PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY It is a facility that performs chemical and microscopic

PRACTICE 1 examinations of various body fluids (e.g. blood

tissues).
OVERVIEW OF THE MEDICAL Inside the Clinical Laboratory
TECHNOLOGY/MEDICAL LABORATORY - Pathologist
SCIENCE PROFESSION - Medical Technologist
- Medical Technician
OUTLINE
 Historical Perspective
 Medical Technology/Medical Laboratory Science Practices Medical Technologist acts as…
 Medical Technology Education MEDICAL DETECTIVES
LEARNING OUTCOMES
 Trace the history of Medical Technology Globally and in the
Philippines.
Roles of Medical Technologist
 Enumerate the scope of Medical Technology Practices.  Observe, identify, and analyze organisms
 Discuss the scope of medical technology curriculum and different job
opportunities. and cells causing infection and disease.
 Perform blood tests.
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY  Measure substance in blood and other body
is also known as: fluids.
Clinical Laboratory Science  Operate complex apparatus, instruments and
Medical Laboratory Science machines.
 Use standards and controls to improve
What is Medical Technology (according to) ? reliability of results.
 Work under pressure with accuracy and
Ruth Heinemann precision.
-is the application of natural, physical and biological  Adhere to high ethical standards of
sciences to the performance of laboratory procedures performance.
which aid in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Anne Fagelson GLOBAL AND LOCAL
-is the branch of medicine concerned with the
performance of laboratory determinations and EARLY BEGINNINGS
analyses used in the diagnosis and treatment of the
disease and maintenance of health. 400 B.C.
- Hippocrates (Father of Medicine) described
Walters the “four humors” in man; BLOOD,
-is the health profession concerned with performing PHLEGM, YELLOW BILE and BLACK
laboratory analyses in view of obtaining information BILE
necessary in the diagnosis and treatment of disease - Urine was regarded as composite of these
as well as in the maintenance of good health. humors.

RA 5527 (The Philippine Medical Technology Act 600 B.C.

of 1969) - Hindu physicians recorded the sweet taste of
-is an auxiliary branch of laboratory medicine which diabetic urine as well as polyuria in diabetes.
deals with the examination of tissues, secretion and
excretion of human body and body fluids by various 1500 B.C.
chemical, microscopic, bacteriologic and other - Vivian Herrick identified Taenia and
medical laboratory procedures of technic which will Ascaris.
aid the physician in the diagnosis strictly and - “Ebers Papyrus” was discovered.
treatment of disease and in the promotion of health in - “Ebers Papyrus” – the oldest preserved
general. Egyptian compilation of medical texts.

What is common among them? 1632

- Performing laboratory procedures - Anton Van Leeuwenhoek invented the
(samples) compound microscope.
- Analysis (results) - He was the first to describe the red blood
- Diagnosis and treatment (disease) cells, protozoa, and to classify bacteria
according to shape.
CLINICAL LABORATORY
1628-1694
- Marcelo Malphigi (Founder of Pathology)
- Greatest of the early microscopists.
- Contributed to Embryology and Anatomy.
1847
- Rudolph Virchow
- Founder of the “Archives of Pathology” in
Berlin.
1848
- Herman Fehling
- Performed the first quantitative test for
urine sugar.
15th Century
- Discovery of dyes (aniline dyes) made
possible the staining and study of
microorganisms such as bacteria.
IN THE UNITED STATES
1878
- Dr. William H. Welch
- Established a laboratory at Bellevue Hospital
Medical College.
- Became the first professor of Pathology at
John Hopkins University (1885).
1896
- Dr. William Osler opened the first clinical
laboratory at John Hopkins Hospital.
- William Pepper Laboratory was also
opened at the University of Pennsylvania.
1908
- Dr. James C. Todd wrote “A Manual of
Clinical Diagnosis” which became the
standard reference for laboratories.
1921
- Denver Society of Clinical Pathologists was
organized.
- American Board of Pathology was
organized in 1936.
World War I
- Produced a great demand for technicians.
- University of Minessota is one of the first
schools to establish trainings for workers in
1922 and first to offer degree program in
1923.
World War II
- “Closed system” of blood collection was
adopted.
- Advanced instrumentation.
- Automated equipment.
- Quality control programs.
IN THE PHILIPPINES
Jan. 9, 1945
- First Clinical Laboratory in Phil. at
Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz, Manila ws
established and is known as Public Health
Laboratory.
Oct. 1, 1945
- Dr. Pio de Roda and Dr. Mariano Icasiano
reopened Manila Public Health Laboratory.
1947
- Dr. Pio de Roda and Dr. Prudencia Sta.
Ana offered a training for highschool and
paramedical graduates.
1954
- 6-month laboratory training was offered.
- Formal education of Medical Technology
began.
HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
MRS. WILLA HILGERT HEDRICK
Founder of Medical Technology Education in the
Philippines
1954
- Philippine Union College of Baesa
- First to offer BS Medtech.
- Dr. Jesse Umali was its first graduate after 2
years.
1957-1959
- Dr. Antonio Gabriel and Dr. Gustavo
Reyes of UST offered MT as an elective to
pharmacy students. Due to its popularity, it
was decided to be offered as a course.
1960
- CEU offered MT course
- First batch graduated in 1962.
1662-1662
- Dr. Horacio Ylagan and Dr. Serafin
Juliano applied for the offering of BSMT
courses in FEU which was approved in 1662.
- First batch graduated in 1663.
U.P – offers the same course but the degree is
conferred to as B.S. Public Health.
Professional Organizations of Medical Technology
in the Philippines: Program Curriculum
-The Philippine Association of Schools of Medical The Course shall be at least four years, including a 12-
-Technology and Public Health, Inc. (PASMETH) month long internship in accredited laboratories and
The Philippine Association of Medical Technologists shall include the following subjects:
(PAMET) GENERAL EDUCATION
CORE COURSES
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION IN PROFESSIONAL COURSES
THE PHILIPPINES
Scope of Licensure Examination
Nature of the Field of Study The given examination covers the following subjects
Program course shall be called as: with its specific percentage:
-Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology or Clinical Chemistry 20%
-Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Science Microbiology and Parasitology 20%
- It is a four year program consisting of a one Hematology 20%
year internship with rotational duties in Blood Banking and Serology 20%
different sections during the 4th level in a Clinical Microscopy 10%
CHED-accredited training laboratory. Histopathologic Techniques and MT Laws10%
- A licensure examination is given to all
applicants for registration as Medical
Technologist. Employment Opportunities of Medical Technology
Graduates
Program Goals
The program aims for the graduates to:  Medical technologist (generalist/specialist)
- Develop knowledge, skills, professional  Clinical laboratory supervisors
attitude and values in the performance of  Chief medical technologist
laboratory procedures.  Laboratory owners
- Acquire critical thinking skills.  Sales and public relations representative
- Engage in research and community-related  Educational representatives (company/health
activities. program)
- Participate in activities promoting the
 Researcher (industrial/medical)
profession and engage in the life-long
 Teachers/Instructors (secondary/tertiary
learning undertakings.
levels)
- Develop collaborative and leadership
qualities.  Employment abroad

Expected Performance Outcomes of Graduates (Medical Technologist Specialist, Phlebotomist,

The graduates must be able to: Industrial/Medical Researcher, Medical Doctors,
- Demonstrate technical competence in the Medical Sales Representatives)
performance of clinical laboratory tests.
- Demonstrate analytical and critical thinking
skills in the workplace.
- Engage in the proper collection, analysis
and projection of health information.
- Demonstrate inter-personal skills, leadership
qualities and ethical practice of the
profession.
- Apply research skills in relevance to areas to
areas of Medical Technology/Laboratory
Science practice.
- Participate in community oriented activities.
- Engage in life-ling learning activities.
- Demonstrate effective teaching and
communication skills.
 C. Based on Institutional Character
1. Institution-based
2. Freestanding

UNIT 2 D. Based on Service Capability

CLINICAL LABORATORY 1. General Clinic Laboratory
2. Special Laboratory
OUTLINE
 General overview
General Clinical Laboratory
 Classification of medical laboratories a. Primary Category
 Organization of the laboratory 1. Routine hematology (CBC)
 Laboratory Sections
 Information flow in the clinical laboratory 2. Qualitative platelet determination
 Three phases of the laboratory testing 3. Routine urinalysis and fecalysis
 Laboratory policies
4. Blood typing – for hospital-based
LEARNING OUTCOMES
 Identify and differentiate the classification of clinical laboratory settings.
b. Secondary Category
 Construct an organizational chart/architectural plan. 1. Routine clinical chemistry
 Explain the roles, functions and services offered by the different sections 2. Quantitative platelet determination
of the laboratories.
 Justify and explain various information on a laboratory requisition. 3. Cross matching
 Identify the different phases of laboratory testing. 4. Gram staining
5. KOH staining for fungal disease
CLINICAL LABORATORY c. Tertiary Category
 Facility 1. All secondary lab services
 Specimens (whole blood, serum, plasma, 2. Special chemistry (Cardiac markers)
urine, stool, etc.) from the human body 3. Special hematology (coagulation tests)
 Collected, processed, examined or analyzed 4. Immunology/Serology (HIV, hepa profile,
 Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment tumor markers)
5. Microbiology – culture of sensitivity
CLASSIFICATION OF CLINICAL d. Limited Service Capability
LABORATORY Special Clinical Laboratory
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH a. Assisted reproduction technology laboratory
Administrative Order no. 20017-0027
b. Molecular and cellular technology
c. Molecular pathology, Forensic pathology, and
A. Based on ownership
Anatomic laboratory
1. Government
2. Private
E. National Reference Laboratory
1. Confirmatory testing
B. Based on Function
2. Surveillance
1. Clinical Pathology
3. Resolution of conflicting results
2. Anatomical Pathology
4. Training and research
Clinical Pathology:
5. Evaluation of diagnostic kits and reagents
1. Clinical Chemistry
2. Hematology
F. Satellite Testing Sites
3. Microbiology
 Testing site owned by a licensed laboratory
4. Clinical Microscopy
but situated in a location some distance from
5. Immunology
the main laboratory.
6. Molecular Biology
7. Immunohematology
G. Mobile Clinical Laboratories
8. Cytogenetics
9. Endocrinology  Laboratory testing unit
10. Toxicology  Moves form one testing site to another testing
11. Therapeutic drug monitoring site
Anatomical Pathology:  Has a temporary testing location
1. Surgical Pathology  Shall have a base laboratory
2. Immunohistopathology  Permitted to collect specimen only
3. Cytology  Operate within a 100-km radius from its main
4. Autopsy lab
5. Forensic Pathology
6. Molecular Pathology ORGANIZATION OF THE LABORATORY
…….
 LABORATORY REPORTS
 to transmit test results
 Reference rangers
 Date and time of the specimen collection
LABORATORY SECTIONS  Name, address of the laboratory
 Name and identification number of patient
A. SPECIMEN PROCESSING  Source of specimen
B. HEMATOLOGY SECTION  Date and time the report was generated
C. COAGULATION SECTION
D. CLINICAL MICROSCOPY THREE PHASES OF LABORATORY TESTING
E. PARASITOLOGY
F. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY A. PREANALYTICAL PHASE
G. CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY  occurs first in the laboratory process
H. IMMUNOLOGY/SEROLOGY SECTION  Patient preparation
SEROLOGY TESTS  Paper work and data entry
 Pregnancy test – detects B-HCG  Specimen collection, processing, storage,
 Dengue Test and transportation
 HbsAg – for hepatits  Responsible Personnel
 Bacterial Agglutination test ***Phlebotomist, laboratory technician
a. Widal test –typhoid fever
b. Weil-Felix – nonspecific test for B. PREANALYTICAL PHASE
typhus fever  Considered the “actual” laboratory testing or
I. IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY/BLOOD the diagnostic procedures, processes and
BANK products
J. HISTOPATHOLOGY/  Proper instrument maintenance
CYTOPATHOLOGY  Reagent supplies
 Quality control
Why is Laboratory Testing Performed?  Responsible Personnel
1. To assign a diagnosis ***Medical Technologist or Medical Lab
**confirm clinical diagnosis Scientist
**to establish an appropriate plan of action  Ensure accuracy, precision, reliability of
2. Prevention by early detection of diseases the test procedure
through screening tests.  Validates the following:
3. Ongoing assessment of the patient’s progress  Test reagents/kits
and treatment.  Testing process
 Training of the lab personnel
INFORMATION FLOW IN THE CLINICAL performing the test
LABORATORY
C. POST-ANALYTIC PHASE
 Laboratory requisition  Includes the following:
 A form used by physician to document the  Review and analysis of results
tests that are to be performed on patients.  Recording and reporting of test results
 Contains the following  Storage and disposal of specimen
 Patient’s demographic data, name data,  Releasing of results
address, birth data  Responsible Personnel
 Test selection – should be marked clearly ***Medical Technologist, Section
 Date and time of collection Supervisor, Chief Medical Technologist,
 Identification of the person who performed office clerk or staff
the collection, name of ordering physician
 Additional comments LABORATORY POLICIES
 Laboratory Directory
 Stability of the specimen A. Laboratory hour and emergency work
 Minimum volume  Definite working hours
 Test schedule  Outside regular working hours organize a
 Specimen processing system for testing urgent specimens.
 Method
B. Range of tests to be performed and those to be
referred to higher level
 Range of tests to be performed
1. The number of staff available
2. The availability of material resources
3. The types of health institutions
(hospital or health center)
 Referral of specimens (when
necessary)
Example specimens for HIV detection
and water samples for bacteriological
analysis.

C. Collection of laboratory specimen

1. The specimen containers should be clearly
labeled with the patient’s name, identification
number, date of collection and time of
collection
2. A fully completed, request form should
accompany each specimen with the detail
mentioned above.

D. Workload capacity of a laboratory

- Should match to the number of staff
- Their level of training
- Size of the laboratory
- The availability of laboratory facilities