how enzymes are related to digestion

READING ASSIGNMENT TOPICS

 TABULATED SCORES OF THE ASSESSMENTS

ASSESSMENT NO. SCORE

Reading Assignment Topic: Endocrine Glands

Endocrine glands secretes chemical messenger called hormones, which plays different
roles in organ’s functions. Major endocrine glands include pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid
gland, and adrenal glands. Organs containing endocrine cells includes hypothalamus, skin,
thymus, liver, stomach, pancreas, etc.

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland works together to regulate organ functions. The
pituitary gland or hypophysis, located in the base of the brain, is composed of an
adenohypophysis (anterior lobe) and neurohypophysis (posterior lobe) attached to the
hypothalamus. By the regulation of hypothalamic factors, anterior pituitary releases hormones
that controls the activities of the target organs.

And example of hormones released by anterior pituitary includes adrenocorticotropic

hormone (ACTH) which reacts with yellowish outer adrenal cortex of adrenal gland which
stimulates the production of corticosteroids. Degeneration of any layer of adrenal cortex with
loss of androgen production and glucocorticoids is a disease called Addison disease or adrenal
cortical insufficiency. Another example is thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) that stimulates
the production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland. Endocrine cells in pancreas are called
pancreatic islets also known as islets of Langerhans. Diabetes mellitus is a disease associated
with either the resistance or insufficient production of insulin by the β cells.

Reading Assignment Topic: Digestive System

Digestive system is consists of digestive tract including oral cavity, esophagus, stomach,
small and large intestines, and anus; and associated glands like salivary glands, liver, and
pancreas. Digestive system is important in the absorption of nutrients from the food we take
needed by our body for growth and maintenance. It is also called as gastrointestinal tract or
alimentary canal.

The wall of the best throw intestinal tract is consists of mucosa, submucosa, muscularis,
and serosa. Oral cavity is lined with stratified squamous epithelium either keratinized or non-
keratinized. The mucosa of esophagus has a non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and
its submucosa is composed of esophageal glands. The stomach has four major regions called
cardia, fundus, corpus, and pylorus. The small intestine where nutrients are absorbed by the cells
has three segments called duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
 In order for our body organs to receive nutrients, digestion is important and enzymes are
needed. Enzymes are proteins that catabolize or breaks down proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
in humans for vital processes, energy, and energy storage, respectively. They also help build
muscles and fight against toxins in our body. Examples of enzyme includes amylase that breaks
down starch and carbohydrates into glucose; and protease that breaks down proteins into amino
acids.

CONCLUSION

Endocrine glands include pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, and adrenal glands.
While, organs like hypothalamus, skin, thymus, liver, stomach, and pancreas have endocrine
cells. With hypothalamus and pituitary gland working together, organ activities are regulated.
Hypothalamus releases factors that stimulating anterior pituitary gland to produce hormones
targeting specific organs. These hormones then regulate the activity and production of other
substances by the specific organ.

Disease associated with endocrine cells include diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is a
disease wherein there is either insulin production insufficiency or insulin resistance of the organ.
Insulin are made by the β cells of pancreas.

Digestive system also called as gastrointestinal tract is composed of digestive tract—oral

cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and anus; and associated glands like salivary glands,
liver, and pancreas. It is important in our body’s growth and maintenance by obtaining or
absorbing molecules from the food we took.

In the process of absorption, molecules from the food are broken down. The unabsorbed
food are eliminated through defecation. In breaking down of molecules the proteins needed are
called enzyme. Amylase is an example of enzyme which catabolizes carbohydrates and starches
into sugar or glucose for energy. There are many enzymes we have in our body with their
specific functions.