LAB REPORT
DEPARTMENT
PROGRAM
COURSE CODE & NAME
LECTURER’S NAME
EXPERIMENT TITLE
SECTION
NAME
NADJIHAH JAMAL @ CHAMAR
RUBRIC LD1 KNOWLEDGE (REPORT ASSESSMENT)
RATING 4 3
Data collected is clearly
written Appropriately
Data tabulated in provided
labsheet. Unit for data is
specified
All required calculations are
present and performed
correctly; All units is
specified. Accurate and
Result
proper representation of the
data in tables and/or graphs.
Graphs and tables are labelled
and titled.
Discussion is supported by
data and explained in depth.
Complete discussion and
evaluation of the results;
results described and cited,
information synthesized,
arguments made to address
Discussion questions. All important
trends and data comparisons
have been interpreted
correctly and discussed, good
understanding of results is
conveyed
Conclusion is explained in
depth. All important
Conclusion conclusions have been clearly
made, student shows good
understanding.
CIVIL ENGINEERING
DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
DCC5172 – STRUCTURE, HYDRAULICS & WARTER QUALITY LAB
CHUNG YIN KIONG
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
DKA4A
Data is complete but 1 of 3
element (refer Excellent) is
missing
All required calculations are
present but minor errors are
present in the calculationsl
Some unit missing. Accurate
representation of the data in
tables and/or graphs. Graphs
and tables are labelled and
titled.
Discussion is supported by
data and explained.
Incomplete discussion and
evaluation of the results; some
results described and cited,
some information synthesized,
most arguments made to
address questions are correct.
Almost all of the results have
been correctly interpreted and
discussed, only minor
improvements are
needed
Conclusion is explained. All
important conclusions have
been drawn, could be better
stated
MATRIX NO.
07DKA18F2051
2 1
Data is completer but 2 of the
3 element (refer Excellent) is
missing.
Some calculations are missing
and/or there are significant
errors in the calculations.
Inaccurate or improper
representation of the data in
tables and/or graphs. Some
grpahs and tables are not
labelled
and titled.
Discussion is NOT supported
by data. Flawed discussion
and
evaluation of the results;
limited results described
and cited, limited
information synthesized,
few correct arguments
made to address
questions. Some of the results
have been correctly
interpreted and discussed;
partial but incomplete
understanding of results
is still evident
Conclusion is simple.
Conclusions regarding major
points are drawn, but many
are misstated, indicating a
lack of understanding.
TOTAL MARK
Data is poorly organized or
grossly incomplete
Calculations are grossly
incomplete and/or incorrect.
Inaccurate and improper
representation of the data in
tables and/or grpahs. Most
graphs and tables are not
labeled and titled.
Discussion is irrelevent to the
conducted experiment/
Missing discussion and
no evaluation of the
results; few results
described and cited, very
limited information
synthesized, no correct
arguments made to question.
Very incomplete or incorrect
interpretation of trends and
comparison of data indicating
a lack of understanding of
results
Conclusion is irrelevent to the
conducted experiment.
Conclusions missing or
missing the important points.
INTRODUCTION

According to Miller, R.W (1996) Law of conservation of energy was the main deriving factor
behind the derivation of the Bernoulli’s principle. Bernoulli’s principle state that the in a steady
flowing fluid the sum of all the mechanical energies including kinetic energy, dynamic head,
fluid pressure and potential energy should remain same at all the point of the flow. So if any type
of energy increase like if kinetic energy increase then the other type of the energy like potential
energy, pressure will decrease to make the final sum same as before. 

According to the Bernoulli equation a flowing fluid have three things

i) Pressure head
ii) Kinetic Energy
iii) Potential Energy

So we have

P+  1/2×ρ×v^2+ ρgh=C

P/ρg+  1/2×v^2/g+h=C

According to the law of conservation of energy, energies at the input should be equal to the
output so

P_1/ρg+  (V_1^2)/2g+h=  P_n/ρg+  (V_n^2)/2g+h

In the above equation 

P = fluid pressure
V = flow velocity
Z = height
ρ = density 

From Bernoulli’s principle it can be stated that the density and pressure are inversely
proportional to each other’s means high density fluid will apply more pressure while moving
than the low density fluids. 

In the horizontal pipe where the inlet and outlet of the are at same height, the z quantity can be
removed to give the above mention equation of Bernoulli’s principle a new look from where we
can calculate the height at any point of the flow if we have the initial height of flow and velocity
at respective positions. 

P_1/ρg+  (V_1^2)/2g=  P_n/ρg+  (V_n^2)/2g

OBJECTIVE

To observed pressure profile of water flowing through Ventury tube with that predicted by the
Theorem’s Bernoulli.
APPARATUS/EQUIPMENT

1. Hydraulic Bench

2. Bernoulli’s Theorem apparatus with ventury tube

3. Stopwatch
PROCEDURES

1. Check if the drain valve is open and keep it wide open and check whether the outlet pipe goes
to the drain. Initiate flow through the Venturi test section by opening inlet valve(s).
2. Check that all manometer tubing is properly connected to the corresponding pressure taps and
are air-bubble free. If needed flush the air-bubbles by slowly closing the exit valve and draining
the water (and the air-bubbles) through the manometer tubing.
3. Adjust both (inlet and outlet) valves and wait for some time for the level in manometer tube to
stabilize (it takes some time for it to reach steady state).
4. After the steady state is achieved, redirect the water outlet hose into a container whose
capacity is known (5 liters, for example) and record the time taken for the water to fill it up. The
inlet valve is open to allow for particular water velocity through the ventury tubes. Fill in the
table provided (Table 1)
5. Continue to take a measurement of different opening inlet valve opening of particular velocity.
Fill in the table provided (Table 1 and Table 2)

RESULT

TABLE 1

Section Diameter Section Area , A Manomete Flowrate Velocit Kinetic Total

nos of cross Diameter , (m2) r ,Q y ,v Energy , Head
section d (mm) levelling , (m3/s) (m/s) v2/2g H=h+v
(mm) h (m) (m) 2/2g
(m)

1 28.4 0.0284 6.34x10^-4 0.221

2 22.5 0.0225 3.98x10 0.210
3 14 0.014 1.54x10 0.010
4 17.2 0.0172 2.32x10 0.120
5 24.2 0.0242 4.60x10 0.175
6 28.4 0.0284 6.34x10

Water Volume ,V1 =

Time, T1 =
Flow Rate, Q1 =
TABLE 2

Section Diameter Section Area , A Manometer Flowrate Velocit Kinetic Total

nos of cross Diameter , (m2) levelling , h ,Q y ,v Energy , Head
section d (mm) (m) (m3/s) (m/s) v2/2g H=h+v
(mm) (m) 2/2g
(m)

1
2
3
4
5
6

Water Volume ,V2 =

Time, T2 =
Flow Rate, Q2 =

TABLE 3

Section Diameter Section Area , A Manometer Flowrate Velocit Kinetic Total

nos of cross Diameter , (m2) levelling , h ,Q y ,v Energy , Head
section d (mm) (m) (m3/s) (m/s) v2/2g H=h+v
(mm) (m) 2/2g
(m)

1
2
3
4
5
6

Water Volume ,V3 =

Time, T3 =
Flow Rate, Q3 =
CONCLUSION

As Bernoulli steate high velocity of fluid flow result in low presssure and based on continuity
eequation , the smaller the area the higher the velocity . Thus , the result proved both equation
could be used to determine the velocity of fluid flow in manometer. Even the value is not exactly
the same , but the pattern of increasing and decreasing at the converging and diverging portion is
same . So that , as the velocity increases , the total head pressure increases for both convergent
and divergent flow.

DISCUSSION

After we calculated the total head,the magnitude of total head of different distance from in let is
different.Compared with tapping 1 and tapping 11,although the value of flow area,velocity and
dynamic head is the same,the total head of tapping 1 and tapping 11 is different. Compared with
tapping 2 and tapping 10,tapping 3 and tapping 9 and so on,the same problem existed.We can see
that,from the error for total head is really high.It means that this problem effect the final results
and error is existed during this experiment