Ch 02 : Circuit

Ch. Ci i El
Elements

KyungHi Chang

Mobile Telecommunications Research Lab

http://mobile.inha.ac.kr

INHA University, Electronic Engineering Department

 Contents
Introduction

Engineering & Linear Models

Active & Passive Circuit Elements

Resistors

Independent Sources

Voltmeters & Ammeters

Dependent Sources

Transducers

Switches

How can we check … ?

Summary

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 Introduction

Constitutive Equations
Describe the Relationship between Current & Voltage
e.g., Ohm’s Law

Contents of Ch
Ch.02
02
Behavior of common Circuit Elements
Resistors
I d
Independent
d tV Voltage
lt & Current
C t Sources
S
Open Circuits & Short Circuits
Voltmeters & Ammeters
Dependent Sources
Transducers
Switches

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 Engineering & Linear Models

Models
To represent the Elements of an Electric Circuit
Consists of an Equation relating the Element Voltage & Current

Simple Models
Easy to work with, but may not be accurate.
Use first, and check to verify.
Accurate Models
More complicated, and harder to use.
Use when necessary.

Model vs. Actual Device

Linear Model vs. Non-linear Model

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 Engineering & Linear Models
Linear Model
If the Element’s Excitation & Response satisfy certain properties.

Additivity & Homogeniety

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 Engineering & Linear Models

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 Active & Passive Circuit Elements

Passive Elements

Sinks (Absorbers) of Energy

Resistors, etc.
W. the Current flowing into + terminal,

Active Elements
( ) Entry
(a) E t noded off i : +
Potential Sources of Energy (b) Entry node of i : -

Batteries, Generators, etc.

W.
W the Current flowing into - terminal,
terminal

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 Active & Passive Circuit Elements

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 Resistors

Resistivity ρ
Ability of a material to resist the Flow of Charge
High ρ
Insulator
Small ρ
Conductor

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 Resistors

Resistance

Ohm’s Law V = Ri
where R : Resistance = ρL/A, L : length, A : cross
cross-sectional
sectional area
i : Current
Unit of R
Ohm Ω
1 Ω = 1 V/A

C d
Conductance
Ohm’s Law i = Gv
where G : Conductance = 1/R
Unit of G
mho
SI unit : Siemens

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 Resistors

Resistor

Linear Model of a Resistor to use Ohm’s

Ohm s Law

Passive Convention

V = Ria
= - Rib

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 Resistors

Power & Energy (using Passive Convention)

Power
p = v * i = v (v/R) = v2/R
= (i*R) i = i2 R
Nonlinear function of i or v
Energy
Energy delivered to a Resistor

Positive
 R : Passive element
Cf) Recall : Passive element always absorbs non-negative energy.

Resistance is a measure of an element’s ability to dissipate power irreversibly.

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 Resistors

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 Independent Sources

Sources

Voltage Source
Voltage specified, but current determined by the rest of the circuit.
e.g., v(t) = 12cos1000t, v(t) = 9
Current Source
Current specified,
specified but voltage determined by the rest of the circuit
circuit.
e.g., i(t) = 6sin500t, i(t) = -0.25

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 Independent Sources
Ideal vs. Practical
Voltage of practical sources may depend on the age of battery, temperature,
variations in manufacturing,
manufacturing and battery current.
current

Simple Models vs. Accurate Models

Open Circuit & Short Circuit

Special cases of ideal sources
Can be added to a circuit
w.o. changing the branch currents & voltages
of all the other devices in the circuit.
Power absorbed = 0

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 Independent Sources
Open Circuit
Ideal current source w. i(t) = 0
Voltage across an open circuit : determined by the rest of the circuit
Resistor w. conductance G = 0
Short Circuit
Ideal voltage
g source w. v(t)
()=0
Current across an short circuit : determined by the rest of the circuit
Resistor w. Resistance R = 0

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 Voltmeters & Ammeters

Measurement of dc Current & Voltage

Analog Meters vs. Digital Meters

Red Probe : Positive Terminal

Black Probe : Negative Terminal

Ideal Ammeter
Zero voltage
l vm across its terminals
l
Short circuit
Ideal Voltmeter
Zero terminal current im
Open circuit

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 Voltmeters & Ammeters
Open circuit by voltmeter, and Short circuit by Ammeter.

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 Voltmeters & Ammeters
Reference direction of an element voltage or element current

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 Dependent Sources

Dependent Sources
To model the situation in which
(Voltage or Current of one Circuit Element)
 (Voltage or Current of the 2nd Circuit Element)
To model electronic devices such as Transistors & Amplifiers
Vout_amp  Vin_amp

Diamond symbol
Controlling current of a dependent source
Current in an element
Current in a short circuit in series w. the element
Controlling voltage of a dependent source
Voltage across an element
Voltage across an open circuit in parallel w.
w the element

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 Dependent Sources
(a) CCVS (Current-Controlled Voltage Source)
Reference polarity of the element voltage : + & -
V lt
Voltage off th
the d
dependent
d t source 5i
i : Voltage of the dependent source controlled by the current i in18  resistor.
5 : Gain of the dependent source (unit V/A ())
» (controlled voltage 5i) / (controlling current)

(b) Short circuit has been inserted in series w. 18  resistor.

Treat controlling current of a dependent source as the current in a short
circuit.

(c) VCCS (Voltage-Controlled Current Source)

O
(d) Open i it has
circuit h been
b dd d in
added ll l w. 18  resistor.
i parallel i t

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 Dependent Sources

Consists of
Controlling Part
Open or Short Circuit
Controlled Part
Voltage
g or Current Source

CCVS (Current
(Current-Controlled
Controlled Voltage Source)
VCVS (Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source)
VCCS (Voltage-Controlled Current Source)
CCCS (Current-Controlled Current Source)

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 Dependent Sources

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 Dependent Sources

Use of Dependent Sources to model Electronic Devices

Symbol for a Transistor
A model of the Transistor
Transistor Amplifier
A model of the Transistor Amplifier

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 Dependent Sources

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 Transducers

Converts physical quantities to electrical quantities.

Potentiometers
Resistor having a 3rd contact, i.e., Wiper,
sliding along the resistor.
resistor
Convert Position to Resistance.
2 parameters
Rp : Potentiometer resistance ( > 0)
a : Wiper position (0 ≤ a ≤ 1)
In Angular Position
» a = θ / 360

Model

Temperature Sensors
Convert Temperature to Current.

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 Transducers

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 Switches

SPST (Single-Pole Single-Throw)

SPDT ((Single-Pole
g Double-Throw))
Break-before-Make
Make-before-Break
Instantaneous transition model
for a very fast actual make-before-break transition
compared to circuit time response

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 How can we check … ?

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 Summary

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 Problem Solving

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 Q&A

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