PLANE GEOMETRY

POLYGONS AND THEIR PROPERTIES

Polygons – it is a closed space bounded by lines.
Regular polygon – a polygon with all sides and angles are equal; both equilateral and equiangular.
Equilateral polygon – is one in which all the sides are equal.
Equiangular – is one in which all the angles are equal.
N-gon – is a regular polygon with n sides (any number of sides).

REGULAR POLYGON – is a polygon that is both equilateral and equiangular. Always analyze it in connection with a circumscribing
circle.

PROPERTIES OF A REGULAR POLYGON

(1) Apothem – is the perpendicular line drawn from the center of the inscribed circle to any one of the sides.
(2) Central angle – is the angle whose vertex is the center of the circle and whose sides are radii.
(3) Exterior angle – is an angle formed by the prolongation of one side and the adjacent side of the polygon.
(4) Perimeter – is the sum of the sides of the polygon.

REGULAR POLYGONS

POLYGON NO. OF SIDES POLYGON NO. OF SIDES

Triangle/Trigon 3 Tridecagon 13
Quadrilateral/Tetragon 4 Quadridecagon 14
Pentagon 5 Quindecagon/Pentadecagon 15 Parts of regular n-sided polygon
Hexagon 6 Hexadecagon 16 each of length “a”
Heptagon/Septagon 7 Septadecagon 17
Octagon 8 Octadecagon 18 (1) Apothem:
Nonagon/Enneagon 9 Nonadecagon 19 θc (6)
Decagon 10 Icosagon 20 h=rcos
2
Undecagon/Monodecagon 11 Chiliagon 1000 Perimeter
Dodecagon/Bidecagon 12 Perigon ∞ P=n(a)

n(n−3)
(2) Central angle: θc =θ e (7) Number of diagonals D=
2

360
(3) Exterior angle: θe = =180−θi (8) Sum of exterior angles S θe =360
n

θc
(4) Side: a=2 rsin (9) Sum of interior angles Sθi=(n−2)(180)
2

180( n−2)
(5) Interior angle: θi =
n

Regular n-sided polygon and circle relations

180
n ( a2 ) cot ⁡( )
(1) Polygon only with each side measuring “a” length: n P=n(a)
A=
4

360
n ( r 2 ) sin ⁡( )
(2) Polygon inscribed in a circle with a radius r: n
A=
2
180
P=2 n(r)sin ⁡( )
n

(3) Polygon circumscribed a circle of radius r: A=n ( r 2 ) tan ( 1802 ) P=2 n( r) tan ⁡(
180
n
)

Polygram or Polyalpha (n-pointed star) ∑ interior angles=180(n−4)

( n−4)(180)
Regular Polygram ∑ interior angles= n
Circles and their properties
ENGR. FCNV
(1) Circle – is a plane closed curve, all points of which are at the same distance from point within, called the center.
(2) Radius – is a line drawn from the center to the circle.
(3) Diameter – is a line drawn through the center terminating at both ends on the circle.
(4) Arc – is a part of a circle.
(5) Chord – is a line joining two points on a circle.
(6) Secant – is an indefinite line intersecting the circle in two points.
(7) Tangent – is an indefinite line touching a circle at only one point.
(9) Segment (of a circle) – is the portion or area enclosed between two chord and arcs.
(10) Sector (of a circle) – is the portion or area of a circle enclosed between two radii and an arc.
(11) Central angle – is an angle whose vertex is the center of the circle and whose sides are radii.
(12) Inscribed angle (of a circle) – is an angle whose vertex is a point on the circle, and whose sides are chords.
Note: A circle is inscribed in a polygon when the sides of the polygon are tangent to it.
A circle is circumscribed about a polygon when it passes through the vertices of the polygon.
A circle is escribed outside a triangle if it is tangent to one side and the other two sides prolonged.

Properties of a circle:
π d2 2
(1) Area: A= =πr
4
(2) Circumference: C=2 πr
sector segment
r 2 θr rs
(3) Sector of a circle: A= =
2 2

(4) Segment of a circle A=A sector −A triangle

Where: d=diameter r =raduis

s=lengthof arc θr =angle ∈radians

Theorems about circles:

(1) Peripheral Angle Theorem
A peripheral angle (also known as inscribed angle) is an angle opposite an arc of a circle whose vertex lies on the periphery
(perimeter or circumference) of the circle.
θ=2 β
(2) Tangent-Secant Theorem
Tangent line – is a line intersecting a circle at only one point. That point is known as the point of tangency.
Secant line – is a line intersecting a circle at two points.
θ2−θ1
( TA ) ( TA )= ( BA )( CA ) =( DA )( EA) α=
2
(3) Cross-Chord Theorem
Chord (of a circle) – is a segment whose end points lie on the periphery or circumference of the circle.
θ2 +θ1
( BA ) ( CA )=( DA)(EA) α=
2

(1) (2) (3)

Tangent circles
When solving problem involving two or more circles, always begin by defining the center to center distance.

Case 1: Two circles tangent externally: Center to center distance ¿ R+r

Case 2: Two circles tangent internally: Center to center distance ¿ R−r

(1) (2)

ENGR. FCNV
Areas and perimeter of common polygons (Non-regular Polygons)

(1) Triangle – is a polygon having three sides.

Area of triangle:
bh
(a) Given base and height: A=
2

ab
(b) Given two sides and the included angle: A= sinθ
2

(c) Given three side (use Heron’s Formula): A=√ s (s−a)( s−b)( s−c)

a+ b+c
s=
2

2
(d) Altitude of side b: h b= √ s ( s−a)(s−b)( s−c )
b

1
(e) Median to side c: M c= √ 2 a2 +2 b2 −c 2
2

2 |( s−c)|
(f) Length of bisector of angle C: Lbi=
a+b √2

(g) Perimeter of triangle: P=a+b+ c

(2) Triangle – circle relations

Area of triangle with a circle:

(a) Circumscribing circle about a triangle (circumcircle):
abc abc
AT = r=
4r 4 √ s (s−a)(s−b)(s−c)
(b) Inscribed circle in a triangle (incircle):
1
AT =rs r= √ s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c)
s
(c) Triangle with an escribed circle (excircle):
AT =r a (s−a) AT =r b (s−b) AT =r c ( s−c)
2 2
A 1 b1 h l 2
(d) Similarity of triangle: =
A 2 b2 ( ) ( ) ()
= 1 = 1
h2 l2

(3) Rectangle – is a parallelogram whose angles are right angles.

A=a(b) P=2 a+ 2b=2(a+ b)

(4) Square – is a rectangle with equal sides.

ENGR. FCNV
 A=a2 P=4 a

(5) Parallelogram – is a quadrilateral with its opposite sides of which are parallel.

D1 D2 sinβ
A=bh=absinα A=
2
(6) Rhombus – is a parallelogram with equal sides and oblique angles.

D1 D2
A=ah A=
2

(7) Trapezoid – is a quadrilateral two and only two sides of which are parallel

h ( a+ b ) B2−b 2
A= =mh A=
2 2( cotθ+ cotδ)

(8) Quadrilateral (Trapezium) – is a polygon with four sides.

(a) Length of diagonals and the angle between them given:
d1 d 2 sinβ
A=
2
(b) Length of four sides and opposite angles shown:
(absinα +cdsinδ )
A=
2

(c) Given four sides and sum of opposite angles, θ :

a+ b+c +d A+C B+ D
A=√ ( s−a )( s−b ) ( s−c ) ( s−d ) −abcd cos2 θ s= θ= =
2 2 2
(d) Perimeter:
P=a+b+ c+ d
(9) Quadrilateral – Circle Relations

(a) Cyclic quadrilateral (Quadrilateral inscribed in a circle):

 Area: Brahmagupta’s Formula (applicable to cyclic quadrilaterals only
A=√ (s−a)(s−b)(s−c )( s−d )

 Radius of the circumscribing circle:

(ab+cd )(ac +bd )(ad+ bc)
r =√
4A

 Ptolemy’s Theorem:
d 1 d 2=ac +bd

 A+C=180 , B+ D=180
(b) Quadrilateral circumscribing a circle:
 Area:
A=√ abcd

 Radius of inscribed circle:

A
r=
s
Areas of other regular figures
(1) Spandrel (2° ) and (n° ):

(1) (2) ENGR. FCNV

 bh bh
A= A=
3 n+ 1
(2) Ellipse:
a2 +b 2
A=πab P=2 π
√ 2
(3) Parabolic segment:
(3)
2 bh
A=
3
bh
 A parabolic segment is just the complement of a 2° spandrel. For the 2° spandrel A= , thus for the
3
2 bh
parabolic segment A=
3

ENGR. FCNV
Problem:

1. The sum of the interior angles of a polygon of n sides is 1080°. Determine the number of sides.
2. Each angle of a regular dodecagon is _________.
3. Determine the value of each interior angle of a regular hexagon.
4. How many sides has a polygon if the sum of its interior angles equals the sum of its exterior angles?
5. How many diagonals does a pentadecagon have?
6. A road is tangent to a circular lake. Along the road and 12 miles from the point of tangency, another road opens towards the
lake. From the intersection of the two roads to the periphery of the lake, the length of the new road is 11 miles. If the new
road will be prolonged across the lake, find the length of the bridge to be constructed.
7. AOB is a sector of radius 24 cm and has a central angle of 60 degrees. A circle having a radius r is inscribed in the sector.
Compute the radius of the circle.
8. The diameter of a circle is 24 cm. Find the area of a minor segment whose arc has a central angle of 60°.
9. Find the area of the shaded portion.

10.
11. A swimming pool has the form of two intersecting circles of equal radius of 30 m. If the center of the circle lies on the
circumference of the other, compute the perimeter of the swimming pool.
12. Two sides of a triangle measure 8 cm and 12 cm. Find its area if its semi-perimeter is 13 cm.
13. The legs of a right triangle are in the ratio 2:3 and its area is 108 cm2. Find the length of the legs.
14. One side of a triangle is 10 meters long and the opposite angle is 40 degrees. What is the maximum area of the triangle?
15. A point P within an equilateral triangle has a distance 4, 5 and 6 units respectively from the vertices. Determine the length of
the sides of the equilateral triangle.
16. A triangle is formed by connecting the two ends of the diameter of a semi-circle, length c, to a point on the circumference.
Smaller semi-circles are constructed on the two shorter sides with diameters 8 and 6 respectively, so as to form two lunes (the
moon-shaped part inside the smaller semi-circles but outside the larger semi-circle). Find the total area of the two lunes.
17. Find the dimension of a rectangle whose perimeter is 40 cm and whose area is 96 sq.cm.
18. If the length of a side of a square is increased by 200%, its perimeter is increased by how much?
19. A piece of wire is shaped to enclose a square whose area is 169 sq.cm. It is then reshaped to enclosed a rectangle whose
length is 15 cm. Find the area of the rectangle.
20. A trapezoid has an area of 36 m2 and an altitude of 2 m. Its two basses have ratio 4:5. What are the lengths of the bases?
21. One side of a parallelogram is 10 cm and its diagonals are 16 cm and 24 cm, respectively. Determine its area.
22. The area of the rhombus is 132 cm2. If its shorter diagonal is 12 cm, find the length of the longer diagonal.
23. What is the radius of the circle circumscribing an isosceles right triangle having an area of 162 sq.cm.?
24. Find the area of the largest circle that can be cut from a triangle whose sides are 10 cm, 18 cm and 20 cm.
25. One side of a rectangle inscribed in a circle of diameter 17 cm is 8 cm. Find the area of rectangle.
26. A circle having a radius of 4 cm is inscribed in a square section. A smaller circle is also tangent to the two sides of the square
and to the bigger circle, which is inscribed in a square. Compute the radius of the smaller circle.
27. The sides of a cyclic quadrilateral measures 3 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm and 4 cm respectively.
(a) Find the area of the circumscribing circle.
(b) Find the area of the inscribed circle.
28. A quadrilateral ABCD is inscribed in a semi-circle with a side AD coinciding with the diameter of the circle. If sides AB,
BC, and CD are 8 cm, 10 cm, and 12 cm long, respectively. Find the area of the semi-circle.
29. In a circle with a diameter of 10 cm, a regular 5-pointed star touching its circumference is inscribed. What is the area of the
part not covered by the star?
30. In a circle with a diameter of 10 cm, a regular 5-pointed star touching its circumference is inscribed. What is the area of the
part not covered by the star?
31. Find the area of a pentagon whose apothem is 10 cm.
32. A triangle has its two sides 8 m and 22 m. The perimeter may be _________.

ENGR. FCNV
A circle having a radius of 4 cm is inscribed in a square section. A smaller circle is also tangent to the two sides of the square and to
the bigger circle, which is inscribed in a square. Compute the radius of the smaller circle.

CE BOARD NOVEMBER 2015

Points A, B, and P are points on a circle. TA and TB are tangents to the circle with A and B as points of tangency. The angle between
the tangents angle ATB is 50 degrees. Find the angle APB if P is farther from the point T than A and B.

Chord AB and CD intersect each other at O inside the circle. AO is 8 cm, CO is 12 cm, and DO is 20 cm. If AB is the diameter of the
circle, compute the area of OCA.

One side of a rectangle inscribed in a circle of diameter 17 cm is 8 cm. Find the area of rectangle.

A road is tangent to a circular lake. Along the road and 12 miles from the point of tangency, another road opens towards the lake.
From the intersection of the two roads to the periphery of the lake, the length of the new road is 11 miles. If the new road will be
prolonged across the lake, find the length of the bridge to be constructed.

AOB is a sector of radius 24 cm and has a central angle of 60 degrees. A circle having a radius r is inscribed in the sector. Compute
the radius of the circle.

A swimming pool has the form of two intersecting circles of equal radius of 30 m. If the center of the circle lies on the circumference
of the other, compute the perimeter of the swimming pool.

A triangle is formed by connecting the two ends of the diameter of a semi-circle, length c, to a point on the circumference. Smaller
semi-circles are constructed on the two shorter sides with diameters 8 and 6 respectively, so as to form two lunes (the moon-shaped
part inside the smaller semi-circles but outside the larger semi-circle). Find the total area of the two lunes.

ENGR. FCNV