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PHYSICS
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1
 2 2.5 The system rotates
140 counter- 0 We c
3.4 clockwise when 70
a force is applied

1
50 3 120 dimens
below the center of mass.

Center of Mass
ติวฟรี PHYSICS 1 BY P’MAX
m2
0 x (cm)
0 m1 50 100 150 x CM
CM CM
CM
Particle Mass (kg) x (cm) y (cm)
b
1 1.2 a 0 0
b where x
ศูนย์กลางมวล (Center of Mass)
2 2.5 140 0
the sum
3 3.4 70 120The system moves in the similarl
• ศูนย์กลางมวล (center of mass) หมายถึง ตำแหน่งเฉลี่ยของมวลในระบบ หรือตำแหน่งที่เสมือนกับว่ามวลทั้งหมดใน
direction of the force without
ระบบไปรวมกันอยู่ที่จุดนี้จุดเดียว และใช้เป็นตัวแทนของอนุภาคทั้งหมดในระบบได้


 rotating when a force is applied

 at the center of mass.

 The c

 CM CM CM The com


CM 9.30. Th


a b c

• เมื่อพิจารณาระบบที่ประกอบด้วยอนุภาคสองตัว ดังรูป จะพบว่า
 c

1. จุดศูนย์กลางมวลจะอยู่ในแนวเส้นตรงที่เชื่อมระหว่างอนุภาคทั้งสอง

2. จุดศูนย์กลางมวลจะอยู่ใกล้กับอนุภาคที่มีมวลมากกว่า
 Figure 9.13 A force is applied
to a system of two particles of
3. ถ้ามีแรงภายนอกมากระทำต่อระบบอนุภาค โดยแรงนั้นไม่ผ่านจุดศูนย์กลางมวล จะทำให้ระบบเกิดการหมุนรอบ
จุดศูนย์กลางมวล

unequal mass connected by a
light, rigid rod. where S
r
4. ถ้ามีแรงภายนอกมากระทำต่อระบบอนุภาค โดยแรงนั้นผ่านจุดศูนย์กลางมวล จะทำให้ระบบเกิดการเลื่อนที่แต่ไม่เกิด
การหมุนรอบจุดศูนย์กลางมวล

CM
CM
y
b Altho
การหาตำแหน่งศูนย์กลางมวลของระบบอนุภาค
c x CM what mo
m2 ticles, th
m1 x1 + m2 x2 m1
• ระบบที่มี 2 อนุภาค (1 มิติ) xCM = system c
m1 + m2 x
CM 9.15. Be
x1
• ระบบที่มี n อนุภาค (3 มิติ)
 sidered

 General Physics 1 (Midterm) x2 By P’Max of mass



 m x + m2 x2 +!+ mn xn 1 n
mass is
• x
 CMCM= 1 1


∑ mด*วi xยi
ตําแหน4งของศูนยEกลางมวลเทียบกับจุดกําเนิด สามารถบอกได*
! m1 + m2 +!+ mn
=
M
Figure 9.14 zThe center of mass
of two particles of unequal mass
เวกเตอรEตําแหน4ง ซึ่งเขียนในรูปเวกเตอรEหนึ่งหน4วยได*i=1เปAน

 rCM on the x axis is located
m2 at x CM, a

 c r!CM = x CM ɵi + yCM ɵj + zCM k ɵ point between the particles, closer

 m y + m y +!+ mn yn 1 1 n
y
 CM =
∑∑
mi yi ɵj +=
! 1 11 2 2 to the one having!the larger mass. with sim
mi zim
kɵ i yi
1


∑ rCM =
m +
M1 i m
ɵ
∑
mi xi i +
+!+ M i n m MMi
r2 CM
2 i=1
! approac

 m1 ! rCM m3
! 1 r1 cisely. I


∑ rCM =
m1zM + mmi ( xi ɵi + yi ɵj + zi kɵ )
1 i 2 z2 +!+ mn zn 1 n
!
z
 CM =


m11 + m!2 +!+ mn
=
M
∑m z i i
r3 element

 ! i=1 !
หรือ
M
∑ 
 rCM = mi ri rn y
n i

! M = ∑ mi = ผลรวมของมวลทั้งหมดในระบบ

เมื่อ x
เมื่อ ri แทนเวกเตอรEตําi=1แหน4งของอนุภาคตัวที่ i เทียบกับจุดกําเนิด mn Likewis

Ex. 1 จากรูป จงหาตําแหน4งศูนยEกลางมวลของระบบ กําหนดให* m1 = m2 = 1.0 kg และ m3 = 2.0 kg

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©
 48. A uniform piece of sheet y (cm) x (cm) after the collision. (b) Find the velocit
linear density (mass per
W metal is shaped as shown in 10 20 30 of massmass
before 6.00 kg,thethat
and after mov
collision.
30
length) given byP9.48. Compute the
Figure As shown in Figure  P
l5
x and y coordinates of the
50.0 1 20.0x
20 Figure P9.48 Section 9.8ติruns
วDeformable
ฟรี PHYSICS Systems
BY P’Mlight
on 1four AX wheel
center of mass of the piece. 56. For a technology project,
1. โมเลกุลน้ำประกอบด้วยออกซิเจนหนึ่งอะตอมและไฮโดรเจนสองอะตอม
10 is attached
ดังรูป ถ้ามุมระหว่างพันธะทั้งสองเท่ากับ to aone
106º stu- of th
where x49.isA the
rod ofdistance
length
และความยาวพันธะเท่ากับ
30.0 cm
0.100 nmfrom
has one end, measured in dent has built a vehicle, of total
Q/C (กำหนดให้มวลอะตอมของออกซิเจน
ดังรูป จงหาตำแหน่งศูนย์กลางมวลของโมเลกุลน้ำ and
linear density (mass per x (cm) mass 6.00 kg,athat
cord originally
moves itself. wo
meters,
= 16.0and l is in grams/meter.
u และมวลอะตอมของไฮโดรเจน
length) given by
= 1.00 u)(a) What
10 20 is 30 the mass
As showntheinreel Figure  goesP9.56,upit over
of the rod? (b)
l5How
50.0 1far from the x 5 0Figure
20.0x endP9.48
is its center runs onattached
four light wheels.to thereel
A vehicle
of mass? where x is the distance from one end, measured in is attached to one of the axles,
port
and a cord an elevated
originally wound on load. A
50. A water
 meters, andcon-
molecule l is in grams/meter. (a) What is the mass the reelvehicle
goes up over is released
a pulley fro
of the rod? (b)
O
How far from the x 5 0 end is its center

 attached to the vehicle to sup-
sists 
 of ofanmass?oxygen the load descends ver
port an elevated load. After the
atom
 with 50. A two
water hydro-
molecule con- O vehicle unwinding
is released from therest,cord
gen 
 atoms bound to it 0.100 nm
sists of an oxygen
0.100 nm the loadthe axle and
descends make the
very slowly,
atom with two hydro- 53° unwinding the cord to turn
(Fig.
 P9.50). The angle
gen atoms bound to it 0.100 nm 53°
move forward (to theF
the axle and make the vehicle

 0.100 nm
between 

the
(Fig.two bonds
P9.50). The angle 53° 53° Fig. P9.56).
move forward (to theFriction
left in is n
is 106°. 
 If the bonds
between the are
two bonds bearings.
Fig. P9.56). Friction isThe wheels
negligible in thed
106°. If the bonds areH H H
0.100
 nm is0.100 long, where
nm long, where
H
bearings. The wheels do not slip on th
has been constructed w
has been constructed with a conical sh
is the
 center ofcenter
is the massofofmass of Figure P9.50
Figure P9.50 load descends
load descends at a constantatlowa speedcon


the molecule? 

the molecule? cle moves horizontally
cle moves horizontally across the floo
acceleration, reaching a final velocit

 Section 9.7 Systems of Many Particles acceleration, reaching
(a) Does the floor impart impulse to th
Section 9.7

 Systems of Many Particles
51. A 2.00-kg particle has a velocity 1 2.00 ^i 2 3.00 ^j 2 m/s, (a) (b)
how much? Does Doesthe the floor
floor doimpawork

 1 1.00^i ^i 2 ^j 2 ^m/s. how much? (b) Doessens
If so, how much? (c) Does it make th
51. A 2.00-kg W and a 3.00-kghas
particle particle
a 1 2.00
has a velocity
velocity 1 6.00
3.00 j 2 m/s,

 Find (a) the velocity of the center of mass and (b)^the final momentum of the vehicle came
W and a
 3.00-kg totalparticle
momentum has
of athe
velocity 1 ^
system. 1.00 i 1 6.00 j m/s.
2 If so,did
If not, where how much?
it come from?(c)
(d) Do Do
Find
 (a) the velocity
52. Consider of the
a system of twocenter
particlesofin mass and m(b)
the xy plane: the final
to say that the momentum
final kinetic energy of of tht
15
from the floor? If not, where
If not, where did it com did it com
total momentum

 2.00 kg isofat the system.r 1 5 1 1.00i 1 2.00j 2 m and
the location S ^ ^
we say that one particular force cau

 has a velocity of 1 3.00i^ 1 0.500j^ 2 m/s; m 5 3.00 kg to say that the What
finaldoes kin
52. Consider aissystem
at S r 2 5 12of4.00i
two^ 2particles
3.00j^ 2 m and inhasthe xy2 plane:
velocity 1 3.00i^ 2 m1 5 acceleration of the vehicle?
S
1 1.00i ^ ^
or 2graph
from the floor? fromIf not,onw
2.00 kg is 2.00j
at the
^ 2 m/s. location
(a) Plot these r1 5 particles on1 2.00j
a grid m and57. A particle is suspended a post
paper. Draw their
^ 1position ^vectors show their Q/C a light we
stringsay that Lone
of length partic
as shown in
has a velocity of 1 3.00i 0.500j 2 m/s;and m 2 5 3.00 kgS The cart and particle are initially mov
S velocities. (b) Find the position of the center of mass
^ ^ acceleration of the vehi
1 3.00i^ 2 at constant speed vi , with the string ve
is at r 2 5 1of
24.00i
the system 2 3.00j
and mark2 m itand on the hasgrid.
velocity
(c) Determine
2.00j^ 2 m/s.the(a) Plot ofthese
velocity particles
the center of masson andaalso grid show orit graph
on 57. A comes
suddenly particle is when
to rest suspended
it runs in
the diagram. (d) What is the total linear momentum a Q/C
bumper as shown in Figure P9.57b.
paper. Draw their position vectors and show their particle a swings
light through
string an of angle
length
of the system? u.
velocities. (b) Find the position of the center of mass the Soriginal
Thespeed cart ofandthe particle
cart can be a
53. Romeo (77.0 kg) entertains Juliet (55.0 kg) by play-
at constant speed i, w
of the system and mark
from ittheon rearthe grid. boat(c) Determine v i 5 !2gL 1 2
1 2 cos u . (b) If thevbump
M ing his guitar of their at rest in still
ing a horizontal force on the cart wh
the velocitywater,
of the 2.70 m center
away from of mass
Juliet, whoandis also
in theshow front of it on particlesuddenly
is at its
comes
maximum
toforwar
angle
rest
the boat. After the serenade, Juliet carefully moves to
the diagram. (d) What is the total linear momentum cal, at what
the rear of the boat (away from shore) to plant a kiss
a bumpermoment does as shown
the bumperin
of the system?on Romeo’s cheek. How far does the 80.0-kg boat move particle
horizontal force? swings throug
toward the shore it is facing?
53. Romeo (77.0 kg) entertains Juliet (55.0 kg) by play-
S
vi the original speed of t
54. The vector position of a 3.50-g particle moving in the xy v i 5 !2gL 1 1 2 cos u 2 .
M ing his guitar planefrom varies the rear
in time of their
according to boat
S
r 1 5 1at rest
3 ^i 1 3 ^j 2 tin
1 still
water, 2.702 ^jm away tfrom
t 2, where Juliet,andwho
is in seconds S
r is is in the front
in centimeters. At of
ing
L a horizontal force
the same
the boat. After thetime, the vector position of a 5.50 g particle particle is at its maximu
S serenade,
^ ^ 2 Juliet
^ carefully moves to
varies as r 2 5 3 i 2 2 it 2 6 jt. At t 5 2.50 s, determine
the rear of(a)the boat position
(away offrom shore) to (b) plant a kiss cal, at what moment d
the vector the center of mass, the lin-
on Romeo’s earcheek.
momentum How farsystem,
of the does (c) the the80.0-kg
velocity ofboat the cen- move horizontal force?
toward theter of mass, (d) the acceleration of the center of mass,
shore it is facing?
and (e) the net force exerted on the two-particle system.
a
S
vi
b

Figure P9.57
54. The vector
55. Aposition
ball of massof a 3.50-g
0.200 kg withparticle
a velocity ofmoving
1.50 ^i m/s in the xy
meets
S
plane varies in time according to r 1 5 1 3 i 1 3 ^j 2 t 158. A 60.0-kg personLbends his knees a
a ball of mass 0.300 kg with a velocity of ^
20.400 ^
i m/s
^ 2 S(a) Find their velocities Q/C straight up. After his feet leave the flo
in a head-on, elastic collision.
2 jt , where t is in seconds and r is in centimeters. At
the same time, the vector position of a- 3!5.50 g
- particle facebook.com/be-engineer2012
S ^ ^ 2 ^
 8.28 Locating the center of mass of a
ted
ion atofthe origin)
matter, thethan to either
sums in Eqs.hydrogen atom to
(8.28) have because the
be replaced by inte- symmetrical object.
en atom is much
lculations can getmorequite
massive. The center
involved, butofwemass
canliessay
along
three general Center of mass
molecule’s axis of symmetry. If the molecule is rotated
such problems (Fig. 8.28). First, whenever a homogeneous body 180°
nd ติวฟรี PHYSICS 1 BY P’MAX
ricthis axis, such
center, it looks
as exactly the ball,
a billiard same aassugar
before.cube,
The position
or a can of frozen
e center of mass can’t be affected by this rotation, so it must
the center of mass is at the geometric center. Second, whenever a
การหาตำแหน่งศูนย์กลางมวลของวัตถุที่มีมวลกระจายอย่างต่อเนื่อง
the axis of symmetry.
axis of symmetry, such as a wheel or a pulley, the center of mass
that axis. Third, there is no law that says the center of mass has to Cube Sphere Cylinder
body. For example, the center of mass of a donut is right in the
vel) a contin-• สำหรับวัตถุที่มีรูปร่างสมมาตรและความหนาแน่นสม่ำเสมอ
8.28 Locating the center of mass of a If a homogeneous object has a geometric center,
hole. that is where the center of mass is located.
aced by inte- symmetrical object.
a little more about locating the center of mass in Chapter 11 in con- Axis of symmetry
three general Centerof
of gravity.
mass
he related concept of center
geneous body
can of frozen
, whenever a
the Center of Mass
enter of mass
nificance
of mass has oftothe center of mass of aSphere
Cube collection ofCylinder
particles, we must Disk Donut
pens
s rightto inthethecenter of mass when the particles move. The x- and If an object has an axis of symmetry, the center
If a homogeneous object has a geometric center,
of velocity of the thatcenter ofthe
is where centervof
mass, cm-x and
mass vcm-y , are the time de-
is located. of mass lies along it. As in the case of the donut,
terand
m . Also, dx 1>dt is the x-component of velocity of particle 1,
11 yincmcon- the center of mass may not be within the object.
Axis of symmetry

ถ้าวัตถุเป็นรูปทรงเรขาคณิต จุดศูนย์กลางมวล
จุดศูนย์กลางมวลไม่จำเป็นต้องอยู่ในเนื้อวัตถุก็ได้
จะอยู่ที่จุดกึ่งกลางทางเรขาคณิตของรูปทรงนั้น

cles, we must Disk Donut

e. The x- and If an object has an axis of symmetry, the center
e the time de-2. จงหาตำแหน่งของจุดศูนย์กลางมวลของแผ่นวัตถุที่มีความหนาแน่นสม่ำเสมอ
of mass lies along it. As in the case of the donut, บางมาก ซึ่งแสดงด้วยพื้นที่ที่แรเงา ดังรูป
of particle 1, the center of mass may not be within the object.

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 4m
ring is to balance at the point P, show that the diameters must s
oblem 84 isfy the condition D = fd, where f = (1 + 25)/2 = 1.61803
is the famous “golden ratio.” ติวฟรี PHYSICS 1 BY P’MAX
Calculate the ratio of the final ki-
3. แผ่นจานกลมแบนสม่ำเสมอมีเส้นผ่านศูนย์กลาง Dถูกเจาะ
e initial kinetic energy.
เนื้อบางส่วนออกเป็นรูวงกลมที่มีเส้นผ่านศูนย์กลาง d ดังรูป
ถ้าจุดศูนย์กลางมวลของแผ่นจานกลมส่วนที่เหลืออยู่ที่จุด P จง
unched vertically
แสดงว่า
 into the night d
.2 m/s. The

 rocket coasts after p
and breaks into two D 1 + of5
= fpieces
= = 1.61803 . . . D
d
h piece follows a trajectory 2
that
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P

, what was their speed immedi-

ค่าของ φ เรียกว่า
hat is the velocity of the“อัตราส่วนทองคำ
rocket’s (golden ratio)”

he explosion? (c) What is the ac-

of mass before and after the ex-
▲ FIGURE 9–29 Problem 90
91. ••• Two objects with masses m1 and m2 and initial velocit
of two cars approaching an
0 kg # m/s)xN + (2100 kg # m/s)yN .
v1,i and v2,i move along a straight line and collide elastically. A
1 is p1 = (11,000 kg # m/s)xN +
! suming that the objects move along the same straight line af
the collision, show that their relative velocities are unchang
momentum of car 2? (b) Does that is, show that v1,i - v2,i = v2,f - v1,f. (You can use the
on which car is closer to the in- sults given in Problem 88.)
92. ••• Amplified Rebound Height Two small rubber balls
r identical textbooks, each of dropped from rest at a height h above a hard floor. When
edge of a table, as shown in balls are released, the lighter ball (with mass m) is directly abo
ked in such a way that the dis- the heavier ball (with mass M). Assume the heavier ball reac
of the table, d, is maximized. the floor first and bounces elastically; thus, when the balls c
distance d in terms of L. In par- lide, the ball of mass M is moving upward with a speed v a
s, the top book is completely to the ball of mass m is moving downward with essentially
rinciple, the overhang distance same speed. In terms of h, find the height to which the ball
sired simply by increasing the mass m rises after the collision. (Use the results given in Probl
88, and assume the balls collide at ground level.)
L
93. ••• On a cold winter morning, a child sits on a sled resting
smooth ice. When the 9.75-kg sled is pulled with a horizon
force of 40.0 N, it begins to move with an acceleration
2.32 m/s2. The 21.0-kg child accelerates too, but with a sma
acceleration than that of the sled. Thus, the child moves forw
d
relative to the ice, but slides backward relative to the sled. F
the acceleration of the child relative to the ice.
94. ••• An object of mass m undergoes an elastic collision with
identical object that is at rest. The collision is not head-on. Sh
roblem 87 that the angle between the velocities of the two objects after
collision is 90°.
al, head-on elastic collision. One
itial velocity v1; the other has a 95. ••• IP Weighing a Block on an Incline A wedge of mass m
2. Use momentum conservation firmly attached to the top of a scale, as shown in Figure 9–30. T
w that the final velocities of the inclined surface of the wedge makes an angle u with the horiz
tal. Now, a block of mass m2 is placed on the inclined surface of
wedge and allowed to accelerate without friction down the slo
2m2 (a) Show- that facebook.com/be-engineer2012
5! - the reading on the scale while the block slides is
+ a bv2
m + m