AIRCRAFT AIR

CONDITIONING &
PRESSURISATION
AJD 20803
Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this course students should be able to:

 Identify and describe the appropriate regulatory requirements relating to Oxygen, Air
conditioning and Pressurisation Systems.

 Describe typical examples of the constructions, systems layout and components of the
Oxygen, Air conditioning and Pressurisation Systems using the appropriate drawings or
schematic diagrams.

 Describe the operations of the Oxygen, Air Conditi0ning System and Pressurisation Systems
and their related components using appropriate drawings and schematic diagrams.

 Perform inspections and identify discrepancy of the Oxygen System, Air Conditioning System
and Pressurisation Systems and their components as per the relevant technical documents.

 Perform servicing of the Oxygen System, Air Conditioning System and Pressurisation Systems
and their components as per the relevant technical documents.

 Effect of the documentations and certifications for maintenance tasks carried out on an
aircraft in accordance with the appropriate regulatory requirements.
Assessment Methods and Types

Assignments / Practices 50%

Quizzes 10%
Midterm exam 10%

Final exam 30%

TOTAL 100%
 There will be five (5) quizzes, once in every two (2) weeks.
 All quizzes will be done through the E-learn.
 There will also be descriptive quizzes to cover specific topics done
through the E-learn.
 Assignments will also be done through the E-learn.

QUIZ & ASSIGNMENTS.

Reference:

Compulsory

1. (CAP 562) Civil Aircraft Airworthiness Information and Procedures

2. Jeppesen Sanderson Training Product A& P Technician Airframe Textbook.

Additional:

1. (CAP 468) Section L – Licensing – Aircraft Maintenance Engineers

2. Relevant Aircraft Maintenance Manuals AMM

3. A & P Mechanics General Handbook, Aviation Maintenance Foundation Inc (USA)

4. A & P Mechanics Airframe Handbook, Aviation Maintenance Foundation Inc (USA)

WEEK 3
 . Oxygen Systems and Components  3.10 Demand Type Masks
 3.1 Storage Cylinders  3.11 Typical Gaseous Oxygen Systems
 3.2 Regulators  3.12 Liquid Oxygen Systems
 3.3 Manual Continuous Flow  3.13 Chemical Oxygen Systems
Regulators
 3.4 Automatic Continuous Flow
 3.5 Regulators
 3.6 Diluter Demand Regulators
 3.7 Pressure Demand Regulators
 3.8 Masks
 3.9 Continuous Flow Masks

WEEK 3
 Gaseous oxygen system.
 Solid ( generator ) oxygen system.
 Light aircraft:
 small portable oxygen bottle with single mask, via hose and regulator.
 Large portable cylinder with regulator diving flow to 2 – 4 people.
 Higher performance and light twin engine aircraft:
 Oxygen cylinders installed, feed distribution system through tubing and regulator.
 Passenger compartment with multiple breathing station.
 Individual passengers, plug in hose and mask.
 Centralised regulator controlled by flight crew .
 Flight crew will also have their regulator and own breathing station.
 Transport Category Aircraft:
 Built in gaseous oxygen system , as backup to the pressurisation system.
 Oxygen stored as gas at atmospheric temperature and high pressure.

CIVIL AIRCRAFT OXYGEN SYSTEM

 Rated at 18000 to 1850 psi.
 Capable of maintain 2400 psi .
 New bottle made of aluminium wrapped Kevlar.
 Other bottle are all aluminium heavy walled cylinder. (carry-on on light aircraft)
 Normally green in colour but yellow and other colour are also found.
 Certified by Department of transportation (DOT) specification.
 To ensure serviceability – hydrostatically tested at regular interval (e.g. 3 years). Filled with water and
pressurised to 5/3 its certified ratings. No leaks, rupture or deformed beyond specified limit are allowed.
 Cylinder are also limited by Service life. No longer used after certain number of filing or calendar date.
 Manufactured date, certification number and hydrostatic test date are stamped on the bottle neck.
(Composite bottle use placard and cover with a layer of clear epoxy.
 Considered empty when the pressure drop below 50 psi. To ensure water vapour do not enter the
cylinder. To prevent corrosion and possible icing.
 Any bottle dropped below 50 psi must be removed from aircraft/ service.
 Steel cylinder are the 3AA and 3HT.
 DOT – E – 8162 are light weight aluminium core wrapped with Kevlar. New certification DOT – SP – 8162,
hydrostatic test increased from 3 years to 5 years.

OXYGEN STORAGE CYLINDERS

OXYGEN CYLINDER CERTIFICATION STANDARDS
 System characterised by type of regulators:
 Continuous flow.
 for passengers and crews.
 Pressure demand.
 Only for Crews.
 Continuous flow system:
 Simple system – oxygen flow from cylinder through valve and regulator/ reducer attached to the top of
the cylinders. Pressure is reduced and fed into hose to the mask.
 Once valve is opened, flow is continuous, regardless of the user breathing.
 Some system have flow indicator with flow fine adjustment capabilities on the hose.
 Many continuous flow system have fixed oxygen cylinder location with plumbing installed to the crew
and passengers station on the aircraft.
 Pressure relief valve, filter and pressure gauge are also provided.
 Flow rate controlled by calibrated orifice before the mask. Larger orifice for crew and passenger needing
medical aid for saturation of oxygen in their blood.
 To prevent waste of oxygen due to continuous flow, rebreather apparatus are used.
 Rebreather apparatus ; Left over oxygen on exhale are captured in a bag or cannula with oxygen
absorbing reservoir. This may then be inhaled with the next breath.

OXYGEN SYSTEM & REGULATORS

TYPICAL PORTABLE
CONTINUOUS FLOW
OXYGEN SYSTEM YLINDER
CONTINUOUS FLOW OXYGEN SYSTEM
(SMALL & MEDIUM SIZE AIRCRAFT)
CONTINUOUS FLOW OXYGEN SYSTEM.
REBREATHER CANNULA (A)
BREATHER BAG (B).
CONTINUOUS FLOW OXYGEN
EMERGENCY SYSTEM:
CONTINUOUS FLOW MASK
STOWED BEHIND HINGED PANEL
IN THE PSU. LANYARD USED TO TURN
ON
THE FLOW.
PANEL AUTOMATICALLY DEPLOYED
WHEN THE CABIN WERE
DEPRESSURISED.
CREW CAN DEPLOY CONTINUOUS FLOW
OXYGEN MASK THROUGH A SWITCH IN
THE COCKPIT.
DIFFERENT TYPE OF MASKS IN THE EMERGENCY CONTINUOUS FLOW
OXYGEN SYSTEM
 Oxygen is supplied only on demand or when users inhales.
 During the hold and exhalation stage oxygen supply stopped.
 It prolong oxygen supply duration as there is no waste.
 For crew on high performance and air transport category aircraft.
 Pressure reducing valve is the regulator – reduce pressure from tank pressure to 60-85 psi.
 Individual regulator:
 Diluter demand type- hold back oxygen until inhaled.
 Pressure demand type- also subject to demand except oxygen delivered at high pressure.
 100% oxygen above 34,000 ft.
 Pressure demand type for aircraft that regularly fly above 40,000 ft, airliner and high
performance aircraft.
 Both diluter and pressure demand type regulator also available as mask-mounted version

DEMAND FLOW OXYGEN SYSTEM

COMPONENTS OF DEMAND FLOW OXYGEN SYSTEM
IN TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRCRAFT.
FROM LEFT:
> MASK MOUNTED DILUTER DEMAND REGULATOR:
> MECHANICAL QUICK DONNING DILUTER DEMAND REGULATOR.
> INFLATABLE QUICK DONNING DILUTER DEMAND REGULATOR..
DEMAND TYPE MASK &
DEMAND REGULATOR.
TYPES OF REGULATOR IN DEMAND FLOW OXYGEN SYSTEM:
> DILUTER DEMAND.
> PRESSURE DEMAND
DILUTER DEMAND REGULATOR
 Flow indicators or flow meters.
 light weight object in the line that move with oxygen stream.
 In continuous flow oxygen system it is designed to also adjust the flow rate (by needle
valve).
 In demand flow system, flow meter built into the individual regulator. Some with blinker
that blink when inhales.
 To indicate that oxygen system is functioning.

OXYGEN FLOW INDICATOR

OXYGEN FLOW INDICATOR
 Electronic pulse demand oxygen delivery system (EPD)
 On general aviation aircraft.
 Small portable EDS unit that connect between oxygen source and he mask.
 In continuous flow oxygen system.
 It delivers timed pulse oxygen supply on demand. (reduces waste)
 Advance pressure sensing and processing allows delivering oxygen only when inhales. It
sense the different user’s breathing cycle and physiologies and adjust the flow.
 A built in pressure sensing adjust amount of oxygen released as altitude changes.
 Permanent mounted EPD are also available.
 Integrate with the electronic vale/ regulator on the cylinder head, equipped with emergency
bypass switch to provide continuous flow if system malfunction.
 LCD monitor / control panel displays operating parameters and allows adjustment to the
automatic setting. (Also in use in airliners.)

ELECTRONIC PULSE DEMAND OXYGEN DELIVERY SYSTEM

(EPD)
ELECTRONIC PULSE
DEMAND (EPD)
OXYGEN REGULATING
UNIT.
 Tubing and fittings.
 Connect the various components.
 Most line are metal and permanently installed.
 High pressure lines are stainless steel.
 Low pressure tubing are aluminium.
 Flexible plastic hosing deliver oxygen to the masks.
 Identified by colour coding tape.
 At each ends.
 At specified intervals.
 Green band overprinted with “BREATHING OYGEN” and black rectangular symbol overprinted on a
white background border strip.
 Connection.
 Tubing to tubing straight threads to receive flared tube connections.
 Tubing to components, fitting have straight threads on tubing end and external pipe threads
(tapered) on the other end for attachment to the component.
 Fittings made of same material as the tubing (I,e, aluminium or steel).
 Flared and flareless fittings are both used.

OXYGEN PLUMBING AND VALVES.

 Five types of Valves are commonly used in high pressure gaseous oxygen system:
 Filler.
 Check.
 Shutoff.
 Pressure reducer.
 Pressure relief.

 Valve in oxygen system are designed to open slowly.

 Ignition point for any substances is lower in pure oxygen than it is in air.
 When high pressure oxygen is allowed to rush into a low pressure area, its velocity could reach the speed of sound.
 If obstructions are encountered (e.g. valve seat, an elbow, piece of contaminants etc.) the oxygen compressed.
 With this Adiabatic Compression (since it builds quickly, no heat is lost to its surrounding) comes high temperature.
 Ignition point of materials may be exceeded. Fire or explosion may results.
 Stainless steel line would not burn, but under high pressure and temperature in the presence of 100% oxygen, it can
ignite.

 Relief valve to release exceeding pressure connected to green blowout disk. It is located in places so it will
be noticed during walk around inspection.
 CAUTION: valve should be opened slowly.

VALVES ION THE OXYGEN SYSTEM

COMPONENTS OF BUILT IN ELECTRONIC PULSE DEMAND OXYGEN METERING
SYSTEM .
FROM LEFT:
> ELECTRONIC REGULATOR.
> OXYGEN STATION DISTRIBUTER UNIT.
> COMMAND DISPLAY UNIT.
> EMERGENCY BYPASS SWITCH.
HIGH PRESS OXYGEN
SYSTEM SHUT OFF VALVE
COLOUR CODE ON OXYGEN TUBING
OXYGEN SYSTEM OVERBOARD DISCHARGE INDICATOR
 Two types:
 Portable carry on cylinder.
 Fully integrated supplementary system.
 Fully integrated used solid chemical oxygen generators.
 Stored in the overhead PSU
 Attached to hoses and masks for every passenger on board.
 When depressurisation occurs, or activated by the flight crew, compartments door open
and masks and hoses falls out in front of the passenger.
 Passenger pulling the mask down through land-yard actuates an electric current or ignition
hammer. This ignites the oxygen candle to generate oxygen for 10 - 20 minutes.
 Nipple at the outlet orifice of the candle regulates the continuous flow of oxygen.

CHEMICAL OXYGEN SYSTEM

OXYGEN
GENERATOR IN PSU.
 Rarely used in civilian aviation.
 May be on former military aircraft.
 Required special container.
 Plumbing to convert liquid to gas is also unique.
 Overboard pressure relief is provided for excessive temperature
situation.
 Once gaseous, the system is comparable to the gaseous system
 Uses pressure demand regulator and mask.

LOX SYSTEM
OXYGEN SYSTEM
System Training.