CE-181

Civil Engineering Drawing

Session 2014

ORTHOGRAPHIC
PROJECTIONS

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 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS : LINES
• Thickness of line depends
p on the type
yp and size of the drawing
g chosen from the
following range:
0.13, 0.18, 0.25, 0.35, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.4, 2.0 mm

ORDER OF PRIORITY OF COINCIDING LINES:

• In case of two or more lines of different types which may overlap or coincide
coincide,
the drawing priority is given in the following order:
1. Visible outline and edges
2. Hidden outline and edges
3. Cutting Planes
4. Centre lines and line of symmetry
y y
5. Centroidal Lines
6. Projection lines

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 Type of Lines
Viewing-plane
1 line
3Dimension Line 4
Center Line
2Extension line
5Hidden Line

6Break Line

7Cutting-plane Line
8Visible Line

9Center Line (of motion)

10
Leader

Phantom Line
14

Section Line

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SECTION A-A 11VIEW B-B
UG-CE-2014 29/09/14 Source: http://www.genium.com/pdf/dmpc.pdf
Sana Khan

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 Type of Lines

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 Faces of the Object
Six main faces of the object namely;
1.Front
2.Back or rear
3.Left side
4.Right Side
5.Top and
6.Bottom
That side of the object which contains the larger
horizontal dimension is generally fixed as the front side in
case of Machine drawing, whereas in Building drawing,
front side of the building is that side which has main
entrance to the building
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 Planes of Projection
• Plane
Plane is two dimensional smooth surface having the third
dimension negligible
• Projection
Projection is the process of causing an image to be
formed by rays of sight emerging from an object taken in
a particular direction from the object to a picture plane
• Planes of Projection
Plane of projection is actually the picture plane over
which image of the object is formed
Picture plane in case of engineering drawing may be
considered as the drawing paper while the image formed
on the picture plane is called a view
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 Planes of Projection…..Contd
There are three general planes of projection
• Frontal Plane
Any plane parallel to a vertical plane passing through main feature of
the object on the front is called frontal plane. This plane shows height
and length of the object
• End or Profile Plane
Any vertical plane at right angle to the frontal plane is called end or
profile plane, which includes height and width of the object.
• Horizontal plane
As the name implies this plane is horizontal and is at right angle to
both the frontal and the profile planes. The plane includes length and
width of the object.

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 Space dimensions
• Length
It is
i the
th perpendicular
di l distance
di t b
between
t t
two profile
fil
planes that contain the object. Care must be taken for the
inclined and the curved surfaces while finding out the
total length
• Width
It is the perpendicular distance between two frontal
planes that contain the object
• Height
It is the perpendicular distance between two horizontal
planes that contain the object. The dimension should
always be vertical
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 Orthographic Projection
• Orthographic projection is the method of representing the exact shape of
the object by carrying perpendicular rays from two or more sides of the
object to picture planes generally at right angle to each other. Collectively
th views
the i on these
th planes
l mustt describe
d ib th
the object
bj t completely
l t l
• We assume in this case that parallel rays of sight emerge from the object
striking the plane of projection at right angles. The word ortho means 90
degree
• An orthographic projection is a 2 dimensional representation of a 3
dimensional object

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 Important Points
• The rays of sight are always parallel to each other and perpendicular
to the plane of projection
projection.
• Actual dimensions of the object are represented on the views and we
may scale out the dimensions from these views.
• Orthographic views are always two dimensional, one of the three
general dimensions is missing in a particular view
view. Hence the shape
is not represented by a single view and generally three views from
different directions are required.
• Using certain fixed convention, we may also communicate the inner
shape of the object on these views
views.
• As a general rule, no shading or coloring is done in orthographic
views except in some special cases.

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 Lines to form a view
• Orthographic views are drawn by using various types of lines and generally no
shading is used, hence we must have a clear-cut idea about where a line is to be
drawn.
• Th
The lines
li on a drawing
d i may indicate
i di t three
th t
types off directional
di ti l change
h i the
in th body
b d
of the object.
• Intersection Line
An intersection line is a line formed by the meeting of two surfaces when either
one is parallel and one at an angle to the plane of projection.
• Surface Limit Line
A surface limit line indicates the reversal of direction of a curved surface,
Suppose a curved part is to be shown in a particular view, the curvature starts
from one end and goes towards the left side of the view. After covering a certain
distance towards the left, it starts moving towards the right. That extremity of the
curve for a p particular view at which the change g of direction takes p place is
indicated by surface limit line.
• Edge Line
An edge line is a type of intersection line showing the edge of a surface that is
perpendicular to the plane of projection
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 Six Principle Views

• Any object can be viewed

from six perpendicular

views

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 The Glass Box
• One way to understand the standard arrangement of

views on a sheet of paper is to envision the object in a

glass box

• The outside observer would see six standard views of the

object through the sides of this imaginary glass box

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 Glass Box Method

– The object is placed in a glass box.

– The image of the object is projected on the

sides of the box.
– The box is unfolded.
– The sides of the box are the principle views.

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 Glass Box Method…..Contd

• The object is placed

in a glass box

• The side of the box

represent the 6

principle planes.

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 Six Principle Views

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 Reading Isometric Sketches

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 Number of Required Views
You may use additional views, such as the left, back, or
bottom views to describe an object if the object cannot be
fully described in the three standard views

– additional views such as section views, detail

views and auxiliary views may also be drawn
to fully describe the object

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 Measurement Transfer Between Views
• Top and Bottom views
show
h LENGTH and d
WIDTH
• Left and Right views
show HEIGHT and
WIDTH
• Front and Rear views
show HEIGHT and
LENGTH
• The line (drawn at a 45°
angle) is used to transfer
depth
p measurements
between the top and right
side (or left side) views.

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 Normal Plane
• Normal Planes will

appear as an edge in

two views and a true

sized plan in the

remaining view when

using three views such

as a top, front and right

side

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 Inclined Plane
• IInclined
li d Pl
Planes will
ill
appear as an edge
view in only one of
the three views
• The inclined plane
will appear as a
rectangular surface
in the other two
views

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 Oblique Planes
• Oblique Planes will not
appear as an edge view
in any of the six views
since they are not
parallel or perpendicular
to the projection planes.
• They always appear as
a “plane” and have the
same number of
corners in each of the
six views

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 Foreshortened Lines
Identify the foreshortened lines
in the orthographic projection
below

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 Curved Surfaces

• A cylinder will
appear as a
circle in one
view and a
rectangular
shape the
other two
views

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 Axis and Center Lines

• The axis
a is appears
where the
cylinder appears
rectangular.
• Center marks are
used to identify
the center of the
cylinder where it
appears circular

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 Choosing the Front View
• Considerations when choosing the front view of
an object
– Chose the view that shows the most features
j
or characteristics of the object
– Choose the view that contains the least
number of hidden lines.
– Choose the view so the part is oriented with its
longest length parallel to the bottom of the
drawing.

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 First- and Third-Angle Projection

• There are two main systems used for projecting and

unfolding the views:

– Third-angle projection which is used in the United

States, Canada and some other countries

– First-angle projection which is primarily used in Europe

and Asia

• You should understand both methods

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 Third-angle Projection

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 First-angle Projection

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 Hidden Lines
• An advantage of orthographic views is that each view
shows the object all the way through as if it were
transparent
– Thick
Thi k d
dark
k lilines representt visible
i ibl ffeatures
t
– Dashed lines represent features that would be hidden
behind other surfaces
– When
Wh possible,
ibl choose
h views
i th
thatt show
h ffeatures
t with
ith
visible lines

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 Rules for drawing hidden lines

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 Centerlines
• The centerline is used to:
– Show the axis of symmetry of a feature or part
– Indicate a path of motion
– Show the location for bolt circles or other circular
patterns
• The centerline pattern is composed of three dashes,
one long dash on each end with a short dash in the
middle

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 Centerlines…..Examples

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 Precedence of Lines

• When lines coincide on a drawing the rules of

precedence are:

– Visible lines always take precedence over hidden or

centerlines

– Hidden lines take precedence over centerlines

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 Precedence of Lines…Example

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 Putting it all together…
• Choose the front view
• Determine the number of required views
• Identify the scale
• Draw visible lines for the front view
• Project the feature to draw the top view
• Draw the hidden lines

• Draw the center lines and center marks

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