DPABHAA H YDPAJKHEHHJI

DO AHrAHHCKOMY Jl3LIKY:
4-6
rOALI Ol>Y'IEHHJI
4-6 th
YEARS OF STUDIES
 • IlIKOJlhHbIA: PEIIETMTOP •

DPABHAA H YDPAJKJIEBHJI
no ABrAHHCKOMY Jl3LIKY
4-6
roAt-1 06)"1e111U1
4-6th
years ol studies

nop, p8,ll,8KLl,/118M

/11. 0. PO,ll,/llHB

Pocros-Ha-,QoHy
«<J>eHVIKC»
2011
Y)l;K 373.167.1:811.111
BBK 81.2.AHrJI-92
KTK 441
1168

ABTOp-cocTaBnTeJIL H. M. I'uni}Jiuna

Xy,v;omHHK o6nomKu A. B. Ky6anoB

1168 llpaBHJia H ynpamHeHHJI IIO aBrJIRHCKOMY H3hIKy: 4-6 rop;bI

o6yqeHHn / aBT.-cocT. 11. M. l'HH,v;JIHHa; no,v; pe~. H . 0. Po~a. -
POCTOBH/)l;: ll>eHHKc, 2011.-190, [l]c. -(IIlKOJlhHhIH peneTHTOp.)
ISBN 978-5-222-14536-4.
Iloco6ue npe11cTaBJIR:eT c6opRHK ynpamueRHH no rpaMMaTHKe aurJIHH-
cKoro H3LIKa, npeJ1Ha3Ra'!eRBb!X JI.JUI Y'IB.IIIHXCR: 4-6 ro11oe o6yqeHHR:. Ma-
repuan JI.aH B CTIJOl'OM COOTBeTCTBHH c TJ>E!OOB8.HHR:MH IDKOJil>HOH nporpaMMhl.
IIocJie Ka;K)loro npae1rna npHee11eH Pl!JI. ynpamHemm, noaeoJI1110~Hx Ha
npaKTHKe 3aKpenHTb ycBOeHHhle TeopeTH'!eCKHe 3HaHHll. 3aJI,aHIUI K ynpa;K-
HeHHllM OTJIH'laIOTCSI paaHoo6paaHeM, OHH HanpaeJieHLI, IIOMHMO HJ!JUOCTpH-
POBaHHSI npaBHJI I'paMMaTHKll aHI'JIHHCKOI'O .!13LIKa, Ha paCIIIHpeHHe CJIOBap-
HOro aanaca Y'llllllHXC.!I. Ilpru<TH'leCKll B KalKJI.OM ynpamHeHHH npHBO,l(llTCll
06paae11; er o BLIDOJIHeHH.!I.
"Y,ll;K 373.167.1:811.111
BEK 81.2AHrJI-92

© <l>llpMa «POJI.HH
H KOMilaIIH.!lt, 2010
© OOO •<l>eHHKc t ,
ISBN 978-5-222-14536-4 oqmpMJieHHe, 2010
 IIPMJIArATEJibHOE
(THE ADJECTIVE)

CTeneHH cpaBHeHHH npm1araTeJI1>H1>1x

(Degrees of comparisons of adjectives)

B aHrJIHHCKOM H3bIKe, KaK H B pyccKoM, Ka"t!ecT-

BeHHhie npHJiaraTeJibHbie HMeroT TPH cTeneHH
cpaBHeHm=r: noJIOJRHTeJibHYIO (the Positive Degree),
cpaBHHTeJibHYIO (the Comparative Degree) H npe-
aocxo,n;Hyro (the Superlative Degree).

06pa30BRHHe
CTeneHeii: cpaBHeHHH npHJiaraTeJibHbIX

<I>opMa IIOJIOJRHTeJibHOH CTeneHH npHJiaraTeJib-

Horo He HMeeT KaKoro-JIH6o cnen;HaJihHoro oKoH-
l!aHHH: small, big, easy, difficult. <l>opMbI cpaB-
HHTeJihHOH H npeBOCXO,D;HOH CTeneHH MoryT 6hITb
IlpOCTblMH H CJIOJRHbIMH.
IlpOCTbie cpopMbI o6pasyIOTCH OT O,D;HOCJIOJRHbIX
H .n;aycJIOJRHhIX npHJiaraTeJihHbIX. CJIOJRHbie cpopMbI
o6pa3yIOTCH OT MHOrOCJIOJRHbIX npHJiaraTeJibHbIX.
IlpOCTbie <lJopMbl cpaBHHTeJihHOH H npeBOCXO,D;-
HOH cTeneHH o6paayroTCH nyTeM npH6aaJieHHH
cycp<lJHKCOB -er (,D;JIH cpaBHHTeJibHOH CTeneHH)
H -est (,D;JIH npeBOCXO,ll;HOH CTeneHH) K cpopMe
3
IlOJIOiKHTeJibHOH CTeneHn npHJiaraTeJibHOrO. Ilepe.zi;
np1maraTeJILHhIMH B npeBOCXO,ll;HOii CTeneHH CTa-
BHTC.H onpe.n;eJieHHhlii apTHKJlb the.
IlpH o6pa30BaHHH npOCThIX <t>opM cpaBHHTeJIL-
HOii H npeBOCXO,ll;HOii CTeneHH co6JIIO,D;alOTCH
CJie.n;yIOIQHe npaBHJia:
1) B O.ZJ;HOCJIOiKHhIX rrpmraraTeJibH:bIX, OKaHqJIBaIO-
IQHXCH Ha O)J;HH corJiaCHhiii c npe.n;meCTBYIOIQHM
KpaTKHM rJiaCHhlM 3BYKOM, KOHetIHhlii corJiac-
HhlH y.n;BaHBaeTcsr: hot - hotter;
2) ecJIH O,ll;HOCJIOmHhle HJIH ABYCJiomHLie np11-
JiaraTeJI1>H1>re OKaH'tlHBaIOTCH Ha 6yKBY -y c npe.n;-
meCTBYIO~e:B: corJiaCHOH, TO B cpaBHHTeJILHOH
H npeBOCXO.ZJ;HOH CTeneHH OHa MeH.HeTC.H Ha i:
heavy - heavier;
3) K IlpHJiaraTeJILHhIM, OKaffqHBaIO~HMC.H Ha HeMYJO
6y1rny -e, rrp:a6aBJI.HIOTC.H -r, -st: pale - paler.

IloJIO)l<HTHTeJihHan CpaBHTeJihHaSI IIpeBocxo,n;HaSI

cTeneHh cTeneH1> cTeneH1>

cold colder (the) coldest

big bigger (the) biggest
easy easier (the) easiest
large larger (the) largest

CJiomHhle cpopMbI cpaBHHTeJILHhloii :a npeBoc-

xo.n;Hoil CTeneHH o6pa3yIOTC.H nyTeM IIOCTaHOBKH
cJiyJKe6HhIX CJIOB more H (the) most nepe.n; noJio-
m:aTeJII>Hoii cTeneH1>10 npHJiaraTeJILHoro:

beautiful - more beautiful - (the) most beautiful

HeK0Top1:.1e npm1araTeJI1>Hhie o6pa3yroT cTeneHH

cpaBHeHHH He no npaBHJiy:
4
 good - xopomHH:;
better - n~me
(the) best - caMbIH JI~WHH

bad - IIJIOXOH;
worse - xyme (the)
worst - CaMblH IIJIOXOH

little - MaJieHbKHH
less - MeHhme
(the) least - caMDIH MaJieHbKHH

HeKOTOpbie npHJiaraTeJibHbie HMeIOT no ,zi;ee <Pop-

MbI cpaBHHTeJibHOH H npeBOCXO,ll;HOH CTeIIeHH,
KOTOpl>Ie pa3mftiaIOTCH no 3HarrnHHIO:
old - cTapDI:H 1) older - 6onee
CTapbIH, CTapee;
cTapme ("tieM ... )
2) elder - cTapme ( B ce.;nbe)
1) (the) oldest - caMhIH cTapbIH
2) (the) eldest - caMbIH cTapmHH: B ceMLe
far - ,zi;aneKHH
1) farther - 6onee )l;aJibHHH ('AaJieKHii) ( o paccmo-
Hnuu)
2) further -
a) 6onee ,z:i;anhHHH (,z:i;a.n:eKHH) ( o paccmo.Hnuu);
6) ,ll;aJibHeHWKH (no nop.HOKY)
1) (the) farthest - caMhlH 'AaJihHHH (,zi;a.n:eKHli)
2) (the) furthest - caMbIH ,n;aJieKHii

near - 6JIH3RHii; nearer - 6onee 6JIH3RHH

1) (the) nearest - caMbIH 6JIH3KHH, 6JIHmalimH:H
(no nop.HaJCy);
2) (the) next - cne,n;yIOIIJ;HH
5
 late - II03,D;HHii;
1) later - 6oJiee rroa,n;HHM
2) latter - rrocJie,n;m1ii H3 ,n;ayx (no nop.fl.ihcy)
1) (the) latest - caMbIM II03,D;HHH, IIOCJie,D;HHM (no
epeMeHu)
2) (the) last - caMbIM rrocJie,D;HHM (no nop.Rihcy);
IIpOIIIJibIM

IlpH cpaBHeHHH CTeIIeHH KaqeCTBa O,D;HOro

rrpe,n;MeTa co CTerreHbIO KaqecTBa .n;pyroro yIIoTpe6-
JI.fieTCH COI03 than (qeM).

This house is larger than that.

8TOT ,ll;OM 60Jibme, 11eM TOT.
Two heads are better than one.
)],Be I'OJIOBbI Jiyqme, 11eM O,ZJ;Ha.
My flat is more comfortable than your flat.
MOH KBapTHpa y,zi;o6Hee, qeM TBOH.

4 zoiJ 06y"1£enua
~ YnpaarneuHe 1. IIocTaBbTe ,n;aHHhle np1rna-
raTeJILHble B cpaBHMTeJILHYIO CTeneHL no o6paau;y.
06paae14: old - older (than).
1) small - 10) cheap -
2) easy - 11) good -
3) important - 12) bad -
4) difficult - 13) far -
5) long - 14) lazy -
6)heavy - 15) beautiful -
7)sweet - 16) dirty -
8) expensive - 17) noisy -
9)hot -
6
 ~ Ynpaacueuue 2. ,D;orroJIHHTe rrpe,zi;JiomeHHSI ,
yn0Tpe61rn npHJiaraTeJibHble B cpaBHHTeJibHOH CTe-
rreHH.

1. This chair is (comfortable) than that chair.

2. Your apartment is (large) than mine.
3. It's (warm) than it was yesterday.
4. Bob's beard (long) than Steve's.
5. Love is (important) than money.
6. I'm (lazy) my roommate.
7. My mother is (tall) than I am.
8. Iron is (heavy) than wood.

~ Ynpamueuue 3. ,D;orroJIHHTe rrpe,n;JiomeamI,

yrroTpe6HB IIpHJiaraTeJil>Hbie B cpaBHHTeJibHOH CTerreHH.

1. My physics course is (difficult) than my math

course.
2. Her English is (good) than her husband's.
3. The Nile River is (long) than the Missi-
ssippi.
4. A dog is (intelligent) than a chicken.
5. My wife's cooking is (good) than mine.
6. My cooking is (bad) my wife's.
7. This dress is (pretty) than that one.
8. A horse is (strong) than a person.

~ Ynpaacaeuue 4 . .ZJ;orroJIHHTe rrpe,ZJ;JiomeHHH,

ynoTpe6HB np11JiaraTeJI1>H1>1e B cpaBHHTeJILHOH cTe-
rreHH.

1. The weather today is (nice) than it was

yesterday.
2. The weather yesterday was (bad) than it is
today.
7
 3. This story is (funny) than that story.
4. This book is (interesting) than that book.
5. Bill is (smart) than his brother.
6. A movie star is (famous) than I am.

5 zoo o6y-.,,,enua

~ YnpamHeHHe 1. ,D;orroJIHHTe npe,l:\JiomeHH.H,

ynoTpe6HB npm1araTeJibHble B cpaBHHTeJihHOH creneHH.

big, bright, cheap, cold, comfortable, easy,

expensive, fast, high, hot, important, intelligent,
large, small, sweet.
1. An elephant is ...... a mouse.
2. A lemon is sour. An orange is ...... a lemon.
3. Texas is a large state, but Alaska is ......
Texas.
4. A diamond costs a lot of money. A diamond
is ......... a ruby.
5. Hamburger is expensive, but it's ...... steak.
6. An airplane moves quickly. An airplane is ...
... an automobile.
7. A lake is ...... an ocean.
8. A person can think logically. A person is ...
... ... an animal.
9. Hills are low. Mountains are ...... hills.
10. The sun gives off a lot of light. The sun is ...
... the moon.
11. Sometimes my feet hurt when I wear high
heels. Bedroom slippers are ......... shoes
with high heels.
12. Arithmetic isn't difficult. Arithmetic is ..... .
... algebra.
8
13. Good health is ......... money.
14. The weather today is ...... it was yesterday.

~ YnpaatHeHHe 2. Cpa.BHHTe ,z:t;Ba npe,D;MeTa no

06pa3u;y.
06pa3e"flt: An elephant to a mouse - An elephant
is bigger than a mouse.
1) a pear to a plum
2) a river to an ocean
3) good health to money
4) a restaurant to a cafe
5) an airplane to an automobile
6) Moscow to St. Petersburg
7) a person to an animal
8) the sun to the moon
9) a mountain to a hill
10) a novel to a story
11) a child to an adult
12) food in your country to food in t he USA
13) the weather today to the weather yesterday
14) a car to a train

~ Ynpa3tueuae 3. 0TBeTLTe Ha sorrpocbl no o6-

pa3Ii;y.
06pa3eq: Is the red apple sweeter than the green
one? - No, it isn't. The red apple is as sweet as
the green one.
1. Is the man shorter than the woman?
2. Is the record-player on the left more expensive
than the record-player on the right?
3. Is the red pencil blunter than the green one?
4. Is the white handbag newer than the black one?
9
 5. Is the boy taller than the girl?
6. Is the woman on the left smarter than the
woman on the right?
7. Is the actor older than the actress?
8. Is the brown case lighter than the blue one?
9. Is the white knife sharper than the black
one?
10. Is this teacher stricter than that teacher?

~ Ynpa3tHeHHe 4. ,IJ;onoJIHHTe npe,zprnmeHHSI,

ynoTpe6HB np:m1araTeJn.Hble B cpa.BHHTeJibHOH CTeneHR.

1. A highway is (wide) than an alley.

2. The Pacific Ocean is (deep) than the Medi-
terranean Sea.
3. This story is (confusing) than that story.
4. A pig is (fat) than a chicken.
5. A giraffe's neck is (thin) than an elephant's
neck.
6. My English class is (easy) than my history
class.

6 zoiJ o6y-.,,enu.R.

~ Ynpamueuue 1. Yrr0Tpe61ue B npe.zµromeHHs:i:x

np:miaraTeJibHbie B cpaBHHTeJibHOH H npeBOCXO,l:{HOH
cTeneHH older, oldest, elder, eldest.

1. Mr. and Mrs. Baxter have five sons. The ...

son has just married.
2. Tom White is five months ... than Harry
Smith.
3. The younger girl married an engineer. Her ...
sister is still unmarried.
10
 4. Mr. Bell is 102. He is the ... friend I have.
5. There are seven children in the family. The
. . . son is a doctor.

~ Yrrpa:acHeHHe 2. Ilpol:!HTa:ihe ,n;Ha.Jior. Ilepe-

se,n;HTe rro,zi;qepKHYThle cpopMhI rrpmiaraTeJihHhIX. Hc-
IIOJih3YHTe HX B CBOeM ,lll:IaJIOre.

Mr. Frie: I like this record-player very much.

How much does it cost please?
Assistant: It's the most expensive model in
the shop. It costs sixty-four pounds.
Mr. Frie: That's too expensive for us. We can't
afford all that money.
Assistant: This model's less expensive than
that one. It's only twenty-eight pounds. But, of
course, it's not as good as the expensive one.
Mr. Frie: I don't like this model. The other model's
more expensive, but it's worth the money.

~ Yrrpa:acueuue 3. 'YrroTpe6nTe rrpnJiaraTeJihHhie

B rrpeBOCXO,ll;HOH CTerreHH.

1. Who is the ... (rich) person in the United

States of America?
2. What is the ... (long) river in Russia?
3. Where is the ... (old) theatre in Europe?
4. What is the ... (beautiful) building in
Moscow?
5. Who is the ... (young) in your class?
6. Who is the ... (popular) actor in Britain?
7. Who is the ... (intelligent) pupil in your
group?
8. Where is the ... (hot) climate in the world?
11
 ~ YnpaarneHHe 4. PacKpoiiTe cKo6KM 11 ynoTpe-
6HTe npm1araTeJibHLie HymHOH CTeIIeHM.

1. Kiev is (old) than Moscow.

2. Text 1 (difficult) than text 3.
3. There were (few) new words in it and it took
me (little) time to read it.
4. He didn't take the medicine yesterday and he
feels (bad) today.
5. This is (comfortable) room in my flat. It is
(big) and (light) than other rooms.
6. Who is your (good) friend?
7. Cold weather is (pleasant) than wet weather.
8. It is (bad) paper you have ever given me.
 APTHKJih
(THE ARTICLE)

Heonpep;eJieHHhlH apTHKJih a/an o6paaoBaH OT

'IHCJIHTeJihHoro one ( op;HH). YnoTpe6m1eTCH c HC'IHC-
JIHeMhlMH cyw;ecTBHTeJihHhlMH B e,n;HHCTBeHHOM
'IHCJie. OcHOBHhle cJiyqaH yrroTpe6JieHm1:

1. IlpH nepBOM ynoMHHaHHH rrpe,n;MeTa B paaroBope

HJIH IIOBeCTBOBaHHli:
There is a man and a woman near our house.
2. C rnaroJioM to be ,D;JUI KJiaccmpHKaII,HH JIIo,n;eii,
.iKHBOTHhIX, Bem;eii.
Pete is a clever student. My mother is a teacher.
3. ,Il;JIH o603HaqeHHH THIIHqHoro npe,ZJ;CTaBHTeJIH:
A dog is a domestic animal.

Orrpe,n;eJieHHhIH apTHKJih the yrroTpe6JIHeTcH

c HCqHCJISieMhIMH H HeHCl:JHCJISieMhIMH cyJ:QeCTBH-
TeJibHhIMH B e,z:t;HHCTBeHHOM H MHO.iKeCTBeHHOM
l:JHCJie B CJie,n;yIO:IQHX CJiy-qaSix:

1. EcJIH OH OTHOCHTCH TOJihKO K orrpe,n;eJieHHOMY

rrpe,n;MeTY WIH rpynrre npe,n;MeTOB B OIIHCb!BaeMOH
CHTYfill;HH H KOr,n;a H3 KOHTeKCTa SICHO, 0 KaKOM
rrpe,n;MeTe (JIH:a;e, HBJieHHH) H,ZJ;eT peqh:
Nick is in the garden.
The beds here are comfortable.

13
2. ,Il;mr o6o3Ha1IeHHH Bcero KJiacca o,n;Hopo,n;HhIX
npe,n;MeTOB, He Bhl,D;eJIHH npe,n;MeT H3 pH,zi;a eMy
no,zi;o6Hb1x:
The rose is a beautiful flower.
The dog is the friend of man.
3. ,ll;mI o6o3Ha1IeHHH e,n;HHCTBeHHhIX B CBOeM po,zi;e
npe,n;MeTOB:
the Sun, the Earth, the Moon, the sky, the
Galaxy, the Universe.
4. IlpH o6oaHa1IeHHH npe,zi;MeTa, 0 KOTOpOM yme
rOBOpHJIOCb paHee:
I've bought a house in Wales. The house is in
an agricultural area.
5. ,1J;m1 o6oaHa1IeHHH Bce:li ceMbH:
the Smiths, the Browns.
6. Tiepe,n; HMeHaMH co6cTBeHHbIMH, o603Ha1Ia-
IOIIl;HMH onpe,zi;eJieHHhre reorpacp111IeCKHe Ha-
3BaHHa (Mop.SI, peKH, OKeaHbl, nyCTbIHH, ropHbie
u;enH, rpynnhl OCTpOBOB, o6JiaCTH, CTpaHbI, B
Ha3BaHH,jl KOTOpblX BXO,D;HT Hap11n;aTeJibHbie
cym;eCTBHTeJibHble):
the Black Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Thames, the
Volga, the Atlantic, the Pacific, the Sahara,
the Alps, the Urals, the Azores, the Crimea,
the United States, HO: South Africa, North
America.
7. Ilepe,n; HeKOTOpbIMH co6CTBeHHbIMH Ha3Ba-
HHHMH (raJiepeH, My3eH, TeaTpbI, KHHOTeaTpbI,
rocTHHH~bI, opKecTpbI, no11-rpyn11b1, raaeTbI,

Kopa6JIH):
the National Gallery, the British Museum, the
Royal Shakespeare (Theatre), the Savoy (Hotel),
the Beatles, the Guardian, the Titanic.
14
 ApTRKJUI He yrroTpe6JIHIOTcH c HcqHcJIHeMbIMH
c~eCTBHTeJibHbIMH B CJie,n;yIO~HX cJiyqaax:
1. Ilepe.n; HCqHCJIHeMbIMH cym;ecTBHTeJibHbIMH BO
MHO»teCTBeHHOM qHcJie:
I like dogs.
2. EcJIH c~ecTBHTeJibHoe HBJI.HeTCH o6pam;eHHeM:
Children, be quiet! Doctor, shall I take this
medicine?
3. IIepe.n; cJioBaMH Father, Mother, Uncle, Aunt
B BhlCKa3bIBaHH.HX tIJieHOB ceMI>H:
Mother asks you to help her.
4. IIepe,u; Ha3BaHHeM ,ZJ;He:H He,n;eJIH, Mecxn;eB H Bpe-
MeH ro.n;a, npa3,lJ;HHKOB:
Spring is my favourite season.
I'll call you on Monday. Christmas is a very
popular holiday.
Ho: Ha3BaHHH Mec.s1n;eB H BpeMeH ro.n;a ynoT-
pe6JIHIOTCH c onpe,n;eJieHHbIM apTHKJieM.
The summer was very hot.
5. Ilepe.n; cym;ecTBHTeJibHbIMH breakfast, dinner,
lunch, supper:
Have you had breakfast?
What did you have for dinner?
6. HeHcqHCJI.HeMbie cym;ecTBHTeJibHble ( OTBJie-
qeHHble H Bem;ecTBeHHbie) yrroTpe6mIIOTC.H, Ka.K
npaBHJio, 6ea apTHKJieli:
I like music. Let's do literature together tonight.
7. 11MeHa co6CTBeHHhle ynoTpe6JI.HIOTCH, KaK
rrpaBHJIO, 6ea apTHKJieli:
Simon, Mary, Moscow, England, Oxford
Street.
8. B BbipameHHHX to go to bed, to be in bed, to
stay in bed, to go to work, to be at work, to
15
 start work, to finish work, to go home, to come
home, to be at home, to stay at home apTHKJIH
He ynoTpe6muoTcSI.

~ YnpamHeHHe 1. BcTaBbTe apTHKJib a mrn: the.

1. The students are going to write ... test....

test consists of twelve tasks.
2. His daughter got ... bad mark at school yester-
day, but ... mark did not upset her.
3. They gave ... party last night. Everybody
enjoyed ... party.
4. They have ... new teacher.... teacher comes
from England.
5. Pete found ... puppy in the street and brought
it home, but my parents are against ... puppy.

~ YnpamHeHHe 2. YnoTpe6HTe Ha MecTe npony-

CKOB apTHKJih a HJIH the TaM, rAe 3TO Heo6XOAHMO •
... Russia is one of ... largest countries in .. .
world .... Great Britain is not very large ... .
Moscow is ... capital of ... Russia. Moscow is big
and beautiful. ... London is ... capital of ... Great
Britain .... London is ... big city, too. More than
eight million people live in ... Moscow. About seven
million people live in ... London.
There are a lot of long rivers in ... Russia. . ..
longest river in .. . Russia is ... Lena.... most
beautiful Russian river is ... Volga. There are a
lot of songs about this beautiful river. Russian
people call it «Matushka» Volga (Mother Volga).
16
 ... Thames is ... longest river in ... Great Britain.
English people call it Father Thames .
... Moscow, ... capital of ... Russia, stands on
... Moskva River .
.. . London, ... capital of ... Great Britain, is at
... mouth of . . . Thames.

~ YnpamHeHHe 3. 3arroJIHHTe rrporrycKH apTH-

KJI.HMH, r,zi;e STO Heo6XOAHMO.

1. The children stayed in ... house because it was

cold outdoors.
2. «Why are you so pale?» Mother asked ... boy.
3. When they travelled in ... South, they lived
in ... tent.
4. I have read ... interesting book about ...
animals.
5. «Who has broken ... cup?» asked ... Granny.

5 zoiJ o6yv,enusi

~ YnpaatHeHHe 1. YrroTpe6HTe Ha MeCTe rrpony-

CKOB apTHKJIH a, an, the TaM, r,n;e STO He06XO,ZJ;HMO.

1. This coat was designed by . . . famous New

York artist.
2. Can you tell me how to get to ... bank from
here?
3 .... city museum is closed today.
4. He is one of ... smartest people I know.
5. I recommend you eat ... apple pie at this
restaurant.
6. . .. milk is good for you.
7. Would you like to see ... movie?
17
 8 .... apple a day keeps ... doctor away.
9. I can't believe I failed ... yesterday's test!
10. Do you have ... dictionary that I can borrow?

~ YnpaacaeBHe 2. 3arroJIHHTe nporrycKH apTH-

KJISIMH a/the.
1. Kate saw ... beautiful blouse in the shop, but
... blouse was very expensive.
2. There is ... new dictionary in our library. . ..
dictionary gives 500.000 words.
3. Ann's friends built ... new house .... house
has three floors.
4. You asked me ... question but I think you
should know ... answer yourself.
5. Samuel wrote ... story .... story is about his
life in Australia.

~ Ynpamaeuue 3. 3anoJIHHTe nporrycKH apTH-

KJUIMH, r~e Tpe6yeTCH.

1. Look! The squirrels have stored much ... food

at ... foot of ... tree.
2. In the forest we met ... children who were
carrying ... baskets full of ... berries.
3. There is much ... snow in ... garden. It has
covered ... bushes and ... trees.
4. It is difficult for ... birds to find ... food in
winter.
5. "What has happened to ... bird?" - " ... bird
has fallen off ... tree."

~ Ynpamueuue 4. 3anoJIHHTe rrporrycKH Heo6-

xo~HMbIMH apTHKJUIMH.
18
 1. . . . spoon is made of ... wood.
2. This bed is made of ... oak.
3. Butter and cheese are made from ... milk.
4. I want ... glass of milk.
5. I can write ... letter with ... ink or ... pencil.
6. Would you like ... cup of tea?
7. . .. tea is very hot.
8. I'm afraid ... milk has gone sour.
9. He ate ... ice-cream after dinner and fell ill.
10. The melting point of ... ice is zero Centigrade.

rt:J Ynpa~ueHHe 5. BcTaBbTe B nponycKH He-

onpe,z:i;eJieHHblH apTHKJib, r.z:i;e aTo Heo6xo,n;HMO.

1. ... iron is ... metal.

2 .... milk comes from ... cow.
3. We eat soup with ... spoon.
4. . .. bread is made of ... flour, and flour is made
of wheat.
5. I wear ... rain-coat in ... autumn and fur coat
in ... winter.

rt:J Ynpaacueune 6. 3arroJIHHTe rrporrycKH apTHK-

JI.R:MH a, an, the HJIH MeCTOHMeHHeM some TaM, r,n;e aTO
Heo6xo,z:i;nMo.

I have saved ... money, and I am now planning

to buy ... new car .... car must have t he following
features: (a) it must be ... compact model; (b) it
must get at least twenty miles to ... gallon of ...
gas; (c) it must have ... automatic shift .... color
isn't so important, but I would prefer ... blue or
green to other colors.
19
 ~ YnpamueBHe 7. 3anoJIHHTe nporryc1rn orrpe,n;e-
JieHHhlM apTHKJieM TaM, r,D;e 3TO ueo6XO,D;HMO.

1. ... Volga river is the most beautiful river in

Russia.
2. Have you ever been to ... Sahara?
3. He went to ... South Africa.
4. . .. British Museum has a large collection of
modern art.
5. . .. Titanic was the colossal ship.
6. He is ... first man to climb this mountain.
7. This is ... shortest way to the river.
8. Write down the following sentences.

~ Ynpaacueuue 8. 3anoJIHHTe rrporrycKH orrpe.n;e-

JieHHhIM HJIH Heorrpe,n;eJieHHhlM apTHKJieM, r,u;e 3TO
Heo6XO.D;HMO.

Once upon a time there lived ... king. His name

was Midas. He was ... richest man in ... world. He
had ... little daughter. They lived in ... beautiful
palace with ... wonderful garden around it. Now
... king was very fond of ... gold. He loved gold
more than anything else in ... world.
He used to spend many hours every day looking
at his gold.
One day when ... king was looking at his gold,
... young man appeared before him.
"You are ... very rich man, Midas," said ...
young man. "I am," said ... king, "but I should
like to be richer."
6 zoo o6y-.,,enua
~ Ynpaacueuue 1. 3arroJIHHTe nporrycKH apTHK-
JI.ffMH TaM, r,n;e 3TO Heo6xo~HMO.
20
 1. She is ... librarian.
2 .... fish swims in ... water.
3. This is ... bag.
4. Which fruit would you like: ... apples or ...
oranges?
5. Mr. Sawyer is ... research worker in ... physics.

~ Ynpaacueuae 2. 3anoJIHHTe nponycKH ap -

THKJIHMFI TaM, rp;e 3TO Heo6xop;HMO.

1. .. . Great Britain is washed by .. . Atlantic

Ocean in ... north, by ... North Sea in ... east,
by ... English Channel in ... south and by ...
Irish Sea in ... west.
2. . .. Europe is not as large as .. . Asia.
3. South of Nizhni Novgorod there are rural
lands along .. . banks of ... Volga.
4. Which ... ocean is ... largest?
5. . .. Moskva River runs into ... Oka river.
6. Is ... India in ... Asia?
~ Ynpaacueuue 3. HcnoJIL3yHTe B ,ZJ;aHHhlX npep;-
JIO:>KeHHHX onpep;eJieHHhlH apTHKJI:b, rp;e 3TO Heo6xo-
,ZJ;HMO.
1. ... policemen wear uniforms.
2. . .. cats eat fish.
3. . .. cats are in the yard.
4. ... children go to school.
5. Look at ... children. They are so nice.
6. Pamela likes ... music.
7. I can't fall asleep .... music is very loud.
8. . .. pilots fly airplanes.
9 .... pilots of this company are very good.
10 . ... policemen of this town are very brave.
21
 ~ YnpamueuHe 4. YnoTpe6HTe apTHKJIH a/an,
r.zi;e sTo Heo6xo,zi;11Mo.

1. What ... interesting person!

2. What ... good students!
3. What ... miserable weather!
4. What ... wonderful news!
5. What ... strange question!
6. What ... valuable information!
7. What ... beautiful hair she has!
8. What ... wonderful pictures!
9. What ... impressive landscape!
10. What ... shy girl!
11. What ... luck!
12. What ... fine museum!

~ Ynpa3CHeHHe 5. 3arroJIHHTe rrponyc:KH apTH-

KJI.HMH TaM, r,zi;e 3TO Heo6XO,ll;HMO •

... first time I saw ... American movie I didn't like

it at all.... people in ... film all seemed strange to me.
They spoke ... English, but it didn't sound like ...
language that I had learned at school. Besides, ... cars
in the picture all seemed too shiny and new, and ...
streets all looked too wide to be real, especially ... Fifth
Avenue in ... New York. Now that I am living in ...
United States, I like American movies very much.

~ YnpamueuHe 6. 3anoJIHHTe nponyc:KH a, an,

some, the.
Mrs. Wilson bought . . . small chicken and ...
vegetables for dinner .... first thing she did when
she got home was to prepare ... chicken. She wiped
... chicken with ... damp cloth. Then she put ...
22
oil, wine, vinegar, and seasonings in ... lar ge bowl.
Then she let ... chicken marinate in . . . mixture
for ... hour before she broiled it. She prepared and
cooked ... vegetables at .. . last possible moment
because she didn't want them to be overcooked.

~ Ynpaarneuue 7. YnoTpe6HTe apTHKJHI a/ the,

r,n;e 3TO Heo6xo,n;11Mo.

Nelly is in ... bed. She is ill.

Mother: I want to call ... doctor.
Doctor: What's ... matt er?
Mother: My daughter is ill. She has ... cold in ...
head. I think she has ... flu.
Doctor: Is she running ... temperature?
Mother: Yes, she is.
Doctor: A'll right. I'll come in an hour.
Doctor: What's ... matter with you, Nelly?
Nelly: I have .. . headache.
Doctor: Let's take your temperature. Open your
mouth. You have ... sore throat.
Nelly: ... weather was rainy yesterday and
I caught ... cold. I cough and sneeze all ... time.
Doctor: You must stay in ... bed, Nelly. Take
this medicine three times a day after meals. You will
get well soon. Here is ... prescription. Good-bye.
Nelly: Good-bye. Thanks.

~ Ynpaarneuue 8. 3anoJIHHTe nporrycKH apTHK-

JIHMH TaM, r~e 3TO Heo6xo~HMO .

... newspapers, ... television, and ... radio are

... mass media.... media has a lot of power today.
Many important social and political actions are
23
or~anized with ... help of ... mass media ....
television is ... powerful means of spreading news
in modern society. They show all sorts of things on
TV - films, plays, ballets, etc. Some people even
say that ... cinema and ... theatre have no future
because of ... development of ... television.

~ Ynpa~ueuue 9. BcTaBhTe B rrporrycKH orrpe-

;:i;eJieHHLIH apTHKJih, r.n;e 3TO Heo6xo,n;HMO.

1. ... Canary Islands are popular with British

people for a holiday in the sun.
2. .. . Danube rises in ... Black forest in ... Germany
and flows through . . . Vienna in . . . Austria,
... Budapest in ... Hungary, and through ...
Romania and ... former USSR, and finally into
... Black Sea.
3 .... Chicago River flows south towards ... Gulf
of ... Mexico.
4. .. . Volga flows from ... Valdai Hills to ... Caspian
Sea.
5. We get tea mostly from ... China and Ceylon.
6. Where are ... British Isles situated?
7. «My heart's in ... Highlands».
8. ... National Gallery faces ... Trafalgar square.
9. You can find a beautiful collection of Modern
Art in ... Tate Gallery.
10 .... Heathrow airport is an important airport
to the west of ... London.
11. ... Regent Street is a street in the West
End of . . . London which runs between ...
Oxford Circus and ... Piccadilly Circus and
is a popular place for shopping.
12. Margaret is staying at ... Hilton Hotel.
 rJIAroJI
(THE VERB)

HacToHm;ee Heorrpe,ZJ;eJieHHoe
(rrpOCTOe) BpeMH
(The Present Indefinite
(Simple) Tense)

HacToJiw;ee Heonpe,D;eJieHHoe (npocToe) BpeMH

ynoTpe6JIHeTCH:

1) ,ll;JIH B:blpameHHH ,n;eHCTBHH' npmrcxo,n;.aw;Hx

Bcer,n;a, "t!aCTO, o6bPIHO, rrepHO,D;H"t!eCKH:
I go to the University every day.

2) ,ll;JIH BhlpameHH.H o6m;eH3BeCTHbIX HCTHH:

The Earth moves round the Sun.

C l}>opMoli Present Indefinite-qacTo ynoTpe6JI.HIOT-

C.H HapeqH.H Heonpe,n;eJieHHoro speMeHH: often
(qacTo), seldom (pe,n;Ko), always (scer,n;a), usually
(o6blqHo), sometimes (1rnor,n;a) H T. rr., a TaKme
CJIOBOCO"tJeTaHmr: every day (morning, evening,
week, month, year) - xam,n;h1:H ,n;eHh (yTpo, Beqep,
He,n;eJiro, Mec.H:a;, ro,n;) H .zi;p.

25
 06paaoBaHHe Present Indefinite
YmBepoumeJwna.H 4JopMa
JI1n.J;o E,n;. "ll. MH. q.

1 I work We work

2 You work You work

He"
3 She/works They work
It

B 3-M JIHD;e ep;HHCTBeHHoro 1:1HcJia K rJiaroJiy

npH6aBJIHeTCH OKOH1:IaHHe -s, -es, KOTOpoe qHTaeTCH
KaK [s], [z], [iz]:

works falls dresses

helps goes watches
takes becomes washes

Oco6eHHOCTH npa:eoIIHCaHHH rJiaroJioB B 3-M Jrn:n;e

e,ZJ;HHCTBeHHOro qHcJia:
1) B rJiaroJiax, OKaH"tIHBaIOIQHXCH Ha -y c npep;mecT-
syrom;e:H corJiaCHOH, y MeHHeTCH Ha i H npH6aB-
JIHeTCH OKOH"tlaHHe -es:
to try - he (she, it) tries
to study - he (she, it) studies
Ho: to play - he (she, it) plays
2) K rJiarOJia.M, OKaH"tlHBaIOIQHMCH Ha -o, npH6aBJIH-
eTC.H -es:
to go - he (she, it) goes
to do - he (she, it) does
BonpocHTeJI1>HaSI cpopMa o6paayeTCH c noMOIII;:DIO
BcnoMoraTeJI1>Horo rJiaroJia do (does B 3-M JIHD;e
26
eAMHCTBeHHOI'O 'llMCJia). 0TpMn;aTeJihHa.H Q_)opMa
06pa3yeTC.H c IIOMOill;blO BCIIOMOI'aTeJibHOI'O I'JlaI'OJia
do (does) M oTpua;aTeJibHOH 'llaCTMD;hI not. BcnoMo-
raTeJihHhIH r.11aro.11 do (does) o6hl'llHO CJIMBaeTc.H
B OAHO CJIOBO c 'llaCTMn;e:H: not:
do not = don't
does not = doesn't
YmeepiJumeJLbnaa <jJopMa
I work
He" We
She/ works You "- work
It They/
BonpocumeJLbnaa rjJopMa
Do I work?
/he /we
Does - she work? Do - you work?
""-they
""' it
OmpuqameJLbHaa f]JopMa
I don't work.
He
She ""-/ doesn't work
It
We
You "'
/don't work
They

4 ioiJ o6y-.,,enuJ£
~ Ynpamueune 1. 3a.n;airTe sonpocbI K rrpe,ii;;rn-
meHHHM no 06pa3n;y.
06paaeq: Children usually play games during the
breaks. (you) Do you play games during the
breaks, too?
27
 1. Boys play hockey. (girls)
2. Mary's sister often goes to discos. (Mary)
3. My parents often go to the country. (your
parents)
4. Nick travels a lot. (his brother)
5. Kate seldom reads magazines. (her sister)
6. Jack never plays table-tennis. (his friend Mike)
7. Our teacher often gives us a lot of homework.
(your teacher)
8. My grandparents usually come to see us at
weekends. (your grandparents)
9. Helen always combs her hair before she goes
to bed. (you)

~ Ynpa:ameuue 2. PacKpo:iiTe cKo6KH H ynoTpe-

6HTe rJiaroJILI B Present Indefinite.
Ann: Mum, Ted (not to want) to put on his
new tie.
Mother: Oh, Ted, why you (not to want) to put
on your new tie, I wonder? It's so nice and beautiful!
Ted: Because I (not to like) ties. Little boys
(not to wear) ties!

~ Ynpa:atueHHe 3. PacKpoihe cKo6KH H rrocTaBb-

Te rJiarOJibI B npaBHJibHYIO cf>opMy.
- Your parents (to give) you any pocket money?
- Yes, they do. My mum (to give) me some
money every week.
- How you (to spend) it?
- Oh, I (to take) the money to school and buy
something to eat when I (not to like) the school
meal. How about you? You (to have) any pocket
money?
28
 - Yes, I do. My Dad (to give) me the money
every day so I can buy the things I (to want).

~ Ynpa3CHeHHe 4. licrrpaBbTe rrpe,n;.11omeHHSI,

HaITliillHTe ,n;Ba rrpaBHJibHblX ITO CMbICJIY rrpe;p10meRli5J.
B oTpmJ;aTeJibHOH H yTBep,n;HTeJibHoli cpopMe, HCITOJib3YSI
06pa3e:u;.
06pa3e~: The American President lives in Rome. -
The American President doesn't live in Rome.
The American President lives in Washington.
1. Insects catch birds ....
2. Elephants eat animals.
3. The River Volga flows into the Baltic Sea....
4. The Sun sets in the East ... .
5. Dentists look after nose ... .
6. Snow falls in summer ... .
7. Hens give milk.
8. Birds bark ....

5 zoiJ o6y-rienua

~ Ynpa3CHeHRe 1. YrroTpe6nTe Ha MecTe rrpo-

nycKoB OTpH:u;aTeJihHhie cpopMbI don't HJIH doesn't.

1. We ... have time to do that on the way home.

2. Dave speaks English, French, and German,
but he ... speak Italian.
3. They ... sell that brand anymore.
4. It is really a cheap restaurant, it ... cost much
to eat there.
5. I have a televison, but I ... watch it often.
6. That kind of earthquake ... happen often.
7. We live close to the sea, hut we ... go often.
29
 8. I love sumo, but I ... like boxing.
9. You ... like me very much, do you?
10. My son ... like skiing. He likes snowboarding
now.

~ Y npamueuue 2. IlepemrmHTe npe,n;JiomeHH.fl

B COOTBeTCTBHH c o6paau;oM.
06paae4: He reads a lot. - He does read a lot.
1. She dresses with much taste.
2. Sometimes he feels lonely and friendless.
3. When the ring was lost he looked quite
miserable.
4. After the incident he never wrote to us.
5. I enjoyed the party very much.

6 zoiJ 06y"1£enusi
~ Ynpamueuue 1. PacKpo:HTe cKo6KH FI nocTaBb-
Te rJiarOJibl B npaBHJibHYIO cpopMy.

1. Where you (go)? It's only six o'clock!

2. Mary never (help) her mother.
3. Excuse me, but you (stand) on my foot.
4. You always (do) your homework at night?
5. We (go) to Lake Balaton every summer.
6. Tom not (live) in London.
7. Listen, Joel Mary (want) to talk to you.
8. I can't go now. I (cook) your dinner.
9. The River Danube (flow) into the Black Sea.
10. You (read) books in your free time?
11. I can't hear you. I (have) a shower.
12. We not (visit) our friends very often. We not
(visit) our friends very often.
30
 rJiaroJI to be (OhITJ>) HMeeT CJie~ylOID;He <t>opMbI
B Present Indefinite:
Ymeepaume.Jtb1wa. <jJopMa
I am (I'm)
You are (You're)
He "-. (He's) We "-. (We're)
She / is (She's) You - are (You're)
It / (It's) They/ (They're)
BonpocumeJtbHaa <Pop.Ma
Am I ... ?
Are you ... ?
/he /we
Is........_ she ... ? Are........_ you ... ?
. . . . . . it . . . . ._ they
Ompuq.ameJtbHaa <Pop.Ma
I am not
You are not

He" We"-.
She /is not (isn't) You / are not (aren't)
It / They/

4 ioa o6y-rienu.R.
~ YnpamHeHHe 1. BhlnOJIHHTe 33AaHHe no 06-
paa:u;y' COCTaBHB OTpH:u;aTeJibHble H YTBep'AHTeJihHble
npe'AJIOmemu1 c r JiaroJioM to be.
06paae1F Mary is a secretary. What about her
sister Jane? (actress) - Her sister isn't a secretary.
She is an actress.
1. Miss Reed is a teacher. What about her sister?
(chemist)
31
 2. Peter is a student. What about Ann? (sales-
woman)
3. Mr. Hall is an architect. What about his. son?
(musician)
4. Hans is a good dentist. What about his friend?
(pilot)
5. Tom Smith is a worker. What about his
daughter Jane? (teacher)
6. Philip is a journalist. What about Harry?
(physicist)

~ y npamueBHe 2. 3a,zi;aliTe BOIIPOCbl H OTBeTbTe

Ha HHX.
06pa3e1..f: Are you from Germany? -
Yes, I am. I'm
from Munich.
1. you Greece?
I Brazil.
2. you China?
we Beijing.
3. he Italy?
he Mexico.
4. they England?
they the U.S.
5. she France?
she Paris.

5 ioiJ o6y1tenuK
~ Ynpamueuue 1. CocTaBI:.Te 0Tp1u~aTeJibHbie
rrpe,z:p10JKemu1 rro o6paau;y.
There is a pen on the table. - There
06pa3e4:
isn't any pen on the table. There is no pen on the
table.
32
 1. There is a pupil near the blackboard.
2. There is a window in the kitchen.
3. There are some books on the shelf.
4. There are some mistakes in the dictation.
5. There are many fashion magazines in the
shop.
6. There is much water in the bottle.
7. There are six students in the classroom.
8. There are some good stories in the book.

rJiaro~ to be ynoTpe6JIHeTCH B KOHCTPYKIJ;HH

there is/there are. KoHCTPYKIJ;HH c BBO,n;Hm;HM there
YTBep:m,n;aeT HaJIH"t!He (HJIH OTCYTCTBHe) KaKoro-
JIH6o rrpe.n;MeTa (HJIH rrpe.n;MeTOB) B orrpe.n;eJieHHbIX
YCJIOBHHX (B .n;aHHOM MecTe, B .n;aHHOe BpeMH,
B orrpep;eJieHHbIX o6CTOHTeJibCTBax).
There is a book on the desk.
(Ha rrapTe Jie:arnT (eCTb, HaXO,D;HTCH) KHHra).

B TaKOH KOHCTPYKIJ;HH IIO,D;Jie:mam;ee Beer.n;a CJie-

.n;yeT aa rJiaroJioM-cKaayeMbIM. B 60JibIIIHHCTBe
CJiy-qaeB cyIIJ;eCTBHTeJibHOe B KOHCTPYKIJ;HH c BBO,ll;H-
Ill;HM there yrroTpe6mi:eTCH c Heonpe.n;eJieHHbIM
apTHKJieM HJIH 6e3 apTHKJIH.

PyccKHe rrpe,ZJ;JiomeHHH, cooTBeTCTByrom;He aH-

rJIHHCKo:H KOHCTPYKIJ;HH c BBO,ZJ;HID;HM there, o6bl"t!HO
Ha"t!HHaIOTCH c o6CTOHTeJibCTBa MeCTa. 06cTOH-
TeJibCTBO MeCTa, BbipameHHOe cym;ecTBHTeJibHbIM
c npe,n;JioroM, 061>I"t!HO ynoTpe6JIHeTCH c onpe.n;e-
JieHHbIM apTHKJieM.
There is a picture on the wall.
(Ha CTeHe BHCHT (eCTL, HaXO,ZJ;HTCH) KapTHHa.)
33
 There is some milk in the bottle.
(B 6YTbIJIKe eCTb MOJIORO.)
There are people in the room.
(B KOMHaTe JIIO,ll;H.)
0Tpau,aTeJII>Hhie npe.n;Jiomea1:u1 o6paayroTc.sr npH
IIOMO~H OTpHII,aTeJihHOro MeCTOHMeHli.H no, ROTOpoe

CTaBHTC.H nepe.n; IIO,ZJ;Jiemam;HM, HJIH OTpHII,aTeJibHOH

qacTHII,hl not, KOTOpa.sr ynoTpe6JI.sreTC.H B TOM
CJiyqae, 1<or,u;a rrepe,ZJ; IlO,ZJ;Jiemam;HM CTOHT lIHCJIH-
TeJibHOe HJIH CJIOBa, o6o3Ha'tlaIO~He ROJIHlJeCTBO:
many, much, enough H ,n;p.
There is no picture on the wall.
(Ha CTeae HeT KapTHHhI.)
There are not many (two, enough) books on the
shelf.
(Ha IIOJIKe HeT MHoro (,ZJ;Byx, ,ZJ;OCTaTO'IHO) KHHr.)
KpaTKHMH OTBeTaMH aa BOilpOChI c BBO,D;.H~HM
there .HBJI.HIOTc.sr Yes, there is (there are) HJIH No,
there is not (isn't) (there are not (aren't)).
YmBepiJumeJtbHaR <PopMa
There is (there's) a book on the table.
There are books on the table.
There is some tea in the cup.

BonpocumeJtbHaR <jJopMa
Are there books on the table?
Is there any tea in the cup?
Is there a book on the table?
OmpuqameJtbnaa <jJopMa
There is (not) no book on the table.
There are no books on the table.
There is no tea in the cup.
34
 4 zoiJ o6y-.,,enuA

~ Ynpa3Cueuue 1. IlpoqnTaiiTe H nepese,n;HTe

TeKCT. 06paTHTe BHHMaHHe Ha HCIIOJlh30BaHHe KOHCT-
PYKIJ,HH c BBO,ll;.H~HM there. IlepenHmHTe Kam.n;oe
npe,n;JiomeHHe B oTpm:r,aTeJihHOH <}lopMe. 3a.n;aiiTe
K Kam,n;oMy npe,n;Jiomemuo sonpoc.

Upstairs in the house there is an attic with

a window, a balcony and a roof. There are bedrooms,
bathrooms and a study. Downstairs in the house there
is a hall, a kitchen, a living room and a cellar.
In the hall there is a rug, a cupboard, a mirror,
a table and a telephone, a light switch and a door.
In the hall there are pictures on the wall, lamps,
keys, stairs and stools.
In the living room there is a carpet, a fireplace,
a rug, a sofa, a stereo, a table, a television, a mirror
and a lamp. There are armchairs, candles, chairs,
curtains, pictures, shelves and vases. There is a sofa
near the wall. There is a stereo near the fireplace.
There are vases on the table and on the TV. There
is a rug near the fireplace.
In the bedroom there is a bed, a chest of drawers,
a table, a mirror, a stool and a rug. There are
curtains, a blanket, a sheet, pillows, combs,
brushes, a clock, a lamp and a vase.

~ Ynpa3Cueuue 2. 3anoJIHHTe nponycKH rrpa-

BHJibHhlM sapHaHTOM: there, their, they're.
1. . . . studying English.
2. Is • . . an empty chair in the classroom?
3. How are ... children?
35
 4. . .. at school now.
5. . .. isn't any milk in the refrigerator.
6. Where are ... books? ... over ....
7. . .. living in ... parents' house.
8. Is ... any sugar in my coffee?
9. Are you ... nurse? No, ... big children.
10. Are ... any new magazines? Yes, there are .
. . . . on the shelves.

5 zoiJ o6y-aienusi

~ Ynpaatueuue 1. 3anoJIHHTe nponycKH KOH-

cTpy1rn;11eli c BBO,Zl;H~HM there B Hy:mHOH <t>opMe.

Jane: Hello, Mum. Hello, Dad. Hi, John.

Robert: Hello, Mrs. Mason. Hello, Mr. Mason.
Hello, John.
Robert: ... a football match on TV?
John: Yes, ....
Robert: How many films ... this evening, John?
John: ... two or three good films.
Jane: Mum, what ... for lunch?
Mum: Ham and some salad.
Jane: ... any grapefruit juice?
Mum: I'm afraid ....... some apple juice and
orange juice in the fridge.
Jane: ... any fruit?
Mum: Yes, ... some bananas and pears.
Dad: Ohr ... any bread.
Robert: John, let's go to the shop.

(Robert and John leave the house. There's a knock

at the door.)
36
 Dad: Jane, could you go and answer the door?
Jane: It's the postman ...• any letters for us?
Postman: No, ... any letters but ..• a very big
parcel.

Crrp.H.iKemrn rJiaroJia to have (HMeTb) B Present

Indefinite HecKOJihKO OTJIH11aeTCH OT crrps.meHHJI
'APYrHx rJiaroJioB. B pa3roBopaoii pe1111 'tla~e
HCIIOJioayeTCH o6opoT have (has) got.

Jbn:i;o E.n;. 'tJ:HCJIO Ma. 11HCJIO

1 I have (got) We have (got)
2 You have (got) You have (got)
He"-.
3 She / has (got) They have (got)
It /

BorrpocHTeJibHbie rrpe'AJIO.meHHH c r JiaroJioM to

have o6pa3yIOTCH nyTeM HHBepCHH: CKa3yeMoe
CTaBHTC5I nepe'A IIO'AJie.mam;HM. 0Tpm::i;aTeJibHbie
rrpep;JIO.iKeHHH o6paayIOTCH c IIOMO~bIO OTpHn;a-
TeJihHOH "tJ:aCTHD;hl not H HCIIOJih3yeTCH B OCHOBHOM
B KpaTKHX OTBeTaX Ha 06w;11e BOIIPOCbl H Kor,n;a
cyw;ecTBHTeJI:E>Hoe HMeeT rrpH ce6e orrpe'AeJieHHe,
Bb1pa.meHHoe MecTOHMeHHeM any, many, much,
enough HJIH 11HCJIHTeJihHbIM.

BonpocumeJtbHaH <J>opMa
/I"-.
Have, / any books?
"you/

37
 /he
Has . . . . ._ she "-. any books?
" it/
we
Have/ you "-any books?
"-they/
Ompuu,.ameJtbHaa <Pop.Ma
I
You:=,::::: haven't any books

She"
He /hasn't any books
It /
We
You " " haven't any books
They/

0TpH:a;aTeJihHhie rrpe,n;Jio.meHH.H MoryT TaK.me

o6pa30BbIBaThC.H c IIOMO~bIO OTpHn;aTeJibHOro
MecTOHMeHli.H no (murnKoli), .HBJI.HIO~eroc.H orrpe-
,n;eJieHirnM cy~ecTBHTeJibHoro, npH"t!eM apTRKJib
rrepe,n; cy~eCTBliTeJibHbIM OIIyCKaeTC.H. rJiarOJI to
have liCIIOJih3yeTC.H B YTBep,n;nTeJibHOH <t>opMe:
He has no books.
EcJIH peqb H,ZJ;eT 0 IIOCTO.HHHOM HaJiliqlili KaKoro-
Jili60 rrpe,n;MeTa, .HBJieHli.H HJili COCTO.HHli.H' TO
BOIIpOCHTeJihHhle li OTpnn;aTeJibHbie rrpe,n;Jio.meHH.H
c rJiaroJIOM to have MoryT o6pa30BhIBaTbC.H npH
IIOMOID;H BcrroMoraTeJibHoro rJiaroJia do (does):
Do you always have three English lessons a week?
No, I don't always have three English lessons a week.
38
 4 zoo o6y1£enu.si
~YnpaacueHHe 1. 3anoJIHHTe rrporrycKH cpopMaMH
have HJIH has.
r JiaroJia

1. February ... twenty-eight days.

2. This country ... warm weather in the winter.
3. They ... some money in the bank.
4. She ... a cup of tea.
5. He ... a car.
6. We ... a telephone in the classroom.
7. I ... a watch.
8. A butterfly ... a short life.
9. A spider ... eight legs.
10. They ... a house.
11. Steve and Bill ... a place to live.
12. I ... time to go shopping.
13. John ... a lot to do today.
14. Mary and Peter ... two children.
15. The house ... three floors.
16. Carol . . . her Italian class today.
1 7. My sister and I ... different opinions.

5 zoo o6y1£eKu.si

~ Yupaacueuue 1. ,lJ;orroJIHHTe rrpe,z:p10~eHHJI

no CMbICJIY BhlpruKeHH.HMH c rJiaroJIOM to
IIO,ZJ;XO,ZJ;S'l~HMH
have. IIocTaBbTe rJiaroJI to have B npaBH.JibHYJO cpopMy.

have a party, have a cigarette, have a good time,

have a good rest, have a shower, have a headache,
have a swim.
1. Tom enjoys sports so in summer he ... every
day.
39
 2. Mary likes to receive her friends and every
Saturday she .... Her friends always ... at her
parties.
3. How often ... ? Not often. I don't like washing.
4. Why do you often ... ? Because I always work
very hard and seldom . . . .
5. Would you like ... ? No, thank you. I don't
smoke.

HacTOJl~ee,D;JIHTeJIL&oe BpeMJI
(Present Continuous (Progressive) Tense)

HacTosrm;ee ,n;JIHTeJir:.Hoe BpeMsr ynoTpe6JisreTcsr:

1) ,ZJ;JUi BhipaateHH.H ,u;eiiCTBH.H HJIH COCTO.HHH.H,
,ll;JIHID;erocsr B MOMeHT peqH:
What are you doing? I'm studying now.
2) B HaCTOH~HH rrepHO,ZJ; BpeMeHH:
Could you give me this book to read? Sorry,
my sister is reading it.
Trucjf\,e co cnoBaMH today, this season:
Jack isn't playing football this season.
3) ,ll;Jl.H BbipameHH.H OT,ZJ;eJibHhIX, HaMe'tleHHhIX Ha
6JIHjKaHmee 6y,n;~ee ,zi;eHCTBHH (B oco6eHHOCTH
c rnaroJiaMH to come, to leave, to stay H .ZJ;p. ):
We are leaving for New York on Friday.
4) AJIH OilHcaHll.H MeH.HIOID;HXCS:I CH'cya.IzyIH H COCTO.H-
HHH:
The population of China is rising very fast.
<l>opMa Present Continuous qacTo yrroTpe6JisreTcH
co cJioBaMH now (cei:i:qac), for the time being
40
(B HacToam;ee BpeMSI), for the present (B HacToam;ee
BpeMSI) H ,ZJ;p.

06paaonaHHe Present Continuous Tense

YmeepiJumeJtb1ta.H <PopMa
I am working
You are (you're)
He's
She's) working
It's /
We're " -
You're / working
They're/
BonpocumeJtbHa.H <PopMa
Am I working?
Are you working?
/he
Is , she working?
. '-it
/we
Are , you working?
'- they
OmpuqameJtbHa.H <PopMa
I am not working
You aren't working
He"
She / isn't working
It /

We
You " /aren't working
They/
41
 Oco6eHHOcTH npaBonncaRHH:
1) KOHetIHa.H COI'JiacHa.H yp;BaHBaeTC.H B O,lJ;HOCJIO:>K-
HhIX H ,ll;BYCJIOm.HbIX I'Jial'OJiax c rrpe,n;meCTByIOID;eH
KpaTKOH rJiaCHOH:
sit - sitting
swim - swimming
travel - travelling
2) HeMasr 6YKBa -e He n11meTCH rrepe,n; -ing:
write - writing
make - making
take - taking
3) B OAHOCJIO:>KHbIX rJiaroJiax, OKaHtIHBaIOm;HXC.H
Ha -ie (to tie, to die, to lie), -ie MeH.HeTc.H Ha -y.
tie. - tying
die - dying
lie - lying

4 zoiJ o6y'tenua

~ Ynpamueuue 1. PacKpo:HTe cKo6KH H yrr0Tpe-

611Te rJrnroJihl B Present Continuous.

Father: Is mother at home, Jill?

Jill: Yes, she is.
Father: What she (to do)?
Jill: She (to cook) in the kitchen.
Father: And what about Sandy? Is he at home?
Jill: Yes, he is.
Father: He (to play computer games)?
Jill: No, he isn't. He (to study) in his room.
Father: And what Granny (to do)?
Jill: Granny (to watch) TV in the living-room.
42
 5 zoiJ ooyq,enua

~ Ynpa'1CueHHe 1. Ilpo1IHTa:tiTe TeKCT. 06paTHTe

BHHMaHHe Ha HCIIOJih30BaH11e Present Continuous.
BbinOJIHHTe 3a,ll;aHHe.
Mike is an electrician. He's going out the door.
He is getting into his car. Right now he is starting
the motor. The car is moving. He is driving past a
subway station. He is stopping the car. His friend
is getting in the car. They are driving to work.
Mike's friend is happy to be in the car. It is quite
early in the morning, and today it's very cold.
Mike's friend is going to be early for work today.
1. What is Mike? He's a(n) ....
(a) mechanic
(b) electrician
(c) plumber
2. What is he doing first? He's ....
(a) getting into his car
(b) going out the door
(c) starting the motor
3. What is Mike starting? He's starting ....
(a) the door
(b) his car
(c) the motor
4. What is his friend doing? He's ....
(a) driving past a subway station
(b) getting in the car
(c) stopping the car
5. How is Mike's friend feeling? He's feeling ....
(a) late
(b) warm
(c) happy
43
 6. His friend likes to be in the car because ...
(a) it's quite early in the morning
(b) he's going to work
(c) it's very cold today
7. Where are they driving? They're driving ...
(a) to the subway station
(b) to a movie
(c) to work
8. They're going to be ...
(a) sick of work
(b) late for work
(c) early for work

HacTo.Hm;ee coBepmeHHoe BpeM.H (Present Perfect

Tense) ynoTpe6JI.HeTCH ,n;JIH Bbipa*emrn ,n;e:HcTBHH,
3aKOH"tleHHoro K HaCTO.HIIJ;eMy MOMeHTY H CB.H3aH-
Horo c :3THM MOMeHTOM.
HacTo.am;ee coBepmeHHOe BpeM.H (Present Perfect)
HCIIOJib3yeTC.H:
1) ,ll;JI.H KOHCTaTaIJ;HH Q;>aKTa COBepmeHH.H ,n;eHCTBH.H
6es yKa3aHHH Ha BpeMH ero coBepmeHH.H:
I have written a letter.
2) Kor,n;a yKa3aH rrepHO,ll; BpeMeHH, KOTOpbIH em;e
He 3aKOH"CIHJIC.H, HaIIpHMep: today ( cero,n;HH),
this week (Ha ::>TOH He,n;eJie), this month (B ::>TOM
Mecx:u;e), this year (B ::>TOM ro,n;y):
I haven't seen Pete today.

3) c Hape"t!mIMH Heorrpe,n;eJieHHoro BpeMeHH: ne-

ver (HHKor,n;a), ever (Kor,n;a-JIH6o), just (TOJibKO
'CITO), yet (em;e), already (y*e):
Nick has just come back.
44
4) c o6cTOS:TeJibCTBaMH BpeMeHH, yKa3b1BaIOill;HMH
Ha rrepHO,ll;, B TeqeHHe KOToporo IIPOHCXO,ll;HJIO
HJIH MOrJIO rrpOHCXO,ll;HTb ,n;eHCTBHe, HaqHHa.H
c Ka:Koro-To MOMeHTa rrpome,n;mero BpeMeHH
H BilJIOTb ,n;o HaCTOHm;ero BpeMeHH: lately
(B rrocJie,n;Hee BpeM.H), for a long time (B TeqeHHe
,n;onroro BpeMeHH), how long (KaK ,n;onro),
so far (,n;o cHx rrop), up to now (,n;o HacToH-
m;ero MoMeHTa), for the past two hours
(days, months, years) (aa rrocne,n;HHe ,n;Ba qaca
(,n;H.H, MecHu;a, ro,n;a)), for three hours (days,
months, years) (B TeqeHHe Tpex qacoB (,n;Heli,
MeCHD;eB, JieT) H ,n;p., HJIH c o6CTO.R:TeJibCTBaMH,
YKa3bIBaIOill;HMH TOJibKO Haqano TaKOro rrepHo,n;a
( 06h1qHo c coro3oM since - c, c Tex rrop, c Tex
rrop KaK):
Have you been to the cinema lately?
She hasn't worked since she came back.
We haven't heard from him so far.

5) IIOCJie rrpmraraTeJibHblX B npeBOCXO)J;HOH CTe-

IIeHH:
It's the most interesting book I have ever
read.

6) nocJie KOHCTpyKu;HH: This is the first time ... ,

It's the second time ...

Sam is making report. He is very nervous. This

is the first time he has made report.
Nick has lost his driving license again. It's the
second time he has lost it.

45
 06pa3oBaHHe Present Perfect

YmBepiJumeJLbHa.fl rpopMa

I have (I've) worked

You have (you've) worked
He"'
She / has worked
It /
We've " -
You've /worked
They've/
BonpocumeJlbHa.fl rpopMa

Have I worked?
Have you worked?
/he
Has -.. . . . she worked?
" it
/we
Have-........ you worked?
"'- they
Ompu~ameJLbHa.fl rpopMa

I have not (haven't) worked

You haven't worked
He"'
She /hasn't worked
It/
We~
You ./haven't worked
They/

46
 4 zoiJ o6y-.,,euu.si
~YnpamueBHe 1. Yrr0Tpe611Te rJiaroJILI B cKo6Kax
B ipopMe Present Perfect.

1. (have) I ... it for about a year.

2. (buy) They ... cameras.
3. (wash) The child ... his hands.
4. (know) I ... the telephone number for several
weeks.
5. (see) We ... that movie on TV.
6. (understand) She ... the work very well.
7. (tell) I ... her the answer to the question.
8. (have) How long ... you ... your new car?
9. (cook) Peter ... the dinner.
10. (write) Jennifer .. the letter.
11. (open) We ... our books.
12. (lose) ... Garry ... his passport at the airport?
~ Ynpamueuue 2. CocTaBbTe rrpe,z:p10meHHH,
yrroTpe6JUUI rJiarOJI B nepBOM JIHIJ,e e,n;HHCTBeHHOro 'llHC-
Jia no 06pa311;y.
06pa3ezt: George has bought an interesting
book. - I have bought an interesting book, too.
1. Mr. Lenneth has swept the floor.
2. They have taken their roller-skates.
3. The boys have brought the albums.
4. Ron has found a house to live.
5. Liza has won the prize.
6. My parents have come back early.

~ Ynpamueuue 3. 0TBeTbTe Ha sonpocLI.

1. Have you ever been to Europe? When did you
go there?
47
 2. Have you ever been to the mountains? When
did you go there?
3. Have you ever been to the Caucasus? When
did you go there?
4. Have you ever been to America? When did
you go there?
5. Have you ever been to Siberia? When did you
go there?
6. Have you ever been to the South? When did
you go there?
7. Have you ever been to the Black Sea? When
did you go there?
8. Have you ever been to the Crimea? When did
you go there?

~Ynpa:11tHeHHe 4. CocTa.BhTe Borrpoc1>1, 11c110JI1>3y.H

,n;aHHhle CJIOBa 110 06pa3n;y.
06paae14: he/ever/see/Turner's paintings? - Has
he ever seen Turner's paintings?
1) you/ever/be/to the North?
2) she/ ever/ fall in love?
3) you/ever/dream about it?
4) he/ live/in this country all his life?
5) they/ ever/ eat/sushi?
6) she/ever/spend/her holidays abroad?

~Ynpa:11tHeHHe 5. PacKpoiiTe cKo6Kn 11 aarr11m11Te

rrpe,n;JiomeHR.H B Present Perfect no 06pa31:i;y.
06pa3el{: Mr. Lane is a photographer. (to take
a lot of pictures) - He has taken a lot of pictures.
1. Patrick is a doctor. (to cure many patients)
2. Mary is a typist. (to type a lot of different
documents)
48
 3. Megan is a traveller. (to see many places)
4. Mr. Tomson is a film director. (to make many
good films)
5. Sarah is a translator. (to translate a lot of
foreign novels)

~ YnpamHeHHe 6. 0TBeTbTe Ha sorrpocb1, cTaBH

rJiaroJibI B 0Tp1rn;aTeJibHOH ipopMe B Present Perfect
H HCil0Jlb3Y.H Hapeqe yet ITO 06pa3u;y.
06pa3el.4-: Have you seen this play at the theatre? -
I haven't seen it yet, but I'm going to see it.
1. Has she joined the club?
2. Have they entered the University?
3. Has she signed up the documents?
4. Have you paid a visit to your uncle?
5. Has Mary sent them the papers?
6. Have his children written their test?
7. Have you bought a new house?
8. Has Pete married Ann?
9. Has the child eaten his lunch?

~ YnpamHeHHe 7. 3arroJIHHTe rrporryc1rn: cJIOBaMH

for HJIH since.

1. Pete has been ill ... Friday.

2. She has been here ... early morning.
3. I've known him ... he was eight years old.
4. Sam has had this pen ... two years.
5. We haven't seen them ... many years.
6. The students haven't had a party ... three
months.
7. Mary hasn't had anything to eat ... morning.
8. She's been very happy ... yesterday.
49
 ~ Ynpaatueuue 8. 0TBeT&Te Ha Bonpochl, Hc-
rro.11&ayx cJioBa, ,n;aHHhle B cico6icax, no o6pa3IJ,y.
06pa3eq: When did you last speak English? (for
ages) - I haven't spoken English for ages.
1. When did it last snow? (for ages)
2. When did he last play the piano? (since May)
3. When did you last travel in Europe? (for a long
time)
4. When did they last call you? (since last
autumn)
5. When did she last go by plane? (never)
6. When did you last drive? (for three months)

~YnpaatReRHe 1. PacKpoiiTe cRo6icH H 3aIIHWHTe

rrpe,n;.11omeHH.11 B Present Perfect no o6pa3IJ,y.
06pa3eq: Mr. Wane is a poet. (to write many
poems) - He has written many poems.
1. Mrs. Stone is a successful writer. (to write
ten novels and twenty short stories)
2. Robert is a good guide. (to work out his own
route)
3. My father is an architect. (to design many
famous buildings)
4. Ann is a good swimmer. (to win many prizes)
5. My friend is a scientist. (to invent many useful
devices)

~Ynpaatueuue 2. PacKpoiiTe c1w6Irn: H rrocTa.BhTe

rJiaroJILI B <PopMy Present Perfect.
Sam: (travel) a lot, Diana?
50
 Diana: Yes, I (be) to 20 countries.
Sam: That's great? (be) to Thailand?
Diana: Yes, I (visit) Thailand three times.
Sam: You ever (be) to Australia?
Diana: Yes, I (travel) there a lot.
Sam: What about Russia?
Diana: Oh, I never (see) Russia.

~ Ynpa~ueHHe 3. He corJiacHTecb c ,n;aHHLIMH

yTBepm,n;eHHHMH. CocTaB1>Te 0TpH:a;aTeJI1>HLie rrpe,n;-
JiomeHHH B Present Perfect no 06pa3:a;y.
06pa3e14: The Smiths have sold their house. - No,
they haven't sold it. It is so comfortable and nice.

1. I have read the whole collection of works by

William Shakespeare in English.
2. I have seen a book which is as small as
a rubber.
3. I have been to the highest mountain.
4. I have never read a single detective story.
5. Pete has seen Leonardo di Caprio in Moscow.
6. My friends are fourteen years old. They have
just finished school.
7. Ken has bought a Mercedez.
8. They have won one million dollars.

6 zoiJ o6y""'enua

~ Ynpa3tueuue 1. IIocTaBbTe rJiaron1:a1, ,n;aHHbie

B cKo6Kax, B Present Perfect Tense.

1. (read) She ... the newspaper.

2. (speak) He ... to the other students.
3. (break down) The elevator ....
51
 4. (use) They ... a camera many times before.
5. (see) We ... that movie on TV.
6. (hear) I ... that program on the radio.
7. (write) Jennifer ... a book.
8. (eat) ... you ... your lunch?
9. (put away) The child ... his toys.
10. (cook) Tom ... dinner many times.

~ YnpamueHHe 2. BLinoJIHHTe ynpamHeH1re no

06pa3n;y.
06pa3el.{.: Have you had any vegetables?
(fruit) - I haven't had any vegetables. I've just
had some fruit.
1. Has he had any beans? (peas)
2. Have they had any coffee? (tea)
3. Have you had any apples? (peaches)
4. Have I had any cabbage? (lettuce)
5. Have you had any beer? (wine)
6. Has he had any lamb? (beef)
7. Have they had any tea? (milk)
8. Has she had any meat? (vegetables)
9. Have you had any chicken? (steak)

~ Ynpamueuue· 3. ,ll;onoJIHHTe npe,n;Jio'ICeHHa no

06pa3n;y.
06pa3eq: They have travelled a lot, ... ? - They
have travelled a lot, haven't they?
1. I have many problems, ... ?
2. He never smiles, ... ?
3. Canada is the second biggest country in the
world, ....
4. The government gave him some money, . .. ?
52
 5. We haven't understood this lesson well, ... ?
6. We'll go to their home in one week, •.• ?
7. People are smarter than animals, . . . ?
8. He is the best guitar player in the world, •.. ?
9. They had a lot of money, . . • .
10. You didn't tell us this story before, ..• ?

HacTo.m:n;ee nep<t>eKTHO-;zJ;JIHTeJILHoe BpeMH

(Present Perfect Continuous Tense)

0603HaqaeT ,n;elicTBHe HJIH COCTO.HHHe, KOTOpoe

Ha"llaJIOCb B rrpome,n;meM H rrpo,n;omKarroch B Te"Cie-
HHe orrpe,n;eJieHHoro rrepao,n;a ,n;o MOMeHTa peqn
H JIH60 ew;e rrpo,n;oJimaeTC.H B 3TOT MOMeHT' JIH6o
3aKOHqHJIOCb Herrocpe,n;cTBeHHO rrepe,n; HHM.
I have been waiting for you for three hours.
B rrpe,n;JiomeHH.HX c Present Perfect Continuous
06b1qHo yrroTpe6JI.HIOTCH o6cTO.HTeJibCTBa BpeMeHH,
yKa3blBarom;He Ha ,ZJ;JIHTeJihHOCTb HJIH Ha MOMeHT
HaqaJia ,n;elicTBH.H HJIH COCTO.HHH.H, o603Ha1IaeMoro
r JiarOJIOM. ,lJ;JIHTeJihHOCTb ,n;eliCTBH.H yKa3bIBaeTC.H
o6cTOHTeJibCTBaMH THIIa for two hours (a week,
three months, ten years) (B TeqeH11e ,n;Byx qacoB
(He,n;eJIH, Tpex Mec.au;eB, ,n;ec.HTH JieT), for a long
time (,n;onroe BpeM.H), all day (Bech ,n;eHb), all day
long (u;eJibIH ,n;eHh), how long (KaK ,n;oJiro), a Haqarro
,n;elicTBH.H - o6opoTaMH c rrpe,n;JioroM since (since
1990, since nine o'clock, since she came here)
(c 1990 ro,n;a, c ,n;eB.HTH qacoB, c Tex rrop, KaK OHa
rrpHmJia cro,n;a). Present Perfect Continuous MomeT
yrroTpe6JI.HThC.H H 6e3 yKa3aHH.H Ha ,ll;JIHTeJihHOCTb
,n;eii:CTBH.H, eCJIH 113 KOHTeKCTa .HCHO, qTQ ,n;elicTBHe
HaqaJIOCb B rrpOIIIJIOM H npo,n;oJimaJIOCb (HJIH
53
npo,n;oJimaeTcH) ,n;o HacToaru;ero BpeMeHH. Present
Perfect Continuous nepeBOJJ;HTCH Ha pyccKHH H3hIK
rJiarOJIOM B HacToaru;eM BpeMeHH.
I have been playing chess for two hours.
She has been watching television since 5 o'clock.
How long have you been studying English?
They have been sleeping since I left the room.

6 zoo o6y-q,enua
~ Ynpa,.rneuHe 1. 3a,n;aliTe Bo11pocbl 11 HarrHllIHTe
oTpm:i;aTeJibHble rrpe,zi;JiomeHH.H no 06pa31:i;y.
06pa3el{: Mike has been working in the garden
since 8 o'clock. - Has Mike been working in the
garden since 8 o'clock? Mike hasn't been working
in the garden since 8 o'clock.
1. His son has been serving in the Army since
last year.
2. It has been snowing hard since morning.
3. They have been argueing for two hours.
4. Sam has been sleeping for 2 hours. He's been
cleaning the flat all day today.
5. The scientists have been working on this
problem since the beginning of time.
6. Mr. White has been translating this book for
two months.

~y npaatBeHHe 2. PacKpOHTe CKo6KH H IIOCTaBhTe

rJiarOJibI B Present Perfect Continuous.
1. I (to play) chess for two hours.
2. She (to watch) television since 5 o'clock.
3. They (to sleep) since I left the room.
4. I (to wander) all over this world.
54
 ~ Ynpaarneuue 3. 3a,n;a:U:Te Bonpocbl K npe,z:p10-
meHH.HM, HCilOJih3YJI Bonpoc how long.

1. Mike has been writing his translation for an

hour.
2. My sister has been learning Italian since she
was five.
3. We've been waiting for him for two hours.
4. They've been talking for an hour.

Ilpome,11;mee ueonpe,ZJ;eJieHHoe
(npocToe) BpeMa
(The Past Indefinite (Simple) Tense)

Ilpome,n;mee ueonpeAeJieHuoe (npocToe) BpeMH

ynoTpe6JI.HeTc.H: AJI.H BhlpameHHSI ,n;eHCTBHH (HJIH
COCTO.HHHH), IIOBTOp.HBillHXC.H, IlpOHCXO,ZJ;HBIDHX
IIOCJie,n;oBaTeJibHO H HMeBmHX MeCTO B rrpomJIOM
H He CBH3aHHbIX c HaCTO.HID;HM MOMeHTOM:
Last summer I played football.
Yesterday I went to the theatre.
He entered the room and switched on the TV.

C «t>opMoii Past Indefinite -qacTo yrroTpe6JI.HIOTC.H

CJie,11;yrom;He CJIOBa H CJIOBOCO"t!eTaHH.H: yesterday
(Bqepa), the day before yesterday (rroaaBqepa), last
week (month, year), (Ha rrpomJioii He,n;eJie,
B rrpomJIOM Mec.sr:a;e, B rrpoIIIJIOM ro,11;y) two days
(months, years) ago (,n;Ba ,n;u.sr (Mec.sr:a;a, ro,n;a)
Ha3~), in 1990 (B 1990 ro,n;y) H T. II.

55
 OopaaoBaHHe Past Indefinite Tense

B aHrJIHHCKOM H3h!Ke paamrt1aIOT «npaBHJihHble»

H «HerrpaBHJibHhle» rJiarOJibI (HJIH CTaH,n;apTHble
H HecTaH,n;apTHble). HenpaBHJihHble rJiaroJihl
o6paayroT <f>opMy Past Indefinite B ocHOBHOM
nocpe~CTBOM -qepe,n;OBa.HHSI 3BYKOB B KOpHe. <l>opMhl
npome.n;mero BpeMeHH HenpaBHJibHbIX rJiaroJioB
cJie.n;yeT aanoMHHaTh:
go - went, become - became, do - did,
get - got H T • .n;.
f JiarOJI to be HBJI.HeTCH HeIIpaBHJibHbIM H HMeeT
,n;Be cpopMbI B npowe,n;meM BpeMem1: was/were.

KpaTKaSI aanHch OTpn:a;aTeJil>HOH <}lopMhl:

was not = wasn't,
were not= weren't.

YmBepaumeJtbnaa <PopMa
I was
You were
He"
She ./was
It ,,,,,
We "-.
You ./were
They/

BonpocumeJtbHaa <PopMa
Was I?
Were you?
/he
Was-.......... she?
"it
56
 we
Were/ you?
"-... they

OmpuqameJlbHaJl <jJopMa
I wasn't
You weren't
He
Sh~ wasn't
It/
We
You "-- weren't
They/

IIpaBHJibHhle rJiaroJihI 06pa3y10T cpopMy Past

Indefinite IIPH IIOMOIIJ;H OKOH"tlaHHH -d HJIH -ed,
KOTOpoe qHTaeTCH KaK [t], [d], [id]:

dressed opened counted

helped played wanted
danced answered decided
IIpH npHcoe,n;HHeHHH OKOH"tlaHHH -ed co6JI10,n;aroT-
c.11 CJie.zi;yrom;He rrpaBHJia npaBOIIHCaHHH.

1) I'JiaI'OJihI, OKaH"tlHBaIOm;HeCH Ha HeMyIO -e,

Tep.HIOT aTy 6yKBy:
to like - liked, to dance - danced.
2) I'JiaI'OJihI, OKaHqHBaIOIIJ;HeCH Ha 6yKBY -y c rrpe,n;-
IIIeCTByIOm;eii corJiaCHOH, MeHHIOT y Hai:
to cry - cried, to study - studied.
(Ho: play - played)
57
3) B o,n;Hoc.rromni.1x n .n;Byc.JiomHE>rx r.JiaroJiax c KpaT-
Ko:H r.Jiacno:H y,n;BanBaeTc.H KOHeqnaH corJiacnas:
skip - skipped, stop - stopped, travel -
travelled.
BonpOCHTeJibHaH <t>opMa o6paayeTC.H c ITOMO~bIO
acnoMoraTe.JI:&Horo rJiaro.Jia did. 0Tpn~aTe.JihHa.H
cpopMa - c IIOMO!QhIO BCilOMoraTeJlbHOro rJiaroJia did
H oTpmJ.aTe.JibHo:H 1:1acTH~1>r not. BcnoMorare.JibHhrH
r.JiarOJI CJIHBaeTC.H c 1:1aCTH1~eii not B OAHO CJIOBO:
did not = didn't.
Ymeepaume.nbna.R <PopMa
I
He

You
They
Bonpocume.nbnaJl <PopMa
I

you
they
Ompu4ame.nbnaJl <PopMa
I
H~
She -;;?' dd'
i n t work /go
It/
58
 We
You "./didn't
' work/go
They/

<l>opMa npome,n;mero BpeMeHH rJiaroJia to have -

had (,n;JIH BCex JIHD; H tIHCeJI) yrroTpe6JUieTCH ,ll;JUI
BhipameHH.H rrpoIIIe~IIIero BpeMeHH BO BCeX
o6opoTaX H COtieTaHH.HX c l'Jlal'OJIOM to have:
Two years ago I had a car.
Yesterday we had dinner at a restaurant.

Borrpoc1ueJihHaa H oTpHn;aTeJibHaSI <t>opMbI B Past

Indefinite o6pa3yIOTCH npH IIOMOID;H BCIIOMOra-
TeJibHOro rJiaroJia did:
Did you have your English lesson yesterday?
Sam didn't have many friends in the city.

0TpH:a;aTeJibHoe rrpe,n;JiomeHHe c rJiaroJioM to

have MOJKeT 6hITb TaKme o6paaoBaHo rrpH
IIOMOID;H OTpH:a;aTeJibHOl'O MeCTOHMeHHH no (HH-
KaKOH), KOTOpoe CTaBIITCH rrepe,n; cym;ecTBHTeJib-
HblM, qa:w;e Bcero HeHC11HCJIHeMbIM. B 3TOM cJI~ae
l'JiaroJI to have CTOHT B YTBep,n;HTeJibHOH <t>opMe:
I had no time.

4 zoo o6y'£enu.si
~YnpaateeHHe 1. 3anoJIHHTe rrporrycKH cpopMaMH
rJiaroJia was/were.
1. The students •. . happy to have their holidays.
2. When I ... five years old I went to the kinder-
garten.
3. It ... not cold in spring.
59
 4. During my vacation my sister and I . . . in
Scotland.
5. Last summer we ... in Italy. And where
you?
6. . .. there many people in the theatre?
7. Who ... the best actor on the film?
8. Why ... you absent from the lecture?
9. Whose ... this watch?
10. When Pete and Sarah ... young they ... very
poor.

~YnpaatueHHe 2. Ilpo"tJHTaHTe TeRCT. YrroTpe6HTe

rJiaroJI to be B Past Indefinite.

There . . . a car race near our town every year.

In 1968 there ... a big race. There ... hundreds of
people there. My wife and I ... at the race. Our
friends Julie and Jack . . . there too. There ...
twenty cars in the race. There ... English cars,
French cars, German cars, Italian cars, American
cars and Japanese cars. It ... an exciting finish.
The winner ... Billy Stewart. He ... in car number
fifteen. Five other cars ... just behind him. On the
way home my wife said to me: "Don't drive so
quickly! You're not Billy Stewart!"

~ Ynpaatueaue 3. HarrHmHTe rrpe,n;nomeHHH

BPast Indefinite no o6pa3~Y.
06pa3e~: Sam usually plays football on Sundays. -
Yesterday he played football.
1. Sam always wakes up early. Yesterday ...
2. Sam usually goes to work by car. Yesterday...
3. Sam is often late for work. Yesterday ...
60
 4. Sam always has lunch at a small cafe.
Yesterday ...
5. Sam usually stays at home in the evening.
Yesterday ...
6. Sam always goes to bed at 11 o'clock. Yes-
terday ...

~ YnpaacaeHHe 4. 3anoJIHHTe nponycKH ,ZJ;aHHhlMH

r.JiaroJiaMH B cpopMe Past Indefinite.
catch, cost, wear, know, meet, grow, fall, lose,
spend, take.
1. When I went to the airport yesterday, I ... a taxi.
2. I ... my winter jacket yesterday because the
weather was cold.
3. Tom bought a new car. It ... ten dollars.
4. Teddy doesn't feel good. He ... a cold yesterday.
5. Bob could read the story easily. The words
in the story weren't new for him. He ... the
vocabulary in the story.
6. I know Sam Brown. I ... him at a party a month
ago.
7. My hometown is Ames, Iowa. I ... up there.
8. I dropped my book. It ... to the floor.
9. Dick couldn't get into his flat because he ...
his keys.
10. We ... fifty dollars at the cafe.

~ YnpaacaeHHe 5. 3anoJIHHTe nponycKH npaBHJib-

HhlMH BODpOCHTe.JibHhlMH CJIOBaMH no 06pa3u;y.
06pa3e'-'t: ... did you find this? In the park. -
Where did you find this? In the park.
1. ... is that? That's my brother.
61
 2 .... wanted to see me? Your parents.
3. does she get up? At seven o'clock.
4. did you do? We played tennis.
5. does he live? In New York.
6. did you lose? My passport.
7. are you late? Because I missed a bus .
8. . . . did your cousin buy? An album.
9. . .. does your mother get to her office? By
bus.
10 . ... did it happen? In 1991.
11. ... coat is it? It's mine.
12. ... did you spend all the money? Because this
dress was very expensive.

~ Y npaxmeuue 6. ,ZJ;orroJIHHTe rrpe,n;JiomeHHJI no

o6paau;y.
06pa3e"l{: We had a very hard time when . . . -
We had a very hard time when our father was out
of work.

1. Russian people had a very hard time when .. .

2. Birds and animals have a hard time when .. .
3. People who worked in banks had a hard time
when ...
4. Last year our cousin had a very hard time
when ...
5. I know they had a hard time when .. .
6. Black people had a hard time when .. .
7. This year many people in our country had hard
time when ...

~ Ynpa3Cueuue 7. Ilepe1rnm11Te npe,n;JiomeH1u1

B Past Tense no o6pa311;y.
62
 06pa3el{: It's late and I have to finish my home-
work. - It was late and I had to finish my
homework.
1. It's late and I have to go home.
2. It's seven o'clock and we have to get up.
3. It's raining and I have to put on my raincoat.
4. Mother is busy and I have to help her.
5. He wants to finish the book, he has to return
it to the library.
6. She can't go out and play, she has to study.
7. It's a pity I can't stay, I have to leave.
8. Liz can't leave her sister, she has to take care
of her.

~ YnpaatHeHHe 8. CocTaBhTe na ~yx npocTblX

rrpe,n;JiomeHliM O,ll;HO CJimKHoe, HCIIOJlb3YH COI03HOe CJIOBO
who no o6paa:u;y.
06pa3e4: He said good-bye to his parents. They
stood at the doorstep. - He said good-bye to his
parents who stood at the doorstep.
1. I know a man. He is a very good English
t~acher.
2. He spoke to his friend. His friend was terribly
angry.
3. We looked for the people. They disappeared
in the wood.
4. Sam looked at his dogs. They were lying on
the floor.
5. I want to meet the famous writer. He wrote
this story.
6. We often go to see Monica and Patrick. They
are our neighbours.
63
 ~YnpaatBeHJle 1. 3aIIOJIHHTe nponycKH ~alIHbIMH
r.Jiaro.JiaMH B cpopMe Past Indefinite.
begin, break, fly, leave, make, sing, steal, tell,
throw, win.
1. The baseball player ... the ball to the catcher.
2. I wrote a check yesterday. I ... a mistake on the
check, so I tore it up and wrote another one.
3. Someone ... my bicycle, so I called the police.
4. Helen didn't tell a lie. She ... the truth.
5. Rick ... his arm when he fell on the ice.
6. We were late for the film. It ... at 7:00, but
we didn't get there until 7:15.
7. We ... songs at the party last night and had
a good time.
8. I ... to Moscow last week. The plane was only
five minutes late.
9. My plane ... at 6:03 and arrived at 8:45.
10. We played football yesterday. The other team
.... We lost.

~ Ynpaxtaeuue 2. PacKpoiiTe CK06KH H nocTaBb-

Te rJiaroJILI B Q>opMy Past Indefinite.
1
An American (to have) to pay 1000 dollars for an
operation. When he (to hear) about it he said, "Now
I understand why the doctors (to have) masks on."
2
It (to happen) in England. A boy (to go) to the
shop. When he (to come) into a baker's shop, he
(to ask) , "Do you have any cakes?" The baker (to
64
give) him a cake, but the boy (not to like) it,
because it (to be) very dry. "Is that a cake?" he
(to ask). "Of course, it is," (to answer) the baker.
"It does not look like a cake," (to say) the boy.
"I (to make) cakes even when you (to be) two years
old, you, bad boy," (to answer) the baker. "Oh,
did you?" (to ask) the boy and (to look) at the
cake again. "Then this must be one of them."

6 zoiJ 06y11,enuJ£

~ y Dp33CHeBHe 1. 0TBeTLTe Ha ,n;aHHhie BOIIpOCbI,

HCIIOJI&ay.a rJ1aroJILI B Past Indefinite.

1. Did she show them into the lounge or into the

dining-room?
2. Did they choose books or magazines at the
bookstall?
3. Did you go to the airport by a special bus or
by metro?
4. Did they climb into a large liner or into the
trolley?
5. Did the ship or the train begin to move off?
~ Ynpa3CHeHHe 2. PacKpoiiTe cKo6KH :a rrocTaB&-
Te rJ1aroJib1 B Past Indefinite.
1
An old man (to see) a boy at the door of a house.
The boy (to be) going to ring the bell, but he (to
be) too short. The old man (to want) to help him
and (to ring) the bell. Then the boy (to say), "Now
let's run away quickly!"
2
You know that dolphins go in for games. One
day the water-polo players of a well-known team
65
(to take) a dolphin as a member of their team.
The dolphin (to be) a wonderful water-polo
player. It (to throw) the ball into the gates almost
every minute. The water-polo players (to be) very
happy. But suddenly the dolphin (to begin) to
throw the ball into ... their own gates.

~ YnpaacueBHe 3. 3a,z:i;aliTe o6~He H crre~HaJI1>H1>re

Borrpocbl B Past Indefinite, HcnoJI1>3ya p;aHHble cJioBa
H CJIOBOCO'tieTaH1UI IIO o6pa3~y.
06pa3eq: when/you/got there? - When did you
go there?
1) how/Ann/spend/her holidays?
2) who/teach/them English?
3) the weather/fine/in New York?
4) Kate/meet/her friends/in the country?
5) what/Pete/do/last summer?
6) your sister/pass examination/yesterday?
7) Sam/have a good time/at Mary's party?
8) the people/friendly/in London?

Ilpome.zi;mee ,n;JIHTeJii.uoe BpeMa

(Past Continuous (Progressive) Tense)

Ilpome,n;mee JJ;HTeJI1>Hoe BpeM.H BbipamaeT .n;eii-

CTBHe, npoTeKaBwee B Te'tJeHHe KaKoro-To MOMeHTa
HJIH rrepHo,n;a rrpome,n;mero BpeMeHH. BpeM.H
,n;eHCTBHH o6b11IHO IIO.HCH.HeTC.H o6CTO.HTeJibCTBeH-
HhIMH CJIOBaMH (all day - Beeb ,n;eHh, the whole
evening - IJ,eJibIH Be't!ep, all summer - Bee JieTo),
yKa3aTeJUIMH Ha BpeM.H (at 4.30 p. m. yesterday -
B't!epa B 4.30 Be11epa, last Monday at this time -
66
B IIpOIIIJibIH noHe,n;eJI:bHHK B 3TO BpeMH) HJIH npH-
,n;aTOT.IHbIMH npe,zvmmeHHHMH.
He was watching TV the whole evening.
When I came, my parents were having tea.

OopaaoBaHHe Past Continuous Tense

YmaepiJumeJtbHaa <J>opMa
I was working
You were working
He
She"-. was working
It/
We "-.
You / were working
They/

BonpocumeJtbHaa <J>opMa
Was I working?
Were you working?
he
Was< she working?
'-... it
/we
Were . . . . ._ you working?
'-... they

Ompu~ameJtbHasi <j>opMa
I was not working
You weren't working
He
Sh~ wasn't working
It /
67
 We
You ""-weren't working
They/

PaaJIH't!He Me3t,!J;Y Past Continuous

H Past Indefinite

1. Past Continuous ynoTpe6.mrnTCH MH BbipruKeHHH

,zi;e:HcTBHH, npOHCXO,ZJ;HBlliero B onpe,u;eJieHHbIH
MOMeHT B npollIJIOM:
She was cooking yesterday from ten to twelve.
2. Past Indefinite ynoTpe6;rneTc.H AJIH Bbipa.meHHH
o6b1LIHOro IIOBTopmom;eroc.a ,u;eliCTBHJI HJIH p.a,u;a
IIOCJie,ZJ;OBaTeJibHhIX ,u;eiICTBHH B npOIIIJIOM.
She cooked for two hours, then went for a walk
and came home late in the evening.
Past Continuous HCIIOJII>ayeTc.H BMecTe c Past
Indefinite ,u;JI.a BbipruKeHH.a npou,ecca, npoTeKaBlliero
B MOMeHT, KOr,ZJ;a npOH30IlIJIO KaKoe-JIH6o ,ZJ;pyroe
,u;eiICTBHe (3TO ,zi;eiICTBHe BbipamaeTCJI rJiaroJIOM
B Past Indefinite):
She was playing the piano when the telephone
rang.

4 zoa o6y'£eKUJt

~ Ynpaatueuue 1. 3anHIIIHTe yTBep,zi;HTe.JibHoe

rrpe,u;JiomeH11e no o6pa3Il;y.
06pa3eq,: What were you doing when he arrived?
I was having dinner. - I was having dinner when
he arrived.
68
 1. What was Pam doing when the telephone
rang? She was washing the dishes.
2. What was your mother doing when the
policeman crune? She was making coffee.
3. What were you doing when it happened? I was
talking to my sister.
4. What were the children doing when the milk
boiled over? They were reading.
5. What were you doing when the baby broke
that cup? I was watering the flowers .
6. What were you doing when your mother came
into the room? I was listening to the tape-recorder.
7. What was your father doing when he heard
the news? He was working in the garden.
8. What was your sister doing when George
knocked at the door? She was sweeping the
floor.
9. What was your son doing when his friends
arrived? He was doing his homework.
10. What were the guests doing when your children
came back. They were singing a song.

~ YnpaameHHe 2. CocTa.BbTe cJIO:>KHono,wurHeHHhie

npe,zvrn:meHHH c COI030M when no o6pa3l:i;y, HcnoJih3YH
,n;aHHhie <f>pa3b1: my friend came; the telephone rang;
it began to rain; the doorbell rang.
06pa3e4: We were having tea. - We were
having tea when my friend came.
1. Bob was reading.
2. I was leaving the house.
3. We were swiming in the pool.
4. The children were walking in the forest.
69
 5. Alex was working with his computer.
6. Teddy was sleeping.
7. They were getting ready for their trip.
8. He was packing his things.

~ YnpaatueHHe 3. CocTaBbTe H3 ,zi;Byx npoCTbIX

rrpeAJiomeHHH O,ll;HO CJIOjKHOe no o6pa3~Y.
06pa3e4: I was preparing for my test. The tele-
phone rang. - I was preparing for my test when
the telephone rang.
1. We were speaking about Nick's problems. He
came in.
2. I was walking along the avenue. I met Bob.
3. They were playing ball. Sandy fell down and
broke his arm.
4. We were bathing. Somebody shouted: "Help!"
5. They were discussing their plans. Somebody
laughed loudly.

Ilpome,u;mee coBepmeuuoe BpeMa: (Past Perfect

Tense) yIIoTpe6JiseTc.H ,ll;JIH BhipajKeHHSI ,ZJ;elicTBHH,
3aKOH"tUIBmeroc.H K OIIpe,ZJ;eJieHHOMY MOMeHTY
B npomJIOM. 3TOT MOMeHT MOjKeT 6bITb onpe,ZJ;eJieH
KaK o6cTOHTeJibCTBOM BpeMeHH: by five o'clock
(K IUITH -qacaM), by Saturday (K cy66oTe), TaK
H ,D;pyrHM ,ZJ;eHCTBHeM, BhipameHHbIM r JiaroJIOM
B Past Indefinite.
I had written a letter by 7 o'clock yesterday.
I had finished my work when you came.
<l>opMbI Past Perfect MaJioyrroTpe6HTeJII>HbI
B ,D;MaJiorH"tleCKOH pe-q:a; H€CKOJibKO qa~e OHH
BCTpe'IaIOTC.H B noBecTBOBaHHHX. Past Perfect
70
HCIIOJibayeTCH rrpeHMym;ecTBeHHO B CJlO*HhIX
rrpe,n;JIOjKeHHHX.

06paaouaeue Past Perfect

YmeepiJumeJtbnaa <J>op.Ma
I
You
He

It
We
You
They
BonpocumeJtbnaa pop.Ma
I
you
he

it
we
you
they
Ompu1-4-ameJtbnaa <J>op.Ma
I
You
He
She
had not worked
It
We
You
They
71
4 z.oiJ o6y~enua

~ YnpaacueBHe 1. PacKpo:HTe cK061rn: H nocTa.Bb-

Te rJiaroJibl B Past Perfect.

1. She thought that Bill and Kate (to have)

a quarrel.
2. By the time we came to see him, he (to return)
home.-
3. During the holidays my friend decided to visit
the town where he (to live) before the war.
4. When they entered the hall the perfomance
(to begin) already.
5. When I crune home my wife told me that she
(to get) a letter from her friends.

~ Ynpaacueuue 2. CocTaBbTe npe,D;JiomeHHSI,

HCXO,ZVI H3 ~aHHhIX CHTYaIJ;HH no 06pa3:u;y. McnoJib3yHTe
I'JiaI'OJihI B CK06Kax.
06pa3eq: Mike didn't want to see this play. (to
see) - He had seen it before.

1. Mary was late for school. Her teacher was

very surprised. (to be late)
2. Nick played tennis. He wasn't very good. (to
play)
3. I didn't recognize Mark. (to change)
4. The children weren't hungry. (to have lunch)
5. The room was dirty. (clean)

.~ Ynpaacueuue 1. PacKpoliTe cRo6KH H nocTaBh-

Te r.11aroJihI B Past Perfect.
72
 1. When we arrived at the station our train (to
leave) already.
2. By 2 o'clock the teacher (to ask) all the pupils.
3. On my way to the office I remembered that
I (to leave) my bag at home.
4. All of my friends knew that I (to pass) all the
examinations successfully.
5. Before she entered the University she (to
work) at school.
6 ioiJ o6y-.,,enua
~ Ynpa:arneuue 1. ,Il;orroJIHHTe npeJJ;JiomeHHH rro
06pa3u;y, :ecrroJIL3YH Past Perfect Tense.
06pa3e1.f: I wanted to help my friend with his
homework, but .... - I wanted to help my friend
with his homework, but he had already done it.
1. Sam wanted to buy some bread, but father ....
2. Ted wanted to help his parents to sell their
car, but they . . . .
3. I wanted to ask Nelly about her business, but
Tom ....
4. We wanted to invite Boris to the cinema, but
he ....
5. I asked Mary to join me for the performance,
but she ....
6. Sally was going to invite Tim to visit the city,
but Tim ....

~ Ynpa:acueBHe 2. HcnoJI1>3yliTe B JJ;aHHhlX rrpe,n;-

Jiomeuuxx rJiarOJihl B Simple Past HJIH Past Continuous.

1. I (listen) to the radio while Mary (cook) dinner.

2. You (buy) this book yesterday?
 3. Last Friday Jill (go) home early because she
(want) to see a film.
4. When your brother usually (get) home in the
evening?
5. Jane always (bring) us a nice present.
6. What those people (do) in the middle of the
road?
7. You (read) this book?
8. While Fred (sleep), Judy (watch) TV.
9. When I (be) young, I (think) Mary (be) nice -
but now I (think) she's fantastic.
10. Jill (walk) home when she (see) her husband's
car outside the cinema.
11. Look there! Sue and Tim (run) to school?
12. Jack's father not (work) in London - he not
(speak) English.

By,zzym;ee ueonpe,n;eJieuuoe
(npocToe) BpeMn:
Future Indefinite (Simple) Tense

ByAym;ee HeonpeAeJieHHoe (rrpocToe) BpeM.H

06oaHa11aeT OAHOKpaTHbie, IIOBTOp.HIOID;HeCJI HJIH
IIOCTOJIHHI>Ie Ae:HCTB:H.H :H COCTO.HHHJI, OTHOCJim;HeC.H
K 6y~eMy BpeMeH:H. Future Indefinite yri:OTpe6JIJie'l'-
cs T.J:acTo co cJioBaM:H tomorrow (3aBTpa), next week
(month, year) H T. n.:
My friend will go to London next Sunday.

06paaosauue Future Indefinite Tense

Future Indefinite Tense o6paayeTcsr npH noMom;H
BCIIOMoraTeJibHbIX rJiaroJIOB shall (~Jisr 1-ro JIHD;a
74
e,n;HHCTBeHHOl'O H MHomeCTBeHHOl'O lIHCJia) H will
(Bo Bcex OCTaJihH.bIX CJiyl!aHx). B IIOCJie,n;aee epeMH
will qam;e yrroTpe6JIHeTCH BO Bcex JIHD;aX. 06h!1IHO
ynoTpe6JIHeTCH COKpam;eHHaH cpopMa BCIIOMOra-
TeJihHblX l'Jlal'OJIOB 'II (shall HJIH will), rrpncoe,n;HHH-
eMaH K JIHlIHOMY MeCTOHMeHHIO HJIH cym;ecTBHTeJib-
HOMy-no,n;Jiemam;eMY.
I'll go with you tomorrow.
They'll come back in a minute.

BorrpocnTeJibHaH cpopMa Future Indefinite

o6pa3yeTcH no o6m;eMY npaBHJIY IIYTeM nocTaHOBKH
BCIIOMoraTeJihHOl'O l'JlaI'OJia rrepe.n; IIO,ZJ;Jiemam;HM,
a OCHOBhI HHcpHHHTHBa CM.bICJIOBOro r JiaroJia -
rrocJie aero. OTpnn;aTeJibHaH cpopMa Future Indefi-
nite o6paayeTCH npH IIOMOID;H OTpnn;aTeJibHOH
1IaCTHD;hl not, KOTopas CTaBHTCH Mem.n;y BCIIOMO-
raTeJibHhlM rJiarOJIOM H OCHOBOH HHcpHHHTHBa
CMhICJIOBoro rJiaroJia. CoKpam;eHHLie cpopM.hl: shall
not = shan't H will not = won't, a TaKme - I'll
not (you'll not H T. n.)

Ymeepoume.Jtbnaa <jJopMa
I shall/will work
He'll
She'll""'-work
It'll /
We shall/will (we'll) work
You'll work
They'll work

Bonpocume.JtbnaR <[JopMa
Shall/will I work?
75
 /he
Will........_ she work?
"'it
Shall/will we work?
/YOU
Will........_ work?
"'-they

Ompuu,.ame.llbnasi <J>opMa
I shall/will
He
She""' will not work
It /
We shall/will work
You
' ) will work
They/

KoHCTPYKI.I;HH to be going + HH<}>HHHTHB yrro-

Tpe6JI.HeTc.H p;JIH BbipameHHH rrpe,z:i;rroJiaraeMbIX
6y,rzyru;Hx ,n;eHCTBHH. 0Ha o6oaHa"llaeT HaMepeHHe
JIHI.I;a BbIIlOJIHHTb KaKOe-TO ,u;e:HCTBHe HJIH Be-
po.HTHOCTb co6bITHH B 6y~ym;eM:
I am going to write a letter to my parents.
(.H co6e:parocb narrHcaTh nncbMO po,n;HTeJI.aM.)
It's going to rain.
(BepO.HTHO, 6y,u;eT ,ll;O.iK,lJ;b.)
Are you going to travel round the world?
(Tb! co6npaeIIIbC.H COBepmHTh KpyrocBeTHOe
nyTeI.IIeCTBHe?)
They are not going to make a new film.
(OHR He co6HpaIOTC.H CHHMaTh HOBhIH cpHJibM.)
76
 Future Indefinite yrroTpeomrnTCH Tor,n;a, Kor,n;a
rOBOPHIIJ;HH pemaeT rrpOH3BeCTH KaKoe-JIHOO
,n;eHCTBH:e B MOMeHT pe1111. To be going + HH<}>HHH-
THB HCIIOJib3yeTCH Tor,n;a, Kor,n;a roBOPH~Hll peIIIH.71
rrpoH3BeCTH KaKoe-.111160 ,n;eilcTBHe 3apaHee.
CpaBHHTe: 1) Can you help me with this task?
OK, but I can't do it now. I'll help you tomorrow.
2) He has a difficult task. Yes, I know. He told
me. I'm going to help him tomorrow.

4 zoo o6y'teUUR

~ YnpajKueuue 1. 0TBeThTe Ha BorrpocbI H co-

cTaBbTe npe,z:vrnmemr.H no 06pa3u;y.
06pa3e4: Will you go to Athens next week? -
No, I shan't go to Athens next week. I shall go to
Accra.
1. Will you and Jane fly to Berlin this week?
2. Will Sam leave for Bombay next month?
3. Will Mary return to Geneva next year?
4. Will you fly to London tomorrow?
5. Will you and Tom go to Madrid next year?
6. Will Tom arrive from Moscow the week after
next?
7. Will Alice and Mary stay in New York next
month?
8. Will you fly to Paris tomorrow?
9. Will Tom and George go to Rome next year?
10. Will your parents be at home next weekend?
11. Will your grandparents visit you tomorrow?
12. Will you and your cousin Kate enter the
University next year?
77
 ~ Ynpa3tBeHHe 2. IlepenumuTe npe,zv10meHH.H
B Future Indefinite B yrBep,n;HTeJit.Hoii H 0TpH~aTe.JI1>Hoii
cpopMe no 06pa3n;y.
06pa3el{: I have to get up early. I'll have to get
up early. I shan't have to get up early.
1. He has to take care of himself.
2. I have to wash this shirt.
3. You have to feed the cat.
4. They have to carry this heavy box.
5. She has to do a lot of work.
6. I have to be careful.
7. They have to begin early.

5 zoiJ o6yW£enua
~ Ynpaacaeaue 1. llcnoJib3YH cJiosa, ,zi;aHH:ble
B CK06Kax, COCTaBbTe npe.n;.JiomeHHH, OIIHCbIBaIOm;He
.n;eikTBH.H, 3anJiaHHPOB8.HHbie lIHTOM Ha KaHHKYJI:bI.
06paael{: (Pete/go/England) - Pete is going to
England.
1. (He/leave/next Sunday)
2. (He/stay/in England for three weeks)
3. (Pete/go/with his friend)
4. (They/stay/in a hotel)
5. (They/go/by plane)
6. (They/come back/on Saturday)

~ Ynpa3tueuue 2. CocTaB1>Te npe,n;JiomeH1u1,

HCIIOJih3YH Future Indefinite no 06pa3~y.
06pa3eift: It's a lovely day for walking. - We
will go for a walk this afternoon. Will you join
us? - I think I will. - No, I am afraid not. I shall
be busy this afternoon.
78
 1. It's a lovely day for fishing.
2. It's a good place for dancing.
3. It's a perfect day for swimming.
4. It's a nice day for shopping.
5. It's an ideal text for studying.
6. It's a good day for driving.
7. It's a good place for spending money.
8. It's a lovely place for sightseeing.

6 ioiJ o6y"t£enuJl
~ YnpaarneuHe 1. ,IJ;onoJIHHTe npe,n;.11o~eH11.a,
HCilOJib3YH BhlpameHHe I'll + IIO,ll;XO,Zl;.Hlll;HH no CMhlCJIY
rJiaroJI no o6paan;y.
06pa3el.4: I'm too tired to stay here. - I think,
I'll go home.
1. I feel a bit thirsty. I think ... something to drink.
2. It's too late to trouble Sam now ... him
tomorrow.
3. Did you buy a present to Mary? Oh, I forgot.
Thanks for reminding me ... it in the afternoon.
4. What would you like drink, orange juice or
apple juice? ... orange juice.
5. It's so boring .... the TV.

~ YnpaarneuHe 2. PacKpoliTe CKo6KH H yrroTpe-

6HTe rJiaroJihl B Future Indefinite.

1. I (know) the result in a week.

2. You (be) in Moscow tonight?
3. You (have) time to help me tomorrow?
4. He (recognize) me?
5. He (give) the article to you if you ask him.
6. I am sure that you (like) our new house.
79
 ~ YnpamueHHe 3. CocTaBbTe BonpocbI no ,u;aHHOH
CHTYaII,HH, HCilOJib3YH :KOHCTpyKn;:mo to be going to ...
H Future Indefinite Tense.

Pete and Mary's daughter wants to borrow 500 $

so she can spend a year abroad. Pete and Mary want
to know where she is going, where she is going to
live and what she is going to do. They also want to
know how and when she will get their money back.

~ YnpamueHHe 4. IlocTaBbTe 11peA]]:o:>KeHHH B oT-

p11n;aTeJI1>Hyro c}>opMy.

1. Will the train leave at 7 o'clock?

2. Will he wait in that long queue?
3. Will you withdraw your luggage in the after-
noon?
4. Will Helen go to the cinema with him?
5. Will you come here again next month?
6. Will there be a meeting next Wednesday?
7. Will the library open at 8 o'clock to-
morrow?
8. Will you go to the refreshment room?
9. Will you go to the cinema after the lessons?

By,izym;ee ,n;JIHTeJ11>Hoe BpeMB

(Future Continuous (Progressive) Tense)
0603Ha-qaeT ,n;elicTBHe, npOTeKaIO~ee B KaKOH-TO
MOMeHT HJIH nep110,n; 6y,n;~ero speMeHH. BpeMH
p;eHCTBHH MomeT 6bITb yKaaaHO o6CTOHTeJib-
CTBeHHblMH CJIOBaMH HJIH KOHTeKCTOM.

I shall be playing tennis at this time tomorrow.

80
 06pa30BaHHe Future Continuous

YmBepiJumeJtonaa <Pop.Ma
I shall/will (I'll) be working
You'll be working

He~
She /will be working
It /
We shall/will be working
~~~Y /will be working

BonpocumeJtbHa.H <Pop.Ma
Shall/will I be working?
Will you be working?

Will ( ~~e) be working?

Shall/will we be working?
/you '--
Will -.. . . . ./ be working?
"'they/
Ompu~ameJtbnaa <Pop.Ma
I shall/will not (shan't) (won't) be working.
You will not (won't) be working
He"-..
She /will not (won't) be working
It /
We shall/will not (shan't) (won't) be working
You
They
> will not (won't) be working

81
 PaaJill'Dle Memir;y
Future Continuous H Future Indefinite

Future Continuous yrroTpe6JI.aeTc.a ,n;JI.a Bbipa-

.m:eHHH .n;eHCTBHSI, KOTOpoe npOHCXO,ZJ;HT B orrpe-
,n;eJieHHbIH MOMeHT HJIH 0Tpe30K BpeMeHH B 6y-
.n;ym;eM:
He will be working the whole day tomorrow.
Future Indefinite yrroTpe6JI.aeTc.a ,n;JI.a BbIJ>aiKeHHH
O,ll;HOKpaTHOro HJIH IlOBTopsnow;eroc.a ,n;eHCTBHH,
KOTopoe 6y,a;eT HMeTb MeCTO B 6y.n;yw;eM:
He will finish school next year.

5 zoiJ 06y1£enuJt
~ YnpaameHHe 1. ,D;orroJIHHTe rrpeJJ;JIOjReH1rn,
cpopMe Future Continuous, no
HCIIOJib3YH rJiaroJibl B
o6paa~y.
06pa3eq: I'm going to read a book from 10 until
11 o'clock this evening. - So at 10.30 I will be
reading a book.
1. Tomorrow afternoon I'm going to play football
from 3 to 4 o'clock. So at 3.30 tomorrow ...
2. Pete is going to play the piano from 7 to 8
o'clock this evening. So at 7 .15 ...
3. Mary is going to wash the dishes from 7. 30
to 8.30 this evening. So at 8 o'clock ...
4. They are going to paint from 9 until 12 o'clock
tomorrow morning. So at 1 o'clock tomorrow ...
6 zoiJ o6y'tenua

~ Ynpa~HeHHe 1. OrseTbTe Ha cJie.zzyro~ne so-

rrpocbl, ncnoJih3YH rJiaroJibI B Future Continuous Tense.
82
 1. What will you be doing in the evening? And
he? And your friend? And your sister?
2. Will your family be having supper when you
come home? And his children? And your aunt?
And her nephew?
3. Will you be working hard at your report next
term? And they? And other students?
4. When will she be doing the washing? And
Helen? And Susan?
5. Will he be working hard or having his rest at
5 o'clock? And Nick? And Pete?
6. Will they be studying German for two or
three more years? And comrade N.? And
comrade B.?
7. Where will he be travelling in a fortnight?
And you? And they?
8. Will you be still sitting at your desk and
writing when I return? And he? And she?

CJimKHoe ,n;onoJIHeHne
(Complex Object)
IlepBa.H 'laCTb KOMnJieKca - JIH'lHOe MeCTOHMe-
HHe B o6'beKTHOM na,n;eme HJIH cyru;ecTBHTeJibHOe
(Heorrpe,n;eJieHHoe MecTOHMeHHe) B o6ru;eM na,n;eme.
BTopa.H 'laCTb KOMnJieKca - HH<l>HHHTHB.
KoMnJieKc B u;eJIOM BhIIIOJIH.HeT <PyHKIVIIO cJiomHo-
ro ,ll;OIIOJIHeHH.H H npHCOe,ll;HH.HeTC.H K CJie,z:i;yroru;HM
rpymrnM rJiaronos:
1) K rJiaroJiaM, Bb1pa.ma10ru;HM meJiaHHe: to want,
to like, to prefer, to mean, to expect:
He wants us to come earlier.
(OH xoqeT, 'lT06bI Mbl rrpHlliJIH rropaHbllie.)
83
2) K rJiaro.JiaM, Bhrpamarom;nM qm:aw1ecKoe Boc-
npnaTne: to hear, to see, to feel, to watch,
a TaKme K rJiaroJiaM to make (aacTaBJIHTh),
to let (paapemaTh) H o6opoTy I won't have
(.H He ,n;onym;y); HH<l>HHHTHB B 3TOM CJiyLiae
ynoTpe6m1eTc.H 6ea LiaCTHD;hI to:
I saw him come into the house.
(.H BH,ZJ;eJI, KaK OH BOIIIeJI B ,ll;OM.)
I didn't hear the bell ring.
(.H He CJihiillaJI, KaK IIp03BeHeJI 3BOHOK.)
What makes you think so?
(qTO 3acTaBJI.HeT Te6H ,n;yMaTh TaK?)
3) K r JiaroJiaM MhIIIIJieHHH to know, to :think,
to consider, to believe; rrocJie aTHX rJiaroJioB
o6hILIHO ynoTpe6JI.H:eTCH HH<l>HHHTHB B KaLieCTBe
CBH3KH:
Do you think him to be a good student?
(Th! ,zi;yMaemL OH xopom11:0: cTy,n;eHT?)

KoMnJieKc c rrpe,n;JIOI'OM for

3TOT KOMIIJieKC BKJIIOtiaeT B ce6.H npe,zi;JIOI' for'

KOTOpbIH CTaBHTCH B naqa;re KOMIIJieKca. HH<l>H-
HHTHBHhIH KOMIIJieKC c npe,zvroroM for MomeT
BbIIIOJIHHTb B npe,n;JioJKeHHH CJie,n;yroru;ne <l>YHKD;HH:
1) CJIOJKHOI'O ,ll;OIIOJIHeHH.H:
We waited for the rain to stop.
(MbI JK,ZJ;aJIH, IIOKa npeKpaTHTCS! ,ll;OJK,ll;b.)
2) cJiomHoro onpe,n;eJieHHH:
Here are some books for you to read.
(3,n;ecb ,ll;JI.H Te6.H eCTb KHHI'H .)
3) CJIOJKHoro no,n;Jiemaru;ero (o6LILIHO c BBO,ll;HhIM it):
84
 It was necessary for you to go there at once.
(,Il;Jrn: Te6H 6bIJIO Heo6xop;HMO CXO,ll;HTb Typ;a
ceH:1!ac.)
4) o6CTOHTeJibCTBa n;eJIH HJIH peayJibTaTa:
I've closed the window for you not to catch cold.
(.H 3aKpbIJI OKHO, 1!T06bI Tb! He rrpocTy,D;HJICH.)
5) rrpep;1rnaTHBa:
It's for you to decide.
(Te6e pernaTb.)

6 zoo o6y.,,enu.n
~ Ynpamueuue 1. Ilpo"<I11TaiiTe li rrepeBe,n;HTe
rrpe,1v10meHHH, o6paru;aH BHHMaHHe Ha Complex Object.
3a,n;aiiTe BOIIPOCbl K ,n;aHHbIM rrpe,n;JIO:JKeHliHM.

1. I wanted him to be present at the lecture.

2. She wanted the child to wash his hands before
dinner.
3. The teacher wanted the boy to behave better.
4. We wanted our son to master the English
language.
5. Her uncle wanted us to join their excursion.
6. They wanted me to book the tickets in advance.
7. The governor wanted the man to tell him
everything about himself.

~ YrrpamueHHe 2. CocTaBbTe rrpe,n;JiomeHHH,

Bblpa:ma.a: CBOe :meJiaHHe HJIH He:JKeJiaHlie IIO IIOBO,n;y
qbliX-Jrn6o ,n;eftcTBHii, Hcxo,n;H H3 CHTyau;11ii. McrroJibsyiiTe
Complex Object rro 06pa3u;y.
06pa3el..F Pete comes to my house. - I want
Pete to come to my house. (I don't want Pete to
come to my house.)
85
 1. Jack sings a song.
2. My friends come to my birthday party.
3. Mary calls me very late.
4. The teacher treats me badly.
5. My boy-friend is always late.
6. My aunt comes without invitation.
7. My mother always tells me what to do and
how to behave.
8. My brother gets a better job.
9. Ted often asks me too many questions.
10. Helen reads only detective stories.

~ YnpaatBeBHe 8. 0TBeTbTe Ha BOIIpOChI, HC-

Il0Rb3YH o6paae~.
Oopa3eq.: Why is the lady pointing at the suit-
case? (want/he/to carry it) - Because she wants
him to carry it.
Why is the man showing his new car to his wife?
(not/want/she/to drive it} - Because he doesn't
want her to drive it.

1. Why is he giving her his photograph? (want/

she/to keep it)
2. Why is she saying goodbye to her? (not/want/
they /to miss it)
3. Why is she taking the knife from him? (not/
want/he/to cut himself)
4. Why is the policeman talking to the man and
the woman? (want/they/to move it)
5. Why is the woman telling the girl to be
careful? (want/she/to lose it/)
6. Why is he putting the record on? (want/they/
to listen to it)
86
 7. Why is she talking to the little boy? (not/
want/he/to hurt himself)
8. Why is the attendant talking to the man?
(want/he/to describe it)

Mo,zi;aJILBble rJiaroJild
(Modal Verbs)

Mo,n;aJibHbIMH r JiaroJiaMH B aHrJIHHCKOM H3h1Ke

Ha3LIBaIOTCH rJiarOJibI, KOTOpble BblpamaIOT He
,u;eii:CTBHe (COCTOHHHe), a OTHOIIIeHHe K HeMy:
B03MO.>KHOCTb, Heo6xo~:UMOCTb HJIH cnoco6HOCTb
COBepmeHH.H ,n;eiiCTBHH, ero Bepo.HTHOCTb H T. II.
K MO,ll;aJII>HbIM OTHOCHTCH rJiarOJibI can, may, must,
ought, should, need, dare. Mo,ZJ;aJibHbIMH TaKme
to be, to have, shall, will,
MOryT 6hITb rJiaroJI1>1
would.
Mo,u;aJI1>Hb1e rJiarOJihI Bcerp;a yrroTpe6JI.HIOTCH
c HH<l>HHHTHBaMH. BoJibillHHCTBO H3 HHX HC-
Il0Jlb3YIOTC.JI c HHtPHHHTHBaMH 6ea qacTHD;hI to,
Mop;aJibHLie rJiaroJI1>1 .HBJIHIOTC.H Hep;ocTaTO'tll:I w:-
MH, T. e. He HMeIOT HeJIH't!HbIX <}>opM (HH<}>HHHTH.1a,
rrpH'tlaCTH.H H repyH,D;HH) H B CBH3H c 3THM He
06pasy10T cJIO.>KHhIX rJiaroJI:&HbIX <t>opM. KpoMe
Toro, Hep;ocTaTO"tlHble Mo,u;aJibHbie rJiaroJILI He
IIPHHHMaIOT OKOH'tlaHHH -s B 3·M JIHIJ;e e,D;HHCTBeHHoro
'tlHCJia Present Indefinite.

0Tpn:n;aTeJibHa.H H BOIIpOCHTeJibHaH <}>opMbI

MO,ZJ;aJibHbIX rJiarOJIOB 06paay10TCH 6ea BCIIOMO-
raTeJibHbIX rJiarOJIOB.

87
 Can
(MOqL, -yMeTL)

Mo'AaJihHhlH r JiaroJI can HMeeT ,IJ;Be <t>opMhl -

HacTo.a:~ero BpeMeHH can H npome,IJ;mero could.
IlocJie r JiaroJia can/could cJie,IJ;yeT HHtPHHHTHB
6e3 qacTHD;bl to:
Steven can play the piano.
They could drive you to the hotel.
BorrpocHTeJI1>Ha.a: H oTpH:a;a TeJI1>Haa cpopMhl
o6paayIOTCH 6e3 BCIIOMOraTeJihHOI'O rJiaroJia.
I can play. Can I play? I can not (can't) play.

4 zoiJ 06y11,enua
~ Ynpa3CHeBHe 1. ,ll;aii:Te OTpmi;aTeJibHhie OTBeThI
Ha ~ruIHLie Bonpocld 11 o6'b.HCHHTe npwmuy no 06pa311;y.
06pa3ellt: Can he come tomorrow? - He can't
come, because he is ill.
1. Can she forget the name of the street?
2. Can they find the rooms at the hotel?
3. Can they spend their holidays with us?
4. Can he go away?
5. Can the professor forget the title of the book?
6. Can they solve this problem?

~ YnpaacueBHe 2. IlepenHmHTe npe~JiomeHHH,

HCilOJib3ya can't no o6pa3I.cy.
06pa3e~: I don't believe it is true. - It can't
be true.
1. I don't believe Brian said such a rude thing.
2. It is impossible that the ship sank in the
harbour.
88
 3. I don't believe Mr. Stone is as old as that, he
looks much younger.
4. I don't believe that you suggested such a silly
thing.
5. I don't believe that the teacher was satisfied
with our work.

May
(Moqi,)

Mo,ZJ;aJILHhlii rJiaroJio may HMeeT <t>opMbI HacTo-

Hm;ero H npomeµ;mero BpeMeHH: may / might. May
(might) yrroTpe6JI.f.llOTC.H c IIOCJie,ZJ;yrom;HM HH<l>H-
HHTHBOM 6ea 'tlaCTHD;hl to. BorrpocHTeJILHaH
H OTPHD;aTeJILHaH <}>opMhl o6paayroTC.H 6ea BCIIO-
MoraTeJibHblX rJial'OJIOB.
I may go. May I go? I may not go.

Mop;aJil>Hhl:ii rJiaroJI may ynoTpe6JI.HeTcs.r p;JI.H

BhlpameHHH:
1) pa3pemeHH.H:
You may tell your friend everything.
(T1>1 Mome11Ib paccKaaaTi. Bee cBoeMy ,ZJ;pyry.)
B Ta.KOM 3Ha'tleHHH may HCIIOJih3yeTC.H B o<t>H-
D;HaJILHOH ycTHOH H IIHChM€HHOH pe'tlH. 0TpH-
n;aTeJILHa.H <}>opMa BhlpamaeT aarrpem;eHHe:
You may not leave the office now.
(Bbl He MOmeTe cenqac IIOKHHYTL O<i>HC.)
<l>opMa npome,ZJ;mero BpeMeHH might B aToM
3Ha'tleHHH BCTpeqaeTC.H TOJibKO B npH,ZJ;aTOtIHbIX
npe,ZJ;JIOjKeHH.HX (B OCHOBHOM B KOCBeHHOH
pe'tlH), Kor,u;a l'JiaroJI B l'JiaBHOH qacTH CTOMT
B rrpOille,ZJ;IIIeM BpeMeHH:
89
 He said that we might tell her everything.
(OH CKa3aJI, "t!TO Mhl MOJI<eM 060 BCeM eli
paccKa3aTb.)
B npocTbIX npe,u;Jio.meHHHX HCIIOJib3yeTcJI r Jia-
roJI to allow:
We were allowed to tell her everything.
(HaM paapemHJIH nee e:H paccKa3aTb.)
BonpocHTeJibHaJI <t>opMa BblpamaeT semJIHBYIO
npoch6y. 9Ta <}>opMa qacTo ynoTpe6JIJieTcJI
B ueo<}JHn;HaJihHOH peqn. May H might Bhlpa-
ma10T npocb6y' OTBOCHIIJ;YIOCH K HaCTOJIID;eMy
ll 6yp;yw;eMy BpeMeHH, npH STOM might
HCIIOJib3yeTCH Tor,u;a, Kor,u;a roBOPHIIJ;HH He
yBepeH B oTBeTe co6ece,n;HHKa:
May (might) I smoke here?
(Mom HO MHe KYPHTb 3,ZJ;eCb ?)
YTBep,D;HTeJihHhIH OTBeT Ha STOT Bonpoc -Yes,
you may. EcJIH OTBeT npe,u;cTaBJIHeT co6o:H:
BblpameHHe Yes, you might, He COBCeM IIOHJITHO,
6bIJIO JIH ,n;aHO paapemeHHe. 0TpHn;aTeJil>HbIM
OTBeTOM Ha ,n;aHHYID npOCb6y MOa<eT 6bITb
<}>paaa No, you may not, HJIH No, you must
not.
May B1>1pamaeT 6oJiee Bea<JIHBYIO <}>opMy
npoch61>1, qeM can.
2) Mo,u;an1>H1>1:H rJiarOJI may ynoTpe6JIJieTCH /1,JIJI Bl>I-
pameHHH HeyBepeHHOCTH (B YTBep/1,HTeJil>HhIX
H oTpHIJ,aTeJihHhIX npe,u;JiomeHHHx). B ,u;aHHOM
3Ha"t!eHHH may (might) MOa<eT ynoTpe6JI.fITbC.fI
c pa3Hl>IMH <}>opMaMH HHQHIHHTHBa. May
H might yrroTpe6JI.fIIOTC.f.I O,ZJ;HHaKOBO, npH
3TOM might BhIPR*aeT MeHbIDYIO CTeneHh
yBepeHHOCTH.
90
 May/might (not) + simple infinitive rJmroJioB,
o6o3Hal:!aIOIIJ;HX ,u;e:HCTBH.H, BbipruKaIOT ,u;eHCTBHH,
OTHOCHIIJ;HeC.H K 6y,u;ym;eMy:
Mike may call you tomorrow.
(Ma:HK, MO.iKeT 6hITb, 1103BOHHT Te6e 3aBTpa.)
4 zoiJ 06y"1£enu.si

~ YnpamueHHe 1. 3a;:i;a.HTe Borrpoc, Bhlpa.marom;11li

Bea<JIHBYIO rrpocb6y, HCnOJib3YH rJiaroJI may.
06paaeq,: Your classmate has a pen. You want
to borrow it. - May I please borrow your pen?
1. Your classmate has a dictionary. You want to
borrow it.
2. Your classmate has a pencil sharpener. You
want to borrow it.
3. Your classmate has an eraser. You want to
use it for a minute.
4. Your classmate has a book. You want to see it.
5. You're in your friend's flat. You want to look
at his album.
6. You're are knocking at your teacher's room.
You want to come in.

5 zoiJ 06y"1£enu.si
~ Ynpamueuue 1. IIpo~rn:TaHTe ,D;HaJior. 06paTHTe
BHHMaHHe Ha yrroTpe6JieHHe B HeM MO,!l;aJibHOro rJiarOJia
may. CocTaBbTe CBOH ,D;HaJior 110 06pa3:a;y ,D;aHHoro,
HCil0Jlb3YH B HeM MO,!l;aJibHbIH rJiaroJI may H KOHCTpyKD;HIO
to be going + HH<l>HHHTHB.
Roy: Where are you going to spend your
holidays this year, Harry?
91
 Harry: We may go abroad. I'm not sure. My
wife wants to go to Egypt. I'd like to go there,
too. We can't make up our minds.
Roy: Will you travel by sea or by air?
Harry: We may travel by sea.
Roy: It's cheaper, isn't it?
Harry: It may be cheaper, but it takes a long time.
Roy: I'm sure you will enjoy yourselves.
Harry: Don't be so sure. We may not go
anywhere. My wife always worries too much. Who's
going to look after the dog? Who's going to look
after the house? Who's going to look after the
garden? We have this problem every year. In the
end, we stay at home and look after everything!

Must
(,zr;OJI*eHCTBOBaTL, ,zr;oJiateu)

Mo,n;aJibHbIH r.Jiaro.JI must HMeeT TOJibKO o,n;Hy

<PopMy HaCTO.H~ero BpeMeHH must. Must OTHOCHTCH
K HacTosm;eMy H 6y,n;yIQeMy BpeMeHH. Must
yrroTpe6JIHeTCH c HH$HHHTHBOM 6e3 qacTHIJ;bI to.
BonpocHTeJibHas n oTpH.u;aTeJibHas <PopMbI 06-
paayroTcs 6ea ncnoMoraTeJILHoro rJiarOJ1a.
I must go. Must I go? I must not (mustn't go).

Mo,n;aJihHhIH r.JiaroJI must yrroTpe6JiseTcs

B 3Ha"IJeHHHX o6aaaHHOCTH HJIH Heo6xo,n;HMOCTH:
We must visit our sick friends.
(Mb1 .n;oJDKHhI HaBecTHTh Hanrn:x 6oJihHhIX .zq>yae.H.)

Must MO:>KeT ynoTpe6JiaTbCH B np11.n;aToqHoM

npe,n;JiomeHHH ,Zl;JIH BbipameHHH o6.fI3aHHOCTH HJIH
92
Heo6xo,n;HMOCTH B rrpOIIIJIOM. IlpH 3TOM rJiaroJI
B r JiaBHOM rrpe.n;JiomeHHH CTOHT B rrporne.n;rneM
BpeMeHH:
He said we must park here.
(OH CKa3aJI, l!TO MbI ,ZJ;OJijKHbI rrpHIIapKOBaThC.H
s.n;ecn.)
B rrpoCThIX rrpe.n;JiomeHH.HX HJIH B r JiaBHoii -qacTH
cJiomHoro BMecTo must yrroTpe6JiaeTca had to:
We had to park here.
(MbI ,Zl;OJljKH:bI 6bIJIH rrpmrnpKOBaThC.H 3,ZJ;eCb.)
The children had to get up because it was already
9 o'clock.
(,Il;eTH ,ZJ;OJijKHbI 6bIJIH BCTaTb, IIOTOMY "t!TO 6bIJIO
yme 9 ~rncoB.)
0TpH:a;aTeJI1>Ha5I cpopMa must not B1>rpamaeT
cTporH:ii sarrpeT:
You must not speak so loudly.
(Tor He ,ZJ;OJimeH rOBOpHTb TaK rpOMKO.)

4 zoiJ 06y"1£enuJ£
~ Ynpa3CHeHHe 1. ,1l;orroJIHHTe rrpe,i:i;Jio.meHHSI,
HCIIOJib3YH ,IJ;aHHbie <t>pa3bl H I'JiarOJI must, ITO o6paau;y.
06pa3fflF A driver . . . . - A driver must have
a driver's license.
close the door behind you; go to medical school;
have a driver's license; have a library card; have
a passport; speak English outside of class every day,
listen to the radio, watch television, read newspapers,
make new friends, and talk to myself in English;
stop; study harder; take one pill every six hours.
1. If a traffic light is red, a car ...
93
 2. My doctor gave me a prescription. I ....
3. If you want to check a book out of library,
you ....
4. I failed the last two tests in my biology class.
According to my professor, I . . . .
5. If I want to travel abroad, I ....
6. If you want to become a doctor, you ....
7. Jimmy? It's cold outside. When you come
inside, you . . . .
8. I want to improve my English. According to
my teacher, I . . . .

5 zoiJ 06y11,enua
~ Ynpaacsesue 1. IlepemnrrHTe npe,zv1omeHHH
c rJiaroJioM must no 06pa3n;y.
06pa3eq: It's necessary for the children to study
well. - The children must study well.
1. It's necessary for the children to play out-of-
doors.
2. It's necessary for Mike to get up early
tomorrow.
3. It's necessary for Mr. White to consult a doctor.
4. It's necessary for the students to learn these
rules by heart.
5. It's necessary for Ruth to help her mother
about the house.
6. It's necessary for you to improve your pronun-
ciation.
7. It's necessary for the monitor to fetch the
tape-recorder.
8. It's necessary for the students to attend the
lectures.
94
 ~ Ynpaacueuue 2. IleperrnmHTe rrpe,ZJ;JIO)KeHHS:I
o6pa3D;y.
B KOCB0HHOM petrn IIO
06pa3e~: We must repair this car. What's that ?
They say ... - They say (that) they must repair
this car.
1. We feel thirsty. What's that?
They say ...
2. I shall catch the bus. What's that?
He says ...
3. I am cold. What's that?
She says ...
4. I have a cold. What's that?
He says ...
5. I need a licence. What's that?
She says ...
6. I shall sell this house. What' s that?
He says ...
7. I have an ear-ache. What's that?
He says ...
8. I want a haircut. What's that?
He says ...
6 zoo o6y'£enu.H
rt:> Ynpaac:Heuue 1. B ,ZJ;aHHbIX rrpe,ZJ;JiomeH11ax
y110Tpe611Te must mu:1 mustn't.
1. Before getting on a plane you . . . show your
boarding card.
2. You ... fasten your seat-belt during take-off
and landing.
3. Before you board a plane, you ... pay your
1uggage on the scale, and you . . . pass t he
passport control.
95
 4. You ... use the toilet during take-of or landing.
5. Passengers ... use radio-sets on board a plane.
6. You ... smoke in the toilet on board the plane
at any time.
7. Passengers ... smoke in the smoking area.
8. You ... block the aisle during the flight.
9. After landing, you ... stay in your seat until
the plane has come to a standstill.
10. You ... follow the sighs during the flight.

~ Y npa~ueuue 2. CocTaBbTe npe,zi;JiomeHHH no

o6paaa;y.
06pa3ffl.F Is he a doctor or a dentist? - He can't
be a doctor. He must be a dentist.
1. Is she Danish or Norwegian?
2. Are they listening to the radio or watching
television?
3. Is it the lst or the 2nd today?
4. Are they Austrian or German?
5. Is she 32 or 30?
6. Is it cheap or expensive?
7. Is he shaving or having a bath?
8. Is he the oldest or the youngest in the family?
9. Are they mechanics or engineers?

Should, ought
(,lJ;OJI3CeH, CJie,z:cyeT)

Mo,n;aJibHble rJiarOJibI should H ought HMeIOT no

O,ll;HOH BpeMeHHOH <}>opMe, OTHOCH~eHC.H K Ha-
CTO.HIIJ;eMy HJIH 6y.u;ym;eMY BpeMeHH. IIocJie should
HH<}>HHHTHB HcnoJib3yeTc.H 6ea -qacTHD;bI to. IIocJie
ought HH<}>HHHTHB ynoTpe6.HJieTCH c qaCTHII;eH to.
BorrpocHTeJibHa.H H OTpm.i;aTeJibHa.H c}>opM:bI o6oHx
96
Mo,n;aJlbHhIX rJiaroJIOB o6paayIOTC.H 6e3 BCIIOMO-
raTeJibHOro rJiaroJia.
I should go.
Should I go?
I should not (shouldn't) go.
I ought to go.
Ought I to go?
I ought not (oughtn't) to go.
Mo,n;aJI&Hbie rJiaroJibI should H ought yrroTpe6-
JIHIOTCH B CJie,z:i;yrom;Hx 3HaG:eHH.HX:
1) COBeTa, meJiaTeJibHOCTH, peKOMeH,n;an;HH:
You should be more careful.
(Te6e CJie,z:i;yeT 6bITb 6oJiee BHHMaTeJibHbIM.)
You ought to help them.
(Te6e CJie,ZJ;OBaJIO 6bI IIOMOG:b HM.)
2) MOpa.JibHOH o6srnaHHOCTH:
Students should not come late to classes.
(CTYp;eHTbI He ,!J;OJDKHbI OIIa3,D;hIBaTb Ha 3aH.HTH.H.)
You ought to tell your parents the truth.
(Tbl ,D;OJijKeH CKa3aTb pO,D;HTeJI.HM rrpaB,n;y.)
rJiaroJI should qam;e HCIIOJlb3yeTC.H ,ll;Jl.H Bbipa-
meHHH COBeTa. rJiarOJI ought qam;e HCIIOJib3yeT-
C.H /1,JIH BbrpameHH.H MOpaJibHOH o6.H3aHHOCTH.
3) ,ZJ;JI.H BhipameHH.H yrrpeKa IIO IIOBO,D;Y HeBbI-
IlOJIHeHHoro MOpaJibHOrO o6.H3aTeJibCTBa HJIH
COBeTa (c nep<}>eKTHbIM 1rn<}>HHHTHBOM (Perfect
Infinitive)):
They should have been more polite.
(HM CJie,!J;OBaJIO 6br 6bITb 6oJiee BemJIHBhIMH.)
She ought to have given you the necessary
instructions.
(E:ii cJie,n;oBaJIO 61>1 ,n;aTb Te6e Heo6xo,n;HMhre
HHCTpyKJ:~HH.)

97
 0TplU~aTeJibHble cpopMhl BbipamaIOT IIOPli~aHHe
3a BbIIlO.TIHeHHe ,zi;eil:CTBHH.
You shouldn't have laughed at him.
(Tb! He ,ll;O.TimeH 6bl.TI CMeSIThCH Ha,ll; HHM.)
You ought not to have touched my papers.
(Thi He ,ll;O.TimeH 6hI.TI TporaTb MOH 6yMarH.)
4) B 3HR'leHHH BepoHTHOCTH rJiarO.TibI should
H ought CliHOHHMH"t!Hhl r.Tiaro.Tiy must, HO OHR
HCIIOJih3YIOTC.H pe.me, "tleM must:
It is Monday: Mr. Brown should be here.
(Cero,ll;HH noHe,ll;e~hHHK: rocno,IJ;HH BpayH,
,D;O.TI:>R.HO 6bITb, 3,ll;eCb.)
This dress ought to be cheaper.
(3To II.TiaThe, ,ll;OJimHO 6bITh, ,zi;emeB.Tie.)

4 zoiJ o6y-.,,enu.R

~ Ynpa3tueuue 1. ,ll;onoJIHHTe npe,ZJ;JiomeHHH,

HCIIOJIL3YH you should H ,n;aHHble CJIOBa H BblpameHHH,
no o6paans.
buy a new pair of shoes, go on a diet, go to the
bank, go to the post office, go to bed and take
a nap, see a dentist, study harder.
06pa3e1.1t: I want to mail a package. - You should
go to the post office.
1. I'm sleepy.
2. I need some money.
3. My shoes have holes in the bottom.
4. My marks aren't good. I have many "threes".
5. I have a toothache.
6. I'm gaining weight. My old clothes are too
small for me.
98
 ~ Ynpajgueuue 2. ,ZJ;onoJIHHTe npe,zv10meHHH,
ronaroJia should HJIH shouldn't.
HCilOJih3YH <PopMbI

1. Pupils ... come to class every day.

2. Students ... cut class.
3. We ... waste our money on things we don't
need.
4. Life is short. We ... waste it.
5. It's raining. You ... take your umbrella when
you leave.
6. Jimmy! You ... pull the cat's taiU
7. People ... be cruel to animals.
8. Your plane leaves at 8:00. You ... get to the
airport by 7: 00.
9. When you go to New York City, you ... see a
play on Broadway.
10. You ... walk alone on city streets after
midnight. It's dangerous.

To be
(.zi;omtteH, CJie.zi;yeT)

I'naroJI to be B KaqeCTBe MO,D;aJibHOrO yno-

Tpe6JISieTC.H B HaCTOHID;eM H npomep;meM BpeMeHH,
T. e. HMeeT Q;>opMhI Present Indefinite n Past
Indefinite. BonpocnTeJI1>HaS1 n 0TpH:a;aTeJI1>HaS1
Q;>opMbI o6pa3yroTCH TaK me, KaK B p;pyrHX cnyqa.HX
ynoTpe6JieHHH rnaroJia to be. Mop;anhHhIH rnaron
be Bcerp;a ynoTpe6JISleTCSI c Q;>opMOH HHQ;>HHHTHBa
c 1IacTH:n;eH: to.
We are to wait for them at the airport.
(Mb! ,lJ;OJI:>KHbI iK,ZJ;aTh HX B aaponopTy.)
The concert was to take place on Saturday.
(Koa:a;epT ,ll;OJI:>KeH 6bIJI COCTOSITbCSI B cy66oTy.)
99
 Mo,n;a.rr1>HbIH r JiaroJI to be ynoTpe6JIHeTcH B cJie-
,u;yro~Hx 3HaqeHHHX:
1) aarrJiaHHpOBaHHOro ,u;eiicTBHH:
The expedition is to start in a month.
(3KcIIe,lJ;HII;HH ,ZJ;OJI)KHa HaqaThCH qepea Mee.Hu;.)
They were to stop for lunch in this town.
(OHn: ,ZJ;OJI)KHbI 6bIJIH OCTaHOBHTbCH Ha JiaHq
B 3TOM ropo,u;e.)
Ilepij>eKTHbIH HHcpHHHTHB (Perfect Infinitive)
nocne r JiaroJia to be B npome,u;meM BpeMeHH
(was, were) o6oaHa"tJ:aeT, qTo HaMe't!eHHoe
,u;eiicTBHe He ocym;ecTBHJIOCb:
Pete was to have come an hour ago, but he
didn't.
(IIHT ,ZJ;OJimeH 6h!JI npHHTH qac Haaa,u;, HO He
npHmeJI.)
Heonpe,u;eJieHHhIH HHcpHHHTHB (Simple Infini-
tive) nocJie rJiaroJia to be B npome,u;meM BpeMeHH
(was, were) He noKaa1>rnaeT, npoHaomJio ,ZJ;eii-
CTBHe HJIH HeT.
2) npHKa3aHHH H HHCTPYKII;HH:
We are to meet at 5 o'clock.
(MbI ,Zl;OJI»<Hbl BCTpeTHTbC.H B Il.HTb qacoB.)
You are to take your things and leave imme-
diately.
(TI:J ,ZJ;OJimeH B3SITh CBOH Bem;H H HeMe,n;JieHHO
yexaT1>.)
3) npe,n;pemeHHoro co6hlTHSC
They parted and he was never to see her again.
(OHH paCCTaJIHCb H OH HHKOr,u;a ee 60Jibme He
BH,ZJ;eJI.)
4) B03MO)KHOCTH (c Passive Infinitive). B 3TOM
3Ha"t!eHHH to be CHHOHHMffl'.JeH MO,ZJ;aJibHhIM
rJiaroJia.M can H may.
100
 Nothing is to be done.
(Hlil~rnro HeJI1>3H c,n;eJiaT1>.)

~ YnpamueuHe 1. 0TBeTbTe Ha BonpocbI, HC-

IIOJIL3ya MO~a.JI1>Hi.1H: rJrn.roJI be to, no 06pa31:i;y.
06pa3eu,.: Why didn't you go to the cinema with
your parents? You wanted to go together. - I was
to go to the cinema, but I was ill.

1. Why didn't you come to Mary's party? You

wanted to come.
2. Why didn't you work in the office on
Saturday? You promised to help us.
3. Why didn't you buy a new car? Yours is old.
4. Why didn't you call Sally? She waited for you.
5. Why didn't you finish the translation? You
wanted to finish your work.
6. Why didn't you help you parents in the garden?
You promise to water the vegetables.

~ YnpamueuHe 2. 0TBeTbTe Ha Bonpocbl, HC-

IIOJih3ya MO~aJILHblli rJiaroJI be to H <f>pa3bl, .n;aHH1>1e
B c1w6Kax, no o6pa3U.Y·
06pa3eu,.: Are you going to visit your uncle
today? (but I was very busy) - Yes, I am. I was
to visit him yesterday, but I was very busy.

1. Are you going to buy vegetables today? (but

I forgot)
2. Are you going to go to your English teacher?
(I couldn't)
101
 3. Are going to the dentist today? (I was afraid)
4. Are you going to bring your collection of coins
to school? (I couldn't find it)
5. Are you going to clean your room today. ( was
very tired)

CTpa,u;aTeJILH1>1ii aaJior
(The Passive Voice)

3aJior BbipamaeT OTHomeHHe Mem.zi;y no.zvrema-

ll.J;HM H cKa3yeMbIM B npe.z:pmmeHHH. B aHrJIHHCKOM
H3bIKe, KaK H B pycCKOM, cy:m;eCTByeT ,D;Ba 3aJIOra:
.zi;eiicTBHTeJibHbiii (Active Voice) H cTpa.zi;aTeJibHbiii:
(Passive Voice). rJiaroJI-CKa3yeMoe B Active Voice
noKa3hIBaeT, qTo no.zi;Jiemam;ee npe.zi;JiomeHHH caMo
coBepmaeT .n;elicTBHe, BbipameHHoe rJiaroJioM:
I ask. (.H cnpamHBaro.)
rJiaroJI-CKaayeMoe B Passive Voice IlOI~a3bIBaeT ,
qTo IlO)J;JieJKa.IQee npe.zi;JiomeHHH HBJIHeTCH o6'beKTOM
,n;eHCTBHH, BbipameHHOro rJiaroJIOM.
I am asked. (MeH.SI cnpamHBaIOT.)
<PopMhI rnarona B cTpa.n;aTeJILHOM aaJiore 06-
paayroTcsr c n0Mo:rq1>ro BcnoMoraTeJibHoro rJiaroJia
to be B cooTBeTCTBy10:rqeM BpeMeHH H Participle II
CMLICJIOBoro rJiaroJia:
to be asked (6hITb cnpomeHHbIM),
to be written (6hITb HanHcaHHhIM).

IloKa3aTeJieM JIH:a;a, qHcJia H BpeMeHH B Passive

Voice HBJIHeTcH rnaron to be, a cpopMa np1rqacTHH
II ocTaeTcH HeHaMeHHoii:.
102
 <l>opMy CTpa,n;aTeJILHOI'O 3aJIOI'a HMeIOT TOJILKO
rrepexop;Hbl0 I'Jia!'OJibl, T. e. I'JiaI'OJibl, KOTOpbie Tpe6y-
IOT IIPHMOI'O )l;OIIOJIHeHH.lI (HarrpHMep, to see, to buy.
to write H T. .n;.). <l>opMa CTpa,n;aTeJihHOI'O 3aJIOI'a
MOiKeT 6hITb o6pa30BaHa OT rrepeXO)l;HhIX I'JiaI'OJIOB,
rrpHHHMaIOru;Hx B .n;e:HCTBHTeJibHOM 3aJiore KaK
6ecrrpe.n;JIOiKHOe, Ta& H npep;JIOiKHOe )l;OIIOJIHeHHe.
I bought this book.
This book will be bought.

They look after the children.

The children are looked after.

B Tex cJiyqaxx, &or~a

rJiaroJI rrpHHHMaeT p;Ba
)l;OIIOJIHeHHH - KOCBeHHOe H npHMOe, JII06oe H3
3THX )l;OIIOJIHeHHH MomeT CTaTh 110,ll;Jieataru;HM
B rrpe.n;JiomeHHH c I'JiaI'OJIOM B CTpa.n;aTeJibHOM
aaJiore:
The professor told us many interesting things.
We were told many interesting things by the
professor.
Many interesting things were told us by the
professor.

B BOIIpOCHTeJihHOH cpopMe BCIIOMOI'aTeJihHhlH

I'JiaI'OJI CTaBHTCH rrepe,n; IIO)l;Jiemaru;HM.
Is this work done?

B oTpHn;aTeJihHoii <}>opMe qacTHn;a not cTaBHTCH

IIOCJie BCIIOMOI'aTeJibHOro I'JiaI'OJia.
The composition has not been written.

B aHrJIHHCKOM H3h1Ke cTpa.n;aTeJihHhlH 3aJior

YIIOTpe6JI.KeTCH 11aru;e, "t!eM B pyCCKOM.
103
 B aHrJIHHCKOH naccHBHOH KOHCTPYKD;HH -nepe,z:i;
,2.l;OIIOJIHeHHeM, o6oaHa"tfa.IO~HM .zi;e:HCTBYIOIIJ;ee JIHD;O
lilJIH npep;MeT, CTOSIT npe,ZJ;JIOrH by HJIH with.
,il;onoJIHenne c rrpe,zi;;roroM by BhipamaeT .zi;elicT-
Byrom;ee JIHD;O HJIH rrpe,z:i;MeT, a ,2.l;OIIOJIHeHHe c npe,n;-
JIOI'OM with - opyp;He ,ll;eHCTBH.H.
The composition was written by this student.
The cake was cut with a knife.

Mnor.zi;a BMecTo be ,ll;JIH. o6oana"tfeHH.sI neaa-

nJiaHHpoBaHHhlx )l;eHCTBHH, KOTOpbie npOHCXO,D;.sIT
c KeM-TO HJIH c "tfeM-TO, Moa<eT yIIOTpe6JI.sITbC.sI
rJiaroJI get:
There was a storm but nobody got hurt.(= was
hurt).

~ Ynpa3tBeHHe 1. IIocTaBbTe cJie'Ayrom;He rrpe'A-

J1omemu1 B Passive Voice no o6pa3n;aM.
06pa3eq: She washes the child. - The child is
washed by her.
1. I prepare dinner.
2. They buy newspapers.
3. He gives French lessons.
4. She writes short stories.

06pa3eq: I gave him a book. - A book was given

him by me.

1. We understood him.
2. He organized the party.
104
 3. They told us interesting stories.
4. She brought me these text-books.

06paaeq.: We shall translate these articles.

These articles will be translated by us.
1. The children-will take the copy-books.
2. We shall discuss this novel.
3. Mary will invite us.
4. People will remember this event.

~ YnpamHeuue 2. 0TBeTI:.Te Ha Bonpochl, nc-

noJI1:.aya: Passive Voice no o6paa:a;y.
06paaeq: Does anyone ever open this window? -
Yes, it is opened regularly.
1. Does anyone ever take him to school?
2. Did anyone ever repair that car?
3. Does anyone ever air this room?
4. Does anyone ever correct these copybooks?
5. Does anyone ever invite him to a party?
6. Does anyone ever meet them at the station?
7. Did anyone ever sharpen this knife?
8. Did anyone ever sharpen these knives?
9. Did anyone ever watch them?
10. Does anyone wash the dishes?

~ YnpamueHHe 3. 0TBeT1:.Te Ha Bonpocbl no 06-

paan;y.
06paaeq.: By whom was the window broken? -
The window was broken by Tom.

1. By whom was the song sung?

2. By whom were the sentences translated?
105
 3. By whom was the match won?
4. By whom will the work be done?
5. By whom shall we be met at the station?
6. By whom were the children punished?
7. By whom will the flowers be watered?
8. By whom was the room cleaned?
9. By whom was the water melon brought?
10. By whom will the dinner be eaten?

5 zoiJ o6y-.,,enu.si

~ Ynpaatueuue 1. IlocTaBI>Te cJiep;y10m;He npe~­

Jio:>KeHlrn: B Passive Voice rro o6paa~aM.
06paae'l{: They are looking for the criminal. -
The criminal is being looked for.
1. They are destroying the old bridge.
2. The professor is asking the students.
3. The doctor is examining the patient.
4. His aunt is instructing him now.

06pa3e'l{: He was cleaning the room. - The room

was being cleaned.
1. They were building a bridge when I came up
to them.
2. He was examinig a student when she came in.
3. They were washing cars.
4. They were using sharp tools when I came in.

06pa3e4: Somebody has cleaned the flat. - The

flat has been cleaned.
1. They have expelled him from the University.
106
 2. They have prepared the report.
3. Somebody has opened the window.
4. He has told the story to everybody.

~ Y npa:iKneuHe 2. Ilepen11m11Te ,n;aHHl>Je rrpe,n;-

Jio~eHM.H
B Passive Voice no no 06pa3u;y.
06pa3e4: We can finish this today. - This can
be finished today.
1. Someone has already mailed the letters.
2. His wife exchanged the pair of shoes.
3. They had borrowed five of the new fishing rods.
4. Did they destroy all of the villages?
5. He will catch the ball for sure.
6. They changed the signs in the window.
7. Can she distribute those papers on time?
8. He is fixing the lawn mower for me.

~ Ynpa:iKHeHHe 3. 0TBeT1>Te Ha eonpochl no 06-

paau;y.
06pa3e4: By whom has the work been done? -
The work has been done by my friends.
1. By whom has the concert been organized?
2. By whom has the meeting been arranged?
3. By whom had they been asked before you
came?
4. By whom had the safe been closed before you
came back?
5. By whom has the picture been painted?
6. By whom has the problem been discussed?
7. By whom have they been invited?
8. By whom had the car been taken before you
came?
107
 ~ YnpaatueBHe 4. PacKpoiiTe cKo6KH, nocTaBHB
Passive Voice.
rJiaroJihI B

Texas
The state of Texas is a south-western state of
the USA and (to be situated) above Mexico and
the Gulf of Mexico. In fact it used to be part of
the United States in 1845. The official language
is English, though Spanish (to speak) also widely.
A lot of oil (to produce) in Texas and (to export)
to other American states, although this isn't the
state's only business; there are many other
industries too, and agriculture is also important.
The state (to head) by a governor. As part of the
USA, Texas (to govern) by the President and the
Congress.

6 zoiJ 06y-.,,euu11.

~ Y npa~ueHHe 1. IlocTaBhTe cJie,n;yrom;ne npe,n;-

JiomeHHa B Passive Voice no 06pa3n;aM.
06pa3eq: The table looked much better. Some-
body had cleaned it. - The table looked much
better. The table had been cleaned.

1. We didn't have this book anymore. Somebody

had stolen it.
2. It was cold in the room. Somebody had open
the balcony.
3. We came home and saw a big box. Mary had
brought it.
4. We couldn't find our clothes. Somebody had
taken them.
108
 06pa3eij: They will have opened this shop by
June. - This shop will have been opened by
June.
1. They will have completed the work by the time
you return.
2. They will have finished the translation by two
o'clock tomorrow.
3. Sam will have written the composition by ten
o'clock.
4. You will have seen the results by the end of
the week.

~ Ynpa~ueuHe 2. IIeperrn:mHTe ,ZJ;aHHhle rrpe,ZJ;-

.11omeHH.H B Passive Voice.

1. Tom will shovel the sand into the box.

2. You have found a new method.
3. He always locks his car.
4. We are cleaning our cars.
5. She will bake several pies.
6. They always freeze the vegetables immedia-
tely.

~ Ynpa~HeHHe 3. Ilepecppa3Hpyi:i:Te rrpe,ZJ;.11ome-

HHH, Hcno.11b3YH Passive Voice.

1. Children have always admired his books.

2. Whom will the Wilsons invite to the party?
3. They didn't discuss this question yesterday.
4. I'll teach John to drive.
5. The shops are selling hundreds of toys.
6. When I came the pupils were reading a short
story.
109
 7. Someone has broken my vase.
8. When the children came from school mother
was cooking dinner.

~ Ynpaacueuue 4. 3~aH:Te Bonpochl K npe)J;JIO-

meH:U:HM, HCIIOJib3YH BOilpOCHTeJihHbie CJIOBa, )J;aHHbie
B CK06Kax, no 06pa3n,y.
06pa3eq: The house was built in 1810. (When) -
When was the house built?

1. The boy was punished because he had run

away. (Why)
2. The money is going to be kept in the safe.
(Where)
3. The tickets can be picked up at the box-office.
(Where)
4. The contract must be signed by Mr. Green.
(By whom)
5. The bridge is supposed to be finished this year.
(How soon)
6. The building was destroyed by fire. (How)
7. The merchandise will be delivered next week.
(When)
8. The note was left on the kitchen table.
(Where)
9. The book was published in France. (Where)
10. He was injured in an airplane accident. (In
what kind of accident)
11. The child was finally found in the park.
(Where)
12. The mail is delivered at ten o'clock. (What
time)

110
 ~ Ynpa3CHeHHe 5. YnoTpe6HTe rJiarOJihl B Passive
Voice.
Saint Valentine's Day or Valentine's Day is a
holiday which (to celebrate) on the 14th of
February. On this day a greeting card which (to
call) "valentine" (to send) to someone one loves,
but usually without giving the name of the sender.
Sometimes presents (to exchange) or red roses (to
give), as a sign of love.

~ YnpaatueuHe 6. 0TBeTbTe Ha Borrpochl, HC-

rroJib3Y.R Passive Voice, no o6pasu;y.
06paae4: Has anyone opened the window
yet? -Yes, it has already been opened.
1. Has anyone corrected these copybooks yet?
2. Will anyone sweep the floor?
3. Will anyone tell them about it?
4. Has anyone invited them yet?
5. Will anyone serve him?
6. Has anyone repaired this car yet?
7. Will anyone find them?
8. Has anyone sharpened this knife yet?

~ Ynpaarneune 7. Pac1<po:HTe c1<06KR 11 nocTaBb-

Te rJiaroJibl B HymHoli qiopMe Passive Voice.
The musical «Cats», which (to base) on the poems
of T. S. Eliot, (to compose) by Andrew Lloyd Webber
and (to direct) by Trevor Nunn. It first (to produce)
in London in 1981 and (to perform) in over nineteen
capital cities of the world, including Budapest, Tokyo
and of course New York. It now (to recognize) as one
of the most successful musicals of all time.
111
 HaKJioueuue
(Mood)

HaKJIOHeHHe B aHrJIHHCKOM H3bIKe, KaK H B pyc-

cKOM, - STO <PopMa rJiaroJia, KOTOpa.a BbipamaeT
OTHOmeH~ie AeHCTBHSI K ~eHCTBHTeJihHOCTH. IlpH
IIOMOIIJ;H pa3JIM'!HbIX Ha.KJIOHeHHH ~eHCTBHe MomeT
6h!Tb BLipameHO KaK peaJihHOe, HepeaJILHOe,
B03MOIKHOe, meJiaTeJILHOe, o6ycJIOBJieHHOe H T. A·

B aHrJIHHCKOM H3hIKe noMHMO Tpex HaKJIOHeliHH-

H3'bHBHTeJILHoro (the Indicative Mood), IIOBeJIHTeJIL-
Horo (the Imperative Mood) H coc.rraraTeJILHoro
(the Subjunctive Mood), HMeIO~HXC.H B pyccKoM
H3bIKe, eCTb 'l!€TBepToe HaKJIOHeHHe - YCJIOBHOe
(the Conditional Mood), KOTopoe IIO aHaqeaHro
TaKme COOTBeTCTByeT PYCCKOMY COCJiaraTeJibHOMY
HaKJIOHeHHIO.

Ha'Ln:BHTeJI1>uoe uaKJioHeBHe
(The Indicative Mood)
0603Ha'llaeT .n;eHCTBHe Ka.K peaJibHOe: OHO YCTaHa-
BJIHBaeT HJIH OTp1ra;aeT Ha.JIH'l!He ~eHCTBH.H B HaCTOH-
ru;eM, npomeAIIIeM HJIH 6yA~eM. li3'bHBHTeJI:bHOe
HaKJIOHeHHe BhipamaeTCH B qeThipex BpeMeHHbIX
rpynIIax aarJIHHCKoro r JiaroJia.

IloBeJIHTeJILHOe H3KJIOHeHHe
(The Imperative Mood)
IloBeJIHTeJil>Hoe HaKJIOHeHHe B aHrJilIHCKOM .H3bIKe,
KaK H B pyccKOM, BbipamaeT npocb6y, IIpHKa3aHHe,
COBeT, IIpHrJiameHHe, aarrpe~eHHe H T. II.

112
 CocJiaraTeJILHoe HaKJIOHeaue
(Subjunctive Mood)

YKa3bIBaeT Ha To, tJTO ,n;elicTBIIe HBJIHeTCH rrpe,n;-

rroJiaraeMLIM IIJIII meJiaTeJILHhIM, a TaKme B03MOm-
HhIM rrpH II3BeCTHhIX ycJIOBIIax.

cf>opMbI Subjunctive rrepeBO,ZJ;HTCH Ha pyccKIIH

H3bIK <}>opMaMII pyccKoro COCJiaraTeJibHOro HaK-
JIOHeHIIH - co'tleTaHHeM rJiaroJia B <}:>opMe rrpo-
rue,z:i;ruero BpeMeHH c llaCTIIn;eH: 61>1 (IIJIII 6e3
'tlaCTHD;bI 6LI, ecJIH OHa BXO,ZJ;HT B COCTaB COI03a
"'IT06LI, 0CJIH 61>1).

B coBpeMeHHOM aHrJIIIHCKOM H3bIKe yrroTpe6-

JIHIOTCH ,n;Be <}:>opMbl COCJiaraTeJibHOro HaKJIOHe-
HHH: ClIHTeTHl:J0CKaH (npocTaH) H aHaJIHTHl:JeCKaH
(CJIOmHaH).

CIIHTeTH"t!eCKHe it>opMbl COCJiaraTeJihHOro Ha-

KJIOHeHH.ff Bcex rJiarOJIOB 3a HCKJIIOl:JeHIIeM rnaroJia
to be, COBrra,z:i;aroT c cpopMaMII lI3'bHBHT0JibHOro
HaKJIOHeHH.H B HaCTO.HIIJ;eM BpeMeHH (Present
Indefinite) 6e3 OKOH"tlamrn: -s B 3-M JIIIn;e e,z:t;HH-
CTBeHHoro "t!lICJia (he ask). rJiarOJI to be HMeeT ,z:t;Be
cpopMbI: be (apxaH'lHa.H c}>opMa) II were ,z:t;JIH Bcex
mn:i; e,z:t;IIHCTBeHHoro H MHomecTBeHHOro 'tJHCJia (XOT.H
B COBpeMeHHOM aHrJIHHCKOM H3bIKe eCTb TeH,n;eHIJ;lIH
yrroTpe6JUITh o6LI't1Hhle cpopMbI npome,n;ruero Bpe-
MeHH - was ,ll;JUI e,n;HHCTBeHHOro "t!HCJia, were ,Zl;JIH
MHOmeCTBeHHOro lllICJia).

AHaJIHTH"t!eCKHe cpopMhI cocJiaraTeJILHoro Ha-

KJIOHeHHH o6pa3yIOTC.H rrplI IIOMOIIJ;H rJiaroJIOB

113
should (.zpr.H 1-ro JI.m:~a e,n;. H MH. 'tl.) H would (.ZVIH
2-ro H 3-rO JIHI~a e,n;. H MH. 'tl.) + HH<i>HHHTHB Oe3
11acTHD;LI to HJIH He H3MeH.HIOJI(HXCH ITO JIHD;aM
rJiaroJioB should, may, might + HH<f>HTHB oea
11aCTHD;LI to.

YnoTpeoJieuue <f>opM
COCJial'aTeJILHOl'O HaKJIOHeHHH

<l>opMbl COCJiaraTeJibHOro HaKJIOHeHHH yrro-

Tpe6JI.HIOTC.H:

1) B rrpOCTbIX rrpe,n;JIO)KeHHHX:
I should like to read this book.
(MHe 6hI XOTeJIOCb IIPO't!HTaTh STY KHHry.)
There would be no joys without them.
(Be3 HHX He 6bIJIO 6bI pa,n;ocTeu.)

2) B BOCKJIHD;aTeJibHhIX npe,n;Jio:>KeHHHX:
So that may be!
(,ll;a 6y,n;eT TaK!)

3) B npH.n;aTO't!HblX npeAJIOmeHHHX IIOCJie 6e3JIH'tl-

HbIX npe,n;Jiomenn:H THrra it is necessary:
It is necessary that he be present.
(Heo6xo,n;HMO, 't!T06hl OH npHCYTCTBOBa.JI.)
It is important that they should know about it.
(Ba:>KHO, 'tJT06bI OHH 3Ha.JIH 06 :3TOM.)

4) B ,ZJ;OilOJIHHTeJibHbIX npH,n;aTO't!HhIX npe,n;Jio:>Ke-

HHHX, 3aBHCHID;HX OT rJiaI'OJIOB B rJiaBHOM
npe,n;Jio:>KeHHH co aHat.IeHHeM:
a) rrpHKa3aHHH, rrpe'AJIOmeHHH H T. II.
114
 6) y,ZJ;HBJieHHH, co.ma.rreHH.H H T. n.:
They suggested that the article be printed in
their magazine.
(0HH npep;JIOmHJIH, "t:1T06bI CTaTb.H 6hIJia aane-
qaTaHa B HX mypaaJie.)
I suggest that you should read this article.
(H npep;Jiararo, qT06h1 Bbl npoqHTaJIH aTy
CT8TbIO.)

5) B npH,D;8TO't!HbIX npep;JiomeHH.HX n;eJIH IlOCJie

COI030B so that ('tIT06bl), lest ('C!T06bI He):
You should revise the material lest you forget it.
(BaM CJiep;yeT IlOBTOpHTb MaTepHaJI, 't!T06bl ae
3a6bITL ero.)

6) B npH,D;aTO't!HbIX rrpep;JiomeHHHX cpaBHeHH.H

IIOCJie COI030B as if, as though (KaK 6yp;TO, KaK
eCJIH 61>1):
It was so warm as if it were spring.
(BbIJIO TaK TeITJIO, RaK 6y,ZJ;TO 6bIJia BeCHa.)

7) B ycTynHTeJI1>H1>1x npH,ZJ;aToqahlx npel(JIOateHH.Hx.

B aTHX cJiy't!aax rJiaroJibl may H might aa
pyccKHH .H3bIK He nepeBO,ll;.HTC.H:
Whenever they may write to me I will be very
glad.
(Korp;a 61>1 OHH MHe HH aanHCaJIH, .ff 6y,ZJ;y O't!eHb
pa,ZJ;.)

8) B npHp;aToqai.1x npe,zv10meHHHX n.eJIH:

She gave me her story so that I might read it.
(OHa p;a.rra MHe cBoii paccKa3, qT06b1 .sr npo't!HTa.rr
ero.)
115
 Ec.JIH rJiaroJI-cKasyeMoe npn,n;aTo'tlHoro npe,zi;-
JIOiKeHH.H o6oaHa'tlaeT ,o;elicTBHe, npe,zi;mecTByro:m;ee
,n;elicTBHIO rJiaroJia-cKaayeMoro rJiaBHoro npe,zi;-
JIOiKeHH.H, TO B npH,ZJ;aTO'tJHOM npe,n;JiomeHHH
ynoTpe6JI.HeTc.H Past Perfect B 3Ha'tleHHH cocJia-
raTeJihHoro HaKJIOHeHHH:
They spoke as though they had seen it with their
own eyes.
(OHH roaopHJIH TaK, KaK 6y,ZJ;TO BH,ll;eAH 3TO
CBOHMH co6CTBeHHhIMH rJia3aMH.)

IlocJie Bb1pameHH.H It is (about, high) time

o6bfCIHO yrroTpe6JiaeTca Past Indefinite B 3Ha'tleHHH
COCJiaraTeAbHOrO HaKJIOHeHH.H.
It is (about, high) time you started to work.

~ Ynpa3tueuue 1. lfaMeHHTe <t>opMy r;raroJia,

HCilOJib3YH COCJiaraTeJibHOe HaKJIOHeHHe no o6paa~y.
06pa3ezt: It is interesting to read this book. -
It would be interesting to read this book.

1. You can get this thing in any shop.

2. It is pleasant to bathe in the sea on such a hot
summer day.
3. They will be grateful to you for your help.
4. Will you come with us? We shall be happy to
have you with us.
5. I like to sit in the shade, if possible.

116
 rep~HH
(Gerund)
repyH,n;HH - HeJUPIHa.H cpopMa r JiaroJia, coqe-
TaIO~a.H CBOHCTBa rJiaroJia H cy~eCTBHTeJibHOrO.
Ilo,n;o6HOH HeJiffqHOH cpopMbI B pyccKOM .H3bIKe HeT.

Bee <PopMbI repyH,n;HH coBna,n;aroT c c}>opMaMH

npHqacTH.H (Present Participle, Perfect Partici-
ple). 0,n;HaKO npHqaCTHe H repyH,ZJ;HH .HBJI.HIOTC.H
pa3HbIMH cpopMaMH rJiaroJia, OTJIHqa.HCb ,n;pyr OT
,n;pyra KaK no 3HaqeHHIO, TaK H no CHHTaKcHqecKHM
cpyHKD;H.HM.

CpaBHBTe: The boy reading a poem missed some

lines. (Present Participle)
(MaJibtIHK, 't!HTaIO~HH CTHXOTBopeHHe,
nporrycTlrn HeCKOJibKO CTpOK.)
He likes reading poems. (Indefinite Gerund)
(OH JII06HT "tITeHHe CTHXOTBOpeHHH ("tIHTaTb
CTHXOTBOpemrn)).
Having passed the exams, we went on a hike.
(Perfect Participle) (C,n;aB 3K3aMeHhI, MhI nomJIH
B noxo,n;.)
He was proud of having passed his exams very
well. (Perfect Gerund)
(OH rop,n;HJIC.H TeM, l!TO C,Zl;aJI 3K3aMeHbI O"tleHb
xopomo.)

YnoTpe6Jieuue rep~us

Heonpe,n;eJiellHl>m rep~H: (Indefinite Gerund)

06i.1qHo o603Ha't!aeT ,n;eHCTBHe, O,Zl;HOBpeMeHHOe
c ,ZJ;eHCTBHeM rJiarOJia B JIH't!HOH cpopMe:
117
 He was fond of reading when he was a child.
(OH yBJieKa.JIC.H T.JTeHHeM, Kor,n;a 6hIJI pe6eHKOM.)

IlocJie rJiaroJioB to remember, to forget, to excuse,

to forgive, to thank, a TaK.me c npe,n;Jiora.MH after
Hon (upon) Indefinite Gerund o6o3HaT.JaeT ,n;elicTBHe,
npe,n;mecTByrow;ee ,n;eiicTBHIO rJiaroJia B JIHT.JHo:ll
<PopMe, T. e. HMeeT 3Hatiea11e Perfect Gerund:
Thank you for coming (for having come).
(Cnac1160, T.JTO npHillJIH.)
On entering the room, we found it empty.
(Boii,n;s B KOMHaTy' MbI o6aapyatHJIH, T.JTO OHa
nycTa.)

Ilep4>eKTHLiii repyu.zi;uii (Perfect Gerund)

BbipaacaeT ,n;e:iicTBHe, npe,n;mecTByrow;ee ,n;elicTBHIO
rJiaroJia B JIHT.JHoli <PopMe.
I thanked him for having helped me in my
studies.
(H no6Jiaro,n;apHJI ero aa noMO~b MHe B yqe6e.)

IlaccHBHblii repyu,n;uii ueonpe,n;eJJeHHLiii u nep-

4>eKTHL1ii (Passive Gerund (Indefinite H Perfect)
o603HaqaeT ,n;eliCTBHe, IIpOH3BO,ll;HMOe Ha,ZJ; JIHD;OM
HJIH rrpe,n;MeTOM.
He was proud of having been elected chairman.
(OH rop,n;HJIC.H, T.JTO 6LIJI H36paH npe,n;ce,n;a-
TeJieM.)
Ma T.JeTLipex cI>opM repyH,ZJ;H.H B OCHOBHOM
ynoTpe6JI.HeTc.H cI>opMa Indefinite Gerund Active,
peace - Perfect Gerund Active 11 Indefinite Gerund
Passive. cf>opMa Perfect Gerund Passive ynoTpe6-
JI.HeTCH Kpa:HHe pe,n;Ko.
118
 6 zoo o6y'£enua

~ Ynpamueuue 1. IlepenHmHTe CJie~yro~He

rrpe~JIO:>KeHH.fl TaK, ~T06bI repyH~HH 6bIJI B pom1 IIOk
Jiemaru;ero, no o6pa3n;y.
06pa3e-l'1: It's very healthy to swim in the river
early in the morning. - Swimming in the river
early in the morning is very healthy.
1. It's helpful to write examples on the black-
board.
2. It's often educational to watch TV.
3. It's important to speak English well.
4. It's enjoyable to be with them.
5. It's a good idea to go to bed early.
6. It's advisable to dress warmly.
7. It shouldn't be necessary to see the doctor.
 TIPE,!1;JIOI'll
(PREPOSITIONS)

Ilpe,n;JIOI' - 3TO CJiym.e6Hoe CJIOBO, Bblpam.aro-

m;ee pa3JIH'tJH:bie OTHOIIIeHHH cy~eCTBHTeJibHhIX
R ,n;pyrRM CJIOBaM B npe,n;Jiom.eHHH. Ilpe,n;JIOI'H
MoryT BbipamaTb .KOH.KpeTHhle OTHOIIIeHHSI npo-
CTpaHCTBa H BpeMeHH: on the desk - Ha CTOJie,
at nine o'clock - B 9 'tJaCOB. 0HH MOI'YT TaKme
HMeTb pa3JIH'tJHhl.e OTBJieqeHHhle 3HaqeHHSI:
IIPHlIHHbI, u;e.JIH, CO,ZJ;epmaHHSI H T. II.

llpocmpancm6ennbte npeiJnozu: above - Ha,n;

(above the roof - nao Kpbtweu), across - qepea
(across the street - 1lepea yJluu,.y), at - y, OKOJIO,
pSI,n;oM c (at the desk - sa napmou), by - y, o.KoJio,
pH,n;OM c (by the river - y pe.KH), to - R, B, Ha (to
Moscow - 6 MocKey }, below - no,n;, HHme (below
zero - uuJtCe uy.n.H), under - rro,n; (under the
tree - noiJ aepe60.M), in front of - rrepe,n;, HaIIpOTHB
(in front of the building - nepea 3aanue.M),
behind - caa,ZJ;H, rroaa,ZJ;H (behind the curtain - 3a
3anaeecKou), on - Ha (on the box - ua Kopo6Ke),
in - B (in the box - e Kopo6Ke), into - B (into
the room - 6 KOMnamy), from - Ha, OT, c (from
the library - ua 6u6JluomeKu),. out of - H3 (out
of the pocket - U3 KapMana), through - 't!epea,
C.KB03h (through the window - 'llepea OKHO ), up -
120
BBepx (up the mountain - na zopy), down - BHH3
(down the steps - enu3 no cmynenbJCaM ).

llpeiJJWzu 6peM.eUu: after - rrOCJie (after dinner -

nocJte o6eoa) qepe3 (after a week - 1lepe3 neaeJt10),
before - ,n;o (before ten o'clock - ao aecamu 11,acoe),
rrepe,n; (before the war - nepeo eounou), by - K (by
three o'clock - 1C mpe.M wcaM), during - B Te'tleHHe
(during my holidays - BO epeM.H MOUX 1CaHU1CYJt)'
for - B Te'tleHHe (for two hours - 6 mellenue 06YX
11,acoe ), Ha (for a week - na neoeJt10), from ... till -
OT (c) ... ,n;o (from 1990 till 1999 - c 1990 oo 1999 ),
in - B (in 1998 - B 1998 zoiJy), qepe3 (in a month -
-itepe3 MeCJll{.), on - B ( onpe,n;eJieHHbIH ,n;eHh) (on Mon-
day - 6 noneiJeJtbHUK), since - C (Since 1994 -
c 1994 zoaa ).

J{pyzue npeiJaozu: about - o, 06 (about

business - o 6u3nece), by - o6o3Ha'tlaeT ,n;eli-
CTByrom;ee JIHD;O rrpH rJiaroJie B rraccnae (The was
written by a famous writer. - Knuza 6btJLa
nanucana u3eecmnbtM nucameJLeM.), except -
KpoMe, 3a HCKJIIO'tleHneM (Nobody knew about them
except us. - Hwcmo ne 3naJL o nux KpoMe nac.) ?
for - ,n;.11.H Koro-JIH6o, 11ero-JIH60 (for me - OJLJl
Mena). of - 1) o6oaHa'1aeT rrpnHa,n;Jie:a<:HOCTb,
aBTOPCTBO (a friend of mine - MOU apyz. the books
of this writer - Knuzu amozo aemopa); 2) o, 06
(the story of his life - ucmopua ezo :JICU3nu); 3) OT
(rrpHl:!HHa) (to die of hunger - yMepemb om
zoJLoiJa); 4) Bb1pamaeT pa3Hhle rpaMMaTH'lleCKHe
3Ha'lleHH.H, COOTBeTCTByrow;ne B pyCCKOM .H3bIKe
3Ha'C!eHH.HM po,n;1neJ1bHoro rra,n;ema (nHor,n;a
121
c rrpeAJIOra.MH H3, OT) (a shirt of cotton -py6aw.xa
U3 X.TWnKa, a bottle of milk - 6ymbt.llKa MO.llOKa );
5) llOCJie HeKOTOpblX rrpu.11araTeJibHbIX H r.11aro.110B
(be afraid of - 60.R.mbCJl Kozo-Jlu6o, be fond of -
.llro6umb Kozo-.llu6o, be proud of - zopiJumbCJl 1leM-
.llu6o, consist of - cocmoJimb U3 ), over - CBbime,
6oJII>me qeM (He is over fifty. EMy 3a 50.), with -
1) c KeM-TO, B q:oeM-JIH6o o6~eCTBe (with my
friends - c MOUMU iJpyabJlMu); 2) o6oaaa-qaeT
HHCTpyMeHT AeHCTBHSI (to write with a pen -
nucamb pyllKOu ); 3) nocne r.11aroJioB to argue with,
to quarrel with, to fight with.

IlpeAJIOrH at, on, in B ~eJIOM Bbipa.maIOT HAeIO

MeCTa:
I am at home. (.H AOMa.)
I met her at the party.
(H BCTpeTHJia ero Ha BellepHHKe.)
The books are on the table.
(KHHrH .11emaT Ha CTOJie.)
My watch is on my wrist.
(MOH qac:or HaXOA.HTCH y MeH.H Ha pyi<:e.)
His books are in his bag.
(Ero KHHrH ne.maT y Hero B cyMKe.)
The dog is in the box.
(Co6aKa C:HAHT B KOpo6Ke.)

At, on, in ucnoJI1>ayIOTcH TaKme AJIH Bhlpa.meHHH

BpeMeHH H ,n;aT. At - np:a o6oaaalleHHH BpeMeau:
at 6 o'clock (B 6 tiacoB), at noon (B IIOJIAeHb). On -
c AHHMH He,u;enu H AaTaMH: on Monday (B noae-
,u;eJibHHK), on March 17th (17 MapTa). In - c ae-
,u;enaMH, Meca:a;aMH, BpeMeHaMH ro,n;a, roAaMH: in
122
the first week of June (B nepByro He,z:i;emo HIOHSI),
in winter (3HMoii), in the evening (BeqepoM), in
1999 (B 1999 ro,n;y). In the HcnoJihayeTcSI
c BpeMeHaMH cyTOK H KOHKpeTHbIMH BpeMeHaMH
ro,n;a: in the morning (yTpoM), in the summer (3THM
JieToM) Ho: at night, at Christmas, on the morning
(evening, afternoon) yTpoM (BeqepoM, .n;HeM) KOH-
KpeTHoro ,D;HSI: The battle started on the morning
of the 24 th. (Cpa.meHHe HaqaJIOCb yTpoM ,n;Ba,z:i;n;aTb
qeTBepToro qHcJia.)

~ YnpaameuHe 1. 3anoJIHHTe rrponyc1m npe.n;Jio-

raMH for HJIH to .

1. The teacher answered a question ... me.

2. I opened the door . . . my mother.
3. My roommate translated a newspaper story
... me.
4. Fred gave some candy . . . his girlfriend.
5. The mechanic fixed the car ... my father.
6. The teacher pronounced "bat" and "but"
the students.

~YnpaacueHHe 2. 3arroJIHHTe rrponyc1rn: rrpa.BHJih-

HhIMH rrpe.n;JrnraMH.

1. At the beginning ... the school year we are

always happy to see our friends.
2. Will you go . . . us . . . the excursion to the
Botanical Gardens?
3. Did you see the football match ... Roma and
Spartak?
123
 4. Which is the strongest ... you all, boys?
5. Get ready ... a two-days' tramp.
6. Tell me ... your life, please.
7. When did you return ... the country?
8. Don't sit ... the ground, Sam.
9. Don't keep your hands ... your pockets, Mike.

~ Ynpa3tHeHHe 3. 3anoJIHHTe nponycKH rrpa-

BHJibHhIMH npe,zv1oraMH TaM, r,n;e aTO Heo6XO,ll;HMO.

1. When did you return . . . home . . . the

theatre?
2. There was a door . . . the end . . . the corridor.
3. Is the metro station far ... your house?
4. I sat down ... a bench ... the monument ...
Columbus.
5. Early ... the morning many lorries passed ...
our houses.
6. One ... our friends lives ... this street, near
. . . the bus stop.
7. We enjoyed ... our life ... the South.
8. Would you like to join ... us?
9. The children ran ... the room ... a great
noise.

5 zoiJ o6yW£enuJi

~ Ynpa3tueaue 1. Bb16epHTe npaBHJihHbIH aa-

pHaHT.

1. I hear he is looking at/for/after a job.

2. Could everyone please look at/for/after the
lost keys?
124
 3. My sister looks at/for/after the kids on
Saturday.
4. Why is she looking at/for/after me like
that?
5. Look at/ for/after those lovely flowers over
there.
6. I'm looking at/for/after Tom. Have you seen
him somewhere today?
7. This is very valuable. Please look at/for/
after it.
8. I have lost my key. I'd better look at/for/after
it.
9. I'll see you again soon. Look at/ for/after
yourself.
10. In the museum a lot of people were looking
at/for/after the beautiful painting.

~ Ynpaarneuue 2. BbI6epHTe rrpaBHJihHhlii sa-

pHaHT rrpe,n;Jiora.

1. Did you try ... the dress before you bought it?
(a) off
(b) on
(c) up
2. Alice was late for work because she ....
(a) took the train
(b) missed the train
(c) took over the train
3. He turned ... the radio because he didn't want
to listen to it anymore.
(a) up
(b) for
(c) off
125
 4. I ... the bus on the corner.
(a) got on
(b) turned off
( c) turned on
5. The sun goes down in the . . . .
(a) north
(b) east
(c) west
6. Get some books .. . the library.
(a) from
(b) off
(c) on
7. I put on my clothes ... the morning.
(a) in
(b) ever
(c) after
8. Some workers live far ... the factory.
(a) to
(b) off
(c) from
9. There isn't ... money in my account.
(a) some
(b) the
(c) any
10. There wasn't ... in the building when the fire
started.
(a) nobody
(b) somebody
(c) anybody

~ YnpaameHHe 3. 3anOJIHHTe nponycKH sepHbIMH

npe'AJioraMH.

126
 Dover is a large town ... the south-east ...
England. It is a big busy port and an important link
... Britain and Europe. Dover is sometimes called
"the gateway ... Europe." Cars, ferries, hovercraft
and boats go ... and ...... the port every day.
There are many interesting places to see ...
Dover. There is a Roman lighthouse and the
reamins ... a Roman house. There is also an old
castle ... top ... Castle Hill. If you like flowers
and trees, there are some very beautiful gardens
... the centre ... the town. Dover is also famous
... its chalk cliffs - the famous "White Cliffs
of Dover".

~ YnpaatHeHHe 4. Bb16epaTe npa.BHJihHhlH npe~­

Jior.

1. Yes. You may write ... ink.

(a) by
(b) in
(c) with
2. You can get there ... bus or ... foot.
(a) by, by
(b) with, with
(c) by, on
3. Look! We are flying ... the ocean.
(a) over
(b) on
(c) in
4. John is sitting . . . his brother.
(a) besides
(b) beside
(c) side
127
 5. Hold it carefully ... your thumb and fore-
finger.
(a) at
(b) among
(c) between
6. It doesn't make any difference ... me.
(a) for
(b) to
(c) in
7. Someone is knocking . . . the door.
(a) at
(b) in
(c) off
8. He smiled ... me.
(a) to
(b) at
(c) for
9. This necklace is made ... silver.
(a) of
(b) with
(c) by
10. She was dressed ... green ... head ... foot.
(a) of, from, from
(b) with, from, to
(c) in, from, to
11. The old man lives ... a beautiful farm.
(a) on
(b) in
(c) within
12. The doctor will be back . . . one hour.
(a) about
(b) within
(c) on
128
13. He fell ... a ladder.
(a) off
(b) for
(c) in
14. Why are you laughing ... me?
(a) of
(b) from
(c) at
15. I like to travel ... the summer.
(a) at
(b) in
(c) on
16. I bought the shirt ... US $ 20.00.
(a) of
(b) for
(c) with
17. Come ... 10 ... Monday morning.
(a) at, on
(b) at, at
(c) on, on
18. Get . . . the bus here and ... at the third
stop.
(a) on, in
(b) out, off
(c) on, off
19. Let's go ... a walk.
(a) by
(b) for
(c) to
20. He traveled ... business.
(a) on
(b) for
(c) to
129
 ~ Ynpa3tueuue 5. 3anoJIHHTe rrporrycKH Heo6-
xo.zi;HMhIMH rrpeµ;JioraMH.

1. They were absent ... the lesson.

2. He's going to wait ... the next bus.
3. The novel was written ... Charles Dickens.
4. He came ... Australia three months ago.
5. What kind ... car do you have?
6. After dinner we listened ... music.
7. They've talked ... ten minutes.
8. This country extended ... the Arctic Ocean ...
the Pamir Mountains, ... the Baltic Sea ... the
Pacific Ocean.
9. These mountains are rich ... coal, iron and
many minerals.
10. These lands belong ... Mr. Dobson.
11. He was dying ... hunger ... the desert.
12. He learnt to speak English well ... training
every day.

~ Ynpa3tueu11e 6. 3anoJIHHTe nponycKH Heo6xo-

,n;HMblMH rrpe,n;JioraMH: between, of, with, at, in .
... that moment the tea came. Rosemary told
the maid to place the table ... them. She offered
the poor girl everything, all the sandwiches, all
the bread and butter, and every time her cup
was empty she filled it . .. tea and sugar. As for
herself she did not eat, she only smoked.
And really the effect ... that tea was wonderful.
Quite a new girl sat ... the big chair. She was
looking at the fire.
130
 6 zoo o6y-.,,enuR.
~ YnpaacueuHe 1. 3arroJIHHTe rrporrycKH rrpa-
BHJibHhlMH npe,n;JioraMH.

1. A few days ago I saw an interesting program

... television.
2. "Winnie-the-Pooh" was written ... A. Milne.
3. It's often faster to walk than to go ... bus.
4. You shouldn't be angry ... him.
5. It all depends ... you.
6. This is only one problem . . . thousands of
others in our city.
7. Sam left his car ... the end of the street.
8. I'll see you ... Friday ... five o'clock.
9. Scotland is famous ... wool and whiskey.

~ Ynpaacueuue 2. 3anoJIHHTe nponyc1rn aeo6-

xo,n;HMhlMH npe,n;JIOraMH.

1. I have got an invitation ... a party tomorrow.

But I must be ... another place ... the same
time.
2. Pete asked me: «How ... a game of chess?»
3. . .. my way from the cinema I met a friend ...
mine.
4. What's the film ... ?
5. You are late . . . the performance.
6. Young people are fond ... music.
7. Do you like to dance . . . an orchestra or
a record-player?
 BOIIPOCMTEJihHOE IIPE,Il;JIOJKEHHE
(INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES)
B pyccKoM 5l3hIKe BonpocHTeJihHhie npe,n;Jiome-
HHH Hepe,n;Ko OT JIHllaIOTCH OT IIOBeCTBOBaTeJihHhIX
TOJibKO HHTOHan;ne:.0:. B aHrJIHHCKOM H3b!Ke BOII-
pOCHTeJILHbie npe,n;JIOiKeHHH, KaK npaBHJIO, xa-
paKTepH3YIOTC$l He TOJibKO HHTOHan;:aeli, HOH ,u.py-
rHMH rrpH3HaKaMH: o6paTHhIM nop5l,U.KOM CJIOB, HJIH
HHBepcue:H: (Kor,11;a c1taayeMoe HJIH 11acTL cKaaye-
Moro CTaBHTCSI nepe.n; no~e~aUJ;HM), ynOTpe6JieHHeM
B HeKOTOpbIX THilax BOIIpOCHTeJibHbIX npe.z:vmmeHHH
BcnoMoraTeJihHoro rJiaroJia to do:
Do you go to school?
(Thl XO,ZJ;Hllib B lliKOJiy?)
When will he come to see us?
(Kor,u.a OH HaBeCTHT Hae?)

IIo xapaKTepy Bonpoca H Tpe6yeMoro Ha Hero

OTBeTa BOIIpOCHTeJihHhie npe,u.JiomeHH$l ,u.eJI5lTCH Ha
,U.Ba OCHOBHhIX BH,U.a: o6~He BOIIpOChI H cneu;uaJIL-
Hbie BOilpOCbl.

Oo~ue Bonpoc1>1
(General questions)
06m;HMH BOrrpocaMH Ha3bIBaIOTC$l BOIIpOChI,
n;eJib KOTOpblX - IIOJI~l!Tb OT co6ece,u.HHKa no,n;-
TBepm,n;eHHe HJIH OTPRD;aHHe BhICKa3aHHOH
132
B BOnpoce MhlCJIH. 3TH BOilpOChl BCer,n;a Tpe6yIOT
JIH6o YTBep,n;HTeJibHOI'O OTBeTa yes, JIH6o OTpH-
u;aTeJILHOI'O OTBeTa no. 06m;He BOilpOCbl He co,n;ep-
.iRaT BOnpoCHTeJILHOI'O CJIOBa. 0HH Hal:!HHaIOTCH co
BcnoMoraTeJI1>Horo rJiaroJia (shall, will, should,
would), Mo,n;aJI1>Horo rJiaroJia, rJiaroJioB to be H to
have HJIH co BcnoMoraTeJI1>Horo rJiaroJia to do.
0TBeT Ha 06m;11:H Borrpoc, IlOMHMO YTBep.m,n;eHHH
yes HJIH oTpm.i;aHHH no, Mo.meT co,n;epmaTb TaK.me
no,z:viemam;ee - MeCTOHMeHHe, COOTBeTCTByIOm;ee
no,n;Jiemam;eMy Bonpoca, 11 cKasyeMoe - BcnoMo-
raTeJILHhIH mrn cJiyme6ai.1li rJiaron cKasyeMoro
Bonpoca. HarrpHMep:
Will Steve come with us? Yes, he will.
Can they swim? No, they can't.
Are you a student? Yes, I am.
Have you any brothers or sisters? Yes, I have.
Do you work as a manager? No, I don't.
Does Kate study well? Yes, she does.

PasHOBH,ll;HOCTLIO o6rqHx BorrpocoB HBJIHIOTCH

paa,zi;eJIHTeJILHl>Ie (paC'llJieHeHHl>Ie) BOIIpOCl>I
(Disjunctive Questions), KOTOpbie COCTOHT H3 ABYX
-qacTe:H: 1) IIOBeCTBOBaTeJibHOI'O rrpe,n;JIO.iReHHH
H 2) KpaTKoro o6m;ero Bonpoca K aToMy rrpe,ll;-
Jio.meHHIO:
You like this film, don't you?
(BaM HpaBHTCSI 3TOT c}:>HJibM, He rrpaB,n;a JIH?)
He went to New York, didn't he?
(OH yexaJI B H1>10-HopK, He TaK JIH?)
He has no brothers, has he?
(Y Hero HeT 6paTheB, He npaB,n;a JIH?)
133
 Ilo.u;o6Hble BOIIpOChl COOTBeTCTBYIOT B pyccKOM
H3hIKe Borrpoca.M c BBO,!J;HhlMH CJIOBaMH: He maK
Jtu? He npaeiJa Jtu? IlpaeiJa?
EcJIH nepna.H qacTb pacqJieHeHHoro Bonpoca
npe,ll;CTaBJISieT co6o:H YTBep,z:r;HTeJihHoe npe,wiomeHHe,
TO BTopax qacTh, T.e. KpaTKHH o6m;HH BOnpoc,
CTOHT B OTPHD;aTeJibHOH <I>opMe:
This book is interesting, isn't it?
(3Ta KHHra HHTepecHaSI, He npaB,n;a JIH?)

EcJIH nepBaSI 'tlaCTh Bonpoca npe,n;cTaBJISieT co6oii

OTPHU.aTeJibHOe rrpe,z:r;JiomeHHe, TO BTOpaSI qacTb,
T. e. KpaTKHH o6m;uii Bonpoc, CTOHT B YTBep-
,ll;HTeJILHOH <I>opMe:
This book is not very interesting, is it?
(3Ta KHHra He OtieHb HHTepecHa.H, He TaK JIH?)

0TBeT Ha pac't{JieHeHHhIH Bonpoc o6pa3yeTcSI TaK

me, KaK Ha o6hltIHhIH o6m;Hli; npH 3TOM, B OTJI:HqHe
OT pyccKoro SI3hIKa, B yraep,u;HTeJibHOM OTBeTe Bcer,n;a
ynoTpe6JISieTCSI yes, a B OTPHU.aTeJihHOM - no:
You don't know him, do you? Yes, I do. No,
I don't.
(Bhl ero He aHaeTe, He TaK JIH? HeT, 3HaIO. ,Il;a,
He 3HaIO.)

4 zoiJ ooy"tenusi

~ Ynpa3CHeBHe 1. AonoJIHHTe npe,zvrnmeHH.H,

COCT8.BHB pa3~eJIHTeJII:.Hhle eonpochl.

1. Helen is a very musical child, ••• ?

2. Pete studies at home, ••. ?
134
 3. The boy plays the piano and the flute, ... ?
4. She doesn't sing well, ... ?
5. You always take part in concerts, ... ?
6. Her friends like to listen to her songs, ... ?
7. Jane doesn't want to become a singer, ... ?
8. My uncle can build a house, ... ?
9. There are many museums in this town, ... ?
10. The children are playing football in the
garden, ... ?
11. They aren't leaving this Saturday, ... ?
12. They taught him how to drive, ... ?

~ YnpazueuHe 2. ,lJ;onoJIHHTe pa3~emueJILHIJ:e

BOIIpOCl:>I.

1.He won't smoke before lunch, ... ?

2.The Pearsons have bought a new car, ... ?
3.Linda always wears too much make-up, ... ?
4.Kate can work as a nurse, ... ?
· 5.Charles will go to the disco, ... ?
6.I sometimes spend the weekend in the country,
... ?
7. They were born in London, ... ?
8. We were taught how to drive by Mr. Brown, ... ?
 corJIACOBAHHE
MJIH IlOCJIE,lJ;OBATEJibHOCTh BPE-
ME~(SEQUENCE OF TENSES)

CorJiacoBaHHe BpeMeH KacaeTcH cJiom.Ho-

IIOAtIHHeHHhIX npe,zvromeHHH. CJiom.Hono,n;qnHeH-
Hoe npe,n;Jiom.eHHe (The Complex Sentence)
cocTOHT H3 rJiaBHoro rrpe,z:vrom.eHHH (the Principal
Clause) H o,n;Horo HJIH HecKOJihKHX aaBHCHMhIX
rrpH,n;aTO"tJHhIX rrpe,i:prom.eHHH (Subordinate
Clause), coeµ;HHeHHhIX c rJiaBHhIM rrpH rroMom;H
IlO,D;tIHHHTeJibHOH CBH3H.
B aHrJIHHCKOM H3hIKe BpeMH rJiaroJia B rrpR,n;a-
TOtiHOM npe,n;JiomeHHH OObPIHO 3aBHCHT OT BpeMeHH
rJiaroJia B rJiaBHOM rrpe,n;Jiom.eHHH. CorJiacoBa.HHe
BpeMeH r.JiaBHoro H IIPHAaTOtIHoro npe,n;JiomeHHH
rrpoHCXO,ZJ;HT IIO CJie,n;yro:m;HM rrpaBHJiaM:

1) EcJIH r JiaroJI B r JiaBHOM rrpe,n;JiomeHHH CTOHT

B HacTo.am;eM BpeMeHH (Present Indefinite,
Present Perfect) HJIH B 6y,n;ym;eM BpeMeHH
(Future Indefinite), TO B npn,n;aTOtIHOM npe,n;Jio-
meHHH rJiaro.71 MOmeT CTOHTb B JII060M BpeMeH:H
no CMLICJiy:
We know that Tom is in Moscow.
We know that Tom was in Moscow.
We know that Tom will come to Moscow next
year.
136
 I have heard that Jack began to study
German.
I am sure he will come to school.
We'll ask him where he is now.
I'll ask them where they were yesterady.
We'll ask them when they will come tomorrow.

2) EcJIH cxaayeMoe (rJiaroJI) B rJia.BHOM npe,zvmme-

HHH CTOHT B rrpome,z:i;meM BpeMeHH, TO B npH-
,D;aTO"tlHOM rrpep;JIOjKeHHH CKa3yeMoe (rJiarOJI)
,ll;OJDKHO 6bITh B O,ZJ;HOM H3 npome,n;mHX BpeMeH
B 3a.BHCHMOCTH OT CMhICJia:

a) eCJIH BpeM.H ,n;eHCTBHH rrpH,ZJ;aTO"tlHOI'O npe,D;JIO-

meHH H COBIIa,n;aeT co BpeMeHeM ,n;elicTBH.H
rJiaBHoro npe,D;JI0'1<eHHH, B 0601rx rrpe,n;Jiome-
HIDIX cxa3yeMoe (rJiaroJI) yrrOTpe6JI.HeTCH B Past
Indefinite HJIH Past Continuous H nepeao)zy!TCH Ha
pyccKHH H3hIK I'JiaroJioM B HacTo~eM BpeMeHH:
He thought that Sam worked very well.
(OH AYMaJI, "t!TO CsM pa6oTaeT xopomo.)
I was sure that Mike was doing his homework.
(.H 6:hIJI yaepeH' l!TO OH ,n;eJiaeT ,Zl;OMamHIOIO
pa6oTy.)

6) ecJIH ,n;eHCTBHe rrpH,n;aTO"tlHOI'O rrpe,n;JiomeHH.H

npe,D;meCTByeT ,D;e:HCTBHIO I'JlaBHOI'O npe,zi;Jio-
'1<eHH.H, TO CKa3yeMoe (rJiarOJI) npH,n;aTO't!HOI'O
rrpe,u;omeHH.H CTOHT B Past Perfect H nepeao-
.ZJ;HTC.H Ha pyccxH:ii H3hlK r JiarOJIOM B rrpome,z:i;meM
BpeMeHH:
We didn't know what had happened to the
children.
(Mhl He 3HaJIH, qTo CJiyqHJIOCb c ,z:i;eTbMH.)
137
 She said that she had forgotten to wash the
dishes.
(OHa cKa3aJia, qTo aa6b1Jia BblMbITb nocy,D;y.)

B) ecJIH B np:u:,n;aTO"llHOM npe,D;JIOmeHHH HymHO

nepeAaTb ,D;eHCTBHe, KOTOpoe COBepIIIHTCSI
B 6YAYI.QeM, To cKaayeMoe (rJiaroJI) aToro
npe,n;JiomeHHH 6y,n;eT BbipameHo Future-in-
the-Past. Future-in-the-Past 06pa3yeTcS1
IIPH ITOMO~H BCIIOMOraTeJibHbIX rJiarOJIOB
should (1-e JIHn,o e,D;. H MH. q.) u would
(2-e H 3-e JIHD;O e,n;. H MH. q.), aa KOTOpbIMH
CJie,D;yeT CMhICJIOBOH rJiaroJI B umpHHHTHBe
6ea qacTHD;I>I to:
I was sure he would come in time.
(H 61>1JI ysepeH, 'ITO OH npH,D;eT BOBpeMSI.)
They knew that he would call them.
(0HH 3HaJIH, qTo OH HM II03BOHHT.)

r) ecJIH K ,D;OIIOJIHHTeJibHOMY npH,D;aToqHOMY

npe,rv10meHHlO OTHOCHTCSI npH,D;aToqHoe npe,D;JIO-
meHHe BpeMeHH HJIH YCJIOBHSI, TO rJiarOJI B 3THX
npe,D;JIO:>KeHHSIX TaK)Ke IlO~HHHeTCSI npaBHJIY
corJiacoBaHHJI BpeMeH:
She said she would write a letter on Sunday if
she had time.
(OHa CK83aJia, qTo HanHIIIeT IlHCbMO B BOCKpe-
ceHbe, ecJIH y Hee 6y,n;eT BpeMH.)

,D;) B H9KOTOpbIX CJiyqaax npaBHJIO corJiaCOBaHHJI

BpeMeH He co6JI10,n;aeTcS1:
• B npH,D;8TO'llHbIX ,D;OIIOJIHHTeJibHbIX npe,D;JIOme-
HHSIX, Bbipa:a<.aIO~HX o6I.QeH3BeCTHbIH q>aKT.
138
The teacher said that the Earth goes round the
Sun.
('YlIHTeJI& CKaaa.rr, "lJTO 3eMJISI Bp~aeTCSI BOKpyr
CoJIH:a;a.)

• B np:e,n;aTOllHDIX ,D;OIIOJIHHTeJI&HDIX rrpe,n;Jiome-

HHSIX, eCJIH B COCTaB CKaayeMoro BXO,ZJ;SIT
MO,ZJ;aJI&HDie rJiarOJihl must, should, ought:
You must stay here.
(BDI ,D;OJia(HDI OCTaTbCH a,n;ecb.)
They said that you must stay here.
(OHM CKa3aJIH, 't!TO BDI ,D;OJimHDI OCTaTbCSI 3,ZJ;eCb.)
 IIPHMAH H KOCBEHHAH PE"t.J:b
(DIRECT AND INDERECT SPEECH)

Ilp.s:MaH peqb - aTo 6yKBaJibHaH nepe,zi;aqa

qbero-JIH6o BbICKa3bIBaHHH.
Ilp.s:MaH pe"t!b MomeT rrpe,zi;cTaBJIHTb co6oii:
1) IlOBeCTBOBaTeJlbHOe npe,zi;JiomeHHe:
"I work here as a waiter," said John.
2) BOllPOCHTeJII:aHOe rrpe,z:i;;10menHe:
"Where does he work?" asked Pete.

3) noseJIHTeJibHoe npe,n;JiomeHHe:
"Show me that dress, please," said the lady.
KocnenHaH peqb - aTo rrepe,n;aqa co,n;epmaHHH
npHMOH pe"t!H B BH,n;e rrepecKaaa. IlpH rrepexo,n;e OT
npHMOH peqH K KOCBeHHOH B anrJIHHCKOM .H3hIKe
co6JI10,n;a10TCH orrpe,n;eJieHHI>Ie npaBHJia.

Ilps:Mas: pe'IL -
IlOBCCTBOBaTeJILHOe npe,zi;Jio~eHHe

IlpH o6pam;eHHH rrpe,D;JIO.iKeHHH c rrpHMOH pe"t!bIO

B rrpe,zi;1rnmen1rn c KOCBeHHOH pe"CILIO IlOJiyqaeTCH
c11omHorro,n;qHnennoe rrpe,z:i;;rnmen:ae. C110Ba aBTopa
CTaHOB.HTC.H I'JiaBHbIM rrpe,n;11omeHHeM, a rrp.HMa.H
peqb - rrpH,n;aToqHbIM ,D;OIIOJIHHTeJibHbIM npe,n;-
JIO.iKeHHeM, KOTopoe BBO,ZJ;HTC.H COI030M that. IlpH
140
o6pam;eHHH rrp.HMOH pel:!H B KOCBeHHYIO HymHo
co6Jiro,n;aTh rrpaBHJIO cornacoBaHHSI BpeMeH:
Nick says, "I read newspapers every day" Nick
says that he reads newspapers every day.

YnoTpe6JieHue rJiaroJIOB to say u to tell

a) IIepe,ZJ; rrp.HMoii pel:lhIO yrroTpe6JI.HeTc.H rJiaroJI to

say. IlpH o6pa~eHHH IIPHMOH pel:!H B KOCBeH-
HYIO I'JiaI'OJI to say OCTaeTc.H, eCJIH JIHII;O,
K KOTOpOMY o6pa~aIOTCH, He yKa3bIBaeTc.H:
Jack said, "I shall bring this book to school."
Jack said that he would bring the book to
school.

6) IlpH o6pa~eHHH rrpHMOH peq11 B KOCBeHHYIO

rJiaroJI to say aaMem1eTC.fl rJiarOJIOM to tell, ecJIH
mui;o, K KOTopoMy o6pa~aIOTCSI, yKa3hIBaeTCH:
Peter said to Bob, "We shall meet you at the
station".
Peter told Bob that they would meet him at the
station.

B) rJiaroJI to say Tpe6yeT rrpe,n;Jiora to rrepe,n; KOCBeH-

HhIM ,ZJ;OIIOJIHeHHeM. rJiaI'OJI to tell He Tpe6yeT
rrpe,n;Jiora to rrepe,n; KOCBeHHbIM ,Zl;OIIOJIHeH:HeM:
Mark told his friends about the accident. Tell
me the time, please.

r JiaI'OJI to tell yIIOTpe6JI.HeTC51 TOJihKO rrepe,n; KOC-

BeHHOH peqhIO, rrepe,n; rrp.HMOH peqhIO ynoTpe6JI.HeTC.fl
r ;raroJI to say:
141
 The girl said to me, "Sam has taken my book."
The girl told me that Sam had taken her book.

JlHqHbie H npHTHmaTeJibHbie MeCTOHMeHHH

3aMeH.HIOTCSI B KOCBeHHOH peq:e: no CMhlCJiy:
John said to me, "I have lost my umbrella."
John told me that he had lost his umbrella.

YKaaaTeJibHbie MeCTOHMeHHSI H Hape'tlHSI npeMeHH

H MeCTa, KOTOpbie y110Tpe6JISIIOTCH B npSIMOH pe'tIH,
B KOCBeHHOH peqH aaMeHHIOTCSI .n;pyrHMH CJIOBaMH:
this (STOT) - that (TOT), these (3TH) - those
(Te), now (Tenepb)-then (Tor.n;a), today(cero.n;H.a)-
that day (B TOT .n;eHb), tomorrow (aaBTpa) - the
next day (Ha cJie.n;yrom;H:H .n;eab), yesterday
(Btiepa) - the day before (aaKaHyae), ago (TOMY
Haaa.n;) - before (paHi.me), here (a,n;ec:r>) - there
(TaM).

My friend said to me, "I saw Nick yesterday."

My friend told me that he had seen Nick the
day before.

flpHMaH pe"llL -
eonpocuTeJI1>uoe npe~Jioaceuue

IlpH o6pam;eHHH npe,n;JiomeHHSI c npSIMLIM

BOIIpOCOM B npe.n;JiomeHHe c KOCBeHHhlM BOilpOCOM
MbI noJiyqaeM cJiomHono.n;'trnHeHHoe npe.n;JiomeaHe.
CJioBa aBTopa CTaHOBSITCH rJiaBHbIM npe.n;JiomeHHeM,
a npHMOH Bonpoc - npimaTO'tJHblM .ZJ;OilOJIH:HTeJibHbIM
rrpep;JiomeHHeM. Ilp:e: 3TOM 3HaK Borrpoca onycKaeTcH,
H nop.a,n;oK CJIOB B TaKOM npe.n;JiomeHHH 6y,n;eT TaKOH
me, 'tJTO H B IlOBeCTBOBaTeJihHOM npe.n;JiomeHHH.
142
 EcJIH np.HMOH BOIIpoc He HMeeT BOIIpOCHTeJibHO-
ro CJIOBa, a Hacn1HaeTCH c BCIIOMoraTeJibHOrO HJIH
MO,ll;aJibHOro rJiaroJia, KOCBeHHbIH BOIIpoc BBO,ll;HTCH
rrpH IIOMOm;H COI030B if HJIH whether' HMeIOm;Hx
3HaqeHHe JIH B pycCKOM H3bIKe:
Nick asked Ben, "Have you a bicycle?"
Nick asked Ben whether (if) he had a bicycle.

EcJIH rrpHMOH BOIIpoc HaqHHaeTCH c BOIIpOCH-

TeJibHbIX MeCTOHMeHHH who, what, which H Hape-
'1HH when, where, how, why, KOCBeHHbIH Borrpoc
BBO,Zl;HTCH COOTBeTCTBYIOID;HMH COI03HbIMH CJIO-
BaMH:
Mother asks the girl, "What are you reading?"
Mother asks the girl what she is reading.

IlpH o6pam;eHHH B KOCBeHHYIO peqb OTBeTOB Ha

o6m;ne BOIIpOCbI CJIOBa yes H no orrycKaIOTCH:
Bob asks Bill, "Do you like the play?"
Bill answers, "Yes, I do. (No, I do not.)"

Bob asks Bill whether he likes the play. Bill

answers that he does (that he does not).

IIpaMaH peqL -
IlOB0JlHTeJILHOe npe,n;JI03teHHe

EcJIH rrpHMa.H pe"l!b rrpe,n;cT~BJIHeT co6oli rroBe-

JIHTeJILHoe rrpe,n;JiomeHne, TO rrpH o6pam;eHHH
IIPHMOH petIH B KOCBeHHYIO IIOJiy-qaeTC.H rrpocToe
pacrrpocTpaHeHHoe rrpe,n;Jiom.eHHe. Ilpn aToM rroBe-
JIHTeJILHoe HaKJIOHeHHe 3aMeHHeTC.H Heorrpe-
,n;eJieHH.OH cpopMOH (HHcpHHHTHBOM):
143
 Mother said to the children, "Wash your hands."
Mother told the children to wash their hands.
0TpH~aTeJibHaH cpopMa IlOBeJIHTeJibHOro HaK-
JIOHeHHH aaMeHHeTCH Heonpe.n;eJieHHOH cpopMOH
(HHcpHHHTHBOM) c OTp:m.I,aHHeM not:
The doctor said to Sam, "Don't eat meat."
The doctor told Sam not to eat meat.

EcnH npHMaH pe11:0 B:&1pamaeT npHKaaaHHe,

rnaroJI to say B KOCBeHHOH pe11H 3aMeHHeTCH
rnaroJiaMH to tell, to ask wm to order B 3aBHCHMOCTH
OT CMbICJia. ECJIH nps:MaR pel:lb BblpamaeT npocL6y,
rnaron to say aaMens:eTcH rnaronoM to ask.
The king said to his soldiers, "Win the battle!"
The king ordered his soldiers to win the battle.

~Ynpa:m:ueuue 1. CocTaBbTe KOCBeHHhIH Bonpoc,

if HJIH whether, no 06pa3u;y.
HCIIOJih3Y.H COI03bl
06paae~: Has he corn€'! - I don't know if he
has come. I don't know whether he has come.
1. Is it time to go?
2. Does he visit his aunt every week?
3. Has she written the composition?
4. Have you seen the new film?
5. Can Ted play tennis?
6. Will your teacher be surprised?
7. Did your brother buy those stamps?
8. Will he agree to come over?
9. Are there any new books in the libraJ"Y.?
10. Is there anybody at home?
144
 ~ Ynpaacueuue 2. CocTaBbTe KocBeHHbIH Bonpoc,
HcnoJib3YH coI03bl if HJIH whether, no o6pa3IW.
06paaeq: Where is Richard? (I don't know ... ) -
I don't know where Richard is.
Is Mike at home? (I should like to know ... ) -
I should like to know if (whether) Mike is at home.

1. Where can I buy some clothes? (I want to

know ... )
2. What time is it? (I should like to know ... )
3. How much sugar do you put in your tea?
(Nelly asks Mary ... )
4. Where did I put my scarf yesterday? (I do not
remember ... )
5. What does that mean? (I should like to
know ... )
6. Did the children take enough money with
them? (We really don't know ... )
7. Are your parents coming today? (I am not
sure ... )
8. How many lessons have you today? (Mother
asks me ... )
9. Is my new dress ready? (I wonder ... )
10. Does Nick like my hair-cut? (I should like to
know ... )

~ YnpaatueHue 3. IlepemrmHTe npep;JiomeHHH

B KOCBeHHOH pe~H no o6pa3l:J;y.
06paaeij: I feel tired. What's that? He says
... - He says (that) he feels tired.

1. I've got a headache. What's that?

She says ...
14 5
 2. We want some money. What's that?
They say ...
3. I'm bored. What's that?
She says ...
4. We have toothache. What's that?
They say ...
5. We can repair this car. What's that?
They say ...
6. I must wait for a bus. What's that?
She says ...

~ Ynpamsesue 4. IIepenHmHTe npe,n;Jio:>KeHH.H

B xocBeHHOH pe~rn:. HaturnaiiTe Kam,n;oe npe,n;JiomeHHe
co CJIOB, 'AaHHhIX B CK06Kax. f
06pa3eq_: "I am going to the theatre with IrtY
boy-friend." (She says) - She says she is going fo
the theatre with her boy-friend. .~·

1. "We are going to the cinema with our

classmates." (They say)
2. "I will be ready in a few minutes." (Ann says)
3. "My friend has not finished her homework
yet." (Bobby tells me)
4. "I have written letters to several of my
cousins." (She tells me)
5. "I have seen this film." (Mary says)

~ YnpamBeHHe 5. IIeperrHWHTe npe,n;JiomeHH.H

B KOCBeHHOH peqH no o6paan;y.
06pa3e~:
We shall discuss this question tomor-
row. What did he say? He said ... - He said (that)
they would discuss that question the next day.
146
 1. I shall leave tomorrow. What did he say?
He said ...
2. I can understand English. What did she tell
you?
She told me ...
3. I may go to the cinema this evening. What
did he say?
He said ...
4. I shan't come tomorrow. What did she tell
you?
She told me ...
5. George won't travel by air. What did he say?
He said ...
6. I can't afford a new car. What did she tell
you?
She told me ...

~ YnpamueHHe 6. BbIIIOJIHHTe yrrpamHemrn no

o6pam:J;y.
06pa3eZft: I'm busy. - What did he say? He said
that he was busy. What did he tell you? He told
me that he was busy.
1. I'm making coffee.
2. We want to go for a walk.
3. I've finished this test.
4. I'm looking through the newspaper.
5. We spent a good time at his party.
6. We would like to apologise.

~ YnpamHeuue 7. IIepeBe,IJ;HTe ,IJ;aHHhle npe,IJ;JIO-

meHHH H3 rrpHMOH peqH B KOCBeHHyIO.

1. Bob asks Sam, "Do you like sports?"

147
 2. Pete asked Alice, "Have you seen this monu-
ment?"
3. The teacher asked me, "Will you come to the
party?"
4. My friends ask me, "Where did you get this
book?"
5. Everybody asked Jane, "How did you find the
road to Ann's house?"
6. My cousin asked me, "When will you come to
see me?"

~ YnpaacueHHe 8. IIepeBe,n;HTe ,n;aHHhle rrpe,n;JI0-

memu1 H3 rrpHMOH petrn: B KOCBeHHyIO.

1. "Close the door, please" the conductor says to

a passenger.
2. "Open fire!" the officer ordered the soldiers.
3. "Bring me a sheet of paper," Mike said to
Ann.
4. The client said to the cook: "Please, warm the
supper up."
5. The teacher said to the children: "Don't make
such a noise."
6. Mike said to Sue: "Don't come tonight."
7. Ann said to dad: "Please, give that sandwich."
8. Mr. Baxter said to his wife: "Don't be so kind
to the children."

~ Ynpaacueuue 9. IlepeBe,n;11Te rrpe,n;JrnmeHH.H

,n;aHHoro TeKCTa H3 rrpHMOR petIH B KOCBeHHyro.

I have a very good doctor. He knows other doctors

who are specialists. Often he sends me to see them.
148
 For example, I call on the telephone for an
appointment, and the nurse answers the phone.
"May I have an appointment with the doctor?" I ask.
"When do you want to come?" she asks. "As soon
as possible," I say. "This afternoon?" she asks.
I look at the clock. It is a long time to wait. "Well,
all right," I say. «What time?» "At two o'clock,"
she answers. "That's fine," I say. "Thank you."
Then I go to the doctor's office. I plan carefully to
be there on time. "Doctor," I say, "I have an earache.
It hurt terribly all night." The doctor takes an instru-
ment and looks into my ear with a little light. Then
he sits back in his chair and says. "Yes, I see. You
must go to see Dr. White. He is an ear specialist."
The next time I say, "Doctor, my foot is very
sore. It hurts when I walk on it. Sometimes the
pain is very severe." The doctor walks up and down
the room. At last he says, "You must go to see Dr.
Brown. He is a very good foot doctor."

5 ioiJ o6y"'l,,enua

~ YrrpaatueuHe 1. CocTaBI>Te rrpe,1.J;JiomeHH.H,

B KOTOpblx C0,1.J;epmHTC.H KOCBeHHbIH Borrpoc no 06pa311;y.
06pa3ffLF Are you tired? What does he want to
know? - He wants to know if you are tired.
1. Why is Mary late? What does she want to
know?
2. Does Tom get up early? What does he want
to know?
3. Is Tom doing his home work? What does she
want to know?
149
 4. What are you cooking? What does he want to
know?
5. When does Tom arrive? What does she want
to know?
6. Will the children go to bed early? What does
he want to know?
7. When will you have a bath? What does she
want to know?
8. Did Tom go to bed early? What does he want
to know?
9. When did Tom learn how to ride a bicycle?
What does she want to know?
10. Are they listening to these songs?

~ Ynpa:iKHeHHe 2. IlepemrmHTe rrpe,zi;JiomeHH.a

B KoCBeHHOH peqH no o6paa.a;y.
06paae~:
We may travel abroad. What did they
say. They said . . . - They said (that) they might
travel abroad.
1. I may not retire. What did he say?
He said ....
2. It will rain tomorrow. What did she tell you?
She told me ....
3. The children can come with us. What did he
say?
He said ....
4. Mary may be right. What did she tell you?
She told me ....
5. We will come late tomorrow. What did they
tell you?
They told me . . . .
6. Mary can't phone you. What did he tell you?
He told me ....
150
 ~ Ynpaacueuue 3. C,zi;eJiaiiTe np.aMo:H Bonpoc
KOCB0HHblM no o6pa3IJ;y.
06pa3e"f.t: ls he from Chicago or New York? I don't
know .... - I don't know where he is from.

1. Does he want a course in music or does he

want one in painting? I don't know ....
2. Is this answer correct or is that answer
correct? I don't know ...
3. Is it forty miles or is it fifty miles to Chicago?
I don't know ...
4. Was it nine o'clock or was it ten o'clock?
I don't know ...
5. Did he come by plane or did he come by ship?
I don't know ...
6. Was John here or was Paul here? I don't
know ...
7. Is he a doctor or is he a lawyer? I don't know

8. Is he from York or from Manchester? I don't

know ...

~ Y npaameHHe 4. C~eJiaihe npHMOH Bonpoc ~o­

cBeHHbIM no o6pa3l:J;y. HcnoJib3YHTe cppa3bI, AailE hle
B CK06Kax.
06pa3el.t: Who is that man? (Do you know) -
Do you know who that man is?
1. How long have you been in this country?
(Please tell me)
2. Where did you go yesterday? (Tell me)
3. When does his plane leave? (He doesn't
know)
151
 4. How long have you studied English? (Tell me)
5. What kind of wine do you prefer? (I don't
know)
6. How much will he charge? (I'm not sure)
7. When will he finish the job? (He doesn't know)
8. What television programs does she enjoy
most? (Ask her)
9. When were you in Italy? (I have forgotten)
10. What is Boris writing? (Can you find out)
11. When does the show start? (Do you know)
12. How long was the lesson? (Could you tell me)

~ YnpamueHHe 5. IIepeBe,n;HTe npe,zvmmemrn: H3

rrp.HMOH pel:lli B KOCBeHH)1IO.

1. "Don't close the window!" said Jack.

2. Mary said to the waiter: "Please, give me the
bill."
3. "Eat more vegetables," said the doctor.
4. "Follow my instructions," said my uncle.
5. "Don't shout at me," said the child.
6. The headmaster said to the pupil: "Speak up,
please."
7. "Can you open your mouth," said the
doctor.
8. "Leave the territory," ordered the officer.

6 zoiJ o6y1tenua

~ Ynpamueuue 1. B npe,n;Jio:meH1:u1x ynoTpe6HTe

say HJIH tell B Hy:a<.HOM BpeMeHH.
rJiaroJihI

1. Peter ... that he understood my explanation.

2. Nick ... Sam that he had seen mary.
152
 3. Pam ... her mother that she had torn her new
dress.
4. She ... that she had to visit her old school-
friend.
5. Please ... me about the book which you
borrowed yesterday.

4J Ynpazueuue 2. Ilepeee,u;HTe npe,n;JiomeHHH

B KOCBeHHyio pe~h.

1. "You must not cross the street when the light

is red, my boy," he says.
2. "Don't talk such nonsense," he said.
3. "Will you have a place in the sleeper?" asked
the man.
4. "Pve heard that story before," I said.
5. "Do you enjoy it?" asked my friend.
6. "You need a vacation," said the fat man
looking attentively at the other.
7. "Some letters just came," said the clerk.
8. "And do you know your mother's tongue?"
asked Pete.
9. "Did you clean your room?" asked mother.
10. "Did you comb your hair?" asked mother.
11. "Close the door. Can't you see I am busy?
Go and play with your sister or with your
friends." said my father.
12. "Madam," said the voice, "will you give me
the price of a cup of tea?"
13. "What will happen if I take the girl homer'
she thought.
14. "Why are you afraid?" asked Pam.
153
 ~ Ynpamueuue 3. IIepeBe.Zl;HTe npe.n;Jioj{(eHHH H3
KOCBeHHOH pe~H B npHMyio.

1. Hans said it was very difficult to play the

role.
2. He asked why there were so many people in
the street.
3. The inspector asked Miss Black if she knew
where Mr. Stone lived.
4. The teacher told him not to worry and go
home.
5. The children said that they would sleep in the
open air.
6. He asked if I was going to leave Paris the next
day.
7. He told me that he had bought the newspaper
the day before.
8. Mary says she has just had a telephone call
from me.
9. His neighbour asked him to leave the mail at
his brother's.
10. They said they couldn't sleep then.
 OBOBmAIOID;HE "YIIPAmHEHHH

4 zoo o6y-.,,enua

~ YnpazueuHe 1. B@6ep11Te rrpaBHJibHhlii aa-

r JiaroJia.
plilaHT

1. I'll ... my homework later.

(a) go
(b) do
2. He said he'll ... to the party. I hope he does.
(a) go
(b) do
3. I'll ... to the doctors this afternoon.
(a) go
(b) do
4. I'll ... shopping on Saturday.
(a) go
(b) do
5. Let's ... out for dinner tonight.
(a) go
(b) do
6. I have to ... the laundry before we go out.
(a) go
(b) do
7. If you ... your best, nobody can ask for more.
(a) go
(b) do
155
 8. I always ... to church on Sundays.
(a) go
(b) do
9. If you wash the windows, I'll ... the errands.
(a) go
(b) do
10. I have got to ... this work by tomorrow.
(a) go
(b) do

~ YnpamueuHe 2. Bb16ep1ne npaBH:JibHbIH

BapH:aHT.

1. Have you ... studying for your exam yet?

(a) began
(b) begun
2. Dave has ... his Quiz Center.
(a) begun
(b) began
3. Benjamin ... Dave's glasses.
(a) broke
(b) broken
4. Have you ever ... a promise?
(a) broke
(b) broken
5. Dave ... the painting by himself.
(a) did
(b) done
6. Tak has ... his best in my class.
(a) did
(b) done
7. Dave has ... many strange things.
(a) eaten
(b) ate
156
 8. Dave's students ... all of his terrible
cooking.
(a) ate
(b) eaten

~ YnpamueuHe 3. CocTa.BhTe npe.l{Jiomemr.a B Past

Indefinite H Future Indefinite rro 06pa3u;y.
06pa3e~: He can't speak to you now. - He
couldn't speak to you yesterday. He won't be able
to speak to you tomorrow. -
1. You can't do it now.
2. You can't play tennis now.
3. They can't help you now.
4. She can't tell you the whole truth now.
5. Mary can't translate the text now.
6. The students can't come now.
7. We can't go shopping now.
8. I can't ring him up now.
9. They can't lend you the money now.
10. She can't pay you a visit now.

~ YnpamueuHe 4. IlocTaBbTe rJiaroJibI, cTo.arn;ne

B cKo6Kax, B Past Indefinite RJili B Past Continuous.

1. Yesterday at this time I (to finish) my report

at the meeting.
2. At 6 o'clock yesterday we (to listen to) the
songs over the radio.
3. At 8 o'clock I (to get up, to wash and to go
out) of the house.
4. In the evening I (to read) magazines, (to
translate) articles, (to help) my brother with
French.
157
 ~ YnpamueHHe 5. PacKpoliTe cKofom 11 nocTaBh-
Te rJiaroJI1>1 B Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Past
Perfect, Future Indefinite, Future-in-the-Past.
Swift and his lazy servant
Swift, the famous English writer, one day (to
travel) on horseback with a servant. The weather (to
be) bad; it (to rain) and the roads (to be) muddy. In
the evening the two men (to come) to an inn. Before
going to bed Swift (to tell) his servant to clean his
boots, as they (to be) very dirty. But the servant (to
be) lazy and (not to do) what his master (to say).
The next morning when Swift (to see) the dirty boots,
he (to ask) the servant why he (not to clean) the
boots. The servant (to answer) that he (not to clean)
the boots because they soon (to become) dirty again.
"The roads are muddy. What is the use of
cleaning the boots now? They soon (to be) dirty
again," he (to say).
Swift (not to say) anything and soon (to tell)
the servant to get ready because they (to start) at
once. But the servant (to look) very displeased and
(to say) that he (not to eat) his breakfast yet.
Swift (to answer) that they (to go) without any
breakfast.
"What is the use of eating now? You soon (to
be) hungry again," he (to say).

~ YnpamueuHe 6. PacKpo:iiTe cKo6KH H rrocTaBh-

Te rJiaroJihI B Past Indefinite H Past Perfect.
One cold day a boy was driving his goats to a cave
to hide from the storm. When he reached the cave,
he saw that a flock of wild goats (come) into the
158
cave already. He (think): "I shall catch them all
and they will be mine." He was very pleased with .
the idea. So he (give) the wild goats the grass which
he (bring) for his own goats and (leave) his own
goats outside. When the storm was over, he (see)
that his own goats (die) in the storm and the wild
goats (run away) to the hills and the woods.

~ YnpamueHHe 7. Bhl6epHTe npaBHJihHhIH

Bapn:aHT.

1. Anna: "Are you taller than your father?"

Tom: "No. But I'm .... "
(a) taller
(b) as taller
( c) almost as tall
(d) almost tallest
2. We went to the department store ... buy
a TV.
(a) for
(b) for get
(c) in order to
(d) because
3. My husband will tell you ... to the party.
(a) to bring
(b) what will bring
(c) what bring
(d) what to bring
4. They waited for their father ... ten o'clock.
(a) by
(b) for
(c) at
(d) until
159
 5. The workers ... early next Friday.
(a) will left
(b) left
(c) will leave
(d) leaving
6. I ... do anything when I was sick.
(a) can't
(b) must
(c) should
(d) couldn't

~ Ynpaacueuue 8. PacKpoiITe CK06KH, Bhl6epHTe

npaBHJibHbIH BapHaHT.

1. He thought his child was asleep (now, then).

2. George says he was to be in the office (today,
that day).
3. He told me he had bought a ticket (yesterday,
the day before).
4. Last week my watch went wrong. I asked my
father to repair it, and he promised to do it
(tomorrow. the next day).
5. "Let's meet at ten (tomorrow. the next day),"
said the guide.
6. When I came home my brother told me that
a friend of mine had called on me half an hour
(ago, before).

~ Ynpaacueuue 9. B npe,n;Jio.memrn:x ynoTpe6HTe

rJiarOJihl say HJIH tell B HymHOM BpeMeHH.

1. Peter ... that he understood my explanation.

2. Nick ... Sam that he had seen Mary.
160
 3. Grace ... her mother that she had torn her
new dress.
4. She ... that she had to visit her old schoolfriend.
5. Please ... me about the book which you
borrowed yesterday.

~ Ynpaacueuue 10. BM6epHTe npaBHJibH1:>1:H Ba-

pHaHT.

1. Mary is a ... swimmer.

(a) slow
(b) slowly
2. Andrew plays the piano . . . .
(a) beautiful
(b) beautifully
3. Mrs. Thompson sews ....
(a) quick
(b) quickly
4. Mr. Gant speaks ....
(a) loud
(b) loudly
5. His children are ... students.
(a) good
(b) well
6. Joanna sings . . . .
(a) awful
(b) awfully
7. Ted writes ....
(a) neat
(b) neatly
8. Douglas and Hannah are ... students.
(a) bad
(b) badly
161
 9. Jessica is a ... basketball player.
(a) good
{b) well
10. Patty doesn't cook ....
(a) good
(b) well
11. Mr. Lopez is not a ... policeman.
(a) careful
(b) carefully
12. Those girls talk ....
(a) intelligent
(b) intelligently
13. I don't think I am a ... athlete.
(a) bad
(b) badly

~ Ynpa~rneuue 11. Bb16epHTe rrpaBHJihHhlii

BapHaHT.
06pa3el{: (exact/ exactly)
(a) Can you tell me the exact time?
(b) I can tell you exactly where it is.

1. (silent/silently)
(a) We sat there ....
(b) The room was .. . .
2. (careless/carelessly)
(a) That man drives ... .
(b) That man is a ... driver.

3. (steady/ steadily)
(a) Joe works ....
(b) Joe is a ... worker.
162
 4. (poor/poorly)
(a) Their house has ... furniture.
(b) Their house is ... furnished.

5. (recent/recently)
(a) That is a ... picture of me.
(b) That picture of me was taken . . . .

6. (hurried/hurriedly)
(a) Joe ate his lunch ....
(b) Joe had a ... lunch.

7. (fortunate/fortunately)
(a) You were ... to find him.
(b) ... we found him.

8. (strong/strongly)
(a) There is a ... wind blowing.
(b) The wind is blowing . . . .

9. (swift/swiftly)
(a) That is a ... river.
(b) That river runs .. . .

~ Yrrpa~1rneHHe 12. Bb16epHTe npaBHJibHbIH Ba-

p1rnHT.

1. We went ... a different city last year.

(a) in
(b) at
(c) to
(d) on

163
 2. There is ... snow on the ground.
(a) a
(b) a lot of
(c) with
(d) about

3. My brother went to school ... three months.

(a) for
(b) since
(c) ago
4. We don't have ... money.
(a) none
(b) no
(c) any
5. He is sitting ... two women.
(a) among
(b) between
(c) perhaps

6. Alex is late ....

(a) at once
(b) right away
(c) as usual
7. Can you give me ... water, please?
(a) little by little
(b) a few
(c) a little

8. I can't wash my hands ... any soap.

(a) with
(b) without
(c) between
164
9. The coat belongs to me. It's .. . .
(a) to me
(b) my
(c) mine
(d) for me
10. ... some water on the floor.
(a) They're
(b) There's
(c) Their
11. Where will you ... the bus?
(a) get up
(b) get over
(c) get off

12. Did you ask ... a question?

(a) my
(b) to me
(c) me
13. The plane flew ... the house.
(a) over
(b) under
(c) south
14. My brother ... his hat and put it on.
(a) picked up
(b) found out
(c) go up

15. They live ... Shaw Street.

(a) at
(b) on
(c) in
165
16. Alice works . . . .
(a) fastly
(b) fast
(c) with fast

5 zoo o6y"'tenuJi

~ Ynpaameune 1. PacKpo:HTe cKo6KH H nocTaBL-

Te rJiaro.nbl B Present Continuous :u:.n:u: Present Inde-
finite.
1. ... (the film/begin) at 4 or at 6?
2. We ... (have) party next Sunday; Will you
come?
3. Mary ... (get marry) next Saturday.
4. What time ... (the next bus/leave)?
5. What time ... (you/meet) Ann?
6. The exhibition ... (open) on 5 April and
(finish) on 15 May.

~ Ynpaacueuue 2. PacKpo:HTe cK061m H yrroTpe-

6HTe rJiaro.nbl B cpopMe Past Indefinite HJill Present
Perfect.

1. He (forget) his Spanish since he (leave)

Spain.
2 . He can reach his work easily now, as he (buy)
a car.
3. Years ago we (be) poor, and (not know) how
to live. We (become) very rich now.
4. He is a man who (live) a great life.
5. Mary (lose) her keys and can not remember
where she (see ) them last.
166
 ~ Ynpazueuue 3. BbI6epHTe npasmrE.HbIH Ba-
pHaHT.

1. You can go to ....

(a) a night club
(b) a good book
(c) a drink
(d) an early night

2. You can take in ... .

(a) a restaurant
(b) a show
(c) a cinema
(d) a drink

3. You can see ....

(a) a night club
(b) a cinema
(c) a film
(d) a restaurant

4. You can read ... .

(a) a good book
(b) a cinema
(c) TV
(d) your work

5. You can try ....

(a) a cinema
(b) a football match
(c) a good long walk
(d) some local food
167
6. You can eat in ....
(a) a football match
(b) a good book
(c) a little local restaurant
(d) some good food

7. You can watch ....

(a) a night club
(b) a cinema
(c) a good book
(d) TV

8. You can have ... .

a) a show
b) a few drinks in the hotel bar
c) a cinema
d) your work

9. You. can .have ....

(a) an early night
(b) .a football match
(c) a swimming pool
(d) TV

10. You can catch up with ....

(a) the weekend
(b) a football match
(c) the cinema
(d) your work

168
 ~ Ynpa3Cueuue 4. 3ap;aiiTe K rrpep;nomeu1u1M
BOilpOChl.

1. They had to do a lot of work last month.

2. He has to look up a few words in the dictionary.
3. They had to switch the radio off.
4. The students had to hand in their term papers
yesterday.
5. In summer she has to take her entrance
examinations.
6. The nurses had to get up very early.
7. David had to wait for the doctor for more than
an hour.
8. Sam had to rewrite his composition and correct
all his mistakes.
9. The pupils have to learn a lot of things by
heart.

~ YnpazueuHe 5. ,ll;orroJIHHTe npe~JiomeHH.H,

HallHHWI HX co cJiep;y10m;nx BOllpOCHTeJihH.bIX KOHCT-
PYK~.H.

how long, how often, how many,, how about, how

deep, how far, how old.

1. . . . letters has the secretary typed?

2. . .. is it to the nearest drugstore?
3. . . . do they owe you?
4 .... going out tonight?
5. . .. is your grandma? She looks so young!
6. . .. does it take you to get to school by bike?
7. . .. is the Indian Ocean? Can we reach it's
bottom?
8 .... do the meetings take place? Every week?
16 9
 ~ YnpamueuHe 6. CocTaBhTe npe,n;JiomeHHH,
ynoTpe6HB 'AaHHble CJIOBa B rrpaBHJibHOM nop.s:p;Ke.

1. (a) brightly
(b) is shining
(c) sun
(d) the

2. (a) in
(b) lives
(c) my sister
(d) New York

3. (a) birds
(b) sing
(c) beautifully
(d) the

4. (a) cloth
(b) feels
(c) smooth
(d) this
5. (a) a
(b) became
(c) doctor
(d) good
(e) Mary
6. .(a) interesting
(b) sounds
(c) that
(d) very_

170
 7. (a) a
(b) decided
(c) go
(d) on
(e) picnic
(f) to
(g) we

8. (a) clean
(b) keep
(c) must
(d) table
(e) the
(f) we .. .

9. (a) capital
(b) England
..
(c) is
(d) London
. .
(e) of
. \ ·, ..
(f) the

10. (a) America

(b) English
(c) in
(d) speak
(e) they

11. (a) a
(b) car
(c) don't
(d) fast
(e) have
(f) I
171
 ~ Ynpamueuue 7. 3anoJIHHTe nponyc1m Borrpo-
CHTeJibHhIMH CJIOBaMH what HJIH which.

1. ... are your favourite TV programmes?

2 .... is good and bad about the TV programmes
for youngsters?
3. . . . new programmes would you suggest?
4 .... famous Russian, British, American
museums do you know?
5 .... of the museums would you like to visit?
6. . .. kind of music do you prefer?
7. . .. picture galleries have you visited or heard
about in Russia and abroad?

~ Ynpa:m:ueuue 8. 3anoJIHHTe nponycKH Bocrrpo-

CHTeJibH:bIMH MeCTOHMeHHHMH who, whom, what,
which.
1. ... was the man you were talking to?
2 .... would you like to do next Sunday?
3. . .. of these three teams is the strongest?
4 .... have you invited to your birthday party?
5. . . . of you has been to San Francisco?
6. . .. told you this?
7. . . . one do you prefer?

~ Ynpa:m:ueuue 9. B1>16epHTe npaBHJibHbili Ba-

pnaHT.

1. I don't like ice-cream, but he do/does/did.

2 . You don't need glasses, but I do/does/did.
3. Sally didn't enjoy the movies, but everyone
else do/ does/did.
4. Dave doesn't want to go out tonight, but his
girlfriend do j does/ d id.
172
 5. My parents don't live in England, but I do/
does/did.
6. She doesn't smoke, but he do/does/did.
7. I don't know her very well, but my friends
do/does/did.
8. This car doesn't go as fast as my old one do/
does/did.
9. I don't type very well, but my boyfriend do/
does/did.
10. He said he would do it and he do/does/did.

~ Ynpaarneuue 10. Bb16epHTe rrpaBHJibHhIH

Bapna.HT.

1. Could I have a ... of ice cream?

(a) glass
(b) scoop
(c) piece

2. Could I have a ... of milk?

(a) block
(b) jar
(c) carton

3. Could I have a ... of wine?

(a) bottle
(b) jar
(c) container

4. Could I have a ... of chocolate?

(a) block
(b) bar
(c) slice
173
 5. Could I have a ... of tea?
(a) cup
(b) dish
(c) plate

6. Could I have a ... of lemon?

(a) bunch
(b) slice
(c) scoop

7. Could I have a ... of cheese?

(a) jar
(b) dish
(c) piece
8. Could I have a ... of cake?
(a) section
(b) lump
(c) slice
9. Could I have a ... of jam?
(a) jar
(b) carton
(c) bottle
10. Do we need a . . . of bread?
(a) loaf
(b) stick
(c) jar

11. Should I buy a ... of biscuits?

(a) slice
(b) packet
(c) piece
174
12. Could I have a ... of beer?
(a) cup
(b) plate
(c) mug

~ Ynpa~ueuHe 11. B1>16epHTe rrpaBHJihHhlH Ba-

pmlHT.
1. "Is she writing to Leonardo di Caprio?''
"Yes, she is in love with ... !"
(a) her
(b) him
(c) his
2. "John is making a lot of noise!"
"I'll ask ... to be quiet."
(a) him
(b) it
(c) its
3. "Please tell Mrs. Smith to come in."
"Sorry, I don't know ... "
(a) her
(b) him
(c) she
4. "I can't find my glasses!"
"You are wearing . . . !"
(a) them
(b) there
(c) they
5. " Do you like bananas?"
"I love . . . !"
(a) hers
(b) it's
(c) them
175
 6. "Why is he always talking about Pamela
Anderson?"
"He obviously likes ... !"
(a) her
(b) him
(c) she
7. "Why is David so happy?"
"His friends gave ... a guitar for his birthday!"
(a) him
(b) it
(c) them

8. "What are you going to do with those old

papers?"
"I'm going to recycle .. . ."
(a) their
(b) them
(c) they

~ YnpaacHeHHe 12. Bl>16ep1:1Te npaBWihH:bIH sa-

p1:1aHT.

1. "Where is my book? Oh, dear! I've lost . . . I"

(a) him
(b) it
(c) its

2. "ls that Mary's new boyfriend?"

"Don't ask me, ask ... !"
(a) her
(b) his
(c) it
76
 3. "Let's see the latest Spielberg moviet"
"I have seen . . . already!"
(a) him
(b) it
(c) there
4. "How are your parents? I haven't seen ... for
some time now!"
(a) them
(b) there
(c) they

5. "Have you met Tom and Lisa?"

"No; I have never met .... "
(a) its
(b) the
(c) them

6 zo8 o6y'1£e1£UJI,
~ Ynpa3tueuue 1. Bi.16ep11Te npaBHJI1>H1>1:H
BapHaHT.

1. go
(a) goed - gone
(b) gone - gone
(c) went - gone
(d) went - goed
2. do
(a) done - done
(b) doed - doed
(c) did - did
(d) did - done
177
3. come
(a) came - come
(b) corned - corned
(c) came - came
( d) come - come
4. stay
(a) stayed - stayed
(b) steyed - steyed
(c) state - state
(d) staid - staid
5. see
(a) seed - seed
(b) seeed - seeed
(c) saw - sawed
(d) saw - seen
6. put
(a) put - put
(b) putted - putted
(c) put - putted
(d) putted - put
7. meet
(a) meeted - meeted
(b) met - met
(c) meeted - met
(d) meet - meet
8. take
(a) took - taken
(b) took - took
(c) taked - taken
(d) taked - taked
178
 9. get
(a) got - gotted
(b) get - got
( c) gotted - getted
(d) got - got
10. withdraw
(a) withdrawed - withdrawed
(b) withdrew - withdrawn
(c) withdrew - withdrew
(d) withdraw - withdraw

~ Ynpa:acueuue 2. PacKpoH:re CK06KH H yn0Tpe-

611Te r.11aron B npaBHJibHOH l}>opMe.

1. I have often (drive) a car by myself.

2. My best friend (live) with me last year.
3. I like to (play) basketball.
4. My sister often (go) shopping.
5. My father often enjoys (ski).
6. Did you finish (do) your homework?
7. My younger brother (eat) lunch with me every
day.
8. One of my teachers (like) to play the guitar.
9. Were you able (swim) yesterday afternoon?

~Ynpaatueuue 3. IlocTaBhTe rJiaroJihI, ,n;aHHhie

B cKo6Kax, B Present Continuous HJIH Present
Perfect Continuous.

1. He (to run) now. He (to run) for ten minutes

without any rest.
2. What the (to do) now? They (to work) in the
library. They (to work) for two hours.
179
 3. She (to wash) in the bathroom now. She (to
wash) for half an hour.
4. Where is Nick now? He is in the garden. He
(to plant) trees. He (to plant) trees the whole
morning.

~ YnpaameHHe 4. PacKpo:H:Te CK06KH H nocTaBb-

Te rJiaroJibl B Future Indefinite, Present Continuous,
Present Indefinite, Present Perfect.

I (to feel) very excited at the thought that in

another week I (to be) with you again on holiday.
I (to leave) here early on Friday, and I (to arrive)
on Saturday morning; so I (to be) home somewhere
about lunch time. Can you meet me at the station,
as I (to have) a lot of luggage? In some of my
letters I (to tell) you all about the other students
here. Well, I (to want) to ask my friend, Jan, to
come with me. That (to be) all right? He is a very
nice boy I know you (to like) him, and I (to feel)
sure that he (to enjoy) the holiday with us. Please
let me know, if his coming (to be) all right.

~ Ynpa3tHeuue 5. IIocTaBbTe rJiaroJibl B rrpa-

BHJibHYIO cpopMy.
When my husband (to go) into the dining-room
this morning, he (to drop) some coins on the floor.
There were coins everywhere.
We (to look) for them, but we could not find
them all. While we (to have) breakfast, our little,
Tommy, (to find) two small coins on the floor. He
(to put) them both into his mouth. We both (to
try) to get the coins, but it was too late. Tommy
180
already (to swallow) them! Later that morning,
when I (to do) the housework, my husband (to
telephone) met from the office.
"How's Tommy?" he asked.
"I don't know," I answered,
"Tommy (to be) to the lavatory three times this
morning, but I (not to have) any change yet1"

~ YnpaacueuHe 6. PacKpoH:Te CK06KH H rrocTaBb-

Te rJiaroJihl B Present Perfect, Present Indefinite, Past
Indefinite.

1. We just (to listen) to the news. You know

I (to buy) a new radio-set yesterday.
2. My parents (to give) me a computer as a birth-
day present.
3. He already (to wake up). He always (to sleep)
late on Sunday.
4. (to brush) your teeth, Sam. You (to forget)
to do it yesterday.
5. You (not to know) the rhyme. (to learn) it?
6. His parents promised to buy him a walkman.
They already (to buy) it?
7. I (not to speak) to Bob's teacher yet.
8. You (to visit) Mrs. Stone? - I (to go) to see
her last night.
9. I never (to hear) this song. Who (to sing) it?
10. Where is Kate? She just (to return) from her
dancing lesson.
11. My brother (to send) me a letter with a Birthday
card.
12. (to buy) milk, Tom. You (to forget) to do it
in the morning.
181
 ~ Ynpa3t&eHHe 7. PacKpoliTe cKo6KH H nocTaB'b
Te rnaroJILI B Past Continuous, Past Indefinite, Pas·
Perfect HJIH Future-in-the-Past.

James (to own) a tailoring shop in one of the street.E

of the town. The flies (not to let) him work in peace. He
(to go) to the market and (to buy) a fly-swat. ''I have
killed seven in a single stroke!" (to cry)James.
Outside James' shop two ladies (to talk} about
the wicked giant who (to be) very violent. They
(to hear) what James (to say) loudly. They
thought he (to kill) seven giants with a single
stroke. They (to tell) the king, and the king (to
order) James to kill the wivked giant.
J arnes (can) not disobey the king. He (to make)
many plans, at last his tailoring skill (to come) his
help. If the giant's mouth (to be sewed ·u p) he (not
to be able) to eat anything. This (to make) him lose
his strength. During the night when the giant (to
sleep) James (to do) what he (to decide) to do.

~ Ynpa3t&eHHe 8. PacKpoliTe ciw6Kli H nocTaBbTe

npaBHJibHYlO <J:>opMy.
r JiarOJibI B

Last holidays I (to go )to Scotland for my holidays.

In the morning I left London, it (to rain) but when
I (to step) off the plain in Scotland, it was a beautiful
day. The sun (to shine) and a cool wind (to blow)
from the sea. I (to take) a taxi to my hotel. As I (to
sign) the register, someone (to tap) me on the
shoulder. I (to turn) round. It was a friend I (not to
see) for many years. He (to stay) at the same hotel.
That evening we (to go) for a walk. Scotland is
a beautiful country. Thousands of tourists (to come)
to Scotland every year. We (to enjoy) the quiet, empty
182
country after the noise and dirt of London. Every day
we (to go) fishing in the clean river which (to flow)
near and (to ski) on the snow-covered mountains.

~ YnpaacueuHe 9. Ilo,n;6epHTe npaBHJibHhIH sa-

pe:auT.
1. You wanted that, . . . ?
(a) would you
(b) didn't you
(c) wouldn't you
(d) do you
2. He saw that ... ?
(a) is he
(b) won't he
(c) didn't he
(d) doesn't he
3. You know that's right ... ?
(a) would you
(b) wouldn't you
(c) don't you
(d) didn't you
4. He will be coming ... ?
(a) is he
(b) did he
(c) doesn't he
(d) won't he
5. After all this time you'd think he'd have
forgotten . . . ?
(a) didn't you
(b) wouldn't you
(c) don't you
(d) do you
183
 6. The amount he is suffering from hay fever l
needs to see a doctor . . . ?
(a) doesn't he
(b) did he
(c) won't he
(d) is he

7. You may think you know the answer but ym

don't .... ?
(a) don't you
(b) would you
(c) wouldn't you
(d) do you

8. After working so hard he didn't deserve tc

fail the exam ... ?
(a) doesn't he
(b) did he
(c) won't he
(d) is he

9 . You wouldn't report me, ... ?

(a) don't you
(b) would you
(c) wouldn't you
(d) do you

10. He isn't going to like this, ... ?

(a) didn't he
(b) did he
(c) won't he
(d) is he
184
 ~ Ynpa:arnenue 10. Bb16epHTe npaBHJihHhIH Ba-
pMaHT.
1. Don't climb the tree. You might ....
(a) fill
(b) fall
(c) feel
2. Have .you ever ... unwanted in your job?
(a) felt
(b) fell
(c) filled
3. My book is so old that it's ... apart.
(a) filling
(b) feeling
(c) falling
4. She slipped and ... flat on her face.
(a) fell
(b) filled
(c) felt
5. I ... stupid when I realized what I'd done.
(a) felt
(b) filled
(c) fell
6. He ... to his knee and begged for clemency.
(a) filled
(b) felt
(c) fell
7. The world economy ... that this is not a good
time to invest in the Stock Market.
(a) feels
(b) fills
(c) falls
185
 8. Bob and Mary have never ... in love.
(a) filled
(b) felt
(c) fallen
9. How are you . . . today?
(a) feeling
(b) falling
(c) filling
10. He ... prey to all her charm and intelligence.
(a) felt
(b) filled
(c) fell
11. How come she forgot to ... the car tank?
(a) fill
(b) feel
(c) fall
12. All of a sudden the sound of morning ...
the room.
(a) felt
(b) filled
(c) fell
13. Are you sure Christmas will ... on a Friday
this year?
(a) fall
(b) fill
(c) feel

14. He's never ... so confident of success before.

(a) felt
(b) filled
(c) fell
186
15. Sorry, but the job vacancy has already been

(a) felt
(b) filled
(c) fallen

rt:'Ynpa.mueBHe 11. Bw6epume Bepnoe no cM.wc1£y

npeihio:11eenue B noBenumenb1toM naK1ionenuu~-

1. Which train do you think I should take?

a) Push really hard.
b) Get the early one. It's much less ·crowded
and you're sure to get a seat.
c) Well,__ don't leave without saying g_oodbye!
d) Speak to me later, please, could you? We don't
have much time left and I must fi:riish this.
2. What time should I get there?
. a) Stop .worrying and get on with some ;work
or you won't have a future~ ' . .. ' . '
~ ;. .· ~

b) Don't come early whatever yoµ do~- The

meeting never starts on time·: ·. . .- .
c) Well, don't leave without say.lng.gooc;lbye!
d) Insert the token in the slot and press the
button for the type of drink you want.
3. We're off to Mexico on Friday.
a) Well, enjoy yourselves. Don't do anything
I wouldn't do.
b) Speak to me later, please, could you? We don't
have much time left and I must finish this.
c) Push really hard.
d) Insert the token in the slot and press
the button for the type of drink you want.
187
4. I'm really stuck on this.
a) Push really hard.
b) Speak to me later, please, could you? We don't
have much time left and I must finish this.
c) Well, don't leave without saying goodbye!
d) Speak to Rachel. She knows all about it.
5. I'm really worried about my future.
a) Stop worrying and get on with some work
or you won't have a future.
b) Speak to me later, please, could you? We don't
have much time left and I must finish this.
c) Well, don't leave without saying goodbye!
d) Insert the token in the slot and press
the button for the type of drink you want.
6. How do you open this door?
a) Insert the token in the slot and press the
button for the type of drink you want.
b) Speak to me later, please, could you? We
don't have much time left and I must finish
this.
c) Well, don't leave without saying goodbye!
d) Push really hard.
7. How does this coffee machine work?
a) Insert the token in the slot and press the
button for the type of drink you want.
b) Speak to me later, please, could you? We
don't have much time left and I must finish
this.
c) Well, enjoy yourselves. Don't do anything
I wouldn't do.
d) Well, don't leave without saying goodbye!
188
8. I'll be off soon.
a) Well, enjoy yourselves. Don't do anything
I wouldn't do.
b) Speak to me later, please, could you? We
don't have much time left and I must finish
this.
c) Speak to Rachel. She knows all about it.
d) Well, don't leave without saying goodbye!

9. Can I just make a point here?

a) Well, enjoy yourselves. Don't do anything
I wouldn't do.
b) Speak to me later, please, could you? We
don't have much time left and I must finish
this.
c) Speak to Rachel. She knows all about it.
d) Don't come early whatever you do. The
meeting never starts on time.
10. I hope this isn't disturbing you, Mr. Dylan.
a) Well, enjoy yourselves. Don't do anything
I wouldn't do.
b) Don't think twice, it's alright.
c) Speak to Rachel. She knows all about it.
d) Don't come early whatever you do. The
meeting never starts on time.
 orJIABJIEHHE

IlpHnaraTeJI:oHoe (The Adjective) ....................... .3

CTeneHu cpBBHeim:s npnJiaraTeJibHLIX
(Degrees of comparisons of adjectives).................... 3
06pa30BaHHe CTeneHeli cpaBHeHlUI
IIpHJiaraTeJlbHbIX . . ••. . •. . ••••. . •. . . . . . ••. •. . . •. . . •. •. . . . ••. •. . . . . 3
ApTHKJIL (The Article) ........................................ 13
r naro11 (The Verb) .............................................. 25
HacToa~ee Heonpe,zi;eJieHHoe (npocToe) speMs
{The Present Indefinite (Simple) Tense) •.................. 25
06paaosrurne Present Indefinite ............................. 26
CnpH~eHHe r JiaroJia to be ( 6bITb) •.......................... 31
HacTOH~ee AJIHTeJibHOe 11peMSJ •......•..........•............ 40
(Present Continuous (Progressive) Tense) ............... .40
06pa3oBaHHe Present Continuous Tense ...•............. .41
06paaosrurne Present Perfect .......•.•....................... 46
HacTo.H~ee nep<}>eKTHo-,zprnTeJihHOe BpeMH
(Present Perfect Continuous Tense) ....................... 53
Ilpome,n;mee Heonpe,n;eJieHHoe (npocToe) speMa
(The Past Indefinite (Simple) Tense) .........•............. 55
06paaosaHHe Past Indefinite Tense .•.........•. .•.......... 56
Ilpome,n;mee ,ZJ;JIHTeJibHoe BpeM.fl
(Past Continuous (Progressive) Tense) ........... ... ...... 66
06pa3oBaHne Past Continuous Tense •...................... 67
PaamPme Me~,zi;y Past Continuous H Past Indefinite .68
06pa3osamrn Past Perfect .................•...•............... 71
By,n;y~ee Heonpe,n;eJieHHoe (npocToe) BpeMa
Future Indefinite (Simple) Tense ......... ................... 74
06pa3oBaHHe Future Indefinite Tense ..................... 7 4
Byp;y~ee ,D;JIHTeJihHoe speM.11
(Future Continuous (Progressive) Tense) ............. ... 80
06paaoBaHHe Future Continuous . .. .............. . . . . .. ... .. 81
190
 PaaJIH'IHe Mem,n:y Future Continuous
H Future Indefinite .•............................................ 82
CJmmHoe .n:onoJIHeHHe (Complex Object) ................. 83
KoMnJieKc c npe,n:JioroM for............................ ...... 84
Mo,n:a.rrLHLie rJiaroJILI (Modal Verbs) ............•......... 87
Can (MO"lh, yMeTh) . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . •. • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
May (MO'lh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Must (AOJI:iKeHcTBoBaTh, .n:omKeH).......................... 92
Should, ought (.n:onmeH, cJieAyeT) . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 96
To be (,D;oJimeu, cne,D;yeT)............................. .. •. . . . . 99
CTpa,D;aTeJihHhIH aa.rror (The Passive Voice) ....•....•... 102
Ha.KJioHeHHe (Mood) ...•.•.................•...•...••..•....... 112
Ma'hHBHTeJibHoe Ha.KJIOHemre (The Indicative Mood). 112
IloBeJIHTeJibHoe HaKJIOHeHHe (The Imperative Mood) 112
CocnaraTeJibHoe HaKJioHeHHe (Subjunctive Mood) .•.. 113
YnoTpe6Jiemrn <lJopM cocJiaraTeJibHOro HaKJIOHeHHSI .114
I'epyH,ZJ;HH (Gerund) ............••.••...........•.... . .......... 117
y IlOTpe6JieHHe repYff,O:HH ......................... . ........... 11 7
Ilpe,n;.rrorH (Prepositions)................................... 120
BonpocHTeJII>Hoe npe'AJI0'1teHne
(Interrogative Sentences) ............................. 132
06~He Bonpocbl (General questions) •.........•.......... 132
Cor.rracoBaune HJIH noc.rre,zi;oBaTeJibHOCTb
speMeH (Sequence of Tenses) .................... .... 136
Ilp.aMa.H H KOCBeHHa.H petib
(Direct and Inderect Speech) ........................ 140
IIpSIMa.H peqi. - noBecTBOBaTeJILHoe npe,n:nomeuHe ... 140
YnoTpe6neuHe rnaronoB to say H to tell •.•.............. 141
IlpSIMaH pe'lh - BOilpOCHTeJihHOe npe,D;JIO:iKeHHe ...... 142
IlpHMaH pe'tlb - IlOBeJIHT0JILHOe npe,n:JIO:iKeHHe ....... 143

06o6m;arom;ne ynpamHeHH.H ... ..................... ...... 155

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