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5 Shear
5 Shear
Rectangular Beams
Safety factors
Loading and Resistance
Balanced Beams
Flexural Stress
The compressive zone is modeled with a equivalent
stress block.
Flexural Stress
The equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution
has what is known as a b1 coefficient is proportion of
average stress distribution covers.
f c 4000
b1 0.85 0.05 * 0.65
1000
Flexural Stress
Requirements for analysis of reinforced concrete beams
[1] Stress-Strain Compatibility – Stress at a point in
member must correspond to strain at a point.
[2] Equilibrium – Internal
forces balances with
external forces
Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(1) Setup equilibrium.
F x 0 TC
As f s 0.85 f c ab
a
M 0 T d 2 M n
Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(2) Find flexural capacity.
T As f s
C 0.85 f c ab
As f s
a
0.85 f cb
Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(2) Find flexural capacity.
M n T moment arm
a
As fs d
2
Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(3) Need to confirm es > ey
y
ey
Es
a
c
b1
es
d c
e ey
c
c
Flexural Stress –
Rectangular Example
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
As 4 0.6 in 2 2.4 in 2
a
M n As f y d
2
3.53 in.
2.4 in 60 ksi 15.5 in.
2
2
1979 k-in. 164.8 k-ft.
Flexural Stress –
Non-Rectangular Example
For a non-rectangular beam
For the given beam with concrete
rated at fc = 6 ksi and the steel is
rated at fs = 60 ksi. d = 12.5 in.
T C
0.85 f c Ac
fs As 0.85 f c Ac As
fs
193.8 kips
As 3.23 in 2
60 ksi
Flexural Stress –
Non-Rectangular Example
Find the center of the area
of concrete area
y
yA i i
A i
6 in. 3 in.1.5 in. 10 in. 2 in. 4 in.
6 in. 3 in. 10 in. 2 in.
2.8158 in.
Flexural Stress –
Non-Rectangular Example
The moment capacity of the beam is
Mn T d y
193.8 kips 12.5 in. 2.8158 in.
1869 k-in. 155.75 k-ft.
Flexural Stress –
Non-Rectangular Example
Compute the b1 value
f c 4000 psi
b1 0.85 0.05*
1000 psi
6000 psi 4000 psi
0.85 0.05*
1000 psi
0.75
Flexural Stress –
Non-Rectangular Example
Find the neutral axis
a
c
b1
5.0 in.
6.67 in.
0.75
Safety Provisions
Frequency distribution
of sustained component
of live loads in offices.
Variability in Resistance
Variability of the strengths of concrete and
reinforcement.
Differences between the as-built dimensions
and those found in structural drawings.
Effects of simplification made in the
derivation of the members resistance.
Variability in Resistance
Comparison of
measured and
computed failure
moments based on
all data for
reinforced
concrete beams
with fc > 2000 psi.
Margin of Safety
The distributions of
the resistance and
the loading are used
to get a probability
of failure of the
structure.
Margin of Safety
The term
Y=R-S
is called the safety
margin. The probability
of failure is defined as:
Pf Pr obability of Y 0
and the safety index is
Y
b
Y
Loading
SPECIFICATIONS
Cities in the U.S. generally base their building
code on one of the three model codes:
Uniform Building Code
Basic Building Code (BOCA)
Standard Building Code
Loading
These codes have been consolidated in the
2000 International Building Code.
U 1.2D 1.6L
Resistance
The load factors will generate the ultimate load,
which is used in the design and analysis of the
structural member.
Mu fMn
Mu – Ultimate Moment
Mn – Nominal Moment
f – Strength Reduction Factor
Resistance
The strength reduction factor, f, varies from member
to member depending whether it is in tension or
compression or the type of member. The code has
been setup to determine the reduction.
Three possibilities in Inelastic
Behavior
Compression Failure - (over-reinforced
beam)
Tension Failure - (under-reinforced beam)
Balanced Failure - (balanced reinforcement)
Inelastic Behavior
Compression Failure
The concrete will crush
before the steel yields.
This is a sudden
failure.
The beam is known as
an over-reinforced
beam.
Inelastic Behavior
Tension Failure
The reinforcement
yields before the
concrete crushes. The
concrete crushes is a
secondary
compression failure.
The beam is known as
an under-reinforced
beam.
Inelastic Behavior
Balanced Failure
The concrete crushes
and the steel yields
simultaneously.
The beam is known as
an balanced-
reinforced beam.
Inelastic Behavior
Which type of failure is the most desirable?
The under-reinforced
beam is the most
desirable.
fs = fy
es >> ey
You want ductility
0.003 ey
cb d cb
Balanced Reinforcement
Ratio, rbal
The equation can be rewritten to find cb
0.003d 0.003cb e y cb
c b 0.003 e y 0.003d
0.003d cb 0.003
cb
0.003 e y d 0.003 e y
c b 0.003 E s 87000
d 0.003 e y E s 87000 f y
Nominal Moment Equation
The equation can be rewritten in the form:
C T 0.85 f cba A s f y
f y As
a
0.85 f cb
a
M n As f y d
2
Nominal Moment Equation
The equation can be rewritten in the form:
As b 2 f y As d
Mn f y d d
bd d 1.7 f c bd
Use the ratio r = b/d and r
fy rd
Mn r f y r d d
2
1.7 f c
Nominal Moment Equation
Use w r fy/fc and
w
M n w r f c d 1
3
w r f c 1 0.59w d
3
1.7
Use the ratio r = b/d and R
M n Rbd 2
R w f c 1 0.59w
Strain Limits Method for
Analysis
The strength
reduction factor, f,
will come into the
calculation of the
strength of the beam.
Limitations on Reinforcement
Ratio, r
The selection of the steel will be determined by the
Lower Limit on r ACI 10.5.1
3 f c 200
As(min) * bw d * bw d ACI Eqn. (10-3)
fy fy
4
f Mn Mu
3 for As (provided)
See ACI 10.5.3
Additional Requirements for
Lower Limit on r
Temperature and Shrinkage reinforcement in structural
slabs and footings (ACI 7.12) place perpendicular to
direction of flexural reinforcement.
GR 40 or GR 50 Bars: As (T&S) = 0.0020 Ag
GR 60 or Welded Wire Fabric (WWF):
As (T&S) = 0.0018 Ag
Ag - Gross area of the concrete
Example
Given:
fc = 3 ksi & fy = 40 ksi
and As = 4 in2
Determine:
(1) Determine if the beam will
satisfy ACI code.
(2) If fc = 6 ksi?
Example
Given:
fc = 3 ksi & fy = 40 ksi and As = 4 in2
As 4 in 2
r 0.0333
bd 8 in.15 in.
The minimum steel ratio is
3 3000 200
rmin =0.00411 0.005
40000 40000
a
f y As
40 ksi 4 in 2
8.743 in.
0.85 f cb 0.85 3 ksi 8 in
The neutral axis is
3 6000 200
r min =0.00581 0.005
40000 40000
a
f y As
40 ksi 4 in 2
3.922 in.
0.85 f cb 0.85 6 ksi 8 in
The neutral axis is at