Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management Nagpur

Department of Mechanical Engineering

MET352 - Heat Transfer

Unsteady State Heat Conduction Analysis

Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education.

Dr. Sandeep S. Joshi

© Sandeep S. Joshi 2020 -21

 Objectives
1. To understand the concept of unsteady state heat transfer
2. To analyze the transient conduction in lumped systems
3. To analyze the transient heat conduction in rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical
geometries using transient temperature charts.

© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
 Unsteady state heat transfer
•Many heat transfer problems are time dependent. Such unsteady, or transient,
problems typically arise when the boundary conditions of a system are changed.

Convection

Temp

Radiation Ambient Temp

Hot metal billet Time

The final properties of the metal will depend significantly on the time-temperature
history that results from heat transfer.

Thus, controlling the heat transfer is one key to fabricating new materials with
enhanced properties.

© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
 Unsteady state heat transfer
•Many heat transfer problems are time dependent. Such unsteady, or transient,
problems typically arise when the boundary conditions of a system are changed.

Y
Z

Hot metal billet

X

T (X1,Y1,Z1,t) T (X2,Y2,Z2,t)

© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
 LUMPED SYSTEM ANALYSIS
COPPER BALL WITH UNIFORM TEMPERATURE
o
70 C o
Temperature of the copper ball changes with time,
70 C but it does not change with position at any given
o
o 70 C time.
70 C o
70 C
o
70 C Temperature of the ball remains uniform at all
times
POTATO TAKEN FROM BOILING WATER
Large potato put in a vessel with boiling water.
o
o 65 C After few minutes, if you take out the potato,
60 C
75 C
o
o temperature distribution within the potato is not
70 C
even close to being uniform.
o
60 C
Thus, lumped system analysis is not applicable in
this case.

© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
 LUMPED SYSTEM ANALYSIS
COPPER BALL WITH UNIFORM TEMPERATURE
70 C
o
o Temperature gradients within the solid may be neglected, a
70 C comparatively simple approach, termed the lumped capacitance
o
o 70 C method, may be used to determine the variation of temperature
70 C o
70 C with time.
o
70 C
A system in which the temperature of a solid varies with time
but remains uniform throughout the solid at any time is called
Lumped Systems

© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
 LUMPED SYSTEM ANALYSIS

© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
 LUMPED SYSTEM ANALYSIS

© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
 LUMPED SYSTEM ANALYSIS

The temperature of a lumped

system approaches the environment
temperature as time gets larger

© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
 LUMPED SYSTEM ANALYSIS

The temperature of a lumped

system approaches the environment
temperature as time gets larger

© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
 LUMPED SYSTEM ANALYSIS

The temperature of a lumped

system approaches the environment
temperature as time gets larger

© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
 LUMPED SYSTEM ANALYSIS

© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
 CRITERIA OF THE LUMPED SYSTEM ANALYSIS
Biot number Bi hLc
Bi 
k
h T Convection at the surface of the body
Bi  
k T Conduction within the body
Lc

Lc
Conduction resis tan ce within the body
Bi  k 
1 Convective resis tan ce at the surface of the body
h

© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
 CRITERIA OF THE LUMPED SYSTEM ANALYSIS

© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
 CRITERIA OF THE LUMPED SYSTEM ANALYSIS

© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
  D3
Spherical Copper V D
Ball Lc   6 2   0.02 m
A D 6
k = 401W/m K h Lc 15  0.02
D = 12cm Bi    0.00075  0.1
k 401

Small bodies with higher thermal conductivities and low

convection coefficients are most likely to satisfy the criterion for
lumped system analysis
Larger the thermal conductivity  the smaller the temperature gradient

© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
 h  2000 W mC
o
50 C
o
70 Co
85 C o
110 C
o
135 C

Convection

When the convection coefficient h is high and k is low, large

temperature differences occur between the inner and outer regions
of a large solid
© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
 Physical significance of the Fourier number

t k L2 (1 / L) T The rate at which heat is conducted across L of a body of volume L3

 2  
L  CP L / t T
3
The rate at which heat is stored in a body of volume L3

L
L L

Q conducted
Q
 t Qconducted
Fourier Number : = 
L2 Qstored
Q st

What constitutes an infinitely large plate or an infinitely long cylinder ?

A plate whose thickness is small relative to the other dimensions can be modeled as an
infinitely large plate, except very near the outer edges.
But the edge effects on large bodies are usually negligible, and thus a large plane wall such as
the wall of a house can be modeled as an infinitely large wall for heat transfer purposes.
Similarly, a long cylinder whose diameter is small relative to its length can be analyzed as an
infinitely long cylinder.
 Qconducted hLc
Fourier Number : =  t 
L2 Qstored Bi 
k

© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
A person found dead at 5Am in a room of temp 20 Deg C. The body temperature was 25 Deg C
when found. Estimate the time of the death of this person.

Assumptions
Human body – Cylinder of 30 cm Dia, 170 cm length.
72% water by mass
Heat Transfer coefficient - 8 W/ sq m K
Body Temp of living person – 37 Deg C

© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
 Assumptions
1 The junction is spherical in shape with a diameter of D = 0.0012 m.
2 The thermal properties of the junction are constant.
3 The heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the entire surface.
4 Radiation effects are negligible.
5 The Biot number is Bi < 0.1 so that the lumped system analysis is applicable (this
assumption will be verified).

© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
Assumptions
1 The glass container is cylindrical in shape with a radius of r0 = 3 cm.
2 The thermal properties of the milk are taken to be the same as those of water.
3 Thermal properties of the milk are constant at room temperature.
4 The heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the entire surface.
5 The Biot number in this case is large (much larger than 0.1). However, the lumped
system
analysis is still applicable since the milk is stirred constantly, so that its temperature
remains uniform at all times.

© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
 TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION IN LARGE PLANE WALLS, LONG
CYLINDERS, AND SPHERES
Variation of temperature with time and position in one-dimensional
problems such as those associated with a large plane wall, a long
cylinder, and a sphere.
Initially Initially
T  Ti SIMPLE GEOMETRIES IN
T ,h T ,h T  Ti T ,h T ,h
WHICH HEAT TRANSFER IS
Initially
ONE DIMENSIONAL
ro 0 ro
0 L
x 0 r T  Ti r

(a) A Large Plane Wall (b) A Long Cylinder (c) A Sphere

Note that all three cases possess geometric and thermal symmetry: the plane wall is
symmetric about its center plane (x = 0), the cylinder is symmetric about its center
line (r = 0), and the sphere is symmetric about its center point (r = 0).
Neglect radiation heat transfer between these bodies and their surrounding
surfaces, or incorporate the radiation effect into the convection heat transfer
coefficient h.
© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
Variation of temperature with time and position in one-dimensional problems such as those
associated with a large plane wall, a long cylinder, and a sphere.
No internal generation and constant properties

Initially Initially
T ,h T  Ti T ,h T  Ti T ,h T ,h
Initially SIMPLE GEOMETRIES IN
0 r ro WHICH HEAT TRANSFER IS
0 ro
0 L
x r T  Ti ONE DIMENSIONAL

(a) A Large Plane Wall (b) A Long Cylinder (c) A Sphere

 2T 1 T

x 2
 t
T T
T  x , 0   Ti 0 k  hT  L , t   T 
x x 0 x x L
Initial condition
Boundary conditions
 Transient temperature profiles in a plane wall exposed to convection
from its surfaces for Ti > T
•When the wall is first exposed to the surrounding medium
Ti at T <Ti at t = 0, the entire wall is at its initial
t=0 temperature Ti.
•But the wall temperature at and near the surfaces starts
t 
to drop as a result of heat transfer from the wall
T to the surrounding medium.
•This creates a temperature gradient in the wall and
0 x initiates heat conduction from the inner parts of
L
h the wall toward its outer surfaces.
Initially
T h T •Note that the temperature at the center of the wall
remains at Ti until t = t2, and that the
temperature profile within the wall remains
(a) A Large Plane Wall symmetric at all times about the center plane.
•The temperature profile gets flatter and flatter as time
passes as a results of heat transfer, and
eventually becomes uniform at T = T. That is,
the wall reaches thermal equilibrium with its
surroundings. At that point, the heat transfer
stops since there is no longer a temperature
difference. Similar discussions can be given for
the long cylinder or sphere.
© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
The formulation of the problems for the determination of the one dimensional
transient temperature distribution T(x,t) in a wall results in a partial differential
equation, which can be solved using advanced mathematical techniques.
The solution, however, normally involves infinite series, which are inconvenient and
time consuming to evaluate.
Therefore, there is a clear motivation to present the solution in tabular or graphical
form.
However, the solution involves the parameters x, L, t, k, , h, Ti and T, which are too
many to make any graphical presentation of the results practical. In order to reduce
the number of parameters, following dimensionless quantities are defined.

T ( x , t )  T
Dimensionless Temperature:
 x ,t    f  X , Bi , 
Ti  T
x
Dimensionless distance from the center: X
L hL
Dimensionless heat transfer coefficient: (Biot number)
Bi 
k
t
Dimensionless time: (Fourier number) 
L2
The non-dimensionalization enables us to present the temperature in terms of three
parameters only: X, Bi and .
  2T 1 T  2 
 
x 2
 t X 2 
T  x , 0   Ti   X , 0  1
T 
0 0
x x 0
X X  0

T 
k  hT  L , t   T    Bi 1, 
x x L
X X 1

  f  X , , Bi 
© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
 Methods 2 solve transient heat
transfer problems when lumped
analysis fails
• Exact Solution ( approximate analytical)
• Graphical Methods

© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
The transient temperature charts for a large plane wall, long
cylinder and sphere were presented by M.P.Heisler in 1947
and are called Heisler charts.
They were supplemented in 1961 with transient heat
transfer charts by H.Grober.
There are three charts associated with each geometry:
• First chart is to determine the temperature T0 at the
center of the geometry at a given time t.
• Second chart is to determine the temperature at other
locations at the same time in terms of T0.
• Third chart is to determine the total amount of heat
transfer up to the time t.

These plots are valid for  > 0.2.

© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21
© Sandeep S. Joshi Ref – Y.A. Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, McGraw-Hill Education. 2020 -21