I.
Review of organic and inorganic chemistry ― The key idea in chemistry is that when one substance
What would life be without chemistry?
― “Without chemistry life would be nasty, brutish, and
short.
― With chemistry, it can be comfortable, entertaining,
and well fed. Transport can be efficient; clothes
alluring. Lives can be longer.”
― “Greed. Greed inspired humanity to embark on an
extraordinary journey that touches everyone today.
The particular variety of greed I have in mind was
jointly the quest for immortality and the attainment
of unbounded riches.”
Atoms AND Molecules
― the number of neutrons does not affect the atomic
number
― for an atom to be electrically neutral the number of
electrons outside the nucleus must be the same as
the number of protons inside the nucleus.
― chemical reactions do not change the identities of
elements
Isotopes
― a different kind of atom of the same element where
the number of neutrons in the nucleus varies.
changes into another, the atoms themselves do not change:
they simply exchange partners or enter into new
arrangements.
― Chemistry is all about divorce and remarriage
― “there are, of course, speckles and blotches of black amid
all this light.
― Chemistry has certainly contributed to mankind’s ability to
maim and kill, and it would be inappropriate in this survey of
what chemistry is to sweep under the carpet of its pages its
provision of explosives, of nerve gases, and its accidental
and intentional impositions on our fragile environment.”
Divisions of chemistry
A. Physical chemistry
― lies at the interface of physics and
chemistry
― and deals with the principles of chemistry
which,
― consist largely of quantum mechanics for
explaining the structures of atoms and
molecules and thermodynamics for
assessing the role and deployment of
energy
B. Organic chemistry
― the part of chemistry that is concerned with the
compounds of carbon
― As a result of its mild and unaggressive character,
it is able to form chains and rings of startling
complexity.
*Startling complexity:
exactly what organisms need if they are
to be regarded as being alive,
*compounds of carbon:
are the structural and reactive
infrastructure of life
C. Inorganic chemistry
― Study of the rest of the elements, the hundred
or so elements except carbon
Acids
― Latin acidus: sour, sharp
― Thomas Lowry (1874–1936) and the Danish chemist
Johannes Brønsted (1879–1947) independently
proposed that an acid is any molecule or ion that
contains hydrogen atoms that can release their
proton nucleus to another molecule or ion.
― An acid donates a proton
Bases
― Arabic al qaliy, the ashes, for wood ash is a source of
alkali
― accepts a proton
 Salts the practice of medicine will have a rational basis that
― the general class of ionic substances formed by the can be adapted to accommodate new knowledge
reaction of an acid and a base The social determinants of health
― mineral salts are calcium (Ca+), phosphate (PO4-),
chloride (Cl-), sodium (Na+), and potassium (K+).
Buffers
― special substances that act as reservoirs for
hydrogen ions, donating them to a solution when
their concentration falls and taking them from a
solution when their concentration rises.
― help maintain homeostasis within cells in regard to
pH levels, keeping them fairly close to
― the key buffer in human blood is the acid-base pair
bicarbonate (a base) and carbonic acid (an acid).
― A buffer is an aqueous solution that resists
changes in pH upon the addition of an acid or a Significance of biochemistry
base
Hydrocarbons and derivatives
― Hydrocarbons: an organic compound consisting
entirely of hydrogen and carbon

II. Introduction to Biochemistry

Biochemistry
― can be defined as the science of the chemical basis of
life (Greek word bios “life”).”
― Cell: is the structural unit of living systems.
― described as the science of the chemical constituents
of living cells and of the reactions and processes they
undergo. By this definition, biochemistry encompasses
large areas of cell biology, molecular biology, and
molecular genetics.”
― major objective of biochemistry: is the complete
understanding, at the molecular level, of all of the
chemical processes associated with living cells
― the old barriers among the life sciences are breaking
down, and biochemistry is increasingly becoming their
common language
― As long as medical treatment is firmly grounded in the
knowledge of biochemistry and other basic sciences,
Development of biochemistry 3. Nucleus
― Liebig: isolated tyrosine in 1846 ― Large organelle that houses
― Carl Neuber: coined Biochemistry in 1903 most of a cell’s DNA.
― Cohnheimer and Loewi: demonstrated [the] intestinal
breakdown of proteins to amino acids which reformed
body-proteins in 1912
― Folin and Denis: proved by direct chemical analysis
that it is the simple amino acids rather than more
complex substances that are absorbed into the
bloodstream
― Funk: put forward the theory that beriberi, scurvy,
pellagra, and perhaps rickets were caused by a
deficiency or lack in diet of special substances,
possibly organic bases, that he called vitamins in 1912
― F.A. Lipmann: proposed that ATP is the common form
of energy exchange in many cells, a concept now
thoroughly documented in 1940
― Watson and Crick: proposed double helix structure of
DNA
: providing a firm basis for understanding
how DNA is involved in cell division and in
maintaining genetic characteristics

Vitalism
― A theory that an organic molecule cannot be
produced from inorganic molecules, but instead can
only be produced from a living organism or some
part of a living organism. The theory was disproved
in the early part of the 19th century.”
III. CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
3 MAIN PARTS OF a CELL
1. Plasma membrane:
― forms the cell’s flexible outer surface,
― separating the cell’s internal
environment (everything inside the
cell) from the external environment
(everything outside the cell)
2. Cytoplasm
― consists of all the cellular contents
between the plasma membrane
and the nucleus
― has two components:
a. cytosol
b.organelles
Glycocalyxis
― the sugary coat on the extracellular surface of
the plasma membrane.
― It is composed of the carbohydrate portions of
membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins
― A cellwithout a centrosome probably would not be
able to undergo cell division.
CENTROSOME
― Located near the nucleus
― Consists of a pair of centrioles and pericentriolar
material
― Functions:
1. pericentriolar
― contains tubulins that build
microtubules in non-dividing cells
― forms the mitotic spindle during cell
division
*A cell without a centrosome
probably would not be able to
undergo cell division
CILIA AND FLAGELLA
― CILIUM: contains a core of microtubules with one
pair in the center surrounded by 9 clusters of
doublet microtubules
― FUNCTIONS
― Cilia moves fluid along a cell’s surface
 ― Flagellum moves an entire cell *Digestion of worn-out organelles by lysosomes is called
*Sperm, which use the flagella for locomotion, are the only body autophagy
cells required to move considerable distances
MITOCHONDRIA
RIBOSOMES ― Within mitochondria, chemical reactions of aerobic
― Site of protein synthesis cellular respiration generate ATP
― FUNCTIONS ― FUNCTIONS
― Ribosomos associated with endoplasmic ― Generate ATP through reactions of aerobic
reticulum synthesize proteins destined for cellular respiration
insertion in the plasma membrane or secretion ― Play an important role in apoptosis
from the cell NUCLEUS
― Free ribosomes synthesize proteins used in the ― Contains most of the cell’s genes, which are located
cytosol on chromosomes
― FUNCTIONS
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM ― Controls cellular structure
― Network of membrane-enclosed sacs or tubules that ― Directs cellular activities
extend throughout the cytoplasm and connect to
the nuclear envelope
― FUNCTIONS
― Rough ER synthesizes glycoproteins and
phospholipids that are transferred into
cellular organelles, inserted into the plasma
membrane, or secretd during exocytosis
― Smooth ER
― synthesizes fatty acids and steroids,
such as estrogens and testosterones
― inactivates or detoxifies drugs and
other potentially harmful substances
― removes the phosphate group from
glucose-6-phosphate
― stores and releases calcium ions that
trigger contraction in muscle cells
― Produces ribosomes in nucleoli
GOLGI COMPLEX
*The concentration of K+ is higher in the cytosol of body
― Opposite face of golgi differ in size, shape, content, and
cells than in extracellular fluids.
enzymatic activities
 DNA replicates during the S-phase of interphase of the cell cycle.
― FUNCTIONS
 DNA replication must occur before cytokinesis so that each of the
― Modifies, sorts, packages, and transports proteis
new cells will have a complete genome.
received from rough ER
 Cytokinesis usually starts in late anaphase.
― Forms secretory vesicles that discharge
TERMINOLOGIES
processed proteins via exocytosis inro
 Anaplasia-The loss of tissue differentiation and
extracellular fluid
function that is characteristic of most
― Forms membrane vesicles that ferrt new
malignancies.
molecules to the plasma membrane
 Atrophy- A decrease in the size of cells, with a
― Forms transport vesicles that carry molecules to
subsequent decrease in the size of
other organelles such as lysosomes the affected tissue or organ; wasting
away.
LYSOSOMES
 Dysplasia- Alteration in the size, shape,
― Contain several types of powerful digestive enzymes
and organization of cells due to
― FUNCTIONS chronic irritation or inflammation; -
― Digest substances that enter a cell via - May progress to neoplasia
endocytosis and transport final products of (tumor formation, usually malignant)
digestion ino cytosol or revert to normal if the irritation is
― Carry out autophagy, the digestion of worn-out removed.
organelles  Hyperplasia -Increase in the number of cells of a
― Implement autolysis, the digestion of an entire tissue due to an increase in the
cell frequency of cell division.
― Accomplish extracellular digestion  Hypertrophy- Increase in the size of cell without
cell division.
 Metaplasia -The transformation of one type of cell
into another.
 Progeny -Offspring or descendants.